There are 1000 mg in one gram

Distilled water is a pure substance.

A gas contains no definite volume or shape

0.03056 = 4 significant figures- numbers with real numbers = significant numbers

1 cc = 1 ml (equivalent)

rust in an iron nail = compound

Opposite charges attract each other

Carbon is a unique element on the periodic table because it can form bonds with itself and a wide variety of other elements

Test 2 Oxide anion = 10 electrons

Carbon Tetrachloride = CCl4!

Fluorine = most electronegative

Carbon and Nitrogen = polar covalent

The shape of a compound with the formula CH2O = trigonal planar.

The correct name of Cu2S = Copper (I) Sulfide

The correct formula for a compound consisting of Silver and Sulfur = Ag2S ! ! ! ! ! --- Potassium and Phosphate = K2PO3! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Octect rule = main group elements are especially stable wen it has 8 valence electrons. Mole = 6.02 x 10^23

Condensation = Solid --> liquid Vaporization = liquid --> gas

Sublimation = solids --> gas! ** skip LIQUID phase** Deposition = gas ---> solid

Melting = Solid --> Liquid Freezing = Liquid --> Solid

If there are 4 calories per gram of carbs. and 6 calories per gram of fat how many Calories would a teaspoon of oil be vs. how many a teaspoon of sugar? ! = 30 calories of sugar and 20 calories for oil ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ** 1 J = 4.184 cal **

CHCl3 would exhibit a intermolecular force of London Dispersion and Dipole. ! London Dispersion = all covalent bonds ! Dipole = two polar molecules!! Hydrogen Bonding = hydrogen bonded to O, N. or F

Solid = A heating curve starts at the lowest energy ! - GREATEST degree of intermolecular interaction Liquid = fixed volume that takes shape of container ! - randomly arranged Gas = particle movement = FAST ! - fills container (fall apart)

Test 3 At high temps. the solubility increases of a solid substance in water.

Catalyst = reduces the activation energy of a reaction

Not Water Soluble = Ocatne = C8H18 = has hydrogen

Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of solute particles.

If you were to dissolve as much sugar in a container as you could until there was still a little sugar left undissolved ever after vigorous mixing, that solution would be considered saturated,

Water can be an acid and a base = Amphoteric

Bronsted-Lowry acid has Hydrogen ions. ! ! - base has electron pairs that may accept a proton

Dialysis utilizes a semi-permeable membrane to remove waste products from the blood.

If citric acid is a stronger acid than lactic acid, the Latic Acid will have the stronger conjugate base.

CHAP 8= RECENT

Acid Base = salt + water

pH = saliva (5.8-7.1) acidic blood (7.4) neutral stomach (1.6-1.8) basic

Titration = determines concentration of an acid or base in a solution - if we want to know the concentration of an acid solution, a base is added slowly until

the acid is neutralized ! = # of mol. of acid = # of mol. of base

Buffers = a solution whose pH changes very little w/ acid+base is added ! ! - a weak acid + salt conjugate base ! - If the ACID is the buffer = left ! - if the BASE is the buffer = right ! ! ! ! ! ! - normal pH in human = 7.35 7.45

Respiratory Acidosis = fails to eliminate enough CO2 (^ bicarbonate; low pH)! Alkalosis = hyperventilating ! ! ! ! - not enough CO2 (low bicarbonate; high pH) CHAP 9 Isotope: Atomic number = Z ! Mass number = A

! Radioactive isotope = emits energy to form more stable nucleus ! ! Radioactivity = nuclear radiation emitted by radioactive isotope ! ! ! 264 = stable ! ! ! 300 = unstable ! Artifical isotope = large # of radioactive isotope

Radiation = Alpha particles = 2 proton + 2 neutrons ! ! ! ! mass of 4 ! ! Beta particles = position & antiparticle ! ! ! ! - charge -1 = no mass ! ! ! ! - formed when a neutron is converted to an electron ! ! Gamma rays = high energy radiation ! ! ! ! - released from radioactive nucleus ! ! ! ! - NO MASS + NO ENERGY

Radioactivity = POWERFUL ! ! - kill and damage rapidly dividing cells ! ! - cancer cells = effective for treatment ! ! - food is irradiated, exposed to gamma radiation to kill living organisms

Nuclear Reactions = radioactive decay = unstable nucleus emits radiation! ! nucleus ---> new nucleus + radiation emitted

! ! Alpha emission = decay of a nucleus emitting an alpha particle ! ! ! ! - subtract A and Z from ! ! Beta emission = _______________________ beta particle ! ! ! ! - 1 neutron lost ! ! ! ! - 1 proton gained! ! Position emission = decay of a nucleus by emitting a position beta; ! ! ! ! ! - 1 proton lost & 1 neutron gained ! ! Gamma emission = decay of a nucleus by emitting gamma rays ! ! ! ! ! - no change in A# or Z mass

Half Life = takes one-half of the sample to decay (archeological dating) ! ! - a property of a given isotope and its independent of he amount of ! ! ! sample, temp. or pressure. ! ! - carbon-14 = 5,730 yrs. ! Ex: the half-life of iodine is 8.0 days, how mush is a 100 mg sample remains after ! ! 32 days?

Amount of Radioactivity in a sample is measured by the # of nuclei that decay per unit time. ! 1 Curie = 3.7 x 10^12 disintigration/sec. ! ! = 1,000 millicuries ! ! = 1,000,000 microcurries

RAD = radiation absorbed dose = amount of radiation absorbed by 1g. of substance! = varies REM = radiation equivalent for man = amount of radiation that factors in its energy and potential to damage tissue ! ! 1 rem = damage tissue ! ! ! - > 25 = no damage ! ! ! - 25-100 rem causes decrease in WBCs ! ! ! - < 100+ = radiation sickness ! ! ! ! ! = nausea, vomiting, fatigue Diagnosis= used to inject to determine if an organ is functioning properly or to detect a tumor ! -Technetium-99= used to elevate gall bladder and bile ducts for internal bleeding ! - Thallum-201 = used in stress tests to diagnose coronary artery disease

Nuclear Fission = splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and neutrons ! Fusion = join 2 light nuclei to form a larger nucleus (^ temps & pressures)

CHAP 10

Organic Chemistry = study of compounds that contain Carbon ! - Everything in our lives (clothes, foods, medicines, gas, and soaps)! - Can produce cotton, wool and silk ! - synthetically produce nylon and polyester

Methane = main component of natural gas Ethylene = used to starting material in preparation of plastic polythylene

Organic CompoundsCharacteristics = 1) Must contain Carbon (4 bonds) and Hydrogen (1 bond) ! ! 2) Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon ! ! 3) Some compounds have chains of atoms and some rings ! ! 4) Contain elements other than carbon + hydrogen ! ! ! - no hydrogen or carbon = heteroatom ! ! ! ! ! Heteroatom: (N, O, F, Cl, Br, & I) ! ! !! ! ! - with C and H + heteroatom = carbon-oxygen double bond Drawing: R = C+H bonds

Hydrocarbons ! ! ! ! ! !! Alkane - C-C single bonds (1)! Alkenes = C-C double bonds (2)! Alkynes = C-C triple bonds (3)! Asomatic = benzene ring = 6 membered ring w/ 3 double bonds