Chemist Amin2

8/3/2019 Chemist Amin2

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UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN

NASIONAL MALAYSIA

FKA0212 CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT 1: HARDNESS OF WATER

NAME : MUHAMMAD ADHA BIN SATAR

MATRIX NUMBER : 1110106

CLASS : P2

LECTURER : TUAN HJ HUSSAIN BIN LONG


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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHEMISTRY........................................................................................................................... 1

ASSIGNMENT 1...................................................................................................................... 1

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 4

BODY OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................. 5

Detergent Categories .............................................................................................................. 5

The History of Detergents .................................................................................................. 6

Manufacture Of Detergent ..................................................................................................... 7

Soap And Detergent ............................................................................................................... 9

Soaps and Detergents Ingredients....................................................................................... 9

Soaps Ingredients ................................................................................................................ 9

Detergents Ingredients ...................................................................................................... 10

Soap Detergent Difference- Properties in Hard Water......................................................... 11

APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 12

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 14

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 15


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who

have made the completion of this chemistry assignment with the title Detergent possible:

First and foremost to my Chemistry Lecturer, Tuan Hj Hussain Bin Long ,for her vital

encouragement and guidance. Secondly, to Aiman my ic class, for his understanding and

assistance. Next I would give thanks to my class P2 for all their help. Most especially to

fellow friends, for their moral support. And to God , who made all things possible.


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INTRODUCTION

We have been using detergent for washing our clothes in our daily life but the

question is what is detergent? Detergent is a cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap

but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye and are the main component of

any laundry jobs. They work well in a large variety of water temperatures and types. Most

detergents today contain enzymes. Detergents can be found in both powder and liquid

concentrations. Detergents can also be found in heavy duty formulas that can be especially

effective with food, grease, and oil stains.

Basically I am doing an assignment on this title detergent to know better about detergent

such as the categories of detergents, how detergent is manufactured and the history of

detergent.


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BODY OF CONTENT

Detergent Categories

In order to help choose a detergent for a particular application, detergents have been groupedinto four categories based on the nature of the hydrophilic head group:

Nonionic : Gentle detergents used for solubilizing proteins while maintaining native subunit

structure, enzymatic activity, or other functions.

Anionic : Strong detergents that often completely disrupt cell membranes and fully denature

proteins. They are sensitive to pH, ionic strength and the nature of the counterion and can

interfere with charge-based analytical methods.

Cationic : Strong detergents with properties similar to those above for anionic detergents.

These are used in DNA purification, as surfactants in drug/vaccine delivery systems and in

cleaning and disinfecting applications.

Zwitterionic : Electrically neutral detergents that not only protect the native state of proteins

but also prevent non-specific aggregation. They are often useful alternatives to nonionic

detergents in ion-exchange, electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing


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The History of Detergents

Detergents were developed due to the problems that occurred when organic soap was

used in areas ofhard water. Hard water contains the ions of Calcium(Ca2+

) and

Magnesium(Mg2+

) in high amounts and these are substituted onto the soap molecule in place

of sodium. The salts of Calcium and Magnesium are insoluble and form a precipitate, this iswhat leaves a 'ring' around the bath.

Other problems were encountered in the textile industry where acid solutions are used in the

dying process. The free H+

ions replace the sodium ion reforming the fatty acid which affects

the application of dyes and leaves spots on fabrics.

The first synthetic detergents were developed following the First World War by the

Germans so that fat could be used for other purposes. The first synthetic detergents

were Short-chain Alkyl Naphthalene Sulphonates which were later discovered to be only

moderately good detergents and so were improved, but are still used today as wetting

agents. In the 1920's and 30's Straight chain alcohols were sulphonated to give straight chaindetergents. In the 30's long chain alkyl and aryl sulphonates with benzene as the aromatic

nucleus were developed. (the alkyl portion was derived from kerosene) By the end of World

War 2 alkyl aryl sulphonates swamped the detergent market over alcohol sulphates which

later became useful in the shampoo industry. It was a popular complaint at this time that

whites dulled after washing, they weren't as white as white should be and this was linked to

the use of synthetic detergents. Even though they were just as good as soaps at removing dirt,

they were poor at holding it in suspension and the particles redeposited onto the clothing. The

problem was overcome by the addition ofCMC (carboxy methyl cellulose).

More recently the limiting factor that affected the production of specific detergents

was availability of raw materials. This lead to the development ofIgepon compounds in

Germany and the USA (for example Igepon-T, the sodium salt of oleyl

tauride), Mersolates in Germany (alkane sulphates), and Teepol in England (a secondary

Olefine Sulphate from petrochemical sources). Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate was top of the

market due to its ease of manufacture and versitility.

Between 1950 and 1965 more than half of the detergents were based on a propylene tetramer

coupled to benzene (PT benzene), but they were later blamed for a rise in eutrophication in

lakes and streams because they contained phosphates (from Sodium triphosphate). This

problem has not been fully resolved in some cases, in some countries there has been a

'gentlemans agreement' to reduce the use of phosphates but in countries where it is not a

major problem no such action has been taken. The problem was set down to the branched

chain formation of PT benzene which resulted in the inability of bacteria to degrade them.

Straight-chain alcohols are degradable, so steps were taken to produce a linear alkyl

benzene molecule. To replace the phosphate based portions, in Scandinavian countries they

now use NTA (Nitrilo triacetic acid).


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Manufacture Of Detergent

Detergents are manufactured using a synthetic surfactant in place of the metal fatty acid salts

that are used in soaps. Made in powder detergents, these detergents are sold as laundry

powders, hard surface cleansers, dishwashing detergents, fabric conditioners etc. Most of the

powder detergents have soap in their mixture of ingredients, however it generally functionsmore as a foam depressant than as a surfactant.

Chemical Processes

Powder detergents are manufactured using various processes, such as spray drying,

agglomeration, dry mixing or a combination of these. A brief description of these different

processes is given below -

Spray Drying Process

The different stages / operations performed in a spray drying process, are -

Dry and liquid ingredients are first combined into a slurry, or thick suspension, in atank known as crutcher.

The slurry is heated and then pumped to the top of a tower where it is sprayed throughnozzles (under high pressure) to create small droplets. The droplets fall through a

current of hot air, thereby forming hollow granules as they dry.

Collected from the bottom of the spray tower, the dried granules are screened toobtain a relatively standard size.

After the granules have been cooled, heat sensitive ingredients, which are notcompatible with the spray drying temperatures (like bleach, enzymes and fragrance)

are added.

Traditional spray drying process produces relatively low-density detergent powders.

Advancements in technology have enabled the soap and detergent manufacturers to reduce

the air inside the granules during spray drying to obtain higher densities. The high-density

detergent powders can be packed in much smaller packages than those needed previously.


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Agglomeration

Agglomeration is detergent powder manufacturing chemical technique that results in high-

density powders. The process involves blending of dry raw materials with liquid ingredients.

The technique involves machines, such as a liquid binder, rolling or shear mixing that causes

the ingredients to collide and adhere to each other, producing larger particles.

Dry Mixing

Dry mixing is a detergent powder manufacturing technique, which is used to blend dry raw

materials. The technique may also involve the addition of small quantities of a liquid.


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Soap And Detergent

Both soaps and detergents are cleansing products that we frequently use in our daily lives.

We use these products to clean our skin and hands wash our clothes without really paying any

attention to how they work or is there any difference between them. Although both the soap

and detergents perform same action, i.e. cleansing, there is a significant difference betweenthem. We can differentiate the soaps and detergents on the basis of several factors, like -

Ingredients, structure, properties, and more.

Mentioned below are some factors, on the basis of which we can differentiate soaps and

detergents :-

Soaps and Detergents Ingredients

Although both are surfactants (or surface active agents that means a washing compound,

which mixes with grease and water), soaps and detergents are not the same thing. Soap

manufacturing process is different from that of detergent making. Soaps are usuallymanufactured using natural materials while detergents are generally synthetic that were

developed during World War II, when there was scarcity of oils that are used to make soaps.

Soaps Ingredients

Usually labeled as beauty, facial, or cleansing bar soaps, true soaps are generally produced

with natural products (soap and lye) and require very less energy in the manufacturing

process. It is possible to make soaps without having leftover by-products, which tend to go to

the landfill, and the soap, which flows down the drain while cleaning is biodegradable. These

soaps have a pH of 9.5 to 10 (alkaline) that makes them effective cleansing agents and

eliminates the requirement for harmful antibacterial chemicals and preservatives.

However, some manufacturers use beef tallow (fat), in soap making, as this is an unused

byproduct of meat processing, which can be obtained very cheaply. While saponified beef

tallow can be used to make a satisfactory soap, there are some substances in tallow, which

that do not saponify, and may cause acne and skin breakouts.

Superior quality soaps are produced with oils, like - palm, castor, coconut, or olive oils, and

retain the natural glycerin, rather removing it and selling it for profit, which bulk

manufacturers generally do.
http://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soap-manufacturing-process.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soap-manufacturing-process.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/bar-soaps.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/bar-soaps.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soap-manufacturing-process.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soap-manufacturing-process.html


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Detergents Ingredients

Detergents are generally made from petroleum products with surfactants, foaming agents and

alcohol being their primary constituent. To remove the disagreeable odour of these chemicals,

detergents are heavily scented with cheap, synthetic and artificial fragrances.Detergents

ingredients also include preservatives and antibacterial agents (to increase their shelf life) thatmake the detergents frequent causes of allergies and reactions.

All of the soaps are fatty acid salts, which can be categorized by

A long hydrocarbon chain, that may be monounsaturated (have a double bond, likesodium oleate), polyunsaturated (more than one double bond) or saturated (no double

bonds)

A carboxylate group at the endAny surfactant (or surface-active agent), that is not soap is a detergent.
http://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/detergent-ingredients.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/detergent-ingredients.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/detergent-ingredients.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/detergent-ingredients.html


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Soap Detergent Difference- Properties in Hard Water

The most important difference between a soap and detergent is their behavior in water. A big

drawback of washing with soap is that it forms a scum in hard water, which is not easy to

clean and is known to turn laundry into a hue.

Soaps form a scum in hard water, which is not easy to rinse away and is known to turn

laundry, a grayish hue. The insoluble film that soap leaves can leave a residue on the laundry

same like as would see in a shower stall where hard water is present. On the other hand,

detergents react less to minerals in water hence does not leave this residue. In case you are

living in an area, where the water is soft, a soap will work satisfactorily, but even then a

gradual build-up of calcium and magnesium ions (also called 'curd') will be left on the fabric.

Another important difference between soaps and detergents is the sensitivity of soaps to

acidic conditions. On putting a soap into an acidic (pH


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APPENDIX

Figure 1: Structure of Detergent Molecule


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Soup and detergent manufacturing process


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SUMMARY

Based on the research I have done on detergent, there are many information that I have

acquired about this substance. First of all, I get to know the real definition of detergent, the

categories as well as the history of detergent. I also got to know on how detergent is

manufactured, including the ingredients

\


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REFERENCES

1) http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_detergents.htm2) http://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.html
http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_detergents.htmhttp://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_detergents.htmhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/soaps-detergents.htmlhttp://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/g/def_detergents.htm

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Chemist Amin2