Upload
katherine-moore
View
218
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chemistry of Chemistry of LifeLife
Reading the Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table
Period– Horizontal rows
Group– Vertical columns
Reading the Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table
Atomic Number– Number of protons and
electron in an atom
Symbol
Atomic Weight– Number of protons plus the
number of neutrons
8
OO16.00
4 Most Common Elements in 4 Most Common Elements in Living ThingsLiving Things
CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen
Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic vs. Organic MoleculesMolecules
Inorganic Molecules– Molecules that do not contain carbon
Organic Molecules– Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen– Make up living things– Produced by living things
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Matter– Anything that has mass and takes up space
Physical Properties– Physical characteristics of an object
Color, taste, texture, scent, etc.
Chemical Properties– Chemical makeup of an object
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Phases of Matter– Solid– Liquid– Gas
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Physical Changes– Change in physical appearance– Change in phase of matter
Chemical Changes– Change in the chemical makeup– Usually involves a flame or oxidation
Physical or Chemical Physical or Chemical Change?Change?
Rusting of iron Melting of glass Evaporation of water Combustion of gasoline Freezing of water Cookies burn When sugar is broken down
by your cells for energy Sugar dissolves in
water
Chemical Change Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Chemical Change Physical Change
Physical or Chemical Physical or Chemical Change?Change?
Melting sugar to make candy
Chopping nuts Plant makes sugar by
photosynthesis Gelatin solidifies to
form Jello Wood is burned in a
campfire
Physical Change
Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change
Chemical Change
Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules
Atoms– Only one atom of a particular element– Ex. C, H, O, N, P
Molecules– A combination of 2 or more atoms
– Ex. H2O (water), NaCl (salt), C6H12O6 (glucose), O2
(oxygen gas), CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules
CO2
He O2
C6H12O6
Ca Cl2
H2
C12H22O11
Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Molecule
Properties of WaterProperties of Water
Cohesion– The attraction between molecules of the same
substance
Adhesion– The attraction between molecules of different
substances
Properties of Water Properties of Water
Types of Mixtures– Solution
Mixtures with equally distributed Solute = the substance that is dissolved Solvent = the substance in which the solute is
dissolved
– Suspension Mixtures of water and nondissolved substances
Element vs. CompoundElement vs. Compound
Element– Pure– Only one type of atom
Compound– Molecule with more than one type of atom
Element vs. CompoundElement vs. Compound
CO2
O2
NH3
C12H22O11
N2
C6H12O6
HCl NaCl H2
Compound Element Compound Compound Element Compound Compound Compound Element
What is an organic What is an organic compound?compound?
Contains carbonUsually contains hydrogenIs formed by living thingsMakes up the structures of living things
Organic vs. Inorganic Organic vs. Inorganic MoleculesMolecules
CO2
O2
NH3
C12H22O11
N2
C6H12O6
HCl NaCl CH4
Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Inorganic Organic
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Macromolecules – Macro = large– Large molecules made up of smaller molecules
Monomers – The smaller units that combine to form
macromolecules
Polymers = many monomers bonded together– Poly = many
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
4 types– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Sugars, starches, glycogens, cellulosesContain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer = Monosaccharide– simple sugars
Disaccharide– 2 monosaccharides joined together
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFunctions
– Store energy– Release energy– Structural support (for plants)
Glucose = energy rich Cellulose = support for plants Chitin = exoskeletons Starch & glycogen = energy storage
– Starch – plants, glycogen – animals
Suffix –ose = sugar– Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, sucrose
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Common Carbohydrates– Sucrose – table sugar– Glucose– Maltose– Lactose – milk sugar (produced only by
mammals)
Simple carbohydrates often dissolve in water
LipidsLipidsFat, oil, wax, pigments, steroidsContain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– Contain much more hydrogen than oxygen
Monomers = Glycerol & Fatty AcidsGLYCEROL
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
LipidsLipidsFunctions
– Fats and Oils: energy storage
– Fats – lard, butter; Oils – olive oil, peanut oil Scent Taste
– Waxes: waterproofing protection for skin, fur, feathers,
fruit, and leaves– Uses – candles, polishes, cosmetics
– Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes
LipidsLipids
Functions– Pigments:
Coloring– Chlorophyll: green (leaves and stems of plants)
– Carotenoids: orange (daffodils, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin)
– Xanthophylls: yellow (lemon)
LipidsLipidsFunctions
– Steroids:Regulate body functions
– Cholesterol: made in the liver– Vitamin D: needed for strong bones and teeth– Cortisone: reduces swelling– Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics in
men– Estrogen: secondary sexual characteristics in
women– Progesterone: allows women to be pregnant
LipidsLipids
Insoluble in waterIn general, used for:
– energy storage Contain 2 times as much energy as carbohydrates
– protective coatings– insulation
ProteinsProteins
Make up at least 50% (dry weight) of an organism’s body
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Monomer = Amino Acids– 20 types of amino acids– 1000s of types of proteins
Formed through dehydration synthesis Forming proteins are called polypeptides (and the
monomers are connected with peptide bonds)
ProteinsProteinsFunctions
– Enzymes Control chemical reactions in the body Digest food
– Ex. Sucrase
– Hormones Regulate body functions
– Ex. Insulin, growth hormones
– Storage proteins Store some energy
– Ex. Egg whites
– Toxins– Ex. Botulism, venom
ProteinsProteinsFunctions
– Transport Proteins Carry materials throughout the body
– Ex. Hemoglobin
– Structural Proteins Make up body structures
– Ex. Hair, muscle, collagen, silk
– Antibodies Help to fight infection Found in blood
Proteins - EnzymesProteins - Enzymes
Control chemical reactions– Lower activation energy of the reaction
The amount of energy required to make the reaction begin
– Act as a catalyst A part of the reaction that is not consumed or
changed
Proteins - EnzymesProteins - EnzymesParts of Chemical Reactions
– Reactants The materials going into the reaction
– Products The materials produced in the reaction
Factors Affecting Enzyme Function– Temperature
Too low = slows enzymes down Too high = denatures (breaks down) enzymes
– pH – Enzyme Concentration– Substrate Concentration
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Store and transmit genetic information– The “instruction manual” for an organism
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
Monomer = nucleotides– 4 types of nucleotides
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Functions– Code for the order of amino acids to form
proteins– Store and transmit genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)– Contain all of the genetic material (genes) of an individual
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)– Copies sections of DNA and translates that information to
produce proteins during protein synthesis
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleotides contain:– A 5 carbon sugar– A phosphate group– A nitrogen base
Adenine (DNA & RNA) Thymine (DNA ONLY) Cytosine (DNA & RNA) Guanine (DNA & RNA) Uracil (RNA ONLY)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nitrogen Base Pairing– In DNA
Adenine – Thymine Cytosine – Guanine
– In RNA Adenine – Uracil Cytosine – Guanine
Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsFacts
– Nucleic Acids are named for their 5-carbon sugars
Deoxyribonucleic Acid = deoxyribose Ribonucleic Acid = ribose
– DNA Everyone has different DNA Double stranded Shaped like a ladder
– Double helix
– RNA Single stranded
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds4 types
– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
Organic compounds are macromolecules Organic compounds are also called polymers
– Polymers are made up of monomers The process of combining monomers to make polymers
is called polymerization