Chemical reactions & Solutions & ACIDS BASES. December 8, 2015December 8, 2015December 8, 2015 GSCI 163 Spring 2010 AMU Cl35.43gm/mole Al26.98gm/mole

Chemical reactionsChemical reactions&&

SolutionsSolutions&&

ACIDS BASESACIDS BASES

April 21, 2023April 21, 2023 GSCI 163 Spring 2010GSCI 163 Spring 2010

AMU

Cl 35.43 gm/mole

Al 26.98 gm/mole

Fe 55.85 gm/mole

FeCl2 126.71 gm/mole

AlCl3 133.27 gm/mole

density

Al 2.7 gm/cm^3

thickness length

foil 0.013 mm 25.4 mm

0.016 mm

mass of 1 inch square

ml^3 cm^3 gm

volume 8.38708 0.008387 0.022645

10.32256 0.010323 0.027871

0.025 gm 0.114836

0.025 gm 15%

FeCl2 AlCl3

1 molar 126.71 gm/liter 1 mole 133.27 gm 1 mole

ml Al

5 0.63355 gm 0.005 moles 0.1349 gm 0.005 moles replaced

100 12.671 gm 0.1 moles

No. sheets Al added

intial Cu

replaced

1 0.025 gm 0.000927 moles 0.005 19%

2 0.05 gm 0.001853 moles 0.005 37%

3 0.075 gm 0.00278 moles 0.005 56%

4 0.1 gm 0.003706 moles 0.005 74%

5 0.125 gm 0.004633 moles 0.005 93%


Acid Increases the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution

Base Increases the concentration of OH- ions in an aqueous solution

H+ + H2O H3O+ Hydronium

No distinction is made as to whether or not the H+ or the H3O+ is actually present in the solution. We will consider treat these two entities as the same thing.

OH- HydroxideAcid Molecule that transfers a protonBase Molecule that accepts a proton

In examining a reaction where a proton is transferred from one molecule to another an acid base pair can be identified


HCl + H2OHCl + H2O

HCl + H2O HCl + H2O H3O H3O+ + + Cl+ Cl-- + H2O + H2O

HCl is an acid because it increase H3OHCl is an acid because it increase H3O+ +

HCl is an acid because it donates a proton to H2O H3OHCl is an acid because it donates a proton to H2O H3O++

[Here H2O would be the base that accepts the proton][Here H2O would be the base that accepts the proton]


NaOH + H2ONaOH + H2O

NaOH + H2O NaOH + H2O Na Na+ + + OH+ OH- - + H20+ H20

NaOH is a base because it increase OHNaOH is a base because it increase OH- -

NaOH is base because the OHNaOH is base because the OH- - can accept a protoncan accept a proton

[When considering this as a base we would need to consider a [When considering this as a base we would need to consider a reaction with the NaOHreaction with the NaOH

NaOH + HCl NaOH + HCl Na Na++ + OH + OH-- + HCl + HCl Na Na++ +H2O + Cl +H2O + Cl--

Here the OHHere the OH-- accepts a proton and HCl donates a proton. So we accepts a proton and HCl donates a proton. So we have an acid base reaction. ]have an acid base reaction. ]


KKeqeq= [H3O= [H3O++] [OH] [OH--]]

Water reaches an equilibrium state when the Water reaches an equilibrium state when the product of the concentration of H3Oproduct of the concentration of H3O++ [H3O [H3O++] and ] and the concentration of OHthe concentration of OH-- [OH [OH--]]

[H3O[H3O++] [OH] [OH--] = 1x10] = 1x10-14-14 moles/litermoles/liter

Concentration =# moles per literConcentration =# moles per liter

In one liter of pure water you will haveIn one liter of pure water you will have

[H3O[H3O++]=1x10]=1x10-7-7 molarmolar concentration of dissolved concentration of dissolved hydrogen ionshydrogen ions (H (H++).).

[OH[OH--]=1x10]=1x10-7-7 molarmolar concentration of dissolved concentration of dissolved hydroxide ionshydroxide ions (OH (OH--).).


One might guess that the rate at which a reaction occurs must One might guess that the rate at which a reaction occurs must be proportional to the amount of stuff there is which be proportional to the amount of stuff there is which interacts.interacts.

In a one step simple processIn a one step simple processAAproductsproductsRate = K[A]Rate = K[A]

Extrapolating to a two reactant processExtrapolating to a two reactant processA+BA+B products productsRate= K[A][B]Rate= K[A][B]

A+BA+B products products A+B in equilibrium A+B in equilibriumThe rate to produce products is the same as the rate of the The rate to produce products is the same as the rate of the

products to produce the reactants.products to produce the reactants.

For salt in water at some point the rate salt is dissolved is the For salt in water at some point the rate salt is dissolved is the same as the rate that salt precipitates. This is an same as the rate that salt precipitates. This is an equilibrium and determines the solubility of the salt.equilibrium and determines the solubility of the salt.


H2OH2O H3O H3O++ + OH + OH- - H2OH2OIf you increase the number of HIf you increase the number of H++ then they find OH then they find OH--

and form H2O until the numbers are depleted so and form H2O until the numbers are depleted so that the likelihood of two connecting matches the that the likelihood of two connecting matches the rate that H2O disassociates. Because the amount rate that H2O disassociates. Because the amount of water is large we can assume it is constant and of water is large we can assume it is constant and so the disassociation rate is always the same. so the disassociation rate is always the same. Equilibrium is then established when the Equilibrium is then established when the combination rate is the same. Since this rate combination rate is the same. Since this rate depends on the product we establish this product.depends on the product we establish this product.

[H3O[H3O++] [OH] [OH--] = 1x10] = 1x10-14-14 moles/liter moles/liter


Simple ModelSimple Model

Dance for couples (MW only to enter)Dance for couples (MW only to enter)

Couple concentration [MW]Couple concentration [MW]

Allow couples to argue or separate.Allow couples to argue or separate.

Single men concentration [M]Single men concentration [M]

Single women concentration [W]Single women concentration [W]

If the number of separations is small we will assume that [WM] remains fixed.If the number of separations is small we will assume that [WM] remains fixed.


Eventually all couples will separate due to boredom Eventually all couples will separate due to boredom or disagreements ect. and we can characterize or disagreements ect. and we can characterize their separation with a rate. Every minute one their separation with a rate. Every minute one couple separates for every 1000 couples at the couple separates for every 1000 couples at the dance.dance.

The process would gradually disassociate all the The process would gradually disassociate all the couples.couples.

Let us assume that when a single man meets a Let us assume that when a single man meets a single women they might recognize each other or single women they might recognize each other or simply want to meet and talk. They therefore e-simply want to meet and talk. They therefore e-associate into a couple.associate into a couple.


The process of forming couples must depend on the number The process of forming couples must depend on the number of single men and single women in an area.of single men and single women in an area.

Consider:Consider:• Equal numbersEqual numbers• Lots of men few womenLots of men few women• Lots of women few menLots of women few men

It is plausible that the rate of forming couples depends on the It is plausible that the rate of forming couples depends on the product.product.

rate = [M][W]rate = [M][W]This at least has the correct behavior.This at least has the correct behavior.

• Lowering either number increase rateLowering either number increase rate• Increasing either increases the rateIncreasing either increases the rate• Lowering one can be compensated by increasing the other.Lowering one can be compensated by increasing the other.

Might feel confident that the meeting probability has to Might feel confident that the meeting probability has to depend on this product.depend on this product.


Therefore at some point the room Therefore at some point the room stabilizes with a certain number of stabilizes with a certain number of couples separating and and equal couples separating and and equal number forming.number forming.

The number of singel men and women The number of singel men and women is then fixed.is then fixed.

Documents

Chemical reactions & Solutions & ACIDS BASES. December 8, 2015December 8, 2015December 8, 2015 GSCI 163 Spring 2010 AMU Cl35.43gm/mole Al26.98gm/mole