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8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
1/23
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Name-Debjani Das
Class-XII
roll no-
Hem Seela Mo!el S"ool
8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE
This to certify that “Debjani Das” of class XII bearing
roll no- who is going to appear for AISSCE-2!"
has s#ccessf#lly co$plete% all the practicals an% projects in
Che$istry %#ring the session 2!&-2!" as per the prescribe%
syllab#s of C'('S'E') *ew Delhi'
'ignature of (xaminer)*****************
ate)*****************
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TO ANALYSE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CATIONS,
ANIONS AND FOOD STUFFS PRESENT IN
COCONUT WATER
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Contents
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INTRODUCTION
COCONUT PLANT
The coconut tree +Cocos n#cifera. is a member of the family
-recaceae +palm family.It is the only accepted species in the
genus Cocos. he term coconut can refer to the entire coconut
palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a
nut. he spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word.
/
heterm is derived from the #&th%century Portuguese and 'panish
word coco meaning 0head0 or 0skull0, from the three
indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.
he coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the
many uses of its different parts and found throughout the tropics
and subtropics.1$/ Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many
people. Coconuts are different from any other fruits because
they contain a large 2uantity of 0water0 and when immature they
are known as tender%nuts or jelly%nuts and may be harvested for
drinking. 3hen mature, they still contain some water and can be
used as seednuts or processed to give oil from the kernel,
charcoal from the hard shell and coir from the fibrous husk . he
endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within thecoconut water. -s development continues, cellular layers of
endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the
edible coconut 0flesh0.1&/ 3hen dried, the coconut flesh is called
copra. he oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-COD-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(folklore)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-endosperm-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-COD-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(folklore)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-endosperm-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)
8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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cooking and frying4 coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and
cosmetics. he clear li2uid coconut water within is potable. he
husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of
products for furnishing and decorating. he coconut also hascultural and religious significance in many societies that use it.1cita
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
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Coconut water
Coconut water is the clear li2uid inside young green
coconuts +fruits of the coconut palm. In early development, itserves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during
the nuclear phase of development. -s growth continues, the
endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the
rind of the coconut meat. Coconut water has long been a popular
drink in the tropical countries where it is available fresh, canned,
or bottled. Coconuts for drinking are served fresh, chilled or
packaged in many places. hey are often sold by street vendors
who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front
of customers. Processed coconut water for retail can be found in
ordinary cans, etra Paks5, or plastic bottles, sometimes with
coconut pulp or coconut jelly included. Coconut water can be
fermented to produce coconut vinegar . It is also used to make
nata %e coco, a jelly%like food. 6ottled coconut water has a shelllife of !7 months. In recent years, coconut water has been
marketed as a natural energy or sports drink having low levels of
fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte
content. Marketers have also promoted coconut water for having
low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories. 8owever,
marketing claims attributing tremendous health benefits tococonut water are largely unfounded. 9nless the coconut has
been damaged, it is likely sterile. here is a single documented
case where coconut water has been used as an intravenous
hydration fluid when medical saline was unavailable. -lthough
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_vendorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_vendorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte
8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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this is not generally recommended by most physicians today, it
was a common practice during the :hmer ;ouge regime in
Cambodia from #
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8-;A('IB
Dresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they
are green. - hole may be bored into the coconut to provideaccess to the li2uid and meat. In young coconuts, the li2uid and
air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the
inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts which have fallen to the
ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or
animals.
M(IC-E 9'(
It is said , albeit 2uite incorrectly , that coconut water is identical
to human plasma and can be injected directly into the human
bloodstream. he story has its origin from 3orld 3ar II where
6ritish and Fapanese patients were given coconut water
intravenously in an emergency because saline was unavailable.
1 'ince then, this rehydration techni2ue has been used only forshort%term emergency situations in remote locations where
plasma is not available.
-lthough substituting coconut water for saline is not
recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice
during the :hmer ;ouge regime in Cambodia from #
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• Coconut water is a very refreshing drink to beat
tropical summer thirst. Its li2uid is packed with simple
sugars, electrolytes , and minerals to replenish
dehydration within the human body.
• ;esearch studies suggest that cytokinins +e.g., kinetin
and trans>eatin in coconut water found to have
significant anti%ageing ,anti%carcinogenic, and anti%
thrombotic+anti%clot formationeffects.
• Coconut water is composed of many naturally
occurring bioactive en>ymes such as acid
phosphatase , catalase,
dehydrogenase,diastase,peroxidase,rna%polymerases
etc. In effect, these en>ymes help in the digestion and
metabolism.
• espite being very light in consistency, its water has
proportionately better composition of minerals like
calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium and >inc than
some of the fruit juices like oranges.
• Its li2uid is also a very good source of 6%complex
vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin,thiamin,pyridoxine,and folates,these vitamins are essential in the sense
that the human body re2uires them from external
sources to replenish.
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• Coconut water contains very good amount of
electrolyte potassium.#""ml of water has !$"mg of
potassium and #"$mg of sodium. ogether, these
electrolytes help replenish electrolyte deficiency in the
body due to diarrhea +loose stools.
• Durther, fresh coconut water has a small amount of
vitamin%C+-scorbic -cid4It provides about !.7mg or
7G of ;-. Aitamin C is a water%soluble anti%
oxidant.
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Requrements
Coconut Water
Ferrous sulphate solution
Concentrated sulphuric acid
Lead acetate solution
Silver nitrate solution
Ammonium molybdate
Concentrated nitric acid
Potassium dichromate
Sodium hydroxide solution
Methylene blue
Benedict’s solution
Copper sulphate solution
Sodium cobaltinate solution
Disodium hydroen phosphate
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Ammonium chloride
Ammonium carbonate
Potassium pyro antimonite
!niversal indicator
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#ET TEST $OR %ASIC RADICA&S
(HP(;IM(B 6'(;A-IB IBD(;(BC(Sodium
Po'assi(m
)*roal(mina'e is
a!!e! 'o "o"on('
+a'er,
#i'e miliness
is obser.e!,
Na/ is "on0rme!,
Potassium
$resl* )re)are!
so!i(m sal'
Yello+ )re"i)i'a'e
is obser.e!,
1 / is "on0rme!,
Magnesium
A!! a )in" o2
ma3nesi(m
"lori!e4 a 2e+!ro)s o2
ammoni(m
)os)a'e
sol('ion 'o
"o"on(' +a'er,
#i'e )re"i)i'a'e
is 2orme!,
M35/ is )resen',
Calcium
A!! soli!
ammoni(m
"lori!e4
ammoni(m
*!ro6i!e an!
ammoni(m
A +i'e
)re"i)i'a'e is
2orme!,
Ca5/ is )resen',
8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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"arbona'e 'o
"o"on(' +a'er
an! ammoni(m
o6ala'e sol('ion,
#e' 'es' 2or a"i! ra!i"als
(HP(;IM(B 6'(;A-IB IBD(;(BC(ChlorideSil.er ni'ra'e 'es'7
A!! "on",Ni'ri"
a"i! an! sil.er
ni'ra'e sol('ion,
Crom*l "lori!e
'es'7 Mi6 a small
8(an'i'* o2 'e
sal' +i' a small
amo(n' o2
)o+!ere!
)o'assi(m
!i"roma'e, Tae
a mi6'(re in 'es'
'(be an! a!!
"on", S(l)(ri"
a"i!
A +i'e )re"i)i'a'e
is 2orme!,
A Yello+
)re"i)i'a'e is
2orme!,
Cl ma* be
)resen'
Cl is )resen' -
"on0rme!,
8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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Hea' 'e '(be an!
)ass 'e re!
.a)o(rs e.ol.e!
in'o a 3as!e'e"'or
"on'ainin3
so!i(m *!ro6i!e
sol('ion, To 'e
*ello+ '(s
ob'aine! a!! !il,
A"e'i" a"i! lea!
a"e'a'e sol('ion,Oxalate ion
A!! "al"i(m
"lori!e an!
a"e'i" a"i! 'o 'e
"o"on(' +a'er,
A +i'e )re"i)i'a'e
is ob'aine!,
O6ala'e ion is
)resen',
Nitrate
Co))er "i)s 'es'7
Hea' a small
8(an'i'* o2
"o"on(' +a'er
+i' "on",
S(l)(ri" a"i!
an! 2e+ "o))er"i)s,
%ro+n rin3 'es'7
A!! a small
Dar bro+n 2(mes
are e.ol.e!,
A !ar bro+n rin32orms,
NO9- ion ma* be
)resen',
NO9- is )resen',
8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig
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8(an'i'* o2 2resl*
)re)are! sol('ion
2erro(s s(l)a'e
'o a )ar' o2 'ea8(eo(s sol('ion
an! 'en )o(r
"on", S(l)(ri"
a"i! slo+l* alon3
'e si!es o2 'e
'es' '(be,Phosphate
-mmonium molybdate
test) -dd conc. Bitric acid
to coconut water and boil
then add ammonium
molybdate solution to it.
Jellow precipitate is
formed
Phosphate ion is present
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Tes' 2or 'e )resen"e o2 2oo! s'(:7
Sl"#o" $%P$&'M$#( )BS$&*A(')# '#F$&$#C$
#
!
K
%ene!i"';s
'es'-
%ene!i"';s
sol('ion is
a!!e! 'o -
5 !ro)s o2
me'*lene
bl(e is a!!e!
'o "o"on('
+a'er
C(SO?/NaO
H TEST-
Co))er
s(l)a'e an!
NaOH is
a!!e! 'o
No
)re"i)i'a'e is
Obser.e!
No
!e"olo(risa'i
on is
obser.e!
A bl(e
)re"i)i'a'e is
ob'aine!
Re!("in3
s(3ar is
absen'
Re!("in3
s(3ar is
absen',
Pro'eins an!
2a's are
)resen'
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"o"on('
+a'er
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$xperiment )bservation 'n+erence)H o2 2ermen'e!
"o"on(' +a'er is
'es'e! (sin3(ni.ersal
in!i"a'or
A oran3e 'in3e is
obser.e! on )H
)a)er
)H @<
)H o2 2ermen'e!
"o"on(' +a'er is
'es'e! (sin3
(ni.ersal
in!i"a'or
A 3reen 'in3e is
obser.e! on )H
)a)er,
)H@
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!RECAUTIONS
he chemicals should be handled carefully.
-ll apparatus should be handled carefully.
he experiments should be conducted at room
temperature.
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"I"#IO$RA!H%
(o complete this pro,ect ' have ta-en help +rom the +ollo.in boo-s and
.ebsites/0
1"..."oole"com2"...".i-ipedia"com3"Comprehensive Chemistry Class %''4"Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class %''