Child and Adolescent Development

Physical DevelopmentMotor DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentLanguage Development

Exceptional Development

Physical DevelopmentHeightWeightBody Proportion

(ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph)HandednessVision

Physical DevelopmentMotor DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentLanguage Development

Exceptional Development

Motor Development

age-related changes in the efficiency of voluntary physical movements

Reflexes Rooting Sucking-swallowing-breathingGagMoroCrawlingGraspingWalking

Stages of Motor Learning

Cognitive Phase

Associative Phase

Autonomous Phase

Categories of Motor Skills

Fine Motor SkillsReading, talking, writing, drawing, sewing, cooking, etc

Gross Motor SkillsLifting, playing sports, etc

Physical DevelopmentMotor DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentLanguage Development

Exceptional Development

Brain Development The best way to influence the brain

development is by contributing towards an active interaction with your child.

Provide ample opportunities to child to help him develop his brain and flourish accordingly.

Let children learn at their own pace.

Physical DevelopmentMotor DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentLanguage Development

Exceptional Development

Language Acquisition Theories Innatist Theory by Noam Chomsky

(Theory of Universal Grammar)

Cognitivist Theory by Jean Piaget

Social Contextual Theory by Lev Vygotsky

Other theories include…

Imitation TheoryReinforcement TheoryActive Construction of Grammar Theory

Physical DevelopmentMotor DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentLanguage Development

Exceptional Development

Atypical DevelopmentChildren exhibit behaviors that fall outside of the normal, or expected, range of development: Some children show patterns of behaviors

that are unusual or markedly different from their peers.

There is a world of difference between a skill that is delayed and one that is disordered.

Exceptional DevelopmentThis commonly refer to learners with

exceptionalities as persons who are different in some way from the “normal” or “average”. The term “exceptional learners” includes those with special needs related to cognitive abilities, behaviour, social functioning, physical and sensory impairments, emotional disturbances, and giftedness.

Exceptionalities

Learning Disabilities

Language Problems

Sensory Impairments

Cerebral PalsyAutism

Attention Deficit

HyperactivityDisorder

Mental Retardation

Disability vs. HandicapDisabilitya disability is a measurable impairment or limitation that

“interferes with a person’s ability, for example to walk, lift, hear, or learn.

It may refer to a physical, sensory, or mental condition.

HandicapA disadvantage that occurs as a result of a disability or

impairment. The degree of disadvantage (or the extent of the handicap) is often dependent on the adjustment made by both the person and his environment.

Mental Retardation Refers to significant sub-average intelligence and deficits in

adaptive behaviour. There is difficulty in managing activities of daily living and in conducting themselves appropriately in social situations.

a. Mild Retardation – IQ scores 55 to 69, adult capacity 8-11 years old;

b. Moderate Retardation – IQ scores 40-54; adult capacity 5-7 years old;

c. Severe Retardation - IQ scores 25-39; adult capacity 3-5 years old;

d. Profound retardation – IQ scores below 25; adult capacity, less than 3 years old

Learning DifficultiesInvolve difficulties in specific cognitive

processes like perception, language, memory, or metacognition that are not due to other disabilities like mental retardation, emotional or behavioural disorders, or sensory impairments.

DyslexiaDysgraphia Dyscalculia

Language Problems

language delays or language disordersdiagnosed when a child’s speech, verbal

expression, and/or understanding of language are significantly less well developed for his age.

Aphasia: Wernicke’s, Broca’s, Global

Sensory ImpairmentsVisual Impairment – conditions when there is

malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevent normal vision even with corrective lenses.

Hearing impairment – occurs when some part of the hearing apparatus malfunction with resulting hearing loss and possible impairment or loss of the ability to speak.

Cerebral Palsy

Refers to various disorders of movement and posture that are due to damage/ abnormality of the immature brain.

AutismA condition manifested by different levels of

impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviours and limited interests. Individuals with autism usually have an intense need for routine and a predictable environment.

ADD/ADHDAttention Deficit Disorder and Attention

Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are neurochemical disorders that interfere with attention.

Children with ADHD may exhibit…1. Restless as evidenced by fidgeting with hands or feet.

2. Leaving his seat when remaining seated is expected.

3. Running about or climbing when remaining seated.

4. Being “on the go” or often acting as if “driven by a motor”

5. Blurting out answers before questions are complete

6. Difficulty waiting for his turn

7. Interrupting on others conversations or activities

8. Not paying attention to details or making careless mistakes

9. Difficulty paying attention to what needs to be done

10. Seeming not to listen when spoken to directly

11. Not following through when given directions, failing to finish activities.

Giftedness

Children who have special ability in art or music, mechanical ingenuity, or leadership qualities.

SUPERIOR – 120 to 125 IQ

GIFTED – 135 or 150 IQ and above

EXTREMELY GIFTED – 170 to 180 IQ and above

God bless you.