Chemical Properties Palm Oil

8/13/2019 Chemical Properties Palm Oil

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Chemical and Physical

Properties of Palm oil and

Palm Kernel OilGroup Members:

Amirah

Nurul Hidayah

Nurul Nadiah


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USES OF PALM OIL


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Chemical Properties:

Triglycerides and Fatty Acid Composition

formed from glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol Fatty acid Triglycerides


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Cont.

Monoglycerides: only one fatty acid is bonded to the

glycerols

Diglycerides: consisting 2 fatty acid is bonded to the

glycerols


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Fatty acid composition: vary in the number of

carbons present in the chain and in the structure

(saturated or unsaturated).

The length of fatty acid present in the triglycerides

fall within 12 to 20 carbon.

The number of carbon and structure will largelydefine the chemical and physical properties of the

oil.


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PALM OILPalm oil has a balanced fatty acid composition in which the level of saturated fatty acids is

almost equal to that of the unsaturated fatty acids. Palmitic acid (44%-45%) and oleic acid

(39%-40%) are the major component acids, with linoleic acid (10%-11%) and only a trace

amount of linolenic acid. The low level of linoleic acid and virtual absence of linolenic acid

make the oil relatively stable to oxidative deterioration


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PALM KERNEL OIL

Palm kernel oil is obtained from the kernel of the oil palmfruit.

Its composition and properties differ significantly frompalm oil.

Palm kernel oil is similar to coconut oil in terms ofcomposition, and is produced by mechanical extraction ofthe kernels which are pre-dried in palm oil mills through apartial vacuum process.

The quality of the oil is excellent, with free fatty acids of the

crude oil generally below 2%. It is light yellow in colour andis refined physically to produce a very light coloured oilused for both edible and inedible purposes. The oil is alsosemi-solid at ambient temperatures.


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Cont.

50% fatty acid in palm oil is saturated and the other

50 % is unsaturated.

Determine by referring to the iodine value (IV)

Shows that the palm oil can confers some stabilityagainst oxidation.

Physical properties which will be affected by the

structure of fatty acid:Melting point

Crystallization behavior of the oil


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Cont.

Saturated fatty acid:

long-chain carboxylic acids that usually have

between 12 and 24 carbon atoms and have no

double bonds


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Cont.

Unsaturated fatty acid:

Have double bonds between carbon atoms.

two carbon atoms in the chain that are bound

next to either side of the double bond canoccur in a cis or trans configuration.


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Cont.

Minor component:

carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, phosphatides,

triterpenic, and aliphatic alcohols

Present less than 1% in the oil.

play a significant role in the stability and

refinabilityof the oil, increase the nutritive value

of the oil


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Cont.

Carotenoids:

Between 500 and 700 ppm of carotenoids mainly

in the forms of alpha-and beta-carotenes

these carotenoids are thermally destroyed duringthe deodorization stage in order to produce the

desired color for a refinedoil

the presence of these carotenoids appears to offersome oxidative protection to the oil.


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Composition of Tocopherols and

Tocotrienols


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Cholesterols level in Crude Oil and Fats


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Sterol Composition in Crude and

Refined Palm Oil


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Palm oil PO consists mainly of palmitic acid

C16:0 (43.7%), stearic acid C18:0(4.4%), oleic acid C18:1 (39.9%) andlinoleic acid C18:2 (10.3%)

Minor components

Carotenoids: 500-700 ppm

Tocopherols/ tocotrienols: 600-1000 ppm

Cholesterol

Average: 18 ppm

Palm oil has very low levels ofcholesterol as similar to othervegetable oils. The value is evenlower in RBD PO

P LM KERNEL OIL PKO closely resembles coconut oil

in its fatty acid (FA) composition.It has a higher content of shorterchain FA, lauric acid C12:0 (48%)

and myristic acid C14:0 (16%)approx

Minor components

Carotenoids: very low levels

Tocopherols/ tocotrienols:Tocopherols level similar to PObut only traces of tocotrienols

Cholesterol

Average: 17 ppm


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Chemical Properties Palm Oil