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Chemistry of Life
Imagine this..
It has been a long day of school, and you are extremely frustrated because all of your teachers, except you’re wonderful Biology teacher, have assigned you tons of homework. “I’m gonna have to pull an all-nighter,” you think.
Imagine this..
You’re parents decides to make you dinner to help you get through the night. What should they cook?
Concept Map
Chemistry
Atoms and ChemicalBonding
Water and it’s Properties
Carbon Compounds
Concept Map
Atoms andChemical Bonding
HistoryStructure of the
AtomChemical Bonding
Protons, Neutrons,And electrons Ionic Bonds
CovalentBonds
HydrogenBonds
Concept Map
Water andIt’s Properties
Cohesion Adhesion Acids and Bases
Concept MapCarbon
Compounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Why do we learn Chemistry in Biology?
Chemistry is the study of the composition and properties of Matter.Chemistry is related to Biology because all organisms are composed of chemical substances.
Ch. 2. Outline
2-1: Nature of Matter Atoms Elements and Isotopes Chemical Compounds Chemical Bonds
2-2: Properties of Matter Water Molecule Solutions and Suspensions Acids, Bases, and pH
Ch. 2. Outline
2-3: Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
2-4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions Energy in Reactions Enzymes Enzyme Action
Section 1: Nature of Matter
What are Atoms? The smallest unit of matter that cannot be
broken down chemically
What composes Atoms? Protons – positively charged (p+) particles,
found in the nucleus Neutrons – Particles with no charge (n0),
found in the nucleus Electrons – negatively charged (e-), found in
energy levels
History of the Atom
Democritus – “AtomosThomson Plum Pudding – “Plum pudding ModelRutherford model – Planetary structureBohr Model – Discrete orbitalsElectron Cloud Model – Electrons orbit with specific clouds and shapes.
The Atom
Nature of Matter (con’t)
What are elements? An element is a pure substance made
up of only one kind of atom, represented by symbols, such as, H, O, N, C, etc.
What is an isotope? Isotopes are atoms of an element that
contain different numbers of neutrons Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding describes the forces which joins atoms to form compounds. A compound is a substance formed by the
chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
There are three types of bonds that you will learn about: Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Van der Waals Forces
Chemical Bonding (con’t)
When do covalent bonds form? Covalent bonds form when two or
more atoms share electrons. A molecule is a group of atoms held
together by covalent bonds
What is a polar molecule? A polar molecule has an unequal
distribution of charge I.e. H2O acts like a charge particle.
Covalent Bonds
Chemical bonding (con’t)
Van der Waals force or Hydrogen Bonding is a weak chemical attraction between polar molecules
Chemical Bonding (con’t)
What is an Ion? An atom or molecule that has gained
or loss one or more electrons.
How is an Ionic Bond formed? When two or more ions of opposite
charge are held together
Ionic Bonds
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Ionic Bonds
Water and Living Things
About 70% of our body is water, both inside and outside of all of our cells. There are four major properties of water in biology: Storage of Heat Cohesion Surface Tension Adhesion
Properties of Water
Storage of Heat – Water helps cells maintain homeostasis by controlling internal body temperature because it retains heat Cohesion – An attraction between substances of the same kind, I.e. water to form drops Surface tension – forms drops of water because of attraction, prevents surface from breaking easily Adhesion – an action between different substances, I.e water to walls of plant tube to cause capillary action.
Solutions and Suspensions
Water is not always pure—it is often found as part of a mixture Mixture – a material composed of two
or more elements that are physically combined not chemically combined.
Example: The Atmosphere, Your body, Water.
Solution and Suspensions
A solution is when a chemical change occurs that breaks apart bonds, usually in water. Salt and Water
Two parts of a solution Solute – the substance that is dissolved Solvent – the substance that does the
dissolving
Water is an excellent solvent because of it’s polar bonds.
Aqueous Solutions
An aqueous solution is a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in water or blood to be delivered in the body There are two main properties of solution: Polarity pH
Properties of Solutions
Polarity – Water is the universal solvent due to the fact that it is a polar substance. The polarity of water helps break apart bonds, especially ionic bonds. Nonpolar molecules, such as those found in oils, do not “mix” or dissolve in water.
Polarity of Water
Properties of Solutions (con’t)
The Acidity of solutions is a very important property in biology. Acidity is measured using the pH scale pH measure the amount of H+ ions in a
solution What would pOH measure?
Acids are solutions that range from 0 to 7 on the pH scale. They form hydrogren ions when dissolved in water Bases are solutions that range from 7 to 14 on the pH scale. They form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
pH Scale
What are some acids and bases found in your body?
Section 3: Chemistry of Cells
As we go further into Biology, we will learn about cells and cell functions. An important aspect of biological cells are Carbon Compounds.Carbon Compounds are made up of building blocks called Monomers.Many monomers together are called a polymer
Carbon Compounds
There are 4 main organic compounds found in the body: Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids
Name an example of each.
Carbon Compounds (con’t)
Carbohydrates Contains C,H, O with a 1:2:1 ratio. Quick Source of energy, “carbo loading” Basic monomers are monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, etc. Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide
Sucrose, more commonly known as Table Sugar Many monosaccharides come together and
make Polysaccharides Starch – plants Glycogen – animals Cellulose in plants’ cell walls
Carbohydrates
Carbon Compounds (con’t)
Lipids Also contains C, H, O, in no specific
ratio Include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Important in the structure and function
of cell membrane, and light absorbing compounds called pigments
A long-term store for energy Monomers are one glycerol and three
fatty acids, called a triglyceride
Carbon Compounds (con’t)
Saturated fats: all the C atoms in the fatty acids are bonded to two Hydrogen atoms forming a straight chain.
Will they be solid or liquid at Room Temperature?
Unsaturated fats: some of the C atoms are linked by a double covalent bond with only one hydrogen atoms which forms kinks in the chain.
Will they be solid or liquid at Room Temperature?
Carbon Compounds (con’t)
Proteins Large macromolecules formed from monomers
called amino acids Generally fold into compact shapes on interaction
with water Many important functions in the body:
Collagen Hemoglobin Antibodies – aid immune system Actin & Myosin Enzymes – catalysts that speed up chemical
reactions by lowering activation energy
Hemoglobin and Actin/Myosin Complex
Activation Energy
Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Enzyme and SubstrateGlucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released Active site
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids Found in every cell Made up of monomers called Nucleotides DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA
Ribonucleic Acid ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate A high-energy storing molecule recycled in cells
DNA Structure
End of Organic Compounds