Chemistry Activity Book

7/30/2019 Chemistry Activity Book

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ا ال

ا ب ل ا و ا باا اول ال ال

:

: ¯M

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: áXƒØëe ¥ƒ≤ë dG ™«ªL: áXƒØëe ¥ƒ≤ëdG ™«ªL

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978 - 977 - 493 - 149 - 9 :

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ة قد

; M , , , ¯ ¯ , , : , , , ¯ , FM , ¯ F

M M ¯ F¯ , ¯ − − M ¯

I , ¯ M M M ¯ M

¯ ¯ M , ¯ ,

M , M M

M , , ¯

, ï¿hó©ªdG



:∫ hC ’G ÜÉÑ d G

¯ ¯

:≈ fÉ ã d G ÜÉ Ñ d G

¯

- :å d É ã d G ÜÉ Ñ d G

¯ ¯ ¯

ï ¯ M ¯ ¯



:™ HG ô d G ÜÉ Ñ d G

¯ ¯ ¯

¯ M ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

:¢ ù eÉ ÿGÜÉ Ñ d G

¯ ¯

M

:¢ SOÉ° ù d G ÜÉ Ñ d G

M ¯ ¯

¯ ¯ ¯

ا ا ا ا



: I

: ¯ M

M

¯ M M

M

, ¯ M

, ¯ M : M

¯ M

¯ ¯ , ï , ¯ , ¯M

¯ , ¯

M

¯

M

M

M

, ¯

M

I ¯

¯ ¯ ¯

ï , ï

¯ M , ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ M , ¯

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

M M ¯ ¯ , ¯

ï ,



¯

¯

IM

M

I

¯

I

M

F



: ¯

BalanceBalance الميزان الحساس الميزان الحساس

¯ ¯M , F M F ¯ ¯

Tes TubesTes Tubes أنابيب االختبار أنابيب االختبار

ï

¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯

Graduaed CylinderGraduaed Cylinder المخبار المدرج المخبار المدرج

ïM ¯ ¯ M ¯ M

PipetePipete الماصة الماصة

¯ ¯ , I ¯ ¯ M¯ ï

BureteBurete السحاحة السحاحة

¯M ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ¯

¯ , M ¯

ï ¯ F ¯



∫hC’G ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

1

الباب اوالباب اول

ال ا ال



األو ا ال

و ال مرك ا م ل ا


2

¢SÉ«≤dGh AÉ«ª«μdG º∏Y : ∫hC’G π°üØdG≈Lƒdƒ«ÑdGh AÉ«ª«μdG ÚH ábÓ©dG : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf

(á«FGò¨dG äÉÑLƒdG ó©H iÉ°ûdG ∫hÉæJ QGöVCG): ا ش ل ا ا خطوا

¯M M

U ¯M ,¯M 50 ml III ¯ 3 g

ï ¯

: ,

, III ¯ :

¯M ¯ ¯M C

¯ C ¯ ¯M ¯ ,

? III ¯ :

: ي س ت ل ا ج ا ت ت ال ا

? ¯

? ¯

? ¯

النشاط من النشاالهدف من الهدف

.

.

. – –

–

- III – C – –

100 ml

والسالمة والسالماألمان األمان

اكتسابها المرجو اكتسابهالمهارات المرجو المهارات

المستخدمة المستخدمالمواد واألدوات المواد واألدوات

¯



األو ا ال



3

: ا ش ل ا ا خطوا

U

ON ¯I

F ¯ ,

? ¯

¯ ¯ ï ,

?

¯ ¯

OFF M I

M

? ¯

IOÉe á∏àc Ú«©J : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

.

– –

.






األو ا ال



4

¢SÉ«≤dG äGhOCG ΩGóîà°SG : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf(AÉŸG áaÉãc Ú«©J)


M :

10 ml , ¯M

ï

: البيانا ي تس

ï

:

, ¯

¯ ¯ ¯M 50 ml

¯

¯M 5 ml ,


.

. –

100 ml

- - -

. - -






األو ا ال



5

¯

: البيانا ي تس

g

g g ml

g ml

: ي ح ت ل ا

¯

? M

? ¯



األو ا ال


6∫hC’G ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

أنشطة تقويميأنشطة تقويمية

: : M ¯ 1

kg.m.S kg.m.S

kg.m.S kg.m.S-

¯M ¯ 2

¯

0°C ¯ 3

73 K −73 K

373 K 0 K

4

¯

¯

: :

¯ ï 1

¯ ¯ ¯ 2

¯ 3



األو ا ال



: M ¯ :

¯I , ¯ ¯ 1

, ¯M ¯ ¯ 2

¯

¯ ¯ ¯ 3

¯M I 4

5

: :

: 1

1

¯

: 2

¯

¯

¯ ¯

22

11



األو ا ال



AÉ«ª«μdGh ≈LƒdƒæμJƒfÉædG : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdGƒfÉædG ¢SÉ«≤e ±ô©J : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

.

(10n)

.

. - –



- 1 ml -- 00 ml -

9 -

- (10 ml) -


¯

, ¯ , M : I

Kilo − 1000 m1 ✕ 103 m

Meter − 1 m1 ✕ 100 m

Deci − 0.1 m1 ✕ 10-1 m

Ceti − 0.01 m1 ✕ 10- m

Milli − 0.001 m1 ✕ 10-3 m

Micro − ¯0.000001 m1 ✕ 10- m

Nao − 0.000000001 m1 ✕ 10-9 m

¯¯103 m

¯¯¯

¯¯

: ¯

¯ ¯ , ï ?



األو ا ال




, 9 - 1

¯ , 1 9 ml , 1 ml ¯

9 ml ï 1 1 ml 2

9

¯ ,

1345789

¯



األو ا ال



10

, M , ¯ 60 ¯ ¯ 12 10 ¯


U ¯

F¯

F¯ ï ,

,

¯ ¯

, 1 M ¯

: ة ش ا م ل ا

:

C0 ¯

? ¯

? ¯ M , ï

≈cƒÑdG Iôμd êPƒ‰ º«ª°üJ : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

.

10

- 12 -

.





األو ا ال



11


, ¯ ¯ ¯ ï ,1 cm

I 1

M ¯

Icm¯

cm2 ï

ï¯cm2

M

cm2

cm3

11

0.508

0.5

? , ¯

¯ , M :

¯ , M :

¯ ¯



األو ا ال



12

, , ¯ 2

:

ï ?

¯

?

ï

? ? ¯ ¯

: ¯ ¯M 3

¯ ¯

?

? ¯ F¯ ¯

? M ¯



األو ا ال



13

ا ة البا ا ة أ

: : ¯ 1

¯

2

¯

? ¯ ¯ 3

¯ 1 ✕ 10 ¯ 1 ✕ 109

¯ 1 ✕ 10-9 ¯ 1 ✕ 10-3

ï ¯ 4

ï ï¯

¯ ¯

¯ 100 - 1 ï ¯

ï ¯M

M 5



األو ا ال



¯ ¯ 6

10ˉ9 10ˉ6

10ˉ2 10ˉ3

ï ¯ 7

M

M

M

M ¯ F¯ 8

¯ ï ¯ M

¯ ï ¯ M

¯ ï ¯ M

,

: M :

1

M , ¯ ¯ 2

¯ 3

¯ 4

5

¯ 6

1 - 100 m , ¯ 7



األو ا ال



: ï :

I¯

¯ ¯ ¯

: :

1

, 2

: ¯ :

¯ 1

M 2

: :

1

2

3



األو ا ال



: :

¯ 1

: 2

? ?

? U¯ ¯

?



الباب الثانالباب الثانى

ال ا ال

17

≈fÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc



ا ال ا ال

ة م ل ا ا م ل ا

18


á«FÉ«ª«μdG ádOÉ©ŸGh ∫ƒŸG : ∫hC’G π°üØdGá«FÉ«ª«μdG ádOÉ©ŸGh ∫ƒŸG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf

: ش طو

¯ 2.4 g I¯ ¯ ï

? :

¯

Mg = 24 , O = 16

120 g

160 g

:

? ¯


.

- -

. -

- - -

.






ا ال ا ال


19


: ش طو

, U ¯ ,

: ¯

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯M

? 10

:

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ M

¯ ¯

É¡JÉ≤à°ûeh ∫ƒŸG IóMh : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



.

.

.

- –

. – –

( )

– – –

– – –

.



¯

¯



ا ال ا ال



20

ï , ¯ ¯? 5 M 2 M

:

¯ M ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

: ¯

¯ ¯ Na = 23 , C = 12 , O = 16 , H = 1

¯

STP ¯

53 g ¯

ï

: ي



ا ال ا ال



21

تدريتدريب

¯ ¯ [Cr = 52 , N = 14 , O = 16 , H = 1] : ¯

ï ¯

¯STP F ¯ ¯

(NH4)

2Cr

2O

7(s)Cr

2O

3(s)+ +N

2(g)4H

2O

(g)

+ +

+ +

+ +

1 mol

252 g

6.02 ✕ 1023 6.02 ✕ 1023

28 g

+22.4 L

72 g

1 mol 1 mol



ا ال ا ال


22



: Na = 23 S = 32 N = 14 H = 1 O = 16 C = 12

Fe = 56 Al = 27 Ca = 40 Mg = 24 P = 31 Cl = 35.5

: ¯ :

ï 36 g 1

2 1 0.5 2.5

ï 128 g ¯ 2

6.02 ✕ 1023 2 12.04 ✕ 1023 3.01 ✕ 1023

NaOH 40 g 3

6.02 ✕ 1023 2 12.04 ✕ 1023 3.01 ✕ 1023

¯ STP ¯ 4 g 4

22.4

2

89.6 44.8

¯I 5

−



ا ال ا ال


23


: ¯ :

+ ¯ ¯ + 1

+ ¯ + ¯ 2

: :

1 N2(g)

+ H2(g)

Δ NH3(g)

2 Cu(NO3)

2(s) Δ CuO

(s)+ NO

2(g)+ O

2(g)

3 Al(s) + O2(g) Δ Al2O3(s)

: ¯ :

STP ¯ C2H

2 26 g ï 1

¯ 2 g ï

ï 2

STP ¯ ¯ 3

: : 117 g 1

: ¯ 5.1 L ¯ 2

CaCO3(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)

CaCl2(aq)

+ CO2(g)

+ H2O

(l)



ا ال ا ال


24


: ش طو

m

m1 ¯ ¯

20 : 15

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ma ,

m b

, ¯ ¯ M ¯ ¯ 3 M ¯ m

b m

a

m2 ,

? ¯ ? m2

, m1

:

: ¯

á«FÉ«ª«μdG á¨«°üdG ÜÉ°ùM : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdGá«Äjõ÷G á¨«°üdGh ájƒÄŸG áÑ°ùædG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

.

.

– –

–

. –

– –

– – – –

– –

–

.






ا ال ا ال


25


Cu = 63.5 , S = 32 , O = 16 , ¯

H = 1 , O = 16 , ¯M

¯ M ¯ ¯ ,

:

ï ¯ ?

:

¯ , ¯

¯ ¯ NaOH ¯ ï ¯ ¯

m3 ï , ï ¯

? m4

, m3

, m4 ¯ ¯

:

¯ =

: ي



ا ال ا ال


26


iô¶ædG œÉædGh ≈∏©ØdG œÉædG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf

: ش طو

, ¯ 7 g ¯

F , ¯ 4 g

F ? ï ¯ ¯ :

¯ FeS ¯

Fe = 56 , S = 32 ¯ ¯ ¯

? : ¯


.

.

–

. – – –

– –

– – –

.






ا ال ا ال


27



:

Cl = 35.5 O = 16 C = 12 H = 1 Ca = 40

S = 32 Ba = 137 Na = 23 Fe = 56

: ¯ :

C4H

8O

2¯ 1

C2H4O C4H4O2 C

4H

8O C

2H

8O

2

C2H

2O

4¯ 2

2 1 4 3

g ¯ CaCO3 ¯ 50 g CaO 3

82 28 14 96

¯ STP 11.2 L 4

44.8 22.4

68.2 11.2 56 ï CH

2 ¯ 5

¯C

3H

6 C

2H

4

C5H

10 C

4H

8



ا ال ا ال


28


: :

FeCO3

1

C6H

12O

6 ¯ ¯ 2

¯ ï 70 g ï ¯ 3

14.3 % 85.7 %

40 g BaSO4

¯ 39.4 g ¯ 4

¯ ¯ BaCl2

26.5 g STP ¯ 5

HCl ¯ Na2CO3 ¯

: M :

¯ 1

2

¯ ¯ F ¯ 3

4



ا ال ا ال


29


ن ة ة أ

Cl = 35.5 Ag = 108 Na = 23 N = 14 H = 1 O = 16 C = 12

: ¯ :

¯ a.m.u 1

1.66 ✕ 10−24 6.02 ✕ 1023 1.66 ✕ 1023

6.02 ✕ 10−24

¯ SI 2

¯ a.m.u ¯

¯ STP NH3

44.8 L 3

17 2 34 0.5

¯ 3.01✕ 1023 4

23 11.5 0.5 46

ï C6H8O6 C 5

C3H

4O

3 C

3H

4O

6

C3H

8O

3 C

6H

4O

3

6

M



ا ال ا ال


30


¯ CO2

¯ 7

22 44

66 88 ¯ CH

2O 8

CH3COOH HCHO

C6H

12O

6

STP ¯ 64 g 9

¯ 44.8 22.4 89.6 11.2

0.4 mol ¯ 0.1 mol U ¯ ¯ 10

ï C

4H

8 C

2H

4

C3H

4 CH4

: M :

U¯ ¯ ¯I 1

¯ 2

¯ 3

¯ 4



ا ال ا ال


31


5

6

ï 7

¯ F ¯ 8

¯ ¯ F ¯ 9

10

: :

14.3 % 85.7 % ¯ ¯ 1

42 ï

¯ 130 g ¯ 2

:

¯ 144 g 3



ا ال ا ال


32


.CaCO3

¯ ¯ 2.4 mol 4

STP ¯ 56 g 5

¯ 23 g 6

: ¯ 2Na

(s)+ 2H

2O

(l)2NaOH

(aq)+ H

2(g)

STP 7

: :

.C6H

6¯M 39 g H

2O 9 g 1

2

F ¯ ï 3

¯

4

ï ¯ 5



ådÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàcådÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

33

الباب الثالالباب الثالث

ا ال ا ا ل ا ل ا



ådÉãdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

34

ل ا ل ا ا ال

د ا و ل ا و ا م أل ا و ل ا م ل ا

: ش طو

U ¯

200 ml

, M ¯ ¯

¯ ¯I ¯

?

:

ï M ?

:

: ¯

C12

H22

O11

, NH4OH , NaOH , CH

3COOH , HCl , CuSO

4

:

: ¯


.

– - –

.

– – 6

– ( )

– 250 ml –

– –

– –

– ( ) –

– – ( )

.




äÉjhô¨dGh π«dÉëŸG : ∫hC’G π°üØdGá«à«dhÎμdEGÓdGh á«à«dhÎμdE’G π«dÉëŸG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf




35

ل ا ل ا ا ال


: ش طو¯ O , C , Na

¯ 16 , 12 , 23

=

= ¯ 0.2

¯ 0.2

50 ml

¯

¯ 200 ml ¯

: ¯ ¯ = ¯

= ¯

¯ M ¯

¯ 1 M ï ¯

– ¯ ¯ ¯ –

− ¯ − − −


.

– –

. -

3 –

– 500 ml 250 ml 200 ml

– –

– –

– –

– ( )

.




áØ∏àfl äGõ«côJ äGP π«dÉfi Ò°†– : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf

¯M

1 2




36

ل ا ل ا ا ال


: ش طو

:

1.0 mol − 0.75 mol − 0.25 mol − 0.1 mol

Na = 23 , P = 31 , O = 16

0.25 mol 0.1 mol ¯ 1.0 mol ¯ 0.75 mol

100 ml ,

¯

¯M 100 ml ¯

¯ ¯¯ ¯

¯ ¯¯

¯¯ ¯ M ¯

¯ ¯ – ¯ – mol / L M


.

– – –

.

– 150 ml

– –

– 5 – –

– –

.




¬fÉ«∏Z áLQOh ∫ƒ∏ëŸG õ«côJ ÚH á«fÉ«ÑdG ábÓ©dG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf




37

ل ا ل ا ا ال


¯ ¯ ¯

? ¯ ¯

:

? ¯

: ¯

¯ ¯ ï

¯¯ :

¯ , ¯ ¯

:

: ي م

¯ ¯ ¯ ï¯

¯¯ ¯ ¯



38

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ش طو

¯M , I 3 g 100 ml

¯M – ¯

¯ ¯

? ï ¯ ¯M

¯

ï I¯ ¯ , ¯

? ¯M

¯ ¯

:

:

, ¯ ¯M − − :

ï


.

– – –

.

– – 200 ml

– – ( )

– –

– –

– –

. –




π«dÉëŸG ´GƒfCG ÚH áfQÉ≤ŸG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf

¯



39

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ش طو

: ¯ :

, 50 g ï

, ¯M 100 ml

:

: ¯ :

1 M ¯ ¯ 50 ml

ï , 500 ml ¯

¯ ¯ ¯

:

¯ , ¯ ¯M ¯M ¯ ¯

M I¯ , ¯ ¯ M

, ¯ ¯ I


.

( )

.


– –

.

2 – 50 g

– – 500 ml

– – – 50 ml

– –

– 1 M

– – 1 M

– – –

. –



á£«°ùÑdG äÉjhô¨dG ¢†©H Ò°†– : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf




40

ل ا ل ا ا ال


I , ¯ ¯ ¯ I F

?¯

¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ M M M




41

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ¯ :

1

F¯ ¯ M 2

105.4° 104.5°

140.5° 90°

¯ 3

H2O

(l)

HCl(aq)

HCl(g)

¯ ¯ 4

g / eq.L mol / L

mol / kg g / L

? :

1

2

F 3



42

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ¯ :

¯ ¯ 1

M 2

¯ 3

¯ ï ¯ 4

: :

¯ 240 g ï ¯ 10 g 1

50 ml , 25 ml 2

200 ml ï ¯ 3

20 g ï

400 g ¯ 53 g ¯ ¯ 4

: M ¯ :

1

¯2



43

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ش طو

, 0.1 M

¯– – –

¯ ¯ ,

?

:

¯M ?

:

¯ ¯

¯

¯ pH pH ,

:


.

.

– –

. –

–

– –

–

– –

. pH – –




óYGƒ≤dGh ¢VÉªMC’G : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdGájóYÉ≤dGh á«°†ª◊G π«dÉëŸG ÚH õ««ªàdG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



44

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ش طو

? :

? ¯ :

¯ ¯ ,

? ¯ ¯ :

¯ M

:

?

? ¯

¯


.

.

– – –

.

–

– – –

– –

.




¢VÉªMCÓd á«FÉ«ª«μdG ¢UGƒÿG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



45

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ش طو

NaOH , HCl ¯

NaOH

M HCl 10 ml ï ¯M I¯

? ï

¯M ¯M NaOH , ¯ ï¯ ¯ M

? ¯ HCl ¯

M ¯ NaOH , ,

pH

F , ¯ ¯ ? ¯ ¯ ¯

7 pH ? ¯

¯ M

7 pH


.

.

.


– – –

.

- HCl 50 ml

0.1 M NaOH 100 ml

- 100 ml -

- - 100 ml 3

- -

. pH - 10 ml



IóYÉ≤dGh ¢†ª◊G IôjÉ©e : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf

0.1 M NaOH

HCl

¯M



46

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ش طو

2 g ? 50 ml ,

:

¯ ¯

? :

pH pH ?

:

¯ ¯

?

¯ pH

:


.

. pH


– –

. – –

– –

– –

6 – –

– 200 ml

– pH –

. –



AÉŸG ≈a ìÓeC’G á«fÉHhP : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



47

ل ا ل ا ا ال




: ¯ :

H3PO

4 1

¯ ¯

¯ ¯

pH ¯ 2

5 7

14 9 NH

4+ ¯ 3

¯

¯

¯ 4

¯ ¯ ¯

pH ¯ 5

4 2

9 6

: M : , 1

F ¯ ¯ 2

14 ¯ ¯ 3

¯ 4

¯ 5



48

ل ا ل ا ا ال



: ¯ :

ï¯ OH− ï ¯ 1

2

7 pH ¯ 3

ï ¯ 4

: : :

¯ , – ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 1

¯

: 2

– ¯ – – ¯

: , 3

NH

+

4 − Ca2+

− Ba2+

− Cl−

− SO2-

4 − NO-

3



49

ل ا ل ا ا ال



ة ة أ

: ¯ :

ï F 1

¯ ¯

pH ¯ 2

5 7 8 2

F 3

¯

¯ ¯ 4

¯ ¯

250 ml 20 g 5

Na = 23 , O = 16 , H = 1 ¯

0.5 M 1 M 0.25 M 2 M

6

¯ ¯




50

ل ا ل ا ا ال


7

H2CO

3 HBr

HNO3 HClO4 ? 8

NaCl NH4Cl

Na2CO

3 CH

3COONa

? ¯ 9

K 2CO3 NH4Cl KCl NaNO

3

F ¯ ¯ ï 1 L 1 mol 10 ?

C6H

12O

6 KBr

CaSO4

MgCl2

: F ï :

F ï ¯ ¯ 1

¯ H2CO

3¯ ¯ 2

¯ ¯ ¯ 3

OH−

¯ I 4

7 ¯ ¯ 5

M 6

7 ¯ ¯ 7

500 g 0.5 M ¯ 8

2 mol / kg




51

ل ا ل ا ا ال


: M :

1

M 2

3

I 4

¯ 5

pH ¯ ¯ 6

¯ 7

¯ 8

¯ 9

¯ 100 g 10

: :

: ¯ , 1

¯

¯

, KI MgI2

2

¯ ? ï



52

ل ا ل ا ا ال



F ¯ 3

: , ¯

760 mmHg F 15°C

? ¯ B

¯



53

الباب الرابالباب الرابع

الكيمياء الحراريالكيمياء الحرارية

™HGôdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc



الراب ا ال

ة ر ا ر ل ا ا م ل ا


54

: ش طو

¯ 200 g ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ , 6 , 3 ¯ ¯ ¯ , ¯ ¯ ¯ I

¯ : ن ي ي ت

? ¯ ¯ ¯ :

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ ¯ ¯

, F F

¯ , ¯ M

¯

:

ï¯ ¯


.

- - -

- -

.

- - -

- - -

.




iQGô◊G iƒàëŸG : ∫hC’G π°üØdG

IQGô◊G á«ªch IQGô◊G áLQO : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



الراب ا ال



55

: ش طو

¯ , ,

¯ F ¯

¯ ¯ :

: ن ي ي ت

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ ¯

, M ¯ q = m.c.∆t

¯ M M ¯

?

:

á«YƒædG IQGô◊G : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

- - - -

. -






الراب ا ال



56

: ش طو

ï 20 g

M M

ï

M ? M

:

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ I ¯

:

IQGôë∏d IOQÉ£dG äÓYÉØàdG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

– – –

. –






الراب ا ال



57

: ش طو

I¯ ï ¯ 53 g

M

:

M ¯: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ I ¯

:

IQGôë∏d á°UÉŸG äÓYÉØàdG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

– –

. –






الراب ا ال


58


: ش طو

M

¯

¯ ¯ ¯ M ï

? :

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ ¯ ï

? ¯ ï

≈HhÎfE’G ≈a Ò¨àdG : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

. –






الراب ا ال


59


? ¯ ¯

:

: ¯ ¯ ¯

¯

F F

¯ ¯



الراب ا ال


60



: ¯ :

¯ 1

J/mol Joule

J/g J/K°

¯ ¯ ï 2

1 g 1 g

1 g 1 g

¯ M 3

F F ¯

F F ¯

¯

¯ 4

F F ¯

F F ¯

F F

F F ¯ ¯ 5

0°C ¯ 1 atm F

25°C ¯ 1 atm F

100°C ¯ 1 atm F

273°C¯

1 atmF



الراب ا ال


61


: :

, 0.528 J/g°C = , 0.133 J/g°C = ¯ 1

¯ 70 gm , 0.388 J/g°C = ? ¯ , ¯ ï¯ ¯ , ¯

M¯ ¯ 2

¯ I ¯

? 3

1000 J/°C = ¯

1000 J/g.°C = ¯

: ¯ : ,200°C ï¯ ¯ M ¯ 1

¯ ? ? ¯

¯ ? I 2

? ? ,M ¯¯ 3

¯ ¯ ¯ 4

¯ ¯ 5



الراب ا ال



62

: ش طو

,¯M 50 ml ,M , M

¯ ¯ , M

¯¯ , 4 g

¯ , ¯

¯ ¯ :

: ن ي ي ت

¯ ,

¯

¯

¯

¯ ¯

iQGô◊G iƒàëŸG ≈a Ò¨àdG Qƒ°U : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdG

¿ÉHhòdG IQGôM : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

-

- - - -

.




¯¯

M



الراب ا ال



63

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ ¯

M ¯

¯ ¯ ,

? 6 g ¯ ¯

:

4 g ¯ ¯



الراب ا ال


64



: :

M ¯ 1

U 2

¯ M ¯ 3

¯ ¯

U¯ ¯ M ¯ 4

¯ ¯ M ¯ 5

: ¯ :

¯ M ¯ M 1

¯ ¯ 2

¯ ¯ 3

I M 4

¯ ¯ ¯ 5



الراب ا ال


65


:

I M ï¯ ï ¯ 1

: ï¯ ,2H

2(g)+ O

2(g)2H

2O

(g)ΔH = -484 kJ/mol

¯ 1 g ¯ ¯ ?¯ I

: ¯ ¯ 2

H2

S(g)

+ 4F2(g)

2HF(g)

+ SF6(g)

: ¯

H2S = −21 kJ/mol , HF = −273 kJ/mol , SF

6= −1220 kJ/mol

1000 ml ¯ 3

¯ 1 g/ml = ¯ ¯ 6°C ¯

4.18 J/g.°C =

C8H

18 = ¯ ¯ ¯ 4

¯ ¯ −1367 KJ/mol

¯ ¯



الراب ا ال


66


ة ة أ

: :

¯ M ¯ 1

¯ ¯ ¯ 2

¯ ¯ 3

M ¯ 4

M M ¯ ¯ 5

: F ï :

¯ M ï , F 1

¯ 2

C = q / v ✕ ΔT 3

¯ 4

¯ ¯ I , I M 5

ï I

¯ , M ¯ ¯6

H ¯ ¯

M¯ ¯ F F M M 7

, F F ¯ ¯ 8

F F ¯ ¯



الراب ا ال


67


: ¯ :

¯ ¯ 1

¯ ¯ 2

∆H 3

¯ ¯ C6H12O6 ¯ 4

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯I ¯ 5

: :

¯ , ¯ 276 J 4.5 g 1

¯ 0.13 J/g ¯ 25°C

5700 J ¯ 155 g 2

¯ , 40°C 25°C ¯

12°C 77°C 350 g ¯ M ¯ 3

0.14°C J/g ¯

86 J/g ¯ 360 g M ¯ 4



الراب ا ال


68


,NO2

¯ ,NO ¯ ¯ ¯ 5

: NO(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)

NO2(g)

:

1/2N2(g) + 1/2O2(g) NO(g) ΔH = +90.29 kJ/mol

1/2N2(g)

+ O2(g)

NO2(g)

ΔH = +33.2 kJ/mol

,69.49 kJ ¯ HCl 1 mol 10 mol 6

¯ ¯ 73.02 kJ ¯ HCl 1 mol 40 mol¯ ? ¯ ¯ ? M

? M M

¯ 80 g ¯ ¯ 7

: 14°C 20°C ¯ ¯

? ¯ ? I

, ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ N=14, O=16, H=1

¯ 1367 kg/mol C2H

5OH ¯ ¯ 8

, ¯ ¯ ¯

C=12, O=16, H=1 100 g ¯ ¯



¢ùeÉîdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc¢ùeÉîdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

69

الباب الخامالباب الخامس

الكيمياء النوويالكيمياء النووية



70

الخام ا ال

ة و و ن ل ا ا م ل ا

¢ùeÉîdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

: ش طو

Al27

13 : : M

Cl35

17

: M ¯

¯¯

Al27

13

Cl35

17

: ي ت

? Al ¯ 20 Ca

: ¯ 20

:

?

?

?

:

: ¯


.

. – –


á«dhC’G äÉª«°ù÷Gh IQòdG IGƒf : ∫hC’G π°üØdG

iQòdG Oó©dGh á∏àμdG OóY : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf



71

الخام ا ال



: ش طو

C14

6, C

13

6, C

12

6, C

11

6: ï : M

, : M

C11

6C

12

6C

13

6C

14

6

: ي ت

? M

?

?

:

¯

¯

C11

6

C

12

6

C13

6

C14

6

:


.

.

. –


ájhƒædG ôFÉ¶ædG : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf




72

الخام ا ال


: ش طو

: M¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

:

? F F

N - Z Z ?

M C , B , A , ? β

:

¯ ¯ NZ

Pb208

82

Fe

56

26

Ca40

20

Na23

11

? NZ F ¯


.

. – –


ájƒfC’G äÉÑK á°SGQO : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Z

N ¯

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

* A

*B

*C

80

90

100

110




73

الخام ا ال


: ش طو

S , B , Q : M

s , d , u

SBQ

0+ 13

+ 23

eu

0+ 13- 1

3 ed

− 1+ 13

- 13

es

M : M M S , B , Q

:

SBQ

:

S , B , Q { u u d }

:

{ u d } { u u d } { u d d }

{ u u d }

∑QGƒμdG ¢UGƒN : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

– –

.





74

الخام ا ال



: ¯ : 1

C12

6 1

12

F I 28 MeV He4

2 F I 2

14 7

112 56

Fe56

26 3

F I 0.5 u

0.5 Joule 0.8 ✕ 10-19 MeV

465.5 MeV 0.5 MeV

I 4

ï F

ï , 5




75

الخام ا ال


: :

:

3 ✕ 108 m/s = − 1.008665 u = − 1.007825 u =

1 u = 1.66 ✕ 10−27 kg

190 MeV I 1

I 5 g MeV , M 2

F I ,MeV He4

2 F I 3

He4

2= 4.001506 u ,

F I ,MeV , O16

8

F I 4

O16

8= 15.994915 u ,

: , O17

8 O

16

8 5

O16

8= 15.994915 u , O

17

8= 16.999132 u

: :

¯ " Quark "

Power point



76

الخام ا ال



: ش طو

¯ : M

n Rn220

86

: t

t0102030405055606570

n30262321181615141312

: M

: ي ت

¯

? ï ¯

: Rn

220

86 ? I

220 − Po

ájhƒædG äÓYÉØàdGh ≈YÉ©°T’G •É°ûædG : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdG

á©°ûe IOÉŸ ∞°üædG ôªY : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

–

. –

.





77

الخام ا ال



: ش طو

, , M

ï ,

, 2 , 1 M ¯ , M

M

:

¯12345678

¯

: ي ت

? ï F ï

? ? ,

:


.

. – –

-

20 )

- (

.



∞°üædG ôªY IÉcÉfi : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf



78

الخام ا ال



: ش طو

, 2.01467 u = H2

1 , 12.0039 u = C

12

6 : M

13.01 u = C13

6 , 1.00813 u = H

1

1

: M : M

C12

6+ H

2

1 C

13

6+ H

1

1

4.655 MeV = I

: I M

= M M

= M M

= M = M

: ي ت

?

? M

:

?


.

– –

.


á«YÉæ°üdG ájhƒædG äÓYÉØàdG ≈a ábÉ£dG áfRGƒe : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf



79

الخام ا ال




: ¯ : M 1

I

ï ¯ ¯ XB

A 2

XB

A X

B - 4

A - 2+ He

4

2 X

B

A X

B + 4

A + 2+ He

4

2

XB

A X

B - 2

A - 4+ He

4

2 X

B

A X

A - 2

B - 2+ He

4

2

X He4

2+ Be

9

4 C

12

6+ X 3

M Po216

84 T

228

90 4

3 2

5 4

X206

80 ï 5 X 5

X

X216

82 X

216

90

X226

94 X

226

86



80

الخام ا ال



M 6

I

¯ 75 % 12 7

4 3

9 6

He42 + N14

7 O178 + H1

1 : 8

¯ I , 18.0126 u = , 18.0114 u =

u I 0.0083 u

0.0012 0.0071

0.0083 0

: : : 1

M Ra220

88 2

¯ 3

4

: 5

M



81

الخام ا ال



ة ة أ

: ¯ :

M 1

M 2

M 3

, ¯ 4.8 ✕ 1012 4

8

4.2 ✕ 1012 2.4 ✕ 1012

4.5 ✕ 1012 3.6 ✕ 1012

u S 5

+ 13 0 − 1 + 2

3

X4

2 ï 6



82

الخام ا ال



X A

Z 7

Y A -4

Z-1

Y A -4

Z-2

X A -4

Z Y

A -1

Z-4

, m3

He4

2 , m

2¯ , m

1¯ 8

¯

[m3 − (2m1 + 2m2)]C

2

[(2m1 + 2m2) − m3]C

2

[m

3 − (2m

1+ 2m

2)] ✕ 931 [(2m

1+ 2m

2) − m

3] ✕ 931

9

ï Co6027 10

27 , 60 27 , 33

33 , 60 33 , 27

: :

: 1

Ra226

88 He

4

2+

Be9

4+ C

12

6+ n

1

0

N14

7 + He

4

2 H

1

1+



83

الخام ا ال



: M 2

H1

1+ H

3

1 He

3

2+ n

1

0

H31 I 2 MeV H I

3.0170 u = , 3.0170 u = , 1.0081 u =

1.0089 u =

S , B , Q { u u d } 3

,m3

He4

2 ,m

2 , m

1 4

: :

1

ï 2

3



84

الخام ا ال



: :

: C12

6 F I 1

u

MeV

, , 2

F¯ I ,1.008665 u ¯ 1.007825 u ¯ 2.014102 u

MeV

: Ca43

20 F I 3

Ca4320

= 42.958767 u , Ca4220

= 41.958618 u , mn = 1.008665

I 3 g M 4

: 1.66 ✕ 10-24g M 5

J

MeV



¢SOÉ°ùdG ÜÉÑdG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

85

الباب السادالباب السادس

الكيمياء والبيئالكيمياء والبيئة



الساد ا ال

ة ل ا و ا م ل ا


86

: ش طو

¯ M M I , ¯ ¯ M

, ,

¯ ¯ ¯ M ¯

¯ ¯ M

¯ M

: ة م

¯ ¯ M ¯ ¯ ¯ M

: ن ي ي ت

¯ M ¯ ¯ ?

≈Ä«ÑdG çƒ∏àdG : ∫hC’G π°üØdGAGƒ¡dG äÉKƒ∏e : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

–

. – –





الساد ا ال


87


: ش طو

ï ¯ , ¯I

¯M ¯M ¯¯ M ¯? ¯ ¯M ¯ ¯

:

: ي

? ¯ ¯ ¯M

? ¯ M ¯

:

? M ¯

á«°†ª◊G QÉ£eC’G ÒKCÉJ : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



.

. - -

. - -





الساد ا ال



88

: ش طو

¯ , ¯

¯ 3 cm ¯

¯ ¯ , F

M ¯

: ن ي ي ت

: ¯ ¯ 10 20 30

°C °C °C

°C °C °C

iQGô◊G ¢SÉÑàM’G IôgÉX : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf


.

– - -

. – –

2 – –

–

.






الساد ا ال


89


: ي ت

? ¯

:

: ي ط

¯ ¯

: قوي

? ¯ ¯



الساد ا ال



90


: F ï : ¯ M 1

U 2

¯ , 3

: 4

¯ 5

¯M ¯ ¯ 6

M ¯M 7

: ¯M :

¯ ¯ ¯ F 1

ï U M , M ¯ ¯ 2

ï ¯ 3

ï ¯ ¯ ¯ 4

¯ ¯ , ¯ 5

F M ¯ M ¯ 6

¯ ¯ 7



الساد ا ال



91

: :

¯ I 1

¯ ¯ 2

¯ ¯ F ¯ 3

¯ ¯

M ¯ 4

¯ 5

: :

M ¯ 1

¯ M ¯ ¯ 2

¯ ¯ M ¯ 3

¯ ¯ 4

¯ ¯ 5

¯ ¯ ¯ 6



الساد ا ال


92


: ش طو

M¯ M M ,M M

I ¯

¯ ? ¯ ?

: ي ت

? − ¯ − M :

:

? U

: ي ط

M U ¯ ? ¯ M

: قوي

? ¯ M


.

- - -

- -

.

– 4

– – – –

. – –




çƒ∏àdG øe ó◊G : ≈fÉãdG π°üØdGAÉª∏d Î∏a º«ª°üJ : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf

¯

¯

M



الساد ا ال


93


: ش طو

ï , ï pH ¯ ,

, ¯

M ,

¯

:

¯ M ¯

? :

:

pH ¯

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯ ¯

:

? ? ¯


.

- -

. -

– – –

– – –

.pH




AÉŸG á«∏– : ≈∏ª©e •É°ûf



الساد ا ال


94


: ش طو

,

: ة م

:

: ن ي ي ت

: ن ي ي ت

? ¯

? ¯

?

:

?

á«dõæŸG äÉØ∏îŸG : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

- - -

- -

.

.






الساد ا ال


95


: مش طو

:

¯ :¯ ¯M ¯ ,¯ ¯

¯ M M : ¯ ¯

¯ :

:

¯ ¯ ¯ :¯ M

:

¯ ¯ ¯

¯

:

¯ , M , ¯ ¯

:

¯ , ,¯ ¯ , ¯ ,¯

™ÑæŸG øe äÉØ∏îŸG ∞«æ°üJ ´höûe



الساد ا ال


96


: ش طو

¯ M M , 4 M

M M

ï ï ,

M ï¯ ,

: ن ي ي ت ¯ , ¯ ¯

ï M ¯

?

:

? ¯

¥QƒdG ôjhóJ IOÉYEG : ≈≤«Ñ£J •É°ûf


.

- - -

.

– ( )

– – –

– – –

.






الساد ا ال


97



: : ¯ ¯ ¯ 1

¯ –¯ – – ¯– – ¯ – – –¯ – ¯

– ¯– –¯ 2

¯ ¯ −

¯ 3

¯ ¯

¯ ¯ ï ¯ 4

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ M 5

¯M



الساد ا ال


98


: ¯M :

, ¯ ¯ 1

¯ ï M 2

¯

M ï ¯ 3

¯

, ¯ ¯ , ¯M 4

I

, 5

¯ ¯ ¯

U¯ ¯M 6

¯

: :

¯ 1

¯ ¯ 2

M ¯ 3

¯ M 4

¯ ¯ 5



الساد ا ال


99


ة ة أ

: :

1

I ¯M

2

M ¯

¯ ¯ ¯ 3

¯ ¯

¯ ¯ 4

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

¯I M ¯ 5

¯ ¯

¯ ¯ ¯I 6

¯ ¯M ¯



الساد ا ال


¢SOÉ°ùdG ÜÉÑdG - á£°ûfC’G á°SGôc

100

7

¯ ¯

¯

: :

2C4H

10+ 13O

2 + 10H

2O 1

+ 7O2

5H2O + CO

2+ 2CO + C 2

2SO2

+ O2

3

Al2(SO

4)

3+ 2Al(OH)

3+ 3CaSO

4 4

4NO2

+ 2H2O + O

2 5

: :

M ¯I ï 1

ï

¯ ¯ 2

¯ 3

¯I 4

¯ ¯ 5



äÉfÉëàeG êPÉªf - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

101

ا ا ا ما



:

: .1 :

¯ , ¯ , ¯ , ¯

¯ F

, , ,

−1 , 2+3

, 1+3

, ¯ u S ¯

: .2 ï ¯

M ¯

: ¯M .1 :

1 – 100 nm ¯

M ¯

¯I ¯ ï

¯ ï 70 g

ï ¯ .2

C = 12 , H = 1 14.3 % 85.7 %

: F ï .1 :

OH− ¯ I

U

¯ ¯

− − : ¯ ¯ .2

, 42 g ¯ .1 : K = 39 , O = 16 , H = 1 500 ml

¯ NaOH 80 g ¯ ¯ .2 I 24°C 20°C ¯

¯ , ¯

∫hC’G êPƒªædG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

102

( )



:

: .1 :

6.02 ✕ 1023

,4

,12.04 ✕ 1023

,2

=

ï88 g

CO

2

¯ , ¯ , , He4

2 ¯ ï ¯

8 , 2 , 5 , 7 pH ¯

: .2 C =12 , H = 1 , O = 16 C

6H

6 39 g H

2O 9 g

¯ ¯

¯ ¯

: ¯M .1 :

¯

ï

¯ ¯ ¯

, 0.5 u Fe56

26 ¯ .2

F¯ I

: F ï .1 :

¯ ¯ ¯

¯

¯

40 g BaSO4

¯ 39.4 g ¯ .2

¯ ¯ BaCl2

M Ra220

88¯ .1 :

ï 0.12 g ¯ F I ¯ .2 C = 12 0.7 nm ¯M

≈fÉãdG êPƒªædG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc

103

( )



:

: .1 :

, , ¯ , ¯

, , , ¯ ¯

¯ M , ¯ , ¯ , ¯

: .2 ¯

¯M ¯I

: ¯M .1 :

¯

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

¯

He4

2+ N

14

7 O

17

8+ H

1

1: .2

0.0083 u ¯ I , ¯ 18.0126 u , 18.0114 u u ¯ I

: .1 :

¯ M

− − :

¯ ¯ 23 g

.2

2Na(s)

+ 2H2O

(l)2NaOH

(aq)+ H

2(g):

: ¯ .1 : ¯ ¯

Po216

84 T

228

90 .2

− M − : M ¯ .3

104

ådÉãdG êPƒªædG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc



:

: .1 :

1 ✕ 10-9

,1 ✕ 10-3

,1 ✕ 100

,1 ✕ 109

¯

¯

, ¯ , , ¯ NH+

4 ¯ HCl NH

3

67.2 , 11.2 , 44.8 , 22.4 STP 11.2 L H2

? − : .2 Ra

226

88¯ − ¯ : ¯ .3

: ¯M .1

: ¯ ¯ ¯

M M ¯ ¯

pH ¯ ¯

¯ − : .1 :

¯ 5700 J

¯ 155 g

.2

¯ , 40°C 25°C ¯ ¯ .3

¯ 75 % ¯ 12 ¯ .1 :

ï ¯ ¯ : F¯ I C

2H

2+ 5

2O

22CO

2+ H

2O : ∆H .2

C C : 835 , C H : 413 , O O : 498 , C O : 745 , O H : 467

105

™HGôdG êPƒªædG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc



:

: .1 :

0.5

,2.5

,2

,1

ï36 g

H = 1

O = 16

e− , n , p , γ X He4

2+ Be

9

4 C

12

6+ X :

mol/L , g/eq.L , g/L , mol/kg ¯ ¯

: .2

M M ¯

: ¯M .1 :

¯

¯ ¯ ¯

X

206

80

¯ 4

5

¯ X

.2

X ¯

¯ ¯ − − : ¯ ¯ .1 :

S , B , Q { u u d } ¯ .2

Na = 23 ï 40 g .3

¯ M ,¯ ¯ .1 : – ¯ : .2

STP .3

106

خل

¢ùeÉîdG êPƒªædG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc



107

:

: .1 :

¯

¯

: .2 , ¯

¯ M , ¯ ¯

: ¯M .1 :

¯

C5

H10 .2

: F ï .1 :

H+

¯M

¯

¯ − ¯ − ¯ .2

= 0.75 mol = 1.5 MM = =4256

0.750.5

.1 :

Q = m.c.ΔT = 1000✕ 4.18 ✕ 4 = +16720 J .2 ¯ ¯ ¯

8.36 kJ / mol = 16.722

= ¯

∫hC’G êPƒªædG áHÉLEG - äÉÑjQóàdGh á£°ûfC’G ÜÉàc



:

: .1 :

12.04 ✕ 1023

8

: .2 0.5 mol = 39 g 0.5 mol = 9 g

¯ ¯

U ¯I

: ¯M .1 :

¯

¯

MeV 465.5 = 931 ✕ 0.5 = F¯ I .2

: F ï .1 :

¯

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