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Chemical ReactionsCombining elements
The Law of Conservation of Mass
• The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the amount of matter in the universe is constant
– This means that you can’t really ever destroy or create anything, you just change it from one form to another!
Chemical formulas
• Chemical reactions have 2 parts, the reactants and the products– Think of the reactants as the “ingredients” of the
reaction – what goes in.– The products are what comes out.
Na + Cl NaCl
Sodium and chlorine are the reactants… and salt is the product.
Reactants Products
Numbers and letters
• The letters are the chemical symbols – N for nitrogen, C for carbon, etc. They always start with a CAPITAL letter.
• If there is a capital next to another capital, it is two different elements.– NaOH is sodium, oxygen and hydrogen– KCl is Potassium and chlorine
• The little numbers after the symbols are called subscripts, that’s how many of each type of atom is in a compound.
– NaCl has 1 sodium and 1 chlorine atom
– H2O has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
– C6H12O6 has 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms
– If there are parentheses, you multiply the number outside by the number inside to find the total – Al2(SO4)3 has 3 sulfur and 12 oxygen atoms
– Coefficient – the large number in front, it means that is the number of molecules. If there is no number, assume it is 1.
• 6HNO3 means that there are 6 hydrogen, 6 nitrogen, and 18 oxygen atoms in this molecule
Review• How many of each type of atom
are in:
–HNO3
–C6H18
–3CCl4–2MgCl2–Cu(NO3)2
Chemical Formulas and the Law of Conservation of Matter
• In a formula, the number of atoms stays the same. – If you have 20 atoms in the reactants, there must be
20 in the products.• Does this equation follow the law of conservation of mass?
H2 + O2 H2ONo, because there are 2 O atoms on the left and only one on the right.
• What about now…?
2H2 + O2 2H2OYes, now there are equal numbers of atoms on both sides
Are these balanced?
– Al + Cl2 AlCl3No, there are too many chlorine atoms in the reactants.
– 2HCl + Na2S H2S +2NaClIt is already balanced!
– NaCl + CaSO4 Na2SO4 + CaCl2No, the chlorine and sodium atoms are not balanced.
– KOH + HCl KCl + H2OIt is already balanced!
Energy
• Chemical reactions always either release or absorb energy (heat)– When they absorb energy, it is known as an
endothermic reaction– When they release heat it is called an exothermic
reaction
• Photosynthesis (when plants make sugar using carbon dioxide and water) is endothermic – it absorbs energy from the sun.
• A campfire burning is exothermic – it releases energy from the wood.
Types of Reactions• Synthesis – a complex molecule is created from simple
molecules 2H2 + O2 2H2O
• Decomposition – Simple molecules are created from a complex molecule
H2CO3 H2O +CO2
• Single replacement – An element takes the place of another element
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
• Double replacement – ions in different compounds switch places
NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl
Compounds
• Compound - a pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined
• Molecule – smallest piece of a compound – made of atoms chemically bonded together.
CompoundMolecule
Hydrogen
CarbonOxygen
Types of Compounds
• Ionic
• Covalent
• Acids
• Bases
• Salts
• Organic Compounds
Acids pH < 7
• Substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
• Taste sour• Conduct electricity• Turn blue litmus paper red• Turn cabbage juice red
– HCl – Hydrochloric Acid – in the stomach for digestion
– H2SO4 – Sulfuric Acid – in batteries
Bases pH > 7
• Substance that releases OH- ions in water
• Taste Bitter• Conduct electricity• Turn red litmus paper blue• Turn cabbage juice blue• Feel slippery
– NaOH – Sodium Hydroxide (lye) - in cleaners
– NH3 – Ammonia
Salts
• Substance formed from positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid– When an acid and a base are combined, they
produce a salt and water• HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Acid Base Salt Water
• This is known as neutralization
Organic Chemistry
• The Chemistry of Carbon• More than 90% of known
compounds are organic.• Because carbon has 4 valence
electrons, each atom can form 4 bonds.
• Carbon can combine in many ways with itself and other elements to form all living things.
c
The Big Six
• elements found in living things:
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Phosphorous
– Sulfur
Biochemicals
• organic compounds made by living things
– There are four types
1. Carbohydrates– 1 or more simple sugars bonded together;
used as a source of energy – Sugars and starches– Energy and energy storage– Glucose – C6H12O6
2. Lipids– Do not dissolve in water – Fats, oils and waxes– Store energy, make up cell
membranes,
moisture for skin
3. Proteins– Structure, store materials,
transport, – regulate chemical reactions– Enzymes, antibodies – Built of amino acids
Lipid!
Protein!
4. Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA– Blueprint for life– Tell your body what proteins
are needed to make… you! ..and every other living thing
– In the nucleus of every cell of every living thing on Earth.
Polymers
• Organic compounds in long chains
• Useful!
• Low melting point, flexible, easily molded– A little variation and they can be made harder,
softer, tougher, weaker, etc.– Rubber, polyethylene (in plastic bags, etc.),
nylon, PVC,