Childrens Vulnerability to PesticidesPhoto: H Murphy Alahanpanjang, West Sumatra Indonesia, 1996

Why?Behavioral factorsBiological factorsBigger dosesLong term effects @ low level exposure

Sources Child/OP Encounters> mi

Parental take-home

Residential

use

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Drinking

water

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Dietary

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Farm proximity

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Proximity to Farmland Data from Washington StatePNASH Center ResearchLu C, Fenske RA, Simcox NJ, Kalman D. Pesticide exposure of children in an agricultural community: evidence of household proximity to farmland and take home exposure pathways. Environ Res. 2000 Nov;84(3):290-302.

Child Behavior QuestionCDC reports from a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population shows that children have twice the amount of pesticide by-products in their urine as adults. How would you describe to a parent the behaviors in young children that would explain this?

BehaviorsHand to mouth: Taste their environment Near the ground: Spend more time on the ground Outdoors: Spend more time outside

Agricultural Workplace/Playground

Geometric Means (mol/L) and 95% C.I. for OP Metabolite Concentrations by Sampling Month(Arrows indicate months of OP pesticides spraying)Koch D, Lu C, Fisker-Andersen J, Jolley L, Fenske RA. Temporal association of children's pesticide exposure and agricultural spraying: report of a longitudinal biological monitoring study. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Aug;110(8):829-33.

Chart1

0.0834495830.05920968780.0342682835

0.13360347480.06300398850.042654041

0.08584956840.02501684550.0190613282

0.10978711810.04198779750.0301345101

0.07705392820.01722182270.0138709635

0.0908505730.02680161280.0204137109

0.14711914540.06756501350.0459612

0.11298308060.030764320.0238785063

0.11114011090.03527975330.0265343375

0.07249162080.01547137260.0124295917

0.06716643360.01887348680.0143827129

0.06316174530.01359207490.0108739897

0.0534105310.00788093370.0066046957

0.05792171260.00936045890.0076758855

0.06296410370.01368375030.0108446326

0.07253163230.01930162730.0150141325

0.05917046270.01962478040.0145329486

0.035730008600

0.05428188910.0140463140.0109108328

0.08474768930.01950805670.0155964449

0.06694710440.01773662980.0136872469

Sampling month

Dimethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

CF by child

cumulative %Dimethyl DAPDiethyl DAP

0.020.050.029

0.050.050.030

0.070.050.031

0.090.050.031

0.110.050.031

0.140.050.032

0.160.060.032

0.180.060.032

0.200.060.032

0.230.060.032

0.250.060.033

0.270.070.033

0.300.070.033

0.320.070.034

0.340.070.034

0.360.070.034

0.390.080.035

0.410.080.035

0.430.080.035

0.450.080.035

0.480.080.035

0.500.080.036

0.520.080.036

0.550.080.036

0.570.080.036

0.590.090.037

0.610.090.037

0.640.090.037

0.660.090.037

0.680.090.038

0.700.090.039

0.730.090.039

0.750.090.040

0.770.100.040

0.800.100.040

0.820.100.040

0.840.110.040

0.860.110.041

0.890.120.042

0.910.120.042

0.930.130.042

0.950.140.043

0.980.150.044

1.000.170.048

CF by child

Dimethyl DAP

Diethyl DAP

Cumulative frequency

Dimethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

Diethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

CF by spray

Collection DateGM-DMOPGM-DEOP

Cumulative frequencyNon-spray monthSpray monthCumulative frequencyNon-spray monthSpray month

Nov-930.0670.03573000860.0560.0287189963

Dec-930.1330.0534105310.1110.0293725898

Jan-940.1670.05428188910.1670.0293872241

Feb-940.2000.05792171260.2220.0296342447

Mar-940.2670.05917046270.2780.0305049478

Apr-940.3330.06296410370.06694710440.3330.0314013760.0301800708

May-940.3890.0314419341

Jun-940.4000.06316174530.4440.0323845785

Jul-940.4670.06716643360.5000.0325132317

Aug-940.5000.08474768930.5560.0328385267

Sep-940.5330.07249162080.6110.0350230153

Oct-940.6000.07253163230.6670.03565358720.0531358022

Nov-940.6670.07705392820.7220.0368710984

Dec-940.6680.0908505730.7780.0390649867

Jan-950.7330.0834495830.8330.0391384346

Feb-950.8000.08584956840.8890.0410172404

Mar-950.8350.11298308060.9450.0417996489

Apr-950.8670.10978711811.0000.04437126610.0534173709

May-950.9330.1111401109

Jun-951.0000.13360347480.1471191454

Jul-95

CF by spray

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Non-spray month

Spray month

Cumulative frequency

Dimethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

GM-DEOP BY MONTH

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Non-spray month

Spray month

Cumulative frequency

Diethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

CF by gender

Collection Date97.50%2.50%GM-DEOPGSD-DEOPlog(97.5%)log(2.5%)

Nov-930.04883149270.03110999920.03906498671.4988395645-1.3113-1.5071

Dec-930.04448360750.03422945620.03913843461.4881118557-1.3518-1.4656

Jan-940.04892152650.03566153230.04179964891.6930006501-1.3105-1.4478

Feb-940.06762386670.04213082850.05341737092.1360082916-1.1699-1.3754

Mar-940.06297961480.04471981520.05313580221.9492797177-1.2008-1.3495

Apr-940.05011872340.03914713650.04437126611.6308697391-1.3-1.4073

May-940.04668743340.03587566830.04101724041.6030258442-1.3308-1.4452

Jun-940.03989330340.03173949410.03565358721.5435874606-1.3991-1.4984

Jul-940.03994845610.03390783020.03687109841.4118069734-1.3985-1.4697

Aug-940.03244143080.02849705630.03050494781.2926209414-1.4889-1.5452

Sep-940.03993006340.03052108720.03502301531.664210472-1.3987-1.5154

Oct-940.03611602960.02981261010.03283852671.4148357812-1.4423-1.5256

Nov-940.03046491710.02816436730.02937258981.1655373812-1.5162-1.5503

Dec-940.03386101720.02894676260.0314013761.3779566153-1.4703-1.5384

Jan-950.03510750770.02994332330.03251323171.3851593402-1.4546-1.5237

Feb-950.03465772090.03010232220.03238457851.2265470777-1.4602-1.5214

Mar-950.0322923760.02806079690.03018007081.139854666-1.4909-1.5519

Apr-950.03023430570.02700847110.02871899631.0506059871-1.5195-1.5685

May-950.0310170150.02770129040.02938722411.1055370125-1.5084-1.5575

Jun-950.03375981050.02909376990.03144193411.2688859306-1.4716-1.5362

Jul-950.03071849960.02843806220.02963424471.1354130782-1.5126-1.5461

CF by gender

Sampling month

Diethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

GM-DMOP BY MONTH

gendergeometric mean DMcumulative %cumulative %female childrenmale children

10.05372904280.06250.03571428570.0473799658

10.05429644820.1250.06250.0537290428

10.05940557340.18750.07142857140.0498270873

10.06324152630.250.10714285710.0529200036

10.07736197660.31250.1250.0542964482

10.07822888620.3750.14285714290.0549755768

10.0799448270.43750.17857142860.0576140098

10.0811820350.50.18750.0594055734

10.08518974220.56250.21428571430.0576375129

10.085797190.6250.250.06384907310.0632415263

10.09229717170.68750.28571428570.0662948231

10.1027530990.750.31250.0773619766

10.10423541260.81250.32142857140.0665318118

10.10535754750.8750.35714285710.0668367972

10.1427058470.93750.3750.0782288862

10.171708596510.39285714290.0680608211

20.04737996580.03571428570.42857142860.0709697514

20.04982708730.07142857140.43750.079944827

20.05292000360.10714285710.46428571430.0791655378

20.05497557680.14285714290.50.07954783770.081182035

20.05761400980.17857142860.53571428570.082822592

20.05763751290.21428571430.56250.0851897422

20.06384907310.250.57142857140.0831606042

20.06629482310.28571428570.60714285710.0842169299

20.06653181180.32142857140.6250.08579719

20.06683679720.35714285710.64285714290.0881710428

20.06806082110.39285714290.67857142860.0899366459

20.07096975140.42857142860.68750.0922971717

20.07916553780.46428571430.71428571430.0908322448

20.07954783770.50.750.09145384390.102753099

20.0828225920.53571428570.78571428570.0943019056

20.08316060420.57142857140.81250.1042354126

20.08421692990.60714285710.82142857140.0978666321

20.08817104280.64285714290.85714285710.1084836058

20.08993664590.67857142860.8750.1053575475

20.09083224480.71428571430.89285714290.1167626802

20.09145384390.750.92857142860.1193680333

20.09430190560.78571428570.93750.142705847

20.09786663210.82142857140.96428571430.1341145829

20.10848360580.857142857110.1487262640.1717085965

20.11676268020.8928571429

20.11936803330.9285714286

20.13411458290.9642857143

20.1487262641

gendergeometric mean DEcumulative %cumulative %female childrenmale children

10.02895613930.06250.03571428570.0302251936

10.03094350580.1250.06250.0289561393

10.03221347810.18750.07142857140.0306045885

10.03305872480.250.10714285710.0307744101

10.03311041960.31250.1250.0309435058

10.03509313450.3750.14285714290.0316391351

10.03607295980.43750.17857142860.0317509619

10.0370092020.50.18750.0322134781

10.03715189060.56250.21428571430.0321175069

10.0374749750.6250.250.0322457060.0330587248

10.03963010080.68750.28571428570.0332842162

10.04040056390.750.31250.0331104196

10.04070875710.81250.32142857140.0335023281

10.0421713680.8750.35714285710.0338319182

10.0439731250.93750.3750.0350931345

10.048326741110.39285714290.0341648547

20.03022519360.03571428570.42857142860.0347380037

20.03060458850.07142857140.43750.0360729598

20.03077441010.10714285710.46428571430.0347398703

20.03163913510.14285714290.50.03520055550.037009202

20.03175096190.17857142860.53571428570.0354282063

20.03211750690.21428571430.56250.0371518906

20.0322457060.250.57142857140.0358017499

20.03328421620.28571428570.60714285710.036353033

20.03350232810.32142857140.6250.037474975

20.03383191820.35714285710.64285714290.036460354

20.03416485470.39285714290.67857142860.0367065627

20.03473800370.42857142860.68750.0396301008

20.03473987030.46428571430.71428571430.0384962827

20.03520055550.50.750.03872376430.0404005639

20.03542820630.53571428570.78571428570.0390949432

20.03580174990.57142857140.81250.0407087571

20.0363530330.60714285710.82142857140.0400119447

20.0364603540.64285714290.85714285710.0401044486

20.03670656270.67857142860.8750.042171368

20.03849628270.71428571430.89285714290.0401628911

20.03872376430.750.92857142860.0415576202

20.03909494320.78571428570.93750.043973125

20.04001194470.82142857140.96428571430.0417380471

20.04010444860.857142857110.04262509110.0483267411

20.04016289110.8928571429

20.04155762020.9285714286

20.04173804710.9642857143

20.04262509111

GM-DMOP BY MONTH

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00

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00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

female children

male children

Cumulative frequency

Dimethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

female children

male children

Cumulative frequency

Diethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

Collection DateGM-DMOPGSD-GMOP0.9750.025log(97.5%)log(2.5%)Y-error +Y-error -

Nov-930.0834495832.62598521550.14265927090.0491812995-0.8457-1.30820.05920968780.0342682835

Dec-930.13360347483.2339583670.19660746340.0909494339-0.7064-1.04120.06300398850.042654041

Jan-940.08584956842.32858561340.11086641390.0667882401-0.9552-1.17530.02501684550.0190613282

Feb-940.10978711812.81664186260.15177491560.079652608-0.8188-1.09880.04198779750.0301345101

Mar-940.07705392822.18853825960.09427575090.0631829647-1.0256-1.19940.01722182270.0138709635

Apr-940.0908505732.77479573050.11765218580.0704368621-0.9294-1.15220.02680161280.0204137109

May-940.14711914543.86915386120.21468415890.1011579454-0.6682-0.9950.06756501350.0459612

Jun-940.11298308062.48640238110.14374740060.0891045744-0.8424-1.05010.030764320.0238785063

Jul-940.11114011093.19065054510.14641986430.0846057734-0.8344-1.07260.03527975330.0265343375

Aug-940.07249162082.13895658460.08796299340.0600620291-1.0557-1.22140.01547137260.0124295917

Sep-940.06716643362.537601770.08603992040.0527837207-1.0653-1.27750.01887348680.0143827129

Oct-940.06316174532.01080521620.07675382010.0522877555-1.1149-1.28160.01359207490.0108739897

Nov-940.0534105311.69708716530.06129146470.0468058353-1.2126-1.32970.00788093370.0066046957

Dec-940.05792171261.82422577990.06728217160.0502458271-1.1721-1.29890.00936045890.0076758855

Jan-950.06296410372.2107729520.0766478540.0521194711-1.1155-1.2830.01368375030.0108446326

Feb-950.07253163231.98023516240.09183325960.0575174998-1.037-1.24020.01930162730.0150141325

Mar-950.05917046271.70828731730.07879524310.0446375141-1.1035-1.35030.01962478040.0145329486

Apr-950.035730008610.03573000860.035730008600

May-950.05428188911.51190105910.06832820310.0433710564-1.1654-1.36280.0140463140.0109108328

Jun-950.08474768931.93647046210.10425574590.0691512444-0.9819-1.16020.01950805670.0155964449

Jul-950.06694710442.16799697820.08468373410.0532598575-1.0722-1.27360.01773662980.0136872469

0.05920968780.0342682835

0.06300398850.042654041

0.02501684550.0190613282

0.04198779750.0301345101

0.01722182270.0138709635

0.02680161280.0204137109

0.06756501350.0459612

0.030764320.0238785063

0.03527975330.0265343375

0.01547137260.0124295917

0.01887348680.0143827129

0.01359207490.0108739897

0.00788093370.0066046957

0.00936045890.0076758855

0.01368375030.0108446326

0.01930162730.0150141325

0.01962478040.0145329486

00

0.0140463140.0109108328

0.01950805670.0155964449

0.01773662980.0136872469

Sampling month

Dimethyl DAP concentration (mol/L)

Behavior: soil ingestionG. Selevan. EHP 2000;108 Suppl 3:451-455

2.5 year oldAdultSoil ingestion (mg/day)Indoor5020Outdoor600.4

Child Biology QuestionMarias husband is an applicator but his blood test (cholinesterase monitoring program) is normal. She likes to take her baby with her when she picks him up from work but was advised against this. She cannot understand why being around pesticides would be a problem for her baby when her husband who had direct contact is fine.

How would you explain to a parent the biological factors would make a child more vulnerable than an adult?

Biology- Higher Dose By:Higher Metabolic RatesInhales more per day (1.7x) than adult Dietary consumption/body weightDrinks 2 x more water per their weight than an adult Eats 12x more apples per their weight than an adultSkinMore permeable: highest at birth2.7 x more skin surface/weight than adultsDeveloping organs

Biology: inhalation dose 1.7x

Age (years)

Weight (kg)Inhalation Rate (m3/day)dose(m3 per kg per day)

Biology: dermal & dietary dose

G. Selevan. EHP 2000;108 Suppl 3:451-45512x2.7 x2x

NewbornYoung ChildOlder ChildAdultSurface area: body mass ratio (m2/kg)0.0670.0470.0330.025< 1 year1-10 years11-19 years20-64 yearsDrinking water (tap) mean intake (ml/kg/day)43.535.518.219.9< 1 year3-5 years12-19 years40-69 yearsFruit consumption (g/kg/day)Citrus1.92.61.10.9Apples5.03.80.40.4

Biology: skin permeabilitySkin permeability Highest at birth

Adult permeability by ~ 1 yr.

Vulnerability to Health Effects: Organs Still DevelopingA little kid goes from a single cell to a laughing, sociable, intelligent, friendly human being over the course of two years. Thats dramatic growth and development!Kenneth Olden, PhD, former Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Neurological Reproductive Pulmonary Renal Skeletal Immune Metabolism GI tract

Metabolic Vulnerability: e.g. Paraoxonase Paraoxonase (PON1) is an enzyme that acts as a detoxifying system for organophosphate pesticide metabolites

Activity of the enzyme is reduced in pregnancy, infancy, childhood

Some evidence that PON1 activity can modify risk of adverse health outcomes in childrenbirth outcomes (head circumference) pediatric brain tumorsNielsen SS. Risk of Brain Tumors in Children and Susceptibility to Organophosphorus Insecticides: The Potential Role of Paraoxonase (PON1) . EHP 2005;113:909-913Berkowitz GS. In Utero Pesticide Exposure, Maternal Paraoxonase Activity, and Head Circumference. EHP2004;112:388-391.

Parent Activities QuestionRamon and Rosas 3 year old has small amounts of OPs in his urine (he was recruited for a PNASH study). They are asking you how this could occur. The family live 5 miles from the closest orchard. Why is this? What things are the parents doing that would account for this? What questions will you ask and what things will you look for in the household

DependencyChildren rely on adults to provide safe environments indoor and out

Sources Child/OP Encounters> mi

Parental take-home

Residential

use

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Drinking

water

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Dietary

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Farm proximity

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

EMBED MS_ClipArt_Gallery.2

Parental Take-Home

Washington State data from PNASH: metabolites of OPs in childrens urineApplicator Community Low/Hi Spray SeasonFarmworkerSeattleFenske RA, Lu C, Curl CL, Shirai JH, Kissel JC. Biologic monitoring to characterize organophosphorus pesticide exposure among children and workers: an analysis of recent studies in Washington State. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Nov;113(11):1651-7.

Chart4

00000.3649635036

0.51690821260.56872037910.71913161470.62127659570.4598540146

0.71980676330.77725118480.86024423340.80.5912408759

0.79710144930.85308056870.91451831750.85531914890.7153284672

0.85024154590.90995260660.94029850750.90638297870.7737226277

0.8840579710.94312796210.9606512890.9148936170.8248175182

0.89855072460.95734597160.96879240160.92765957450.8759124088

0.94685990340.97630331750.974219810.93191489360.8832116788

0.96618357490.97630331750.98100407060.95319148940.9051094891

0.98550724640.9810426540.98507462690.95744680850.9124087591

0.99033816430.98578199050.98778833110.96595744680.9197080292

0.99033816430.98578199050.98778833110.97872340430.9343065693

0.99516908210.98578199050.98778833110.97872340430.9489051095

10.99526066350.99321573950.98297872340.9489051095

10.99526066350.99457259160.98297872340.9635036496

10.99526066350.99457259160.98297872340.9635036496

11111

Seattle kids

Farmworker kids

Community kids-low

Community kids-high

Applicator kids

Dimethyl metabolites (mmol/L)

Cumulative frequency

by child

Comparison of Yakima, Seattle metro, and Wenatchee data, 11/14/01

***1998 Wenatchee study***

***1998 Seattle metro study******1999 Yakima Valley CIP study***High seasonLow season1995 data

IDAge (yrs)Weight (lbs)IDAge (yrs)DimethylDiethylIDAge (yrs)Weight (lbs)DimethylDiethylDimethylDiethylDimethylDiethylDimethyl

10154200.0350.0281012220.0230.0170153810.1320.0440.2160.0640.1200.0381.09

1022.53510.0690.0291008320.0390.0220254010.1120.0450.0540.0520.1300.0431.20

10353510.0420.0281006420.0040.0240344610.0860.0420.0570.0610.0910.0390.90

104C22610.5100.0931009NA10.1140.0320634010.2900.0580.8010.0980.1970.0501.72

1055.54000.0580.0271011210.0060.0230734020.1180.0370.1050.0550.1250.0351.11

1063.93100.0390.0261000410.0610.0270843910.1290.0480.1250.0480.1300.0481.23

10733610.0350.0761003510.0260.0260933520.1300.0400.0880.0380.1360.0401.22

10844010.0870.0321004220.0330.0301444820.1620.0500.1410.0940.1690.0391.45

10944800.0480.0311001210.0280.0271533820.1780.0440.2590.0820.1630.0351.38

11054010.4750.0461007520.0270.0301635120.0630.0310.0900.0280.0480.0310.54

11156510.3040.0381002510.0300.1451765620.0760.0320.1290.0620.0500.0290.54

112A4.53510.3450.0331005210.0260.0271944620.0520.0380.0840.0600.0460.0340.54

1133.53600.4520.0441023420.1830.0752044120.0720.0470.0770.1110.0710.0300.70

11444510.4500.1951025310.2460.0322243620.1570.0500.2810.1060.1350.0391.20

11533610.0480.0311019520.0570.0292343510.2040.0350.4920.0360.1210.0341.08

11623810.0350.0291026NA10.0980.0342554910.2460.0670.3190.2050.2070.0461.76

11754700.0720.0571027310.1290.0312733920.0860.0370.1030.0260.0810.0390.82

118A2.53000.3680.0551028510.2010.0642844020.1390.0460.1270.0640.1420.0441.29

1192.53000.1220.0621017420.0670.0313234621.1910.0512.6800.1090.6130.0434.62

1204.53710.3200.0401036510.0280.0923354720.0950.0410.0540.0570.1050.0370.98

1212.52800.2430.0331014210.0100.0313623620.3900.0390.0810.0340.4830.0403.68

1223.8NA00.0850.0261015520.0630.0354133620.3700.0450.1460.0690.4450.0383.40

1234NA10.1990.0351016410.0750.0334345020.0760.0450.1010.0630.0710.0400.76

12444210.0640.0461032510.0410.0494443910.2300.0530.5070.1180.1560.0411.37

12523210.1850.0261022420.0110.0344553820.1700.0410.2370.0560.1400.0391.25

1262.54510.0300.0121034210.1430.0644922720.0730.0350.0790.0490.0720.0320.71

127A4NA00.2370.0301035410.1890.0785154620.3200.0501.0250.0510.1520.0501.39

128A5NA10.0760.0471030510.0430.0405345520.0760.0380.0720.0490.0780.0360.78

12932710.0350.0251020420.0660.0345633920.1030.0350.0640.0300.1240.0361.11

1303.53000.0920.0391024520.0830.0845857010.0680.0330.0780.0280.0650.0340.68

1314NA10.2340.0351018410.0330.0345933410.1220.0390.1800.0930.0910.0360.87

1323.53800.0530.0361031310.3260.0736054720.2940.0480.2640.0790.3250.0452.59

13354500.0480.0481029220.1150.0706133420.1360.0510.4430.0610.0880.0490.94

134A64610.5930.0351021310.6760.1336255510.0590.0340.0790.0390.0540.0340.60

13542810.1520.0341037520.0710.0616455020.0620.0340.053NA0.0670.0340.69

13644510.2620.0321033510.5930.0726533620.0960.0330.0740.0280.1070.0330.97

13744110.1000.03110385215.4420.0686656420.1440.0310.1530.0280.1410.0311.20

1383.53700.0770.0331039510.4630.0476744710.1370.0360.222NA0.1070.0360.99

13933400.1700.0261040320.1200.0696843410.1370.0450.308NA0.0710.0450.79

140C32300.3720.0471041520.1750.0726955010.1150.0460.164NA0.1020.0461.02

14143200.4960.0441042320.0630.0357033620.1440.0330.242NA0.0860.0330.82

1425NA00.0350.0251043410.3470.0487156010.0770.0290.0820.0280.0760.0290.72

1434NA10.0350.0251044410.0750.0367234410.1920.0380.2610.0280.1690.0381.44

14444710.0430.0351045510.0520.0397544020.1780.0360.145NA0.1940.0361.60

14533510.1030.0681046610.0900.0360.00

14633510.0510.0311047410.0150.0370.00

14743810.1870.0341048210.0490.0430.00

14833310.1840.0371049210.1030.0940.00

14933500.0350.0411050420.1020.0650.00

1504NA00.1170.0391051410.1500.0840.00

30133800.2330.0261052520.2050.0710.00

30233310.0540.0301053310.0400.0660.00

3032.93010.9340.0531054NA10.0870.0400.00

30433610.0710.0261055520.1200.0380.00

3053.54210.3420.3101056510.1300.0380.00

30633200.0570.0261057420.0270.0390.00

30754700.2500.0351058NA20.0950.0410.00

30844010.0350.0491059420.0260.0450.00

30954210.1150.0341060410.0320.0390.00

3103.32700.1410.0441061210.0900.0420.00

31133510.0800.0331062310.0310.0420.00

31233000.7170.2391063420.0240.0390.00

31344810.1950.0371064510.1410.0400.00

31454500.0680.0311065010.2480.0420.00

31544410.4230.0601066620.0990.0400.00

31623500.5750.0301067520.0310.0400.00

3172.53200.2090.0611068510.2580.0640.00

3185.54310.0800.0321071210.0310.0400.00

31943510.6470.0361072310.0320.0410.00

320B54810.1110.0331073320.0550.0650.00

32155310.2090.0391075310.0200.0440.00

32255000.3140.0461076510.0350.0990.00

32333100.2590.0371077420.0210.0440.00

3243.252600.0690.0261078310.0400.0820.00

32554510.4010.1281079320.1040.0690.00

326A22710.0490.0361080320.1390.0690.00

3272.53500.4330.0421081NA10.0230.0670.00

328A54000.2210.0861082NA10.0240.0420.00

32944210.0750.0561083410.0890.0440.00

33043100.1430.0341084420.1740.0450.00

33154600.1040.0521085510.0410.0450.00

332A22810.1020.0351086420.0320.0710.00

333B3.54000.0500.0311087410.0760.0750.00

33444000.0550.0411088410.0990.0680.00

33532810.0880.0341089210.0270.0770.00

33653500.0500.0471090NA10.0660.0760.00

33743500.1070.0351091210.0310.0930.00

33845200.0510.0261092510.0270.0720.00

33932900.4480.0711093510.1150.0500.00

34043810.0400.0351094320.0330.1070.00

341B44010.1600.1251095410.0280.0420.00

3422.43500.1630.0381096320.0350.0530.00

34323600.0560.0341097220.0800.0770.00

34433000.0940.0251098320.0460.0840.00

34532500.0620.0371099320.2590.0970.00

3464NA00.1370.0321100NA10.0460.0460.00

1101210.1160.0480.00

1102510.2090.0750.00

1103420.0300.0750.00

1104510.0300.0430.00

1105510.0310.0430.00

1106220.0770.0430.00

Dimethyl = DMP/125 + DMTP/141 + DMDTP/1571107320.3950.0860.00

Diethyl = DEP/153 + DETP/1691108510.0320.0460.00

1109220.0590.0470.00

1110210.0330.0510.00

1111320.0630.0440.00

1112220.0340.0440.00

1113NA10.0300.0440.00

1114410.4350.075

1115220.1590.048

1116310.0670.048

1117410.3150.079

1118410.0500.082

1119410.0770.048

1120510.6880.095

1121210.9430.079

1122310.1010.089

1123320.0520.056

1124510.0330.046

1125310.0370.075

1126410.0470.047

1127210.0380.047

1128520.0620.051

1129510.0420.052

1130320.0760.088

1131NA20.0400.052

1132510.0480.079

1133520.0580.054

1134410.0370.052

1135NA10.0460.068

1136320.2250.049

1137410.1030.091

1138520.0460.080

1139420.0860.079

1140510.0420.089

1141310.0610.049

1142320.3710.084

1143510.1000.054

1144410.0530.054

1145210.2620.082

1146210.2320.090

1147310.1050.055

1148310.3350.097

1152320.1940.084

1153NA10.0450.113

1154410.1120.055

1155520.0630.086

1156510.0510.084

1157520.0590.055

1158520.2450.051

1159210.1300.089

1160510.0870.055

1161320.1550.084

1162520.1620.056

1163511.2200.051

1164410.1500.087

1165510.0440.052

1166410.1120.064

1167520.1230.052

1168NA10.2230.092

1169520.1190.060

1170520.0450.057

1171220.1790.092

1172420.0570.052

1173320.1100.052

1174420.0670.094

1175320.0820.090

1176510.6860.053

1177220.3810.092

1178510.6450.098

1179420.3790.100

1180410.3300.065

1181310.1280.059

1182220.0800.055

1183410.1480.065

1184NA20.0700.064

1185510.0740.062

1186510.0520.110

1187410.1450.056

1188NA20.5210.226

1189210.4180.107

1190410.1260.056

1191220.0700.062

1192520.0790.064

1193410.0540.111

1194510.4200.121

1195510.3060.112

1196520.5220.117

1197220.0480.057

1198310.4460.057

1199310.3610.062

1200220.1020.058

1201320.0700.058

1202110.1350.058

1203320.0880.062

1204320.1930.058

1205320.4410.059

1206410.2530.113

1207320.4840.131

1208510.1670.059

1209220.0790.059

1210310.8890.120

1211NA20.2300.059

1212411.2510.070

1213520.0550.059

1214310.2420.060

1215520.2740.142

1216520.3570.145

1217520.1850.110

1218410.1680.061

9696211211444444384444109

0.0550.0310.0430.0440.0830.0350.0800.0360.0770.0340.000

0.1060.0350.0800.0580.1310.0400.1350.0570.1210.0380.000

0.2450.0460.1770.0790.1780.0470.2590.0770.1530.0420.941

0.4490.0650.3790.0970.2930.0510.4770.1070.2040.0461.373

0.5260.1010.5220.1120.3630.0530.7570.1120.4270.0491.673

0.9340.31015.4420.2261.1910.0672.6800.2050.6130.0504.616

Sheet1

BinFrequencyCumulative %

00.00%

17918.54%

29440.61%

35753.99%

44163.62%

53170.89%

62175.82%

72481.46%

81785.45%

More62100.00%

Sheet2

BinFrequencyCumulative %

00.00%

118787.38%

21493.93%

3294.86%

4094.86%

5295.79%

6095.79%

7095.79%

8095.79%

More9100.00%

by sample

Yakima kidsYakima adultsWenatchee highWenatchee lowSeattleApple thinnerApplicator child

DimethylDiethylDimethylDiethylDimethylDiethylDimethylDiethylDimethylDiethylDimethylDimethyl

0.0230.0170.0400.0220.3200.0350.2400.0610.0350.0282.310.11000

0.0390.0220.0570.0700.0550.0200.0360.0280.1030.0251.990.000.213

0.0040.0240.1160.0300.2730.2000.0520.0690.0450.0286.310.170.426

0.1140.0320.0820.0260.0490.0360.1270.0280.2980.1066.950.000.639

0.0060.0230.6960.1070.0360.0280.0390.0330.1930.0593.220.320.8412

0.0610.0270.1200.0270.0360.0390.1230.0670.1910.0635.390.001515

0.0260.0260.0030.0240.0760.0970.0400.0450.0520.0173.090.001.2618

0.0330.0300.0280.0250.0920.0360.3220.0280.0430.0252.320.001.4721

0.0280.0270.2830.0280.0360.0350.6720.0280.0350.0252.140.221.6824

0.0270.0300.0510.0320.0360.0820.0510.0280.0970.0293.360.241.827

0.0300.1450.6870.0290.0810.0550.0860.0280.0350.0252.910.20230

0.0260.0270.7020.0380.0520.0460.1930.0370.2770.0321.570.002.233

0.1830.0750.0230.0320.0590.0610.1090.0410.4720.0440.620.272.436

0.2460.0320.5340.0350.3330.1750.0360.0360.1330.0381.760.992.639

0.0570.0290.1290.0281.0510.0490.0760.0280.0890.0712.1942

0.0980.0340.9470.0611.6590.1050.2120.0280.8490.0602.850.0045

0.1290.0310.0530.0740.1610.0280.0470.0280.6760.0345.470.06

0.2010.0640.0910.0650.0590.1000.0360.0660.0610.0347.820.40

0.0670.0310.0900.0770.2510.0380.0360.0870.0350.0295.810.00000.3

0.0280.0921.2920.0750.0790.0280.0360.0350.0720.0575.890.110.10.50.6

0.0100.0310.0040.0850.0940.0600.0360.0740.0350.0473.760.000.210.9

0.0630.0350.0810.0370.1910.0720.0390.0280.1400.0252.740.100.31.51.2

0.0750.0330.1840.0370.0360.0320.2390.1240.1240.0874.640.421.5

0.0410.0490.0310.0320.0360.0470.1160.0280.0350.0301.280.000.52.51.8

0.0110.0340.0570.0290.0920.0380.1400.0280.1740.0252.170.730.632.1

0.1430.0640.0040.0340.0530.0280.1820.0280.0350.0252.340.000.73.52.4

0.1890.0782.2160.0720.1010.0280.0360.0590.2500.0364.920.000.842.7

0.0430.0400.1140.0390.0540.0590.1390.0410.0640.0463.470.060.94.53

0.0660.0340.0560.0700.2930.0240.1820.0280.0350.0251.970.11153.3

0.0830.0840.0710.0400.0890.3320.0360.0460.0590.0252.331.391.15.53.6

0.0330.0341.2570.3020.0750.0280.0420.0320.4380.0324.400.371.263.9

0.3260.0730.1320.0350.1000.2460.0940.0280.1220.0251.940.001.36.54.2

0.1150.0700.0510.0320.3390.0280.7220.0280.1170.0593.370.001.474.5

0.6760.1330.1160.0820.0610.0500.0850.0330.0350.0251.960.001.57.5

0.0710.0610.1220.1000.1590.0510.0470.0280.0670.0460.690.068

0.5930.0720.0280.0360.0360.0340.0470.0280.0650.0340.850.06

15.4420.0680.6670.0680.0690.0280.1100.0280.0350.0270.600.00

0.4630.04783.6040.0320.1810.0280.0360.0280.0600.0650.810.00

0.1200.0690.4920.0370.1380.0280.0730.0570.0850.0380.750.00

0.1750.0720.4890.0880.0570.0860.0360.0280.0350.0342.510.00

0.0630.0350.0050.0650.7990.0380.1070.0520.1650.0341.610.00

0.3470.0480.0340.0340.0420.0460.2950.0280.0520.0373.480.28

0.0750.0360.0500.0750.0570.0350.0360.0320.0350.0286.741.80

0.0520.0390.5230.0440.0640.1200.0610.0380.0870.0281.760.00

0.0900.0360.0830.0580.0360.0390.0360.0660.0350.0253.880.00

0.0150.0370.0240.0390.3820.1220.0360.0380.8830.0332.40

0.0490.0432.0670.1010.0590.3280.0360.0290.1470.0430.170.25

0.1030.0941.7480.0510.0360.0380.4190.0280.0910.0390.960.40

0.1020.0650.2450.0360.0510.0380.0700.0280.0490.0481.740.24

0.1500.0840.0910.0360.0360.0280.0500.0280.0350.0251.000.17

0.2050.0710.0590.0500.0890.1780.0360.0280.0350.0250.290.00

0.0400.0660.0060.0600.0360.1780.0360.0320.0500.0372.270.00

0.0870.0400.1160.0370.0620.0410.0810.0280.0350.0256.710.32

0.1200.0380.2800.0540.5920.0280.0360.0280.0670.03413.040.44

0.1300.0381.5070.0540.0540.0510.2000.0280.3190.0373.260.00

0.0270.0391.2790.0380.1210.0280.1000.0280.3330.0415.220.42

0.0950.0410.1720.0790.0360.0280.0480.0280.0350.0412.360.00

0.0260.0450.1020.1030.0600.0200.0360.0280.0600.0447.200.11

0.0320.0390.1110.0890.0710.5580.0820.1560.4300.0253.300.23

0.0900.0420.4570.0380.0360.0370.0790.0330.0720.0255.120.00

0.0310.0420.0540.0800.1750.0280.0360.0281.2940.0732.210.27

0.0240.0390.0600.1260.0900.0200.1670.0590.0730.0254.260.00

0.1410.0400.0180.0380.0360.0300.0360.0280.0350.0254.900.00

0.2480.0420.0200.0380.0360.0280.2930.0610.0750.0254.670.11

0.0990.0400.0180.0420.0550.0280.2650.0280.4650.0381.550.00

0.0310.0401.1030.0810.1620.1360.4390.0340.0350.0533.090.00

0.2580.0640.0950.0440.0550.1250.1170.0580.1540.0404.750.00

0.0310.04013.9360.0520.0740.1650.3130.0400.1410.0436.72

0.0320.0410.0140.0700.0360.0380.1810.0480.1240.0252.760.24

0.0550.0650.0070.0460.8020.1170.3230.0670.6750.1964.171.56

0.0200.0440.0950.0720.2140.0800.0770.0340.3320.0363.660.75

0.0350.0990.0120.0390.0880.0280.1730.0440.0350.0253.380.48

0.0210.0440.1180.0790.1840.0280.0570.0410.7940.0430.730.37

0.0400.0820.0230.0390.6960.0340.2920.0280.5750.0305.470.00

0.1040.0690.0350.0941.0000.0350.0360.0280.3700.09415.470.11

0.1390.0690.0210.0810.1090.0340.3060.0280.0350.0250.170.20

0.0230.0670.1650.0810.0360.0340.0360.0280.6790.0440.170.46

0.0240.0420.0350.0430.0670.0610.3010.1440.1140.0404.080.06

0.0890.0440.0270.0932.0950.0820.0450.0320.1310.0301.090.10

0.1740.0450.0290.0500.0630.1070.4250.0280.1860.03522.440.29

0.0410.0450.0070.0850.0360.0280.4030.0780.3060.0495.550.33

0.0320.0710.0860.0430.0500.0790.1310.0280.2770.0337.460.06

0.0760.0750.0310.0400.0990.1170.0560.1430.0350.0259.350.00

0.0990.0680.1140.0440.0590.0360.0360.0490.7670.2173.370.25

0.0270.0770.0390.0400.0360.0510.0360.0280.0580.0372.220.30

0.0660.0760.0840.0470.0590.0330.0360.0280.1120.0253.260.50

0.0310.0930.5270.0690.3230.1570.0520.0280.2550.0424.740.00

0.0270.0720.0170.0510.0360.1100.0360.0510.3680.1441.090.10

0.1150.0500.4750.0470.1030.0850.0420.0350.4050.0540.380.11

0.0330.1070.0170.0560.2670.0770.4850.0280.0350.0370.170.51

0.0280.0420.0140.0440.1630.0350.0960.0280.2360.0419.070.00

0.0350.0531.1340.0450.1420.0280.1570.0300.0620.0360.420.60

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0.0650.028

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0.3370.028

0.2280.028

0.0420.028

0.0760.048

0.1310.028

0.1360.100

0.0360.028

0.0360.033

0.0360.028

0.0620.028

0.0360.028

0.0480.028

0.0880.028

0.2120.028

0.0840.028

0.0540.028

0.1010.028

0.0700.028

0.0440.028

0.0700.049

0.0360.028

0.0360.028

0.0880.049

0.0770.028

0.1220.028

0.0620.043

0.0790.028

0.0710.079

0.0620.028

0.0420.028

0.0360.028

0.6770.071

0.0710.028

0.0590.028

0.0720.028

0.0550.028

0.1010.028

0.0360.028

0.0560.028

0.0360.032

0.0570.028

0.1000.028

0.0580.028

0.0360.028

0.0460.028

0.0560.028

0.0360.044

0.0570.042

0.0950.028

0.1140.028

0.1570.031

0.2250.028

0.1030.028

0.0500.028

0.4430.028

0.0790.028

0.0520.028

0.0360.084

0.0360.028

0.0640.028

0.0610.028

0.0360.028

0.1030.033

0.0510.037

0.0360.028

0.0460.050

0.0360.033

0.0360.046

0.0640.028

0.0550.028

0.0530.038

0.1720.028

0.0450.028

0.0360.028

0.0360.028

0.0360.028

0.0670.028

0.1070.028

1.2570.028

0.1130.028

0.0570.028

0.0640.028

0.0360.028

0.1250.035

0.1510.028

0.0450.063

0.1040.028

0.0360.043

0.0360.028

0.0780.031

0.0800.028

1.2450.028

0.0360.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.115

0.033

0.028

0.213

0.028

0.028

0.035

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.039

0.028

0.050

0.046

0.028

0.045

0.056

0.034

0.034

0.028

0.127

0.100

0.047

0.031

0.028

0.100

0.033

0.028

0.039

0.036

0.048

0.028

0.036

0.028

0.028

0.056

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.082

0.038

0.033

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.033

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.035

0.028

0.028

0.037

0.033

0.028

0.028

0.038

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.039

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.054

0.037

0.048

0.028

0.028

0.062

0.028

0.038

0.028

0.061

0.036

0.028

0.042

0.028

0.028

0.104

0.051

0.037

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.041

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

211211214214235119737850207207426137

0.040.040.030.050.050.030.040.030.050.031.310.00

0.080.060.090.060.070.040.060.030.090.032.530.11

0.180.080.440.080.170.080.110.040.230.045.870.36

0.380.101.240.100.380.120.270.060.590.079.420.77

0.520.112.920.120.790.180.430.080.700.1213.831.23

15.440.2397.950.3017.060.569.560.331.290.6034.863.62

selected dates

All data for the times when both wenatchee and seattle data were collected

Just high spray dates

WenatcheeSeattleWenatcheeSeattle

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0360.0352

0.0360.0350.0430.0352

0.0360.0350.0480.0352

0.0360.0350.0500.0352

0.0360.0350.0510.0352

0.0360.0350.0520.0352

0.0360.0350.0540.0352

0.0360.0350.0540.0432

0.0360.0350.0550.0452

0.0360.0350.0550.0472

0.0360.0350.0570.0482

0.0360.0350.0580.0482

0.0360.0350.0590.0492

0.0360.0350.0590.0492

0.0360.0350.0610.0502

0.0360.0350.0610.0502

0.0360.0350.0620.0502

0.0360.0350.0620.0522

0.0360.0350.0630.0522

0.0360.0350.0640.0582

0.0360.0350.0670.0592

0.0360.0350.0720.0602

0.0360.0350.0740.0602

0.0360.0350.0790.0612

0.0360.0350.0810.0622

0.0360.0350.0820.0622

0.0360.0350.0830.0642

0.0360.0390.0880.0652

0.0360.0400.0890.0652

0.0360.0400.0960.0652

0.0360.0430.1010.0662

0.0360.0430.1030.0672

0.0360.0450.1090.0672

0.0360.0450.1200.0722

0.0360.0470.1380.0722

0.0360.0470.1750.0732

0.0360.0480.1820.0752

0.0360.0480.2510.0852

0.0360.0490.2670.0872

0.0360.0490.3200.0892

0.0360.0490.3330.0912

0.0360.0500.3390.0942

0.0360.0500.3420.0972

0.0360.0500.3870.1032

0.0420.0520.5020.1122

0.0430.0520.7350.1142

0.0440.0520.7600.1172

0.0450.0540.7920.1222

0.0450.0550.9150.1242

0.0460.0571.0490.1242

0.0460.0581.0510.1312

0.0470.0581.0810.1332

0.0470.0591.2870.1342

0.0470.0600.1401

0.0470.0600.1411

0.0480.0600.1471

0.0500.0600.1541

0.0500.0600.1651

0.0510.0610.1741

0.0510.0620.1781

0.0510.0620.1861

0.0520.0630.1911

0.0530.0630.1931

0.0530.0640.2081

0.0530.0640.2131

0.0530.0650.2361

0.0540.0650.2361

0.0540.0650.2501

0.0540.0650.2551

0.0550.0660.2771

0.0550.0660.2771

0.0550.0670.2981

0.0560.0670.3061

0.0570.0700.3191

0.0570.0700.3321

0.0580.0720.3331

0.0590.0720.3521

0.0590.0730.3681

0.0610.0740.3701

0.0610.0750.4051

0.0610.0770.4301

0.0620.0770.4381

0.0620.0850.4651

0.0630.0870.4721

0.0630.0890.5751

0.0640.0890.6751

0.0640.0910.6761

0.0670.0910.6791

0.0710.0940.7671

0.0720.0970.7941

0.0730.1020.8491

0.0740.1020.8831

0.0740.1031.2941

0.0760.111

0.0770.112

0.0790.114

0.0810.114

0.0810.117

0.0820.117

0.0830.120

0.0850.122

0.0880.124

0.0890.124

0.0890.125

0.0960.131

0.0960.133

0.1010.134

0.1030.135

0.1090.137

0.1090.138

0.1100.139

0.1110.140

0.1180.141

0.1200.141

0.1290.147

0.1310.147

0.1360.147

0.1380.147

0.1610.154

0.1750.154

0.1780.164

0.1800.165

0.1820.168

0.1990.170

0.2000.174

0.2020.175

0.2510.178

0.2510.186

0.2670.191

0.2890.192

0.2960.193

0.3010.199

0.3200.200

0.3330.203

0.3390.208

0.3420.213

0.3800.224

0.3870.233

0.4030.236

0.4050.236

0.4250.241

0.5020.248

0.6770.250

0.7350.255

0.7600.269

0.7820.277

0.7920.277

0.9150.298

0.9720.304

1.0490.306

1.0510.311

1.0810.319

1.2480.323

1.2870.332

0.333

0.334

0.352

0.368

0.370

0.402

0.405

0.430

0.438

0.465

0.472

0.472

0.557

0.574

0.575

0.604

0.612

0.614

0.649

0.653

0.672

0.675

0.676

0.679

0.687

0.702

0.758

0.767

0.794

0.829

0.849

0.857

0.883

0.944

1.102

1.294

17120770110

0.040.0525th0.040.05

0.050.0950th0.060.09

0.110.2375th0.170.23

0.380.5990th0.740.44

0.770.7095th0.990.68

all, 100

Seattle kidsFarmworker kidsFarmworkersCommunity kids-low

BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %

000000000000

0.214971.98%0.216477.73%0.213764.02%0.263486.02%

0.42785.02%0.42891.00%0.42274.30%0.45994.03%

0.61089.86%0.61095.73%0.61581.31%0.62196.88%

0.81496.62%0.8497.63%0.81085.98%0.8998.10%

1599.03%1298.58%1387.38%1598.78%

1.2199.52%1.2098.58%1.2589.72%1.2098.78%

1.41100.00%1.4299.53%1.4491.59%1.4599.46%

1.60100.00%1.6099.53%1.6292.52%1.6199.59%

1.80100.00%1.8099.53%1.8393.93%1.8099.59%

20100.00%2099.53%2093.93%2099.59%

2.20100.00%2.2099.53%2.2194.39%2.2099.59%

2.40100.00%2.4099.53%2.4194.86%2.4099.59%

2.60100.00%2.6099.53%2.6094.86%2.6099.59%

More0100.00%More1100.00%More11100.00%More3100.00%

Community kids-highApple thinnersApplicator kids

BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %

00000.00%0036.50%

0.218880.00%0.2235.40%0.23159.12%

0.42590.64%0.497.51%0.42577.37%

0.6592.77%0.61911.97%0.61487.59%

0.8695.32%0.81615.73%0.8490.51%

1396.60%11218.54%1291.97%

1.2397.87%1.21722.54%1.2494.89%

1.4198.30%1.41726.53%1.4296.35%

1.6098.30%1.61028.87%1.6297.81%

1.8198.72%1.82534.74%1.8198.54%

2098.72%22540.61%2098.54%

2.2199.15%2.21243.43%2.2199.27%

2.4099.15%2.42048.12%2.4099.27%

2.6099.15%2.61050.47%2.6099.27%

More2100.00%More211100.00%More1100.00%

all, 100

Seattle kids

Farmworker kids

Farmworkers

Community kids-low

Community kids-high

Apple thinners

Applicator kids

Dimethyl metabolites (mmol/L)

Cumulative frequency

adults, 100

FarmworkersApple thinners

BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %

00.00%00.00%

118787.38%17918.54%

21493.93%29440.61%

3294.86%35753.99%

4094.86%44163.62%

5295.79%53170.89%

6095.79%62175.82%

7095.79%72481.46%

8095.79%81785.45%

More9100.00%More62100.00%

adults, 100

Farmworkers

Apple thinners

Dimethyl metabolites (mmol/L)

Cumulative frequency

adults, 10

FarmworkersApple thinners

BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %

00.00%00.00%

320394.86%323053.99%

6295.79%69375.82%

9095.79%95388.26%

12095.79%122193.19%

15196.26%151296.01%

18096.26%18496.95%

21096.26%21798.59%

24096.26%24299.06%

27096.26%27199.30%

30096.26%30199.53%

33397.66%33199.77%

36097.66%361100.00%

39097.66%390100.00%

42097.66%420100.00%

45198.13%450100.00%

More4100.00%More0100.00%

adults, 10

Farmworkers

Apple thinners

Dimethyl metabolites (mmol/L)

Cumulative frequency

kids, 75

Seattle kidsFarmworker kidsCommunity kids-lowCommunity kids-high

BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %

00.00%00.00%00.00%00.00%

0.110751.69%0.112056.87%0.153071.91%0.114662.13%

0.24271.98%0.24477.73%0.210486.02%0.24280.00%

0.31679.71%0.31685.31%0.34091.45%0.31385.53%

0.41185.02%0.41291.00%0.41994.03%0.41290.64%

0.5788.41%0.5794.31%0.51596.07%0.5291.49%

0.6389.86%0.6395.73%0.6696.88%0.6392.77%

0.71094.69%0.7497.63%0.7497.42%0.7193.19%

0.8496.62%0.8097.63%0.8598.10%0.8595.32%

0.9498.55%0.9198.10%0.9398.51%0.9195.74%

1199.03%1198.58%1298.78%1296.60%

1.1099.03%1.1098.58%1.1098.78%1.1397.87%

1.2199.52%1.2098.58%1.2098.78%1.2097.87%

1.31100.00%1.3299.53%1.3499.32%1.3198.30%

1.40100.00%1.4099.53%1.4199.46%1.4098.30%

1.50100.00%1.5099.53%1.5099.46%1.5098.30%

More0100.00%More1100.00%More4100.00%More4100.00%

Applicator kids

BinFrequencyCumulative %

05036.50%

0.11345.99%

0.21859.12%

0.31771.53%

0.4877.37%

0.5782.48%

0.6787.59%

0.7188.32%

0.8390.51%

0.9191.24%

1191.97%

1.1293.43%

1.2294.89%

1.3094.89%

1.4296.35%

1.5096.35%

More5100.00%

kids, 75

Seattle kids

Farmworker kids

Community kids-low

Community kids-high

Applicator kids

Dimethyl metabolites (mmol/L)

Cumulative frequency

kids, 5

Seattle kidsFarmworker kidsCommunity kids-lowCommunity kids-high

BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %BinFrequencyCumulative %

0.316579.71%0.318085.31%0.367491.45%0.320185.53%

0.62189.86%0.62295.73%0.64096.88%0.61792.77%

0.91898.55%0.9598.10%0.91298.51%0.9795.74%

1.2299.52%1.2198.58%1.2298.78%1.2597.87%

1.51100.00%1.5299.53%1.5599.46%1.5198.30%

1.80100.00%1.8099.53%1.8199.59%1.8198.72%

2.10100.00%2.1099.53%2.1099.59%2.1199.15%

2.40100.00%2.4099.53%2.4099.59%2.4099.15%

2.70100.00%2.7099.53%2.7099.59%2.7099.15%

30100.00%3099.53%3099.59%3099.15%

3.30100.00%3.3099.53%3.3099.59%3.3099.15%

3.60100.00%3.6099.53%3.6099.59%3.6099.15%

3.90100.00%3.9099.53%3.9099.59%3.9099.15%

4.20100.00%4.2099.53%4.2099.59%4.2099.15%

4.50100.00%4.5099.53%4.5099.59%4.5199.57%

More0100.00%More1100.00%More3100.00%More1100.00%

Applicator kids

BinFrequencyCumulative %

0.39871.53%

0.62287.59%

0.9591.24%

1.2594.89%

1.5296.35%

1.8398.54%

2.1199.27%

2.4099.27%

2.7099.27%

3099.27%

3.3099.27%

3.6099.27%

3.91100.00%

4.20100.00%

4.50100.00%

More0100.00%

kids, 5

Seattle kids

Farmworker kids

Community kids-low

Community kids-high

Applicator kids

Dimethyl metabolites (mmol/L)

Cumulative frequency

Parent Activity QuestionsSource of food and waterParent occupation? Shower after working before holding children? Work clothes and shoes in the house? Laundry practices ? Use household pesticides ? Garden pesticides ?House and car cleaning ?Pesticide storage? Location of day care?House near fields?

Chlorpyrifos Metabolite Concentrations in the Urine of 22 Children Before, During, and After Organic Diet InterventionConventional dietOrganicdietConventional dietLu C, Toepel K, Irish R, Fenske RA, Barr DB, Bravo R. Organic diets significantly lower children's dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Feb;114(2):260-3.

Impacts on ChildrenStudies on low level OP exposures among childrenThe younger the child the greater consequences of OP exposure on developmentFetusSoon after birthNerve cells affected Levels so low that they do not affect the cholinesterase but still damage developing nerve cells.

Virginia Rauh, Robin Wyatt, Frederica Perera Columbia UniversityMary Wolff, Stephanie Engel, Gertrud Berkowitz Mount Sinai School of Medicine Brenda Eskenazi, Kim Harley, Asa Bradman, Amy MarksUniversity of California, Berkeley What is the Evidence?Three Studies of Mother-Baby Pairs

New York Studies Following 700 mother/baby pairs for 7 years.

Mothers air intake for pesticidesMothers bloodUmbilical cord blood of baby Followed 409 mother/baby pairs for 3 years.

Mothers urine Birth outcomesDevelopment to age 2

California Studies 600 pregnant Latina women from working families living in Salinas, a heavy agriculture area.

OP by-products in urine during pregnancy and after delivery

Birth outcomes

Biomarkers of Prenatal OP Pesticide ExposuresBerkeley

Mt. Sinai

Columbia

OP by products(Dialkyl Phosphates)

X

X

Chlorpyrifos

XIn UrineIn BloodSource: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research

Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcome MeasurementsBerkeley

Mt. Sinai

ColumbiaNeonatal

X

X

3Y

X2Y

X

X

X

1Y

X

X

X

6M

X

Infant Development*BehavioralAssessment Pre-school Intelligence**3.5Y

X

5Y

X ****

X**** Verbal IQ assessed with PPVT**Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) * Baley: Tests motor, cognitive, language developmentSource: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research*** Brazelton

Early Childhood Behavioral Outcome MeasurementsBerkeley

Mt. Sinai

ColumbiaChild Behavior Checklist 3Y

X2Y

X

3.5Y

X

Source: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research

URBAN NEW YORKAGRICULTURALCALIFORNIASource: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research

Race/Ethnicity Non-Hispanic White African-American Hispanic Other

Married

< High schoolBerkeley(%)

1--Mexican 972

82

81

Mt. Sinai(%)

2027Mex, PR 511

29

32Columbia(%)

--35 Dominican 65--

29

35Characteristics of Study PopulationsSource: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research

In summaryThree scientifically-rigorous, cohort studiesDifferent populationsDifferent exposure levels and sourcesExposure measured using biomarkers in urine (metabolites) and blood (parent compound)Despite these differences, some patterns emergeSource: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research

Prenatal OP exposure associated with ..Increased odds of abnormal reflexes in neonatesPoorer mental development in 2 and 3 year oldsPoorer verbal IQ in 3 and 5 year oldsIncreased odds of pervasive developmental disorderSource: Kim Harley, PhD UC Berkeley Center for Childrens Environmental Health Research

**Survey years 99-2000, and 2001-2002*None of the workerswas a pesticide mixer or applicator, and onlyfive of the 44 study homes were within 60 m(200 ft) of farmland.***FW OP levels were taken well after the spraying seasonDietary exposure 5 x higher conventional vs organicFW adults after peak spraying > than NHANES Hispanics*TCYP = trichloro -2-pyridinol*********