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Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae & Equations
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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
22
CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL FORMULAE & EQUATIONS
Relative Molecular Mass
Average mass of
one molecule
1/12 x mass of an
atom of carbon-12
Relative Atomic Mass
Average mass of
one atom of an
element
1/12 x mass of an
atom of carbon-12
Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)/Relative Formula Mass (RFM) can
be calculated by adding up the Relative Atomic Mass (RAM).
Water, H2O
RMM =
Sodium Chloride, NaCl
RFM =
Relative Formula Mass
Average mass of
one formula unit
1/12 x mass of an
atom of carbon-12
+ -
Example
1) Element mercury is 20 times
heavier than helium. Determine
the relative atomic mass of
element mercury if the relative
atomic mass of helium is 4.
2) The relative atomic mass of helium,
nitrogen and sulphur is 4, 14, and 32
respectively.
a) How many times is one atom of
sulphur heavier than one atom of
helium.
b) Calculate the number of atoms of
helium that have the same mass as two
atoms of nitrogen.
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
23
1. Calculate relative molecular mass of the following element or compound.
a) Oxygen gas, O2
b) Chlorine gas, Cl2
c) Carbon dioxide, CO2
d) Ammonia, NH3
e) Iodine gas, I2
f) Sulphur dioxide, SO2
g) Sugar, C6H12O6
h) Ethanol, C2H6O
2. Calculate relative formula mass of the following compound.
a) Magnesium oxide, MgO
b) Potassium iodide, KI
c) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
d) Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2
e) Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
f) Zinc Sulphate, ZnSO4
g) Hydrated magnesium sulphate,
MgSO4.7H2O
h) Hydrated copper(II) sulphate,
CuSO4.5H2O
Atom, Molecule & Ion
Example
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
24
The Mole, Number of Particles, Mass & Volume of Substances.
MOLE
Amount of substance
that contains as many
particles as the number
of atoms in exactly 12 g
of carbon-12
NUMBER OF
PARTICLES
One mole of
substance contains
6.02 x 1023 particles.
MASS OF
SUBSTANCES
The mass of one
mole of the
substance equal to
the mass of 6.02 x
1023 particles.
VOLUME OF GAS
One mole of any gas
always has the same
volume under the
same temperature &
pressure.
Avogadro Constant
NA = 6.02 x 1023
mole = no of particles
NA
No of particles
= mole x NA
Molar Mass
= RAM/RMM/RFM
mole = Mass
Molar Mass
Mass = mole x MM
Molar Volume
1) Room Condition
= 24 dm3 mol -1
2) At S.T.P
= 22.4 dm3 mol -1
mole = Volume
Molar Volume
Volume = mole x MV
Unit conversion
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
25
1. A closed glass bottle contains 0.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2.
a) How many oxygen molecules, O2 are there in the bottle?
b) How many oxygen atoms are there in the bottle?
2. Find the number of moles of hydrogen gas, H2 containing
a) 3.01 x 1024 hydrogen molecule, H2
b) 6.02 x 1023 hydrogen atoms.
3. Find the number of moles of molecules in a sample containing 9.03 x 1023
molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2.
4. A sample contains 6.02 x 1025 molecule of water. How many moles of water
are there in the sample?
Example 1
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
26
5. A container contains 1.806 x 1023 oxygen molecules, O2. A sample of 0.5 mol
of oxygen gas, O2 is added to the container. How many molecules are there
altogether in the container?
6. Calcium is needed for the formation of bones and teeth. How many calcium
ions are there in a serving of cereal that contains 0.007 mol of calcium ions?
7. A beaker contains 0.1 mol of zinc chloride, ZnCl2
a) Calculate the number of moles of chloride ions in the beaker.
b) Find the total number of ions in the beaker.
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
27
1. What is the mass of
a) 0.1 mol of magnesium? [RAM: Mg, 24]
b) 2.408 x 1023 atoms of magnesium? [RAM: Mg, 24 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023]
2. How many moles of molecules are there in 16 g of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2?
[RAM: O, 16 ; S, 32]
3. How many chloride ions are there in 27.2 g of zinc chloride, ZnCl2?
[RAM: Cl, 35.5 ; Zn, 65 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023]
Example 2
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
28
4. What is the mass of carbon that contains 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms?
5. What is the mass of
a) 0.01 mol of ammonia gas, NH3?
b) 6.02 x 1024 nitrogen molecules, N2?
6. How many moles of molecules are there in 2.8 g of carbon monoxide, CO?
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
29
1. What is the volume of 1.2 mol of ammonia gas, NH3 at STP?
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1]
2. How many moles of ammonia gas, NH3 are present in 600 cm3 of the gas
measured at room conditions? [molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1]
3. Calculate the volume of the following gases.
a) 0.3 mol of oxygen gas, O2, at room condition.
b) 4 mol of helium gas measured at STP.
4. Calculate the number of moles of 48 dm3 of chlorine gas, Cl2, at room
condition.
Example 3
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
30
1. What is the volume of 12.8 g of oxygen gas, O2, in cm3, at STP?
[RAM: O, 16 ; Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1]
2. How many molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2, are produced when 120 cm3 of
the gas is released during chemical reaction between an acid and a
carbonate at room conditions?
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 ; NA = 6.02 x 1023]
3. What is the mass of 0.6 dm3 of chlorine gas, Cl2 at room condition?
[RAM: Cl, 35.5 ; Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1]
4. 3 dm3 of an unknown gas has a mass of 6.0 g at room conditions. Find the
molar mass of the gas.
Example 4
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
31
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
A representation
of a chemical
substance using
letters and
subscript numbers.
Magnesium Nitrate
Mg(NO3)2
Water
H2O
Empirical Formula
The simplest
number ratio of
atoms in the
compound.
Molecular Formula
The actual number
of atoms that are
present in the
compound.
Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n
Compound Molecular
Formula
Empirical
Formula n
Water H2O
Ethene CH2 2
Glucose C6H12O6
RMM of Molecular Formula
RMM of Empirical Formula
= n
The empirical formula of a compound
is CH2. Its relative molecular mass is 42.
Find its molecular formula. [RAM: H, 1 ; C, 12]
Copper(II) Oxide
Magnesium Oxide
[state the number of particles consist in the substance above]
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
32
To determine Empirical Formulae of Magnesium Oxide
To determine Empirical Formulae of Copper(II) Oxide
1. Why is the magnesium ribbon cleaned with
sand paper before used?
2. Name the white fumes produced.
3. State the reason:
a) covering the crucible with its lid as soon as
the magnesium start burning.
b) raising the lid of the crucible at intervals
during heating.
c) heating, cooling & weighing are repeated
until constant mass is obtained.
4. Why is it important not to let any white fumes
escape from the crucible?
1. Why do we start off with copper(II) oxide instead of allowing copper to react with
oxygen in the air in this experiment?
2. How do you test that the air in the tube has been removed completely?
3. Explain what will happen if we burn excess hydrogen gas without removing the air
completely in combustion tube?
4. Why we need to continue the flow of hydrogen gas after the heating of copper(II)
oxide?
5. Why do we need to repeat heating, cooling and weighing until constant mass is
obtained?
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
33
a) A sample of aluminium oxide contains 1.08 g of aluminium and 0.96 g of
oxygen. What is the empirical formula of this compound? [RAM: O, 16 ; Al, 27]
Element Al O
Mass of Element (g)
Number of Mole
Ratio of Mole
Simplest Ratio
Empirical Formula of Aluminium Oxide =
b) 0.20 g of calcium reacts with fluorine to give 0.39 g of calcium fluoride. Find
the empirical formula of the calcium fluoride produced. [RAM: F, 19 ; Ca, 40]
Example 1
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
34
c) Find the empirical formula of a compound that consists of 32.4% of sodium,
22.6% of sulphur and 45.0% of oxygen. [RAM: O, 16, Na, 23 ; S, 32]
d) 60 g of aluminium sulphide contains 38.4 g of sulphur. Find the empirical
formula of the compound. [RAM: Al, 27 ; S, 32]
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
35
a) Butane has empirical formula of C2H5 and relative molecular mass of 58. Find
its molecular formula.
b) Ethanoic acid is an important ingredient of vinegar. The empirical formula of
this acid is CH2O. Given that its molar mass is 60 g mol-1, find its molecular
formula.
c) 6.24 g of element X combines with 1.28 g of oxygen to produce a compound
with an empirical formula of X2O. What is relative atomic mass of X?
[RAM: O, 16]
Example 2
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
36
d) Element Y react with oxygen to produce a compound with molecular
formula YO3. Given that the mass of 1 mol of the compound is 80 g.
Determine the relative atomic mass of element Y.
e) Determine the percentage composition by mass of water in hydrated
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O. [RAM: H, 1 ; O, 16 ; S, 32 ; Cu, 64]
f) Due to its high nitrogen content, urea, CO(NH2)2 is commercially used as
fertilizers. Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in urea,
CO(NH2)2. [RAM: H, 1 ; C, 12 ; N, 14 ;O, 16]
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
37
Metal
Atom
Nonmetal
Atom
Cation
(+ve ion)
Anion
(-ve ion)
IONIC
COMPOUND
Ionic
Formulae
Silver
Chlorine
Silver
Chloride
Ionic
Formulae
Zinc
Zn
Oxygen
O
Zn2+
O2-
Zinc Oxide
ZnO
Ionic
Formulae
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
38
Charge Name of Cation Formula of Cation
1+
Hydrogen ion H +
Lithium ion Li +
Sodium ion Na +
Potassium ion K +
Silver ion Ag +
Ammonium ion NH4 +
2+
Barium ion Ba 2+
Calcium ion Ca 2+
Magnesium ion Mg 2+
Zinc ion Zn 2+
Copper(II) ion Cu 2+
Iron(II) ion Fe 2+
Lead(II) ion Pb 2+
3+ Aluminium ion Al 3+
Iron(III) ion Fe 3+
Charge Name of Anion Formula of Anion
1-
Hydroxide ion OH -
Chloride ion Cl -
Fluoride ion F -
Bromide ion Br -
Iodide ion I -
Nitrate ion NO3 -
2-
Oxide ion O 2-
Sulphate ion SO4 2-
Carbonate ion CO3 2-
3- Phosphate ion PO4 3-
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
39
Name of Cation Formula of
Cation
Hydrogen ion
Lithium ion
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Silver ion
Ammonium ion
Barium ion
Calcium ion
Magnesium ion
Zinc ion
Copper(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
Lead(II) ion
Aluminium ion
Iron(III) ion
Name of Cation Formula of
Cation
Hydrogen ion
Magnesium ion
Barium ion
Potassium ion
Iron(II) ion
Ammonium ion
Zinc ion
Aluminium ion
Lithium ion
Iron(III) ion
Sodium ion
Calcium ion
Silver ion
Copper(II) ion
Lead(II) ion
Name of Anion Formula of
Anion
Hydroxide ion
Chloride ion
Fluoride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Nitrate ion
Oxide ion
Sulphate ion
Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion
Name of Anion Formula of
Anion
Phosphate ion
Bromide ion
Oxide ion
Carbonate ion
Iodide ion
Chloride ion
Sulphate ion
Nitrate ion
Hydroxide ion
Fluoride ion
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
40
Name of Cation Formula of
Cation
Hydrogen ion
Lithium ion
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Silver ion
Ammonium ion
Barium ion
Calcium ion
Magnesium ion
Zinc ion
Copper(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
Lead(II) ion
Aluminium ion
Iron(III) ion
Name of Anion Formula of
Anion
Hydroxide ion
Chloride ion
Fluoride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Nitrate ion
Oxide ion
Sulphate ion
Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion
Name of Anion Formula of
Anion
Hydroxide ion
Chloride ion
Fluoride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Nitrate ion
Oxide ion
Sulphate ion
Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion
Name of Cation Formula of
Cation
Hydrogen ion
Lithium ion
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Silver ion
Ammonium ion
Barium ion
Calcium ion
Magnesium ion
Zinc ion
Copper(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
Aluminium ion
Iron(III) ion
Lead(II) ion
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
41
Name of Cation Formula of
Cation
Hydrogen ion
Lithium ion
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Silver ion
Ammonium ion
Barium ion
Calcium ion
Magnesium ion
Zinc ion
Copper(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
Lead(II) ion
Aluminium ion
Iron(III) ion
Name of Anion Formula of
Anion
Hydroxide ion
Chloride ion
Fluoride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Nitrate ion
Oxide ion
Sulphate ion
Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion
Name of Anion Formula of
Anion
Hydroxide ion
Chloride ion
Fluoride ion
Bromide ion
Iodide ion
Nitrate ion
Oxide ion
Sulphate ion
Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion
Name of Cation Formula of
Cation
Hydrogen ion
Lithium ion
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Silver ion
Ammonium ion
Barium ion
Calcium ion
Magnesium ion
Zinc ion
Copper(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
Aluminium ion
Iron(III) ion
Lead(II) ion
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
42
Construct the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compound.
a)Magnesium hydroxide
b) Silver iodide c) Potassium Bromide
d) Zinc nitrate
e) Sodium carbonate f) Aluminium oxide
g) Copper(II) iodide
h) Iron(II) sulphate i) Magnesium oxide
j)Calcium carbonate
l) Ammonium phosphate m) Sodium hydroxide
n) Zinc bromide
o) Lead(II) nitrate p) copper(II) sulphate
Example
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
43
1. Write the formula of the following substances.
a) Potassium iodide =
b) Magnesium oxide =
c) Carbon dioxide =
d) Copper(II) oxide =
e) Lead(II) bromide =
f) Calcium chloride =
g) Hydrochloric acid =
h) Copper(II) sulphate =
i) Hydrogen gas =
j) Water =
k) Sulphuric acid =
l) Silver chloride =
m) Potassium nitrate =
n) Calcium carbonate =
o) Aluminium oxide =
p) Oxygen gas =
q) Oleum =
r) Ammonium sulphate =
s) Sodium chloride =
t) Zinc oxide =
Example
1) Nitric acid =
2) Lead(II) iodide =
3) Copper(II) nitrate =
4) Zinc sulphate =
5) Iron(II) chloride =
6) Iron(III) chloride =
7) Chlorine gas =
8) Potasium nitrate =
9) Silver nitrate =
10) Magnesium bromide =
11) Zinc chloride =
12) Sodium hydroxide =
13) Ammonia =
14) Iron(II) sulphate =
15) Lead(II) oxide =
16) Carbon monoxide =
17) Magnesium sulphate =
18) Ammonium nitrate =
19) Potassium hydroxide =
20) Lithium oxide =
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
44
1. Write the formula of the following substances.
a) Potassium iodide =
b) Magnesium oxide =
c) Carbon dioxide =
d) Copper(II) oxide =
e) Lead(II) bromide =
f) Calcium chloride =
g) Hydrochloric acid =
h) Copper(II) sulphate =
i) Hydrogen gas =
j) Water =
k) Sulphuric acid =
l) Silver chloride =
m) Potassium nitrate =
n) Calcium carbonate =
o) Aluminium oxide =
p) Oxygen gas =
q) Oleum =
r) Ammonium sulphate =
s) Sodium chloride =
t) Zinc oxide =
1) Nitric acid =
2) Lead(II) iodide =
3) Copper(II) nitrate =
4) Zinc sulphate =
5) Iron(II) chloride =
6) Iron(III) chloride =
7) Chlorine gas =
8) Potasium nitrate =
9) Silver nitrate =
10) Magnesium bromide =
11) Zinc chloride =
12) Sodium hydroxide =
13) Ammonia =
14) Iron(II) sulphate =
15) Lead(II) oxide =
16) Carbon monoxide =
17) Magnesium sulphate =
18) Ammonium nitrate =
19) Potassium hydroxide =
20) Lithium oxide =
Example
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
45
1. Write the formula of the following substances.
a) Potassium iodide =
b) Magnesium oxide =
c) Carbon dioxide =
d) Copper(II) oxide =
e) Lead(II) bromide =
f) Calcium chloride =
g) Hydrochloric acid =
h) Copper(II) sulphate =
i) Hydrogen gas =
j) Water =
k) Sulphuric acid =
l) Silver chloride =
m) Potassium nitrate =
n) Calcium carbonate =
o) Aluminium oxide =
p) Oxygen gas =
q) Oleum =
r) Ammonium sulphate =
s) Sodium chloride =
t) Zinc oxide =
1) Nitric acid =
2) Lead(II) iodide =
3) Copper(II) nitrate =
4) Zinc sulphate =
5) Iron(II) chloride =
6) Iron(III) chloride =
7) Chlorine gas =
8) Potasium nitrate =
9) Silver nitrate =
10) Magnesium bromide =
11) Zinc chloride =
12) Sodium hydroxide =
13) Ammonia =
14) Iron(II) sulphate =
15) Lead(II) oxide =
16) Carbon monoxide =
17) Magnesium sulphate =
18) Ammonium nitrate =
19) Potassium hydroxide =
20) Lithium oxide =
Example
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
46
Name the following ionic compound by using their IUPAC name.
Ionic
Formula Name
Ionic
Formula Name
NaCl KI
MgO BaSO4
Cu(NO3)2 CaCO3
Al2O3 FeCl3
ZnCl2 LiOH
CuO FeSO4
AgNO3 NaOH
MgBr2 ZnO
PbSO4 PbI2
Example
NaBr
Sodium Bromide
Br -
Bromide
Na +
Sodium
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
47
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
a) Qualitative Aspect
For each equation, identify the reactant(s), product(s) and the state of each
of them. Then, balance the equation.
a) H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)
b) CuO (s) + HCl (aq) CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
c) Cl2 (g) + NaBr (aq) NaCl (aq) + Br2 (l)
d) Mg (s) + HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
K(S) + H2O(l) KOH(aq) + H2(g)
Reactant
Product
Meaning: Solid Potassium react with water liquid to give
potassium hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas
p/s: 1) Able to classify reactant and product.
2) Able to balance the equation.
Example 1
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
48
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions.
a) Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas Carbon dioxide gas
b) Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas Ammonia gas
c) Aluminium + iron(III) oxide Aluminium oxide + iron
d) Ammonia gas react with oxygen gas to yield nitrogen monoxide gas and
water.
e) Silver nitrate solution is added to calcium chloride solution. Silver chloride
precipitate and calcium nitrate solution are produced.
f) When solid zinc carbonate is heated, it decomposes into zinc oxide powder
and carbon dioxide gas.
Example 2
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
49
1. Construct balanced chemical equations:
a) Magnesium react with oxygen will produce magnesium oxide.
b) Sodium metal react with chlorine gas will produce sodium
chloride.
c) Potassium oxide react with water will produce potassium
hydroxide.
d) Lithium metal react with water will produce lithium hydroxide
and hydrogen gas.
e) Zinc metal react with water will produce zinc oxide and
hydrogen gas.
f) Calcium carbonate react with hydrochloric acid will produce
calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide.
g) Hydrochloric acid react with sodium hydroxide will produce
sodium chloride and water.
h) Potassium oxide react with nitric acid will produce potassium
nitrate and water.
Example 3
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
50
i) Iron metal react with chlorine gas will produce iron(III) chloride.
j) Magnesium metal react with nitric acid with produce
magnesium nitrate and hydrogen gas.
k) Zinc metal dissolved in copper(II) chloride will produce zinc
chloride and copper metal.
l) Chlorine gas react with potassium bromide will produce
potassium chloride and bromine gas.
m)Copper(II) carbonate when heated will produce copper(II)
oxide and carbon dioxide.
n) Lead(II) nitrate when heated will produce lead(II) oxide,
nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.
o) Potassium iodide react with lead(II) nitrate will produce lead(II)
iodide and potassium nitrate solution.
p) Sodium hydroxide react ammonium chloride will produce
sodium chloride, water and ammonia gas.
q) Zinc metal react with hydrochloric acid will produce zinc
chloride and hydrogen gas.
r) Magnesium oxide react with sulphuric acid will produce
magnesium sulphate react with water.
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
51
b) Quantitative Aspect
1. Copper(II) oxide, CuO reacts with aluminium according to the following
equation.
3CuO (s) + 2Al (s) Al2O3 (s) + 3Cu (s)
Calculate the mass of aluminium required to react completely with 12 g of
copper(II) oxide, CuO. [RAM: O, 16 ; Al, 27 ; Cu, 64]
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O(l)
2 molecule
Or
2 mol
Note: The coefficient in the reaction tell the exact proportions of
reactant and product in chemical reaction.
Example
1 molecule
Or
1 mol
2 molecule
Or
2 mol
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
52
2. A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes
according to the equation below.
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
a) If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its
volume?
b) Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced.
[RAM: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ca, 40 ; Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol-1]
mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 3
53
3. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 decomposes according to the following equation.
2H2O2 (l) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can obtained
from the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide.
[RAM : H, 1 ; O, 16 ; Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1]
4. 16 g of copper(II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH4. Using the
equation below, find the mass of copper that is produced.
4CuO (s) + CH4 (g) 4Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
[RAM : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Cu, 64]