Chemical ProcessesEngr. Concordia C. BacalsoM.
Engg(Education)Definitions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_processchemical process is a
method intended to be used in manufacturing or on an industrial
scale (see Industrial process) to change the composition of
chemical(s) or material(s), usually using technology similar or
related to that used in chemical plants or the chemical industry.
Consider the overall process flow in a refineryaThe overall process
is broken down into individual subsets:hysicalChemical!hermal
Catalytic"istillation#ol$ent e%tractionropane deasphalting#ol$ent
de&a%ingBlending'isbrea(ing"elayed
co(ing)le%ico(ing*ydrotreatingCatalytic reformingCatalytic
crac(ing*ydrocrac(ingCatalytic de&a%ing+l(ylation!he physical
part refers to ,nit -perations.!he chemical part refers to ,nit
rocesses.Unit Operations,nit -perations is the con$ersion of
ra& materials into useful products using chemical
con$ersion(reactions).Unit Operations)luid "ynamics*eat
!ransferE$aporation*umidification/as absorption#ol$ent
E%traction+dsorption"istillation"ryingMi%ingClassification)luidi0ation)iltration#creeningCrystalli0ationCentrifugationComminutionMaterials
handlingUnit Process,nit process is the con$ersion of ra&
materials into useful products using chemical
con$ersion(reactions).Unit process is no& (no&n as chemical
process or chemical conversion1 chemical reactions applied to
industrial processing.b Principal chemical
conversionsb+cylation+lcoholysis+l(ylation+mination by
reduction+mmonolysis+romati0ation or
cycli0ationCalcinationCarbo%ylationCaustici0ationCombustion(uncontrolled
o%idation)Condensation"ehydration"ehydrogenation"ia0oti0ation and
coupling"ouble
decompositionElectrolysisEsterification)ermentation)ischer2!ropsch
reaction)riedel2crafts
(reactions)*alogenation*ydroformulation(o%o)*ydrogenation,
hydrogenolysis*ydrolysis and hydration(saponification, al(ali
fusion)Ion
e%changeIsomeri0ation3eutrali0ation3itration-%idation(controlled)olymeri0ationyrolysis
or crac(ing4eduction#ilicate formation#ulfonation and
sulfationCharacteristics of chemical conversionsEach chemical
con$ersion is one of a family of numerous indi$idual reactions that
are similar in energy change, reaction pressure and5or temperature,
reaction time, e6uilibrium, or ra& materials!here is factory
segregation &herein a building or section si de$oted to ma(ing
many different products by means of s single type of chemical
con$ersion.!here is often a close realtionship among the types of
e6uipment used for ma(ing many different products by means of a
single type of chemical con$ersion.7here production is small or
products $ariable, e6uipment may be con$eniently and economically
transferred from the ma(ing of one chemical to that of another
based on the same chemical con$ersion.!he chemical2con$ersion
classification enables a chemical manufacturer to mo$e from one
group performance to that of a ne& indi$idual chemical in the
related class. 8no& and remember principles rather than on
specific performances.#tress is placed on chemical reaction!he
design of e6uipment can often be simplifeid based on
generali0ations arising from a li(e chemical2con$ersion arrangement
rather than by considering each reaction as
uni6ue.NitratorcFermentorsCross section of a
FermentordDehydroenation e!uipmente"eferences:awww.
chemicalengineering.dal.ca/Files/3_Unit_Operations.ppt b +ustin,
/eorge !. (9:;:
