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Child Poverty and
Disparity in Indonesia: with
2012 update
Widjajanti Isdijoso and Asri Yusrina
The SMERU Research Institute
www.smeru.or.id
Presented at Forum Kajian Pembangunan
Jakarta, 28 May 2013
This presentation is depicted from the findings of “Child Poverty and Disparity Study in
Indonesia” and a preliminary finding from Child Poverty Update conducted by SMERU
with the support from UNICEF and BAPPENAS
Outline
1. Background
2. Children in Indonesia: demographic
context
3. The findings from 2010-2011 study
4. The 2012 update (preliminary)
2
Why analyzing child poverty is
important?
High incidence of child poverty
◦ Out of the 1.2 billion poor people in developing countries, half are children
◦ Over 1 billion children suffer from at least one severe deprivation and over 600 suffer
from at least two deprivations
Different experience of children and adult in poverty
Voicelessness of children (not involved in formulating government policy)
Poverty breeds poverty
◦ It is very likely that children from poor households will become parents living in poverty
in the future
Prior knowledge of child poverty: number of poor children, how they experience
poverty and where they are located, is necessary to design specific intervention for
child poverty
3
Child Poverty and Disparity Study
In 2010-2011, SMERU – supported by UNICEF Indonesia –
conducted Child Poverty and Disparity Study as an initial effort
to provide a holistic assessment of children living in poverty in
Indonesia (as of 2009)
◦ Objectives:
Presenting evidence-based analysis of the condition of “children living in
poverty”
Understanding gaps and opportunities in national and regional
institutional settings and policies that support the fulfillment of the rights
of children
◦ Exploring different dimension of child poverty (beyond monetary approach
and include basic human needs and rights of child: education, health &
nutrition, shelter, water & sanitation, child protection – birth registration, child
labor, violence against children, children outside parental care, & social
protection) using available national data sets and case study in 2 locations:
North Jakarta and East Sumba
2013 : Update Child Poverty statistics based on Susenas 2012
4
Children in Indonesia:
Demographic context
A child is defined as someone below the age of eighteen years (Law
No. 23/2002 on Child Protection and the United Nation’s
Convention on the Rights of the Child)
Around 34% (83.1 million) of Indonesian population are children
(Census 2010) ~ decline in proportion but increase in number -
37% (74 million) in 2000
Around 72% households in 2009 are households with children
The urban-rural and regional distribution of children is uneven.
◦ 54% of children lived in rural areas (2009)
◦ more than half of children live in the Java
Estimated numbers of Children (Susenas): 2009 – 79.4 million;
2012 – 84.36 million
5
Methodology
The monetary approach of child poverty is measured using
household per capita consumption (assumption: income and
opportunities inside the family are equally distributed among its members:
when a family is poor, all the members are considered poor). Analyzed
based on:
◦ income distribution: divides children into five quintiles of
household income
◦ national poverty line (NPL)
◦ international poverty line (IPL) of US$1 and $2 (PPP) per capita
per day
The non-monetary approach measured a number of non-
monetary indicators:
◦ Education, health, working children, shelter conditions, sanitation
and water.
6
Findings from 2010-2011
study
Q-1
(poorest)
28%
Q-2
22% Q-3
20%
Q-4
17%
Q-5
(richest)
13%
Distributions of Children by per Capita
Household Expenditure Quintiles, 2009
8
the distribution of
children is skewed
towards lower
income
Child Poverty and Overall Poverty by
Different Poverty Lines (2003 & 2009)
9
12.8% 10.6%
63.5%
55.8%
23.4%
17.4%
10.1% 8.6%
57.8%
50.7%
17.2%
14.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2003 2009
Po
verty
Rate
(p
erc
en
tage)
Children IPL $1 Children IPL $2
Children NPL Whole Population IPL $1
Whole Population IPL $2 Whole Population NPL
IPL = International Poverty Line
NPL=National Poverty Line
Child poverty
rates are
consistently
higher than
overall poverty
rates
Child poverty
declined faster
than the overall
poverty rate
Determinant of poor children, 2009
10
Household (HH) Characteristics IPL $1 IPL $2 NPL
Gender of the household head
Female 13.2 55.5 21.3
Male 10.4 59.4 17
Number of household members
Less than 3 3.9 42.4 6.2
3-4 5.9 47.7 10.3
5-6 11.7 58.8 19.6
7+ 19.9 69 29.8
Educational level of the household head
Never/have not completed primary school 20.1 77.4 29
Finished primary school 12.9 68.4 20.9
Finished junior high school (*) 6.3 51.8 13.6
Finished senior high school 2.8 31.5 6.9
Finished diploma/academy/university 0.5 10.2 1.3
Work (not mutually exclusive categories)
Both parents working 15.38
None of the parents working 15.35
No adult in primary working age (18–54) 18.29
At least one child under 15 working 22.31
Illness and disability in the household
High dependency ratio (4+ children per adult) 25.71
Elder (70+) person in household 23.15
Poor children
are more likely
to be found
within female-
headed
households
children living
in extreme
poverty within
large
households is
greater than
those in small
households
Poor children
are more likely
to be found in
the HHs with
lower level
education of
the HH’s head
Rural-Urban distribution, 2009
4.6
13.4
38.8
15.8
20.7
70.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
IPL $1 NPL IPL $2
% o
f C
hil
dre
n w
ho
are
Po
or
Urban Rural
1.70 4.92
14.23 8.4
13.8
44.3
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
IPL $1 NPL IPL $2
Nu
mb
er
of
Ch
ild
ren
wh
o a
re P
oo
r (m
illi
on
s)
Urban Rural and Rural Share%
80%
68%
64%
11
Child Poverty Rates and Shares
by Province, 2009
12
43.8%
24.4%
19.9%
15.2%
11.4% 9.2%
5.5%
17.4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
We
st P
apu
a
Pa
pu
a
Ma
luku
Go
ron
talo
Ea
st N
usa T
en
gg
ara
We
st N
usa T
en
gg
ara
Ace
h
Lam
pun
g
Ce
ntr
al S
ula
we
si
So
uth
ea
st S
ula
we
si
Be
ng
kulu
Ce
ntr
al Ja
va
Yo
gya
kart
a
West S
ula
wesi
So
uth
Su
ma
tera
East Java
So
uth
Su
law
esi
No
rth
Su
ma
tera
We
st Ja
va
No
rth
Su
law
esi
We
st S
um
ate
ra
No
rth
Ma
luku
Ja
mb
i
Ria
u
We
st K
alim
anta
n
Ria
u Isla
nd
s
Ea
st K
alim
anta
n
Ba
nte
n
Ce
ntr
al K
alim
anta
n
Ba
ng
ka B
elit
ung
So
uth
Ka
lima
nta
n
Ba
li
Ja
kart
a
Ch
ild
Po
ve
rty R
ate
s
Sh
are
s o
f C
hil
d P
ove
rty a
nd
Ch
ild
Po
pu
lati
on
Share of child population(LH Scale)
Share of Child Poverty(PPL) (LH Scale)
PPL rate (RH scale)
National NPL rate (RHScale)
Selected indicators for each dimension of child
deprivation
13
Dimension of
child poverty Selected indicators
% of children
deprived per
indicator
% of children
deprived per
dimension
2003 2009 2003 2009
Education
Children 3–6 years old not enrolled in ECE institutions 76.2 68.9
31.0 25.9 Children 7–17 years old not enrolled in primary or
secondary school 15.6 11.3
Working
children
Children perform economic labour without going to
school 5.2 4.7
6.5 6.3 Children perform economic labour and also go to
school 1.3 1.6
Health Self reported ill without self medical treatment or
outpatient 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.6
Shelter
Children living in house with a floor area of less than
8m2 per person 26.1 27.9
42.7 37.0 Children living in house with an earth floor 15.1 10.4
Children living in house without electric lighting 15.5 7.9
Sanitation Children living in house without a proper toilet* 64.6 51.6 64.6 51.6
Water Children living in house without access to improved
water source ** 28.9 37.4 28.9 37.4
Selected indicators for each dimension of child
deprivation by household income quintiles
14
Dimension of
Child Poverty Selected indicators Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total
Education
Children not enrolled in ECE institutions for
children 3 to 6 years old 79.2 74.3 69.8 62.4 49.8 69
Children not enrolled in primary or secondary
school enrollments for children 7 to 17 18.4 13.1 9.2 6.6 6 11.31
Working
children
Children perform economic labor without going
to school 6.3 4.9 4.3 3.4 4 4.71
Children perform economic labor and going to
school 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.5 1 1.62
Health Self Reported Ill without self medical treatment
or outpatient 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2 2.65
Shelter
Children living in a house with a floor area of
less than 8m2/person 43.9 31.9 25.2 19.7 9.4 27.86
Children living in a house with an earth-floor 21.5 12.3 6.9 3.8 1.8 10.4
Children living in house without electricity for
lighting 17.6 8.7 4.8 2.5 1 7.85
Sanitation Children living in house without a proper toilet *) 77.9 62.8 49.4 33.9 17.9 51.6
Water Children living in a house without access to
clean water**) 41.4 40.3 36.1 33 33. 37.4
Children suffering multiple deprivations,
2003 & 2009 (%)
15
N
o Number of dimensions of
deprivation %
2003 2009
1 No deprivation 16.4 21.4
2 Only one deprivation 28.4 32.3
3 Two deprivations 30.5 28.8
4 Three deprivations 18.3 16.4
5 Four deprivations 5.5 4.8
6 Five deprivations 0.9 0.8
7 All six deprivations 0.01 0.03
Children suffering multiple
deprivations, 2003 & 2009 (%)
16
Variable Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total
2003 2009 2003 2009 2003 2009 2003 2009 2003 2009 2003 2009
No deprivation
at all 3.0 5.8 8.2 13.5 18.0 21.6 26.1 33.8 39.3 46.4 16.4 21.4
Only one (any)
deprivation 16.1 19.8 26.8 29.7 33.4 35.4 37.0 40.4 36.3 44.8 28.4 32.3
Two of any
deprivations 39.5 34.9 34.0 33.1 29.0 29.3 24.4 24.9 18.4 15.7 30.5 28.8
Three of any
deprivations 29.9 27.3 23.0 20.0 14.7 13.5 9.9 8.4 4.8 4.5 18.3 16.4
Four of any
deprivations 9.9 9.3 6.5 5.8 4.3 3.4 2.3 1.8 1.1 0.6 5.5 4.8
Five of any
deprivations 1.6 1.5 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.8
All of the six
deprivations 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.03
17
Disparities: Urban-Rural & across
Provinces
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
No propershelter
No Toilet
No Safe water
Live below $2PPP/capita/day
Early Marriage(< 18 years)
Under 5mortality rate
Not havingcomplete…
UnderweightStunting
Not enrolled inschool: 3-6…
Not enrolled inschool: 7-12…
Not enrolled inschool: 13-15…
Not enrolled inschool: 16-17…
No BirthCertificate (< 5…
WorkingChildren…
Urban - Rural Disparities
Urban Rural
0
20
40
60
80
100
Live in housewith area…
Live in housewith earth-…
No Electricityfor lighting
No Propertoilet
No safe water
Not havingimmunizatio…
UnderweightStunting
Not enroled inschool: 3-6…
Not enroled inschool: 7-12…
Not enroled inschool: 13-…
Not enroled inschool: 16-…
No BirthCertificate
WorkingChildren
Disparities across Provinces
Province with the highest deprivation
Province with the lowest deprivation
Conclusion and Recommendations
Child poverty in Indonesia is higher than poverty among the general population. From
2003 to 2009:
◦ Child poverty fell from 23.4% to 17.3%
◦ poverty in the general population rates fell from 17.2% to 14.2%
◦ This occurs because poorer households tend to have more children.
Child (monetary) poverty rates were higher in rural areas than in urban areas and
provinces in eastern Indonesia tend to have higher child poverty rates than those in
the western Indonesia.
Around 83.6% in 2003 and to 80.6 %in 2009 of children in Indonesia were deprived in
at least one deprivation dimension.
About 77 % of children suffered from deprivation in 1 -3 dimensions & the situation
did not change significantly between 2003 and 2009.
Recommendations:
Poverty reduction and social protection programs should be more pro-children.
More concern should be given to:
◦ areas which have the highest proportion of poor children (rural and eastern Indonesia) , and
children of low income households
◦ indicators which Indonesian children suffered from the most, namely; sanitation, shelter and
water.
18
2012 Update:
Preliminary Findings
Child Poverty (NPL)
20
14.2 13.3
12.5 12.0
17.4 16.5
15.1 14.5
13.4 12.5
11.4 11.0
20.7 20.0
18.6 17.8
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
19.0
21.0
23.0
2009 2010 2011 2012
Per
cen
t
Poverty Rates (NPL based), 2009-
2012
Overall Population Children - Total
Children - Urban Children - Rural
4.92 4.58 4.63 4.52
8.86 8.53 7.87 7.68
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2009 2010 2011 2012
Millio
n C
hild
ren
Number of Poor Children (NPL
based) in urban and rural area,
2009-2012
Urban Rural
The elasticity: reduction in general poverty
child poverty, decline slightly:
2003-2009: 1.49
2009-2012: 1.06
Provincial Share and Progress
21
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%
Ace
h
Nort
h S
um
atera
West
Sum
atera
Ria
u
Jam
bi
South
Sum
atera
Bengk
ulu
Lam
pung
Ban
gka
Belit
ung
Ria
u Isl
ands
Jakar
ta
West
Jav
a
Centr
al Jav
a
Yogy
akar
ta
Eas
t Ja
va
Ban
ten
Bal
i
West
Nusa
Tengg
ara
Eas
t N
usa
Tengg
ara
West
Kal
iman
tan
Centr
al K
alim
anta
n
South
Kal
iman
tan
Eas
t K
alim
anta
n
Nort
h S
ula
wesi
Centr
al S
ula
wesi
South
Sula
wesi
South
eas
t Sula
wesi
Goro
nta
lo
West
Sula
wesi
Mal
uku
Nort
h M
aluku
West
Pap
ua
Pap
ua
An
nu
al
Avera
ge C
han
ge
Sh
are
of
Ch
ild
Po
vert
y a
nd
Ch
ild
Po
pu
lati
on
Share of Children (2012) Share of Poor Children (2012) Annual Average Change 2009-12
National
annual
average
6%
Distribution of Children across HH
expenditure quintiles
22
28.2 23.8 26.8 27.1
22.0 21.3
22.2 22.5
19.4 20.1
19.8 19.5
17.4 18.6
17.3 17.3
13.0 16.2 13.9 13.6
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2009 2010 2011 2012
Distribution of Children by Household's per capita Expenditure
Quintile (per cent)
Q-5 (richest)
Q-4
Q-3
Q-2
Q-1 (poorest)
Progress in Education
23
Indicators 2003 2009 2010 2011 2012
Early Child Education (ECE) enrolment rate
among children3–6 years 23.78 21.06 23.24 26.62 26.51
School enrolment rate among children7–12
years 96.25 97.05 97.04 97.27 97.80
School enrolment rate among children13–15
years 79.04 86.49 88.47 88.49 89.00
School enrolment rate among children 16–17
years 56.59 67.21 70.21 68.56 68.24
School enrolment rate among children7–17
years 84.44 89.22 90.25 90.04 90.33
% of children 3–6 years who never attended
ECE 76.22 67.73 65.00 62.13 62.14
% of children 7–12 years who never enrolled
in school 2.15 1.90 1.79 1.78 1.41
% of children 13–15 years who never
enrolled in school 0.82 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.83
% of children 16–17 years who never
enrolled in school 0.59 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.82
% of children 7–17 years who never enrolled
in school 1.53 1.42 1.35 1.36 1.15
% of children 7–12 years who dropped out
or discontinued (DOD) school 1.60 1.05 1.17 0.95 0.80
% of children 13–15 years who DOD school 20.14 12.67 10.73 10.69 10.17
% of children 16–17 years who DOD school 42.82 32.09 29.06 30.66 30.94
% of children 7–17 years who DOD school 13.63 9.37 8.40 8.60 8.51
Distribution of Children Deprived
in Access to Education (2012)
24
Indicators
Urban-Rural Boys-Girls HH Expenditure Quintiles
rural
(%)
urban
(%) girls (%)
boys
(%)
1
(Poorest
)
2 3 4
5
(Richest
)
% of children 3–6 years who
never attended ECE 54.72 45.28 44.81 51.57 31.18 24.04 19.18 15.60 10.00
% of children 7–12 years who
never enrolled in school 77.24 22.76 49.64 75.06 51.04 25.69 11.57 7.91 3.80
% of children 13–15 years who
never enrolled in school 75.25 24.75 45.54 54.43 56.53 15.24 12.03 8.57 7.62
% of children 16–17 years who
never enrolled in school 84.56 15.44 42.61 50.01 53.84 27.69 11.21 4.91 2.35
% of children 7–17 years who
never enrolled in school 77.78 22.22 48.01 68.15 52.40 24.01 11.61 7.66 4.32
% of children 7–12 years who
dropped out or discontinued
(DOD) school
63.98 36.02 47.61 69.78 50.69 18.68 14.95 10.85 4.83
% of children 13–15 years who
DOD school 63.43 36.57 44.09 61.98 44.47 24.65 13.24 9.46 8.18
% of children 16–17 years who
DOD school 58.17 41.83 46.80 48.16 36.16 26.95 15.44 13.48 7.97
% of children 7–17 years who
DOD school 60.09 39.91 46.01 53.54 39.48 25.80 14.74 12.11 7.87
Children U-5 without birth
certificate
25
2007 2010 2012
1 (Poorest) 78.23 70.14 45.96
2 66.15 61.51 33.66
3 57.1 51.28 25.49
4 43.61 38.17 18.92
5 (Richest) 27.75 23.51 10.30
Urban 42.14 36.3 38.94
Rural 71.46 66.17 19.99
Indonesia 59.49 52.26 29.68
Child access to Water and
Sanitation
26
Children without access to improved
water sources
Children without access to proper
sanitation
2009 2012 2009 2012
1 (Poorest) 30.30 48.31 63.00 39.57
2 30.71 35.62 45.29 26.57
3 33.52 27.97 30.33 17.82
4 37.97 21.28 15.48 10.69
5 (Richest) 48.52 10.54 5.15 3.07
Indonesia 35.13 31.68 35.60 22.45
Preliminary findings from 2012
update
Reduction in child poverty becoming less sensitive to reduction in general poverty
Child poverty in urban area – emerging problem
Improvement in access to education, birth certificate, sanitation and water
Disparity across HH welfare level persist, particularly on education and access to water
27
28
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