www.cheniere.org

Sections of DiscussionRin- Types of Cells

Brittany- Introduction and Innate ImmuneVanessa- Acquired Immune System

Zoraida- Immunodeficiency, Autoimmunity, and Hypersensitivity

Mai – Immunological Memory Sarah- History of Immunology

Alisha- AIDS/HIVShauna- Types of Cancers

Conclusion

Types of Cells

T Cells Helper T Cells bind to an antigen on the

pathogen protein and grow and divide Killer T cells bind to infected cells and

kill

B CellsB Cells bind to antigens and then copy.

Mature clones make antibodies (Large Y shaped proteins with two antigen binding sites)

Antibodies and antigens fit like locks and keys

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDYL4x1Q6uU&feature=related

The Innate Immune System

Body parts that are associated and work with the immune system www.canc

ervic.org.

The Innate Immune System is defined as “nonspecific that is its defenses work against a wide variety of potential pathogens”

Innate Immune SystemBarriers of the Innate Immune

System

Skin- 1.sheds as protective blocking defense so pathogens have a harder time to grip and get into the skin. 2. hair all over skin captures pathogens also around follicles there is a release of chemicalsMucous Membranes- in nose, ears, eyes also have hair in membranes to catch pathogens www.transferfact

or-live.com

Stomach- enzymes in stomach destroy pathogens when they are released to digest foodUrine and bile- form of ridding the body of pathogens from the chemicals in there and the exiting of the bodyTears- enzymes to kill bacteria

Innate Immune systemInflammatory Response

The Inflammatory response- is the process of protecting the injured area and fixing it. Releases histamines to make blood flow faster to injured site and have capillaries leak fluid. The fluid isolates the injury from the rest of the body to isolate the infection. Characteristics- swelling, redness(physical), innate immune system cells being sent to the injured site to repair and kill pathogens(internally)

www.biocarta.com

If the defense is not successful- puss will form. Puss is dead bacteria, cells, and tissue.

The Adaptive Immune System

Maria Vanessa Vasquez

Definition

Acquired (adaptive or specific) immunity is not present at birth. Acquired immunity takes time to develop after initial exposure to a new antigen. As a person's immune system encounters foreign substances (antigens), the components of acquired immunity learn the best way to attack each antigen and begin to develop a memory for that antigen. Acquired immunity is also called specific immunity because it tailors its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered. Its hallmarks are its ability to learn, adapt, and remember. The acquired immune response is much slower than that of the innate immune system, usually taking 3 to 5 days to reach its full force.

B Cells & T Cells

There are also two types of acquired immune cells B cells and T cells. Both of these cells are made in the bone marrow, but they each mature in different organs.

B Cells & T Cells

B CellsT Cells

B cells target pathogens in bodily fluids.

T cells target pathogens that are inside the body’s cells.

Comparison Innate Immunity

Not very specific responds to molecules that characterize a wide variety of pathogens, including types of carbohydrates, proteins, & nuclei acids

Response is immediate No memory is retained

of past encounters with pathogens

Several hundred different receptors

Acquired Immunity Very specific, responds to

antigens, most often portions of foreign proteins

Response is delayed, reaching a maximum 3 to 5 days after exposure

Memory is retained of past encounters with pathogens-subsequent responses are faster and more aggressive

Huge number of receptors-somewhere on the order of 10 million

EXAMPLE:

Vaccines Vaccines expose the body to antigens of a particular pathogen.

Most vaccines contain dead or very weak strains of the pathogen or use only a part of the pathogen.

The acquired immune system responds to antigens in the vaccine much as it would to the real pathogen by making antibodies & memory cells. The next time the pathogen is encountered the acquired immune system is ready!

References Delves, Peter J. (2008, September). Acquired

Immunity. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Merck & Co website: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec16/ch183/ch183c.html

Hewitt, Lyons, Suchocki, Yeh. Conceptual Integrated Science. 467-469. Pearson

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent.

Two forms of this disorder:› Primary

immunodeficiency (PID)

› Acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS)

Autoimmunity A misdirected immune response

that occurs when the immune system goes awry and attacks the body itself.

“Self-Immunity” Not contagious

Hypersensitivity• a state of altered

reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance.

• Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity

• Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

• Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

• Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity

Immunological memory

Why do we have immunological memory?

History of ImmunologyHistory & Historians

The Royal Experiment on Immunity1721-1722

Edward Jenner receives the credit for the development of the first effective immunization procedure to protect against an infectious disease (1798 - Published)

Smallpox inoculation (involving the (usually) dermal infection of the subject with the wild virus, which most often resulted in a mild, transient illness that thenceforth protected the individual against more severe forms of the disease

Antibodies Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PKH) The Wassermann Antibody Autoimmunity to Lens Proteins Sympathetic Ophthalmia

Transplantation Rules already established by 1912

› Transplantation into a foreign species› Transplantation into unrelated members of the

same species› Autografts› The first graft in the allergenic recipient› Recipient that has previously rejected a graft

from the same donor › Close “blood relationship” between donor and

recipient

Nobel Prize Emil Behring Robert Koch Elie Metchnikoff Paul Ehrlich Charles Richet Jules Bordet Karl Landsteiner Max Theiler Daniel Bovet F. Macfarlane Burnet Peter B. Medawar

•Rodney R Porter•Gerald M. Edelman•Rosalyn Yalow•Roger Guillemin•Andrew Schally•Baruj Benacerraf•Jean Dausset•George Snell•Cesar Milstein•Georges F. Kohler•Niels K. Jerne•Susumu Tonegawa

Reference Silverstein, A. M. (1989). A History of

Immunology. San Diego: AcademicPress, Inc.

Immunological memory

Why do we have immunological memory?

HIV/AIDS AND CANCER

WHAT IS HIV/AIDSShort for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. An infectious disease of the immune system caused by an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS is characterized by a decrease in the number of helper T cells, rendering the subject highly vulnerable to life-threatening conditions (as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and to some that become life threatening (as Kaposi's sarcoma) which causes a severe immunodeficiency that leaves the body susceptible to a variety of potentially fatal infections. The virus is transmitted in infected bodily fluids such as semen and blood, as through sexual intercourse, the use of contaminated hypodermic syringes, and placental transfer between mother and fetus.

HIV/AIDS SYMPTOMS THESE SYMPTONS MAY APPEAR TO BE

LIKE FLU SYMPTOMS IN THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE. (FEVER, TIREDNESS, AND ENLARGE LYMPH NODES IN THE NECK).

AS YOU PROGRESS IN THE STAGES YPUR BODY BEGANS TO SHUT DOWN AND YOU BECOME WEAKER AND WEAKER.

PIE CHART

TREATMENT THERE IS ACTUALLY NO CURE FOR

HIV/AIDS BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENT MEDICATIONS THAT MAY HELP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND KEEP THE DISEASE AT A LOW STAGE

THERE IS ALSO THERAPY

TREATMENT CON’Thttp://www.avert.org/treatment.htm

KAPOSI’S SARCOMA a cancer of connective

tissue characterized by painless, purplish-red to brown plaque like or pimply lesions on the extremities, trunk, or head, and sometimes involving the lungs, viscera, etc., occurring in a mild form among older men of certain Mediterranean and central African populations and in a more virulent form among persons with AIDS.

KAPOSI SARCOMA TREATMENT

THIS TREATMENT DEPENDS ON WHAT TYPE OF KAPOSI SARCOMA YOU HAVE, THE GENERAL HEALTH OF THE PATIENT, WHETHER OR NOT THE CANCER HAS SPREAD, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE CANCER HAS BEEN DIAGNOSED.

CANCER CELLS VS. NORMAL CELLS

WHAT IS PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA

a pneumonia chiefly affecting immunocompromised individuals that is caused by a microorganism of the genus Pneumocystis (P. carinii ) which shows up in specially stained preparations of fresh infected lung tissue as cysts containing six to eight oval bodies, that attacks especially the interstitial and alveolar tissues of the lungs, and that is characterized especially by a nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, and fever

SYMPTONS COUGH (OFTEN MILD AND DRY) FEVER RAPID BREATHING SHORTNESS OF BREATH

TREATMENT THERE AE DIFFERENT MEDICATION

THAT CAN BE GINEN BY MOUTH OF THRIUGH THE VEINS THAT CAN KILL THE BACTERIA

REFERENCE https://health.google.com/health/ref/Pn

eumocystis+carinii+pneumonia

http://www.avert.org/treatment.htm

http://dictionary.reference.com

Two Childhood Cancers Associated with the

Immune System:

Lymphoma & Leukemia

Lymphoma

About 1,700 kids younger than 20 years old

No exact causes, but there are risk factors Symptoms Tests are run to see what areas of the

body are affected by lymphoma

Lymphoma Cont’d

Treatment is determined by staging Four stages of lymphoma: Stage I – IV Treatment=radiation and/or

chemotherapy Short-term and long-term side effects There is a chance of relapse

Patton, D., & Miller, R. E. (2007, June). Lymphoma. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/cancer/cancer_lymphoma.html#

Leukemia

About 2,200 American young people Just like lymphoma there is no exact

causes, there are risk factors Symptoms A child may need certain tests to

detect leukemia

Leukemia Cont’d Treatment depends on features of leukemia Treatment=radiation and/or chemotherapy Same side effects as treatment of

lymphoma Still a chance of relapse Remission rate of up to 90%

Miller, R. E. (2007, June). Leukemia. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/cancer/cancer_leukemia.html#