Child Abuse in Tanzania (2015)

8/9/2019 Child Abuse in Tanzania (2015)

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Child abuse in Tanzania

February 2015Registered Charity no. 1132203


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"Safety and security don't just happen; they are the result ofcollec ve consensus and public investment. We owe our chil-

dren, the most vulnerable ci ens in our society, a life free of

violence and fear."

Nelson Mandela, former president of South Africa.


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Acronyms

ACRWC African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

A ! African Development Bank

C" AW N Conven!on on the "limina!on of Discrimina!on against Women

C#$ Child #rotec!on S$stem

CRC Conven!on on the Rights of the Child

%$ Demographic %ealth Surve$

"&CT "vangelical &utheran Church in 'an(ania

F'( )emale genital mu!la!on*cu+ng

% ) %uman Development nde-

% T %uman Development 'rust

)AC nter African Commi/ee on 'radi!onal #rac!ces A0ec!ng the %ealth of Women and Children

&%RC &egal and %uman Rights Centre 1'an(ania2

*'+ Non 3overnmental 4rganisa!on

#T$ #ost 'rauma!c Stress Disorder

TAW,A 'an(anian Women 5udges Associa!on

- %R niversal Declara!on of %uman Rights

-*"$C+ N "duca!onal, Scien!6c and Cultural 4rgani(a!on

-*F#A N #opula!on )und

-*'A N 3eneral Assem7l$

-*%RC N %uman Rights Commi/ee

-*)C"F N Children )und

AC $ur/ey 8iolence against Children Surve$

W%+ World %ealth 4rganisa!on


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" ecu /e $ummary

Child abuse, otherwise known as child maltreatment, includes all forms of physical and emo onal ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect and exploita on that results in actual or poten al harm to a child’shealth, development or dignity by someone in a posi on of responsibility, trust or power (W !, "###$%&ecent evidence suggests that children in 'an ania are par cularly at risk% 'he )**# +iolence gainstChildren (+ C$ urvey revealed that one in three 'an anian girls, and one in seven 'an anian boys,reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual violence before turning "., and almost three-/uartersof both boys and girls reported experiencing physical violence by an adult prior to turning ". (012C34,)*""a$% 2n addi on, "56 of women have undergone 4emale 7enital 8u la on (478$ in 'an ania and, onaverage, almost two out of 9ve girls will be married before they turn ". (014: , )*")$%

2n order to combat child abuse in 'an ania, speci9cally within the 8aasai and :are communi es,Childreach 'an ania conducted a needs assessment to assess the status of child protec on in &uvu in the

ame ;istrict in northern 'an ania, to inform the design of an interven on that would provide a las ngsolu on to the problem of abuse, violence and exploita on of children in &uvu% 'he research revealed thatthe current child protec on system was seriously


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Table o Contents

1. )ntroduc on 1

2. !ac ground 2

3. Child abuse in Tanzania

)emale 3enital Mu!la!on "arl$ Marriage and "arl$ #regnanc$ Se-ual, ph$sical and emo!onal violence

4

9 :: ;<

;< ;=

4. Research ndings 13

5. Recommenda ons 16

Re erences 20

7eography of 'an(ania

• 'an ania has more than ")* ethnic groups or tribeswith a range of cultural prac ces

• ;ivided into A* administra ve regimesB 9ve on the semi

-autonomous islands of an ibar%

• :opula on of ?D%D. million, ?56 of whom are under theage of "?%

•

• 'an ania is one of the world’s poorest countriesE ranked"5) nd on the uman ;evelopment 2ndex%

• ).%)6 of the popula on live below the na onal povertyline (World Fank, )*")$%

• 0ne/ual access to resources between the genders, withsecondary school enrolment far lower for girls%


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1. )ntroduc on

ll children have the right to be protected, and governments are responsible for implemen ngmeasures and structures to prevent and respond to cases of abuse, neglect and violence against children%!ne in 9ve women, and one in thirteen men, report having been sexually abused as a child, while betweena /uarter and half of all children report being physically abused at some point in their lives%

What is child abuseG

!therwise referred to as child maltreatment, child abuse includes all forms of physical andemo onal ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect and exploita on that results in actual or poten al harm to achild’s health, development or dignity by someone in a posi on of responsibility, trust or power (W !,"###$% Child abuse has long-been recorded in literature, art and science, with reports of infan cide,

mu la on, abandonment and other forms of violence against children da ng back to ancient civili a on%

ustained abuse can have serious long-term e@ects on children, including disrup on to early braindevelopment, impaired development of the nervous and immune systems and, as adults, maltreatedchildren are at increased risk of behavioural, physical and mental health problems such as depression andalcohol and drug misuse% +iolence against children is a serious social and public health issue% 1o country isimmune, whether rich or poor%

Hevel of child abuse in 'an(ania

Country records show shocking levels of child abuse in 'an ania, and according to the +iolencegainst Children (+ C$ urvey published in )*"", 'an anian children commonly face sexual, physical and

emo onal abuse in their everyday lives% 1early three out of ten girls surveyed reported experiencing atleast one incident of sexual violence, while approximately one-/uarter of girls and nearly three out of every"* boys reported experiencing emo onal violence%

:astoral children are at par cular risk, with 478 being commonly prac sed by pastoralists (). 'oo8any, )*"A$% 0nfortunately, there is liIle data and informa on regarding violence against children withinthe :are and 8aasai tribes, and so much of the informa on in this report regarding child abuse within thetwo tribes is highly dependent on research collected by Childreach 'an ania in )*"A in northern 'an ania%

1

bused children are at increased risk of behavioural, physical and mental health problems.

,ims of the report"% 3xamine the prevalence of child abuse in 'an ania, with special focus on the 8aasai and :are tribes

in the north of the 0nited &epublic of 'an ania, highligh ng physical, sexual and emo onal abuseE478 and early marriage and pregnancy%

)% ;iscuss current literature on 478, early marriage and early pregnancy, and physical, sexual andemo onal violence against children in 'an ania%

A% ighlight the research into child abuse and the child protec on system in &uvu Ward, northern

'an ania conducted by Childreach 'an ania in July )*"A%?% :rovide recommenda ons to the government of 'an ania about how to beIer combat the forms of

child abuse outlined in this report%


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2. !ac ground

hild rights in 'an(ania 'an ania has ra 9ed and acceded to a number of interna onal legal mechanisms which seek to

protect children from abuse and exploita on% 'he predominant legisla on is the 01 Conven on on the&ights of the Child, which 'an ania ra 9ed in "##"% 'he Conven on has 5? ar cles that cover all aspects ofa child’s life and set out the civil, poli cal, economic, social and cultural rights that all children everywhereare en tled to% 2t outlines how adults and governments must work together to make sure all children canenKoy all their rights%

;omes cally, in )**#, 'an ania passed the Haw of the Child ct, which e@ec vely domes cates the01 Conven on on the &ights of the Child and provides a legal framework through which the rights of thecountry’s children can be protected and realised% Fy ra fying the 01 Conven on, and through enac ng the

Haw of the Child ct, 'an ania is obligated to ensure that children’s rights are protected throughout thecountry%

'he 8aasai'he 8aasai people are an ethnic group of semi-nomadic people residing in Lenya and northern

'an ania with a recorded popula on of ?A*,*** in "##A% 'hey are primarily pastoralists, which mean theirlifestyle is based upon the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, sheep and caIle(013 C!M ;F, )**5$% :astoralism generally has a mobile aspect, whereby families move their herds andfamilies in search of pasture and water% CaIle plays a huge role in 8aasai lifeE they depend on them formeat, milk and blood N the main components of their diet N as well as for currencyE the measure of a man’s

wealth is in terms of the si e of his herd%0nlike the 8aasai in Lenya, the 8aasai in 'an ania abide by a far more tradi onal way of life,

despite the 'an anian government’s e@orts to encourage the 8aasai to abandon their semi-nomadiclifestyle (Coast, )**>$% 'he strength of the 8aasai culture means they are resistant to change, especiallywith regards to tradi ons such as 478 and early marriage, which are deeply ingrained in their culturalbeliefs% 8aasai society, like many tradi onal socie es, is highly patriarchal in nature with elder men,some mes Koined by re red elders, deciding maKor maIers for each 8aasai group (Coast, )**D$% Childrenand wives are considered as property by 8aasai men, and during their childhood, boys are expected to playwhile girls are responsible for chores such as cooking and milking ( min et% al, )**5$%

'he :are'he :are are an ethnic group indigenous to the :are 8ountains of northern 'an ania, part of the

LilimanKaro region, and are considered to be one of the maKor ethnic groups in 'an ania with a popula onof approximately >##,*** (). 'oo 8any, )*"A$% 2rrigated agriculture is their primary livelihood while caIlecon nue to be an important store of value and a medium of exchange, and occupy a central place in thesymbolic system (:orter, )**?E ). 'oo 8any, )*"A$%

'hey, like the 8aasai, see caIle as a symbol of status and caIle play an important role in theprovision of bride wealth which remains un/ues oned and is considered to be an important part of themarriage contract (). 'oo 8any, )*"A$% :are women tradi onally carry out du es associated with the

female domain such as cooking, washing and looking aOer cows% imilarly to the 8aasai, women andchildren are considered as property and women and girls especially are seen as having a low social status%4or example, women are excluded from inheri ng land, with land being e/ually divided between sons( ollos, )**)$%

2

Tanzanian children commonly face sexual, physical and emo onal abuse in their everyday lives .


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3. Child Abuse

Child abuse refers to all forms of physical and emo onal ill-treatment,sexual abuse, neglect and exploita on that results in actual or poten al harm to a child’s health,development or dignity% 2t incorporates acts such as rape, forced pros tu on, withholding food and water,and abandonment% Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long conse/uences% 'his reportwill focus solely on 478, early marriage and early pregnancy, sexual, physical and emo onal violence, lackof birth registra on and a lack of ful9lment of the right to educa on%

'he World ealth !rganisa on (W !$ de9nes 478 as “all procedures that involve par al or totalremoval of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non medicareasons!. 2t is es mated that around ")5 million girls and women in frica and the 8iddle 3ast haveundergone the procedure (012C34, )*"A$, with the W ! es ma ng that in frica alone, three million girlsare at risk every year (1P 'imes, )*")$%

Countries >hereover ?omen haveundergone )3M

Countries >here7et>een = @ and?omen haveundergone )3M

Countries >hereless than = @ of>omen haveundergone )3M

4

"emale #enital $u la on %"#$&


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Ttudes towards 478 were revealed to be /uite nega ve among the 'an anian popula on/ues oned% 'he aforemen oned 012C34 tudy, revealed that #)6 of the girls and women they spoke tobelieved that the procedure should be stopped immediately, with .56 of boys believing it should bestopped with immediate e@ect (012C34, )*"A$% 'welve percent of girls and women were considered to be

Sreluctant adherents’, meaning that they pursued 478 but it was not en rely by choice% 'his suggests thatpart of the reason for the con nua on of 478 is due to a lack of social change (012C34, )*"A$%3duca on appeared to have /uite a signi9cant impact on respondents’ perspec ves on 478% 7irls andwomen with no educa on were D6 more likely to support the procedure than women who had primaryeduca on (012C34, )*"A$% ;aughters of uneducated mothers were also more likely to have undergone theprocedure than daughters of mothers who had at least primary educa on%

2n 'an ania, 478 is considered by many to be a rite of passage into adulthood - an integral part ofbecoming a woman% 2t is derived from varied and complex belief systems and rituals surrounding women’sfer lity and control of their sexuality in tradi onal male dominated socie es% 'he reasons given bycommuni es which regularly prac ce 478 vary widely but commonly cited reasons include that it reducesthe sexual desire of girls and womenE promotes virginity and chas tyE maintains 9delity among marriedwomenE it’s more Saesthe cally pleasing’E and improves cleanliness% 'here is also the opinion that an

uncircumcised girl is undesirable as a wife% 'he 012C34 )*"Aa report revealed that in frica, socialacceptance was the most fre/uently cited reason for suppor ng the con nua on of the procedure%

2t is believed that 478 is almost universally prac ced among the 8aasai and :are tribes, with 'ype" being the most commonly prac ced type of 478 among both, with some reports sta ng thatunless circumcised an individual cannot call themselves a 8aasai (2&21, )**5E 8suyu et% al, )**)$% 2t isbelieved in the community that female circumcision is a prere/uisite for marriage, and 8aasai men mayreKect any woman who has not undergone the procedure ('an ania ;aily 1ews, )*"A$% 2t is tradi onallyperformed on girls between the ages of ") and "?, and is considered by the 8aasai to be a rite of passageinto adulthood% &egardless of her age or her social status, an uncircumcised 8aasai woman is considered agirl child and risks herself and her family being isolated by the community%

'he importance of this prac ce among the 8aasai is considerableE it is perceived as bringinghonour to a girl and her family and by making her eligible for marriage it raises their status within theircommunity% ociologist 3li abeth eger Foyle writes that, in 'an ania, the 8aasai will not call an

9


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uncircumcised woman UmotherU when she has children, and in several communi es uncut women may notbe allowed to aIend funerals and other public events (Foyle, )**)$% ;ue to the illegality of 478 whenperformed on children, the 8aasai hold the ceremony in the forest far away from the homestead for fearof being arrested (' WJ , )*""$% 2n some 8aasai communi es, men are cited as being the biggesthindrance to the 9ght against 478 because they con nue to reKect women who have not beencircumcised (2&21, )**5$%

8any educated 8aasai men and women s ll favour the prac ce, not because they are uninformedabout the dangers and risks involved, but because they fear the possible socialrepercussions should they reKect the custom% 478 is also rou nely prac ced within the :are tribe, with onestudy in an urban area of LilimanKaro revealing the prevalence of 478 was around A5%.6, and is closelyrelated to the provision of bride wealth (). 'oo 8any, )*"A$% ). 'oo 8any carried out a survey whichfound that :are girls felt that the elders within their communi es support 478, claiming itprotects girls from contrac ng urinal tract infec ons, with 'ype " being the most common form of 478prac sed (). 'oo 8any, )*"A$%

3arly marriage and early pregnancy are closely linked to 478, as many communi es which prac cefemale circumcision do so to prepare a girl for marriage and subse/uently for child-bearing% Child marriageoccurs when one or both spouses are below the age of "., although it predominantly a@ects underage girlswho are oOen forced to marry much older men% 012C34 es mates that almost ?** million women

worldwide aged )* to ?# were forced to become child brides, with ""6 of girls married before they turn"5, Keopardising their rights to health, educa on and protec on (012C34, )*"?$% girl under the age of ".cannot give her free and informed consent to marry, which is why child marriage is oOen referred to asforced marriage% 0nderage girls are usually pressurised by families into early marriage because of culturalor social norms which drive the prac ce%

r cle ">%" of the 0niversal ;eclara on of uman &ights, states that only Q men and (omen of fullageV have the right to marry% ny child under the age of ". lacks the ability to give informed consent to amarriage and so all marriages involving children should be considered illegal% While marriage is notconsidered directly in the Conven on on the &ights of the Child, child marriage is linked to other rights Nsuch as the right to express their views freely, the right to protec on from all forms of abuse, and the rightto be protected from harmful tradi onal prac ces N and is fre/uently addressed by the CommiIee on the&ights of the Child who regularly call on tates to eliminate the prac ce%

:overty is a maKor factor underlying child marriage, with many parents believing that marriage willsecure their daughters’ futures% lterna vely, girls may be viewed as an economic burden, as a commodity,or as a means of seIling familial debts or disputes, or securing social, economic or poli cal alliance (014: ,)*")$% 'he tradi on of providing a bride price to the parents of the bride in some cultures furtherreinforces the norm of child marriage, as it provides families with an economic incen ve to enter theirdaughters into marriage% Child marriage is a viola on of human rights and cons tutes a grave threat toyoung girls’ and boys’ lives, health and future prospects% 8arried children face high risks associated withearly sexual ac vity, pregnancy and childbirth, as well as physical violence, sexual abuse and slavery ( n -

lavery 2nterna onal, )*"AE 012C34, )**5a$% 'he isola on and abrupt end to childhood that is typically as-sociated with child marriage, combined with possible physical and sexual abuse, can have a profound e@ecton a child’s psychological health as it imposes adult roles and responsibili es on children before they arephysically, emo onally and psychologically prepared (014: , )*")$%

:

*arly $arriage and *arly +regnancy


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8any child brides 9nd themselves pregnant at a very young age% Contracep ve use among marriedadolescents is low, for high bride prices place immense pressure on adolescent girls to begin childbearingand as a result, females who marry early have a strong likelihood of becoming pregnant at a young age% 'he014: es mates that nearly "> million teenage girls aged between "5 and "# in developing countries givebirth every year, with an addi onal two million under the age of "5 giving birth every year (014: , )*")EW !, )*")$% 7iving birth during adolescence has serious conse/uences for the health of the girl and theinfant with complica ons of pregnancy and childbirth being the leading cause of adolescent mortality in low- and middle-income areas (W !, )*")$% pproximately D*,*** adolescents in developing countries dieannually of causes related to pregnancy and childbirth (012C34, )*""$%

0nder 'an ania’s Haw of 8arriage ct ("#D"$, the minimum age for marriage is set at ". years of

age for males, however for girls the minimum age for marriage is set to "5 years ( r cle "A%"$% r cle "A*of the :enal Code states that it is illegal for a man to rape a girl or a woman, however if the girl or woman ismarried to the man and they are not separated, and the girl is older than "5, then the act is not to beconsidered as rape (' WJ , )*""$% 0nder the law, a woman has a duty to submit to sex with her husband inany circumstances (' WJ , )*""$% 'he law also allows for marriages with girls under the age of "5 so longas no sexual intercourse takes place% 'he fact that marital rape is not recognised as a crime under'an anian law, even if the spouse is under the age of "., is deeply concerning% 'his same provision in theCode states that it is not a crime for any person of frican or sia c descent to marry or permit themarriage of a woman under the age of "5 years in accordance with the custom of the tribe or religiousbeliefs, where it is not intended for the marriage to be consummated before the woman aIains "5 years ofage% 'he same provision also permits the provision of bride wealth%

!n average in 'an ania, almost two out of 9ve girls will be married before they turn ". (014: ,)*")$% n addi onal D6 of 'an anian women aged between )* and )5 were married before they turned "5(012C34, )*"?$% 3ighteen per cent of adolescent females in 'an ania are currently married in contrast toonly ?6 of adult males (012C34, )*"?$% 2n 'an ania, it is those girls who are the least educated, poorestand living in rural areas who are most a@ected by child marriage% :oor families tend to value boys’educa on more than that of girls, who may be taken out of school to assist with domes c du es or getmarried, especially in rural areas% 3duca on can play a huge role in protec ng women from early marriage%

ixty-one per cent of women aged )* to )? with no educa on and A*6 of women with primary educa onwere married or in union at age ". in 'an ania, compared to only 56 of women with secondary educa onor higher (014: , )*")$% Women with secondary educa on were #)6 less likely to be married by the ageof ". than women who had aIended primary school only (012C34, )**5a$% 'he provision of a bride priceplays a signi9cant part in this prevalence of child marriage and may explain why it is so common withinpoorer communi es%

'he 'an aniangovernment recognises earlymarriage as a key contribu ngfactor to high rates of adolescentpregnancy% 2n 'an ania, only ")6of married girls aged "5 to "#are using modern methods ofcontracep on, compared to )?6

for married women aged )* to)? (014: , )*"Aa$% !ut of thewomen surveyed, )56 of

;


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women aged between )* and )? had given birth between the age of "5 and "., with an addi onal A6 ofwomen in the same age bracket giving birth before they turned "5 (012C34% )*")$% ccording to the )*"*'an anian ; , one-9Oh of married adolescent girls are forced to engage in sexual ac vity against their will%

8arriage is incredibly important within the 8aasaiand :are communi es% 2f a 8aasai girl fails to get marriedthen the family receive no bride wealth, which they maybe reliant upon, and the daughter becomes a 9nancialburden on her brothers and father ( odgson, )**5$% 2nrecent years, given the droughts that 1orthern 'an aniahas experienced, this much-needed bride price has

become increasingly important to tribal families (01Women, )*")$% 'he :are tribe, like the 8aasai, alsoexchange caIle as a bride price (:orter, )**?$%Compe on with wildlife, large-scale business farming, aswell as rapid land fragmenta on and dispossession,con nued neglect by the state, increased clima cinstability, and heightened popula on pressure have allcompromised the viability of a pastoral livelihood for

8aasai and :are youth% 'his has increased dependency on the provision of bride wealth% 8arriage amongthe 8aasai and :are is rarely between two children of similar ageE girls are much more likely to bebetrothed or married to signi9cantly older men that may be more than thirty years their senior ( o@man,

)**5$% :olygamous marriages also cons tute a high percentage of both 8aasai and :are marriages althoughthis appears to be on the decline in the :are tribe (Coast, )**D$%

+iolence against children is a global human rights and public health issue that nega vely a@ectschildren’s health and social development% 'he 01 Conven on on the &ights of the Child states that allchildren have the right to be protected against all forms of violence, exploita on, physical and emo onalabuse, including sexual abuse and sexual exploita on% 'he clandes ne nature of sexual, physical andemo onal abuse means that the crime is oOen under-reported and therefore under-recognised sta s cally%Children who face violence, or witness it, remain silent out of fear and many children accept violence as aninevitable part of life N carried out by people the children know and should be able to trust e%g% by parents,teachers, employers and step parents%

:hysical abuse of a child is de9ned as acts that cause actual physical harm, or have the poten al forharm, and includes acts such as slapping, punching, bi ng or bea ngE acts that can impair a child’s physical,cogni ve and emo onal development (W !, )**)$% 'he 01 uman &ights CommiIee has stated that theprohibi on of degrading treatment or punishment also extends to corporal punishment of children in Kudicial or educa onal seTngs (01 &C, "##)$% Corporal punishment refers to the deliberate in


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exual violence refers to any act, aIempt, or threat of a sexual nature that results, or is likely toresult in physical, psychological andMor emo onal harm (8C;7C, )*"*$% 2t is the involvement of a child insexual ac vity that she or he does not fully comprehend and is subse/uently unable to give consent to(W !, "###$% 2t can include sexual touching against their willE aIempted but not completed sex againsttheir willE coerced sexE and physically forced sex% 2t is grossly under-reported and is surrounded by a cultureof s gma and silence (&egional CommiIee for fricaMW !, )**?$% 'he 01 +iolence against Children urveyes mates that "5* million girls and DA million boys under the age of ". have experienced forced sexualintercourse or other forms of sexual violence involving physical contact%

3mo onal abuse is a form of abuse characterised bya person subKec ng or exposing another to behaviour thatmay result in psychological trauma such as anxiety orchronic depression% 2t includes the failure of a caregiver toprovide an appropriate and suppor ve environment to achild, and includes acts that have an adverse e@ect on theemo onal health and development of a child such asdiscrimina on, abandonment, ridicule, in mida on andother non-physical forms of hos le treatment (W !,)**)$% 1eglect is also a form of child maltreatment% 2trefers to the failure of a parent or guardian to provide forthe development of the child in any or all of the following

areasB health, educa on, emo onal development, nutri on, shelter and safe living condi ons% 2t can onlyoccur in cases where reasonable resources are available to the family or caregiver therefore families orcaregivers who live below the poverty line and are not 9nancially able to provide for their child’sdevelopment are not necessarily considered to be neglec ul%

r cle "#%" of the 01 Conven on on the &ights of the Child states that governments ought to takeall measures to ensure that children are protected from Q all forms of physical or mental violence, injury orabuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploita on, including sexual abuse (hile in the careof a parent or legal guardian or any other person (ho has the care of the child V% 'his covers all aspects ofchild abuse found in 'an ania including 478, early marriage and pregnancy, and sexual, emo onal andphysical violence% 'he same r cle calls upon countries to include e@ec ve procedures for theestablishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have care

of the child%

2n mainland 'an ania, corporal punishment islawful in schools, as provisions against violence andabuse in the :enal Codes and other laws are notinterpreted as prohibi ng corporal punishment% 2nfact, the Haw of the Child ct ()**#$ allows forSKus 9able’ correc on of children, which could beconstrued as authorising corporal punishment inchildrearing despite r cle # calling on parents toprotect children from all forms of violence, includingbea ngs which could cause harm ( r cle A$% 'here isno doubt this will result in a blur of the boundarybetween QKus 9ableV correc on and abuse%

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'he +iolence against Children (+ C$ urvey revealed that almost one in seven boys and one inthree girls experienced sexual violence before their ". th birthday % 'he survey also found that of those whohad sex before they turned "., approximately one in three girls and one in 9ve boys reported that their 9rstencounter was unwilling (012C34, )*""a$% 1eighbours and strangers were the most fre/uently reportedperpetrators of child sexual violence, while da ng partners and strangers were the most fre/uentlyreported perpetrators against males% !ver >6 of females who had ever been pregnant reported at leastone pregnancy that was the result of sexual violence (012C34, )*""a$%

2n the maKority of cases, for both males and females,the perpetrator was much older than the vic m at the meof the incident% 4emales and males who experienced sexualviolence also tended to report exposure to physical andemo onal violence% 8ore than eight in "* females and malesaged "A to )? years who experienced sexual violence prior toage "., also experienced physical violence (8C;7C, )*")$%8ore than four in "* females and one in two boys whoexperienced childhood sexual violence also experiencedemo onal violence prior to age ". (8C;7C, )*")$%

lmost three-/uarters of both females and malesreported experiencing physical violence by a rela ve,authority 9gure or an in mate partner prior to turning ". (8C;7C, )*")$% 'he vast maKority of the abusewas in the form of being punched, whipped or kicked (8C;7C, )*")$% pproximately one-/uarter offemales and nearly three out of every ten males reported experiencing emo onal violence by an adult priorto turning ".% lmost >*6 of both females and males experienced physical violence by adult rela ves andmore than one-half experienced physical violence by teachers before turning ".% 'he + C urvey revealedthat it was a common experience for both males and females to experience being whipped, kicked,punched or threatened with a weapon by teachersE violence that goes far beyond the SKus 9able’ corporalpunishment outlined in 'an anian domes c law%

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?% hildreach 'an(ania’s &esearch

2n July )*"A, Childreach 'an ania embarked on a process to establish and strengthen the childprotec on system in ame ;istrict in the LilimanKaro region in northern 'an ania% &uvu is among thirty-onewards in ame district in the LilimanKaro region, found on the Western side of the district and is inhabitedprincipally by 8aasai and :are who are primarily pastoralistsE although these days mixed farming is beingprac ced% Child protec on is a set of usually government-run services designed to protect children andyoung people, both to address the conse/uences of abuse, neglect and exploita on and to prevent it in the

9rst place%

&uvu has poor access to social services like health, educa on and water and sanita on in the ward%:oor access to both formal primary and secondary educa on is being aIributed to both insu=cienteduca onal infrastructure such as school buildings, and lack of demand from the pastoralists who do notsee formal educa on as a priority% Hife for the 8aasai and :are is strongly underpinned by culture andtradi on which have led to the con nua on of harmful prac ces such as 478 and early marriage%

research team composed of "* peopleE " Child :rotec on and :ar cipa on pecialist (C:: $ fromave the Children, 'an ania and # C ! representa ves from and around ame district, was formulated

through the involvement of local leaders% Fefore embarking on 9eld data collec on, the research team

went through an intensive two day orienta on training% 'he research team was closely monitored andsupported by Childreach 'an ania during the en re three weeks of 9eld work% Children were the focus ofthis urvey and were highly priori sed at all stages% ny contact with adults was considered secondary andsolely for the purpose of veri9ca on% Oer 9eld data collec on, Childreach 'an ania supported theresearch team to conduct /uan ta ve and /ualita ve data analysis%

'he research process started with community level assessment of child protec on issues andsystems to iden fy priority child protec on issues and assess the existence and e@ec veness of childprotec on systems in the community% 2n order to iden fy gaps in the current child protec on system,Childreach 'an ania carried out a sample survey in the proKect loca on, which involved interviewing keystakeholders from the community such as local elders and teachers, as well as the children themselves%

Childreach 'an ania held focus groups with children from the district to discuss with them what they feltwere the maKor issues a@ec ng their community%

total of DA* children and "A5 adults were directly interviewed during 9eld work% While 5** childrenwere individually interviewed through /ues onnaires at household level, A* children were interviewedthrough in-depth individual interviews at school and community levels% 'wo hundred children wereinterviewed through 4ocus 7roup ;iscussionsE "? groups of children were interviewed, D groups for girlsand D groups for boys whereby each group comprised of an average of "? children%

Consulta on with adults was solely to verify informa on collected from children% total of "A5adults were individually consulted at di@erent levelsE )5 adults were individually consulted through

2ndividual in-depth interviews ("* males and "5 females$ by the use of semi-structured /ues onnaires%While "* adults were individually consulted through Ley 2nformants 2nterviews, "** adults were consulted

13


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through 4ocus 7roup ;iscussions whereby > groups were interviewedE A for males and A for females, each

group had an average of ") par cipants%

What became clear from the research was that farming and mixed farming con nued to play /uitecrucial roles in the economy of the two tribes% !ver #?6 of those in the community received their mainsource of income from farming% 8ost of the households were headed by males with only a handful headedby womenE re


18/26

ategory&ight to live 4re/uency :ercentPes A#5 D#%*

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'able "%)B hildren’s knowledge on the rights of the child

3duca on and health provision'he urvey also examined the access that children had to social services such as educa on andhealth% !ne of the /ues ons asked to the children was therefore what services such as health, psychologicaland child protec on were being provided to children in the Ward% lmost ?)6 of children were aware ofhealth services, A)%>6 were aware of psychological services and )%.6 were aware of child protec veservices% !ver one-9Oh of the children were en rely unaware about services that they were en tled toaccess% 'he importance of health services, educa on and access to clean water and sanita on to a child’swell-being are undeniable%

2n terms of health, the survey found that the ward only had one medical dispensary which was notfully established and was therefore unable to e@ec vely service the en re community% 'he structure of

health provision is poor and while some of the facili es are available they are not up to standard with thedispensary only being opened twice a week% 'he centre is located in the ward centre and yet is expected to

15


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serve people from four villages which are all located at /uite a distance from each other, therefore denyingchildren the right to access health services%

lthough the district pro9le indicates that the ward has . primary schools, the team found onlyseven primary schools (&uvu 8uungano :rimary chool and Hisirwai :rimary chool$ and one secondaryschool (8oipo econdary chool$% What became clear was that a number of children at the schools are notfrom the ward and are travelling signi9cant distances to aIend these schools% 'his is a problem for twomain reasons% 4irstly, children that travel long distances across hos le terrains are at greater risk of physical,sexual and emo onal abuse whilst travelling to and from school% econdly, this suggests that a large numberof 8aasai and :are children who should be aIending school in &uvu Ward are not doing so and aretherefore being denied their right to educa on% 'his is supported by the fact that the number of children inthe seven primary schools is far lower than would be expected from the number of children living in theward%

Water access was also found to be a serious problem and it was clear that sanita on was a maKorchallenge in the community% 8any of the children we interviewed suggested that they rarely bathed andtheir clothes were hardly washed due to the lack of available clean water% Women were forced to travel agreat distance to search for water, and even when water was fetched priority was given to the cows, as theywere the family’s primary source of income and wealth% When asked about from where the family sourcedtheir water, >)%>6 of the children cited the riverE )56 cited a water tap and ")%?6 cited the well% 'his

suggests that for many of the family’s the water tap and well are located at a greater distance from theirhouse than the river itself%

follow-up /ues on was regarding who in the family fetched the water most regularly% lmost ?A6of the children said it was a girl child in the family who most regularly went to collect water and anaddi onal "#%.6 stated that it was a male child% 'his means that in almost two-thirds of all the families in&uvu ward, a child is regularly sent out to fetch water% s previously men oned, this is highly dangerous forchildren% With regards to home sanita on, DD%>6 of the children did acknowledge that they havesomewhere to wash their handsE however no further informa on was gathered on the cleanliness of thewater% ome of the households also lacked modern toilets, with .?%>6 of the children sta ng that they hadpit toilets in a dusty


20/26

they understood the dangers of puTng their children through 478 or early marriage, they did notconsider that they may actually be doing their children harm, but 9rmly believe that they were actually

4igure "B hild protec on issues facing children in &uvu

protec ng them from harm%

previous urvey carried out by World +ision 2nterna onal ()**5$ en tled QWhat is +iolenceG:erspec ve from children in 'an aniaV discussed violence against children with )) children from &uvuWard, all of who were from and 8aasai or :are tribes% lmost three-/uarters (DA6$ of the childreniden 9ed denying children educa on and forcing children into early marriage as forms of violence thata@ected children in their community% ixty-eight per cent iden 9ed 478E 5*6 iden 9ed denying children

par cipa onE 5*6 iden 9ed neglect and ?>6 iden 9ed child labour as other child violence issues that werea@ec ng their communi es% What ought to be noted is that at no point in the research was it evident thatthose adults who perpetuate 478 or remove their children from formal schooling ever consideredthemselves to be harming their children% &ather there is a strongly held defence that their ac ons wereprotec ng the children from risk%

3vidently, child protec on issues are a serious concern in &uvu, especially 478, corporalpunishment and early marriage% What became clear from the discussions was that children were agreeingto 478 mainly because their parents wanted them to, as they were afraid of what would happen to thefamily if their children failed to be circumcised (8c lpine, )*"A$% 478 was considered a necessaryprac ce to ensure that girls were married% While parents did not necessarily support the prac ce alone,

they considered it essen al to ensure marriage as a daughters value and family’s wealth lies in her geTngmarried% 'his is par ally why girls were less likely to be entered in formal educa on% 4amilies considered itimportant to realise this asset as early as possible and not to invest in her educa on as this would be a

1:


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waste of available resources% previous urvey of children in the ward revealed that they were aware thatdenying children of their educa onE early marriageE 478E child labourE and denying children of their right tobasic needs such as water and food all classi9ed as forms of violence against children (World +ision2nterna onal, )**5$% 3arly pregnancy was considered less of an issue but that may be because childrenassume that once married, the bride is no longer considered a child and therefore early pregnancy is notnecessarily classed as a child protec on issue%

'he children were also asked what they believed to be the reasons behind these child protec onissues% 4orty-three percent of children interviewed strongly associated norms and customs to childprotec on issues, most of children cited 478 as part of 8aasai culture that a girl to needs to complete tobecome a woman and there are cases whereby those girls who became were sensi ed and did not gothrough the custom did not get married and were alienated% 2nterviewed children said that due to povertyparents tend to force their children into early marriages in exchange of cows as part of dowry% Wheninterviewed local government o=cials said that early marriages is a challenge and poverty and culture is aforce behind it% s part of culture 8aasai do pay a dowry to book for a baby who will be born or in wait forthe girl to grow, even though this prac ce is slowly decreasing% 'wenty eight percent ().6$ of children saidthat the source of violence is ignorance, that parents are largely unaware of the physical, emo onal andpsychological impacts of violence against children% 'hose who report abuses are considered betrayers andthose who resist tradi on are s gma sed and excluded from the community%

8ost of the interviewed children were able to list physical harm, psychological e@ects, lack ofaccess to educa on diseases, poor brain development and early pregnancies as some of the e@ects of childabuse% While thirty 9ve percent (A56$ of interviewed children iden 9ed a link between 478 and earlymarriages to diseases and death, ">6 of children linked rape, early marriages, and child neglect topsychological problems% Considering 478 and early marriages as more prevalent child protec on issues,children said the main e@ect of these is diseases and death, which means that rape, 478 and childmarriages could leave the child infected by 2+ and other sexually transmiIed diseases whereby theul mate result is death% 'hey said that child marriages could also lead to pregnancy complica ons and 9nal-ly death% ixteen percent (">6$ of interviewed children linked corporal punishments with physical harm andpsychological e@ects%

lthough the na onal legal framework exists, most people in &uvu remain unaware of theexistence of child protec on laws and policies, there is lack of a common understanding of child protec on,and as such these laws and policies are not translated into ac on% part from the police, the localgovernment authori es and 17!s are lawfully responsible for children protec on, however these servicesare rela vely poor and uncoordinated% ddi onally, given the fact that the 8aasai and :are are pastoralist,customary law and prac ce has far greater in


22/26

5% &ecommenda ons!n the whole, appropriate mechanisms for containing or preven ng abuse of children are grossly

insu=cient in 'an ania% 3xis ng policies and strategies have failed to eliminate abuses against children andlocal governance has largely failed to ensure children are protected% 'he law in 'an ania defers tocustomary law wherever possible under the Hocal Customary Haw (;eclara on$ !rder "#>A which allowsethnic groups to follow and make decisions based upon their customs and tradi ons, even when thesecustoms are an the cal to domes c law% s these customs and tradi ons are oOen established based ondecisions made by elder men, they are highly discriminatory against women, for example throughrestric ng girls’ educa on and forcing girls to marry before they reach puberty and without their consent%

7iven the serious danger that children in 'an ania face every day combined with the poorenforcement and /uality of domes c legal mechanisms, Childreach 2nterna onal and Childreach 'an ania

has composed a number of recommenda ons to the 'an anian government to ensure the ade/uateprotec on of 'an anian children% 'hese includeB

• 4ormulate a uniform de9ni on of a child to be included within all relevant domes c laws% 'hede9ni on should comply with the de9ni on outlined in the Conven on on the &ights of the Child and

C&WC, which specify that all those under the age of ". are classi9ed as children% 2n addi on,'an ania’s Haw of 8arriage ct must be amended to ensure that the marrying age is set at ". forboth males and females, irrespec ve of cultural tradi ons, to ensure compa bility with the C&C(8C;7C, )**>$%

• With regards to 478, the most e@ec ve way to address the prac ce is to combat its underlying rootsin the discrimina on against women% 2n order to achieve this, especially with regards to the prac cein the 8aasai and :are communi es, it is vital to coordinate sustained ac on andpartnerships with civil society, including opinion leaders, tribal leaders, government o=cials andreligious leaders% Culturally sensi ve awareness-raising of the public at large through informa on,legal preven on and protec on, exposure to alterna ves and most importantly through educa on isincreasingly important, as this will empower women and girls to claim their rights%

• 'he lack of domes c law which contains provision on the criminalisa on of marital rape is of greatconcern, and the exual :rovisions ct or :enal Code ought to be amended to ensure that maritalrape against all women, irrespec ve of age, is criminalised and repercussions are explicitly de9ned%

• 7et girls in school% 7ender analysis should be conducted for transforma ve change and schools oughtto be more girl-friendly with the provision of separate toilets, and the elimina on of genderstereotypes in the curriculum and materials% itua ng schools close to home, with communityinvolvement and


23/26

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012C34% )*")%+rogress for -hildren / A report card on adolescents %@o. CB&. vailable atB hIpBMMwww%unicef%orgMpublica onsMindexX>)).*%html

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012C34% )*"*%The ;ynamics of ocial -hange/ To(ards the Abandonment of "emale #enital $u la on=-u5ng in "ive African-ountries. vailable atB hIpBMMwww%unicef-irc%orgMpublica onsMpdfMfgmXinsightXeng%pdf

012C34 )**#% +rogress for -hildren/ A 9eport -ard on -hild +rotec on. vailable atB hIpBMMwww%unicef%orgMpublica onsMindexX5*#)"%html

012C34% 4ebruary )**5% 'he S&ights’ tart to HifeB sta s cal analysis of birth registra on% hIpBMMwww%unicef%orgMpublica onsMindexX)5)?.%html

012C34% pril )**5a% 3arly 8arriageB armful 'radi onal :rac ce% hIpBMMwww%unicef%orgMpublica onsM9lesM3arlyX8arriageX")%lo%pdf

012C34% 1ovember )**5b% 4emale 7enital 8u la onMCuTngB sta s cal explora on% hIpBMMwww%unicef%orgMpublica onsMindexX)###?%html

012C34% )**?. The tate of the ?orldGs -hildren BBF 0 #irls, educa on and development. vailable atB hIpBMMwww%unicef%orgMsowc*?M9lesM !WCX!?Xeng%pdf

012C34 )**) . 8irth registra on right from the start. vailable atB hIpBMMwww%childinfo%orgM9lesMbirthregistra onX;igestenglish%pdf

012C34M01 WomenM014: M2H!M! & 7M+ C% )*"A%8reaking the ilence on 7iolence against Dndigenous #irls, Adolescents andMoung ?omen 0 A call to ac on based on an overvie( of exis ng evidence from Africa, Asia +aci c and 2a n America. vailable atBhIpBMMreliefweb%intMsitesMreliefweb%intM9lesMresourcesM+iolence-against-indigenous-women-and-girls%pdf

0% % ;epartment of tate% )*"A%Tanzania -ountry 9eport on 1uman 9ights +rac ces for BC . vailable atB hIpBMMwww%state%govMKMdrlMrlsMhrrptMhumanrightsreportMindex%htm]wrapper

World Fank% )*") . +overty headcount ra on at na onal poverty line %N of popula on&.vailable atB hIpBMMdata%worldbank%orgMindicatorM 2%:!+%1 CMcountriesM' GdisplayYgraph

W !% )*"A%"emale #enital $u la on 0 "actsheet @o. FC. vailable atB hIpBMMwww%who%intMmediacentreMfactsheetsMfs)?"MenM

W !% )*")% Adolescent +regnancy 0 "act sheet @o. JOF% vailable a tB hIpBMMwww%who%intMmediacentreMfactsheetsMfsA>?MenM

W !% )*"*%-hild maltreatment 0 "act sheet @o. CEB% vailable a tB hIpBMMwww%who%intMmediacentreMfactsheetsMfs"5*MenMindex%html

W !% )**)%?orld report on violence and health% vailable atB hIpBMMwh/libdoc%who%intMpublica onsM)**)M#)?"5?5>"5Xeng%pdf

W !% "###%9eport of the -onsulta on on -hild Abuse +reven on%#eneva, L JC $arch CLLL, ?orld 1ealth 4rganiza on, ocial-hange and $ental 1ealth, 7iolence and Dnjury +reven on.

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Childreach InternationalRegistered Charity no.1132203

www.childreach.org.uk/our-publications

www.childreachtz.org

in o!childreach.org.uk

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Documents

Child Abuse in Tanzania (2015)