CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS

Organic compound: -from living things-mainly from Carbon and Hydrogen-may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, potassium, sodium, sulphur.- examples: petrol, protein, amino acid-characteristics:

do not conduct electricity in solid, liquid, or gaseous change do not dissolve in water, but dissolve in organic solvent low melting and boiling point

Inorganic compound: -from non-living things-mainly without Carbon atom-examples: iron(II) oxide, copper(II) sulphate, zinc nitrate, ammonia

HYDROCARBONSCompounds that are made up of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms only

Root name for naming hydrocarbon

1 meth-2 eth-3 prop-4 but-5 pent-6 hex-7 hept-8 oct-9 non-10 dec-

SATURATED HYDROCARBON UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON

have only single bonds between the Carbon atomsexample: ethane

have double or triple bonds between the Carbon atomsexample: ethene, ethylene

ALKANE-general formula: CnH2n+2, n=1,2,3,………-saturated hydrocarbon-each Carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by single covalent bond

NAMING

Root + ending (-ane)1. Determine number of Carbon atoms2. Choose the prefix/root3. ending ‘-ane’

C8H18 : -Carbon:8 : oct--ending: : -ane-name: : octane

STRUCTURAL FORMULAE

How to draw structural formula of C3H8

1. Position the 3 carbon atoms in a row

2. Join the carbon atoms by single bonds

3. Place 4 single bonds around each carbon atom

4. Attach a hydrogen atom to each empty bond of Carbon atom

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE Less dense than water not soluble in water attraction between molecules: weak low melting and boiling points soluble and miscible in organic solvents weak vand der waal bon cannot conduct electricity

Name these alkanes:C6H14: _____________________C5H12: _____________________C2H6 : _____________________

Pentane:

Hexane:

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE

ALKENE-general formula: CnH2n, n=,2,3,………-unsaturated hydrocarbon-functional group: C=C double bond

NAMING

Root + ending (-ene)1. Determine number of Carbon atoms2. Choose the prefix/root3. ending ‘-ene’

C8H16 : -Carbon:8 : oct--ending: : -ene-name: : octene

STRUCTURAL FORMULAE

How to draw structural formula of C3H8

1. Position the 3 carbon atoms in a row

2. Join the first 2 carbon atom with =

ALKANE

COMBUSTION HALOGENATION

complete combustion

(excess oxygen, O2)

incomplete combustion

(limited oxygen, O2)

alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O

alkane + O2 CO+ H2O

alkane + O2 C+ H2O

substitution reaction(chlorination)

e.g: methane

CH4(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) + CH3Cl(g) chloromethane

CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) + CH2Cl2(g) dichloromethane

CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) + CHCl3(g) trichloromethane

CHCl3(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g) + CCl4(g) tetrachloromethane

Name these alkenes:C4H8: _____________________C5H10: _____________________C3H6 : _____________________

heptene:

Octene:

3. Remaining carbon with single bond

4. 4 single bonds around each ‘empty’ bond of carbon atom

4. Attach hydrogen atom to each empty bond of Carbon atom

STRAIGHT CHAIN ALKENE

C5H10

CH3CH2CHCHCH3

root-num of C containing double bond-enepent-2-ene

BRANCHED CHAIN ALKENE

C5H10

CH2C(CH3)CH2CH3

side chain: alkyl grouplongest chain: 4 carbon atom

root: ‘but-‘ = at C num : 1

but-1-eneside chain: methyl at C-2

name: 2-methylbut-1-ene

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENE

ALKENE Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Hexene Heptene OcteneSTATE Gas Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

BOILING POINT

MELTING POINT

DENSITY

SOLUBILITY Not soluble in waterDENSITY Does not conduct electricity

Low, but -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->

increase