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Chilled Beams Event
Citation preview
The pros and
cons of chilled
beams
Peter Clackett, Technical Director
Skanska Rashleigh Weatherfoil
William Booth, Operations Manager
BSRIA
Agenda
09.30 Registration
10.00 Welcome & Introduction - Jo Harris, BSRIA
10.10 What, Why and How - Peter Clackett, Skanska
Description and Application - Peter Clackett, Skanska
Performance testing - William Booth, BSRIA
Comfort break/coffee
Performance testing continued - William Booth, BSRIA
The good, the bad and the ugly -
Peter Clackett, Skanska and William Booth, BSRIA
Q&A - Chaired by Jo Harris, BSRIA
12.40 Networking Lunch
Click on links above to access each presentation
At the end of each presentation, click on link Back to Agenda
What, why, how many ?
Chilled Beams – What are they?
They are a cooling device
They are different from chilled ceilings – These rely
solely on radiant cooling (Output 50 to 55 watts per
square metre)
They are an alternative to both Fan Coil Units and
VAV systems
There are three kinds of chilled beams
Active Chilled Beams can also be used for heating
Chilled Beams – What are they?
1. Passive – No reliance on primary air supply. They
work entirely on radiant convection. (Output 130 to
170 watts per linear metre)
Chilled Beams – What are they?
2. Active – These rely on primary air supply to provide
the induction required for performance. (Output 850
to 1400 watts per linear metre)
Chilled Beams – What are they?
3. Multi Service – These are active beams with the
additional components (smoke detectors, lighting,
sprinklers etc.) (Output 850 to 1050 watts per linear
metre)
Chilled Beams – The History
Chilled Beams were developed in Norway in 1975
Originally used in Scandinavia
Introduced to UK in 1990’s
Now used world wide
Device of choice for some Clients
How many?
ACB UK Market Data
Provided by BSRIA’s Worldwide Market Intelligence
(WMI) Group
– Data comes from the HEVAC study
– Annual collection of a/c product sales
– Managed by BSRIA for a number of years with
HEVAC/FETA’s endorsement
All data to be published in the UK Air conditioning
study next month – buy from WMI
Author David Garwood (available over lunch)
Market For Chilled Beams & Ceilings*
UK market reduced over last couple of years
– Many major projects were shelved or put on hold
Leading suppliers now seeing signs of improvement
Some major projects now moving forward
2012 sales were for universities, hospitals and labs
plus a few offices and police stations
* Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
UK Fan Coil Market*
Highly engineered product in UK market
But ….. Highly price driven
Customers of fan coils look at :
– First – price
– Second – thermal performance
– Third – acoustic performance
* Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
Chilled Beams vs Fan Coil Units
Active chilled beams main substitute product for FCUs
Conversely, ACB players fighting back against threat of
FCU through marketing:
– Demonstrating how ACB can be a suitable replacement for
FCU
– Placing emphasis on:
• Energy efficiencies
• Long life expectancy
• Low maintenance
• Occupant comfort * Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
Market Data 2010-2012*
* Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
Item 2010 2011 2012
Market (£M) Active Chilled Beams 9.7 9.9 8.0
Fan Coils 26.6 27.1 23.7
Variable Air Volume 2.3 6.7 5.3
Volume ( Units) Active Chilled Beams 34,500 33,400 27,000
Fan Coils 51,500 54,000 46,800
Variable Air Volume 5,500 13,300 13,500
Unit price Active Chilled Beams £281 £298 £296
Fan Coils £517 £502 £506
Variable Air Volume £418 £504 £393
2012 Market Data*
Active Chilled Beams, 8.0
Fan Coils, 23.7
Variable Air Volume, 5.3
2012 Market Share (£M)
Active Chilled Beams, 27,000
Fan Coils, 46,800
Variable Air Volume, 13,500
2012 Market Share (units)
Active Chilled Beams, £296
Fan Coils, £506
Variable Air Volume, £393
2012 Unit Price
* Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
2012
Ability ProjectsDiffusionDunham BushTEV limitedTrox
FCU Market Players (Ranked By Value)7
0%
Mar
ket
* Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
2012
TroxFrenger Systems (Lindab)HaltonSAS internationalKrantz
Swegon
Flaktwoods
LTI Advanced systems Technology (Keifer brand)
Waterloo Air products
Others
80
% M
arke
t2
0%
Mar
ket
ACB Market Players (Ranked By Value)
* Data provided
by WMI, BSRIA
Back to Agenda
Description and application
Active Chilled Beams - Considerations
Still requires central bulkhead or similar for services
(Supply Duct, Extract Duct, Chilled Water Pipework,
Controls etc.)
Careful control of primary supply air temperature
required to prevent perception of “cold draughts”
Chilled water temperature needs accurate control
Active Chilled Beams - Considerations
Performance of the whole space needs to be
evaluated
The air patterns are very hard to predict
Air distribution throughout the space is load
dependent
Computer modelling does not give the true air
movement answers
You MUST understand the product, how it works and
how it integrates to its environment
Active Chilled Beams - Considerations
Heating application requires careful design – It can
be counter intuitive
Full “mock-up” of partial areas is the best solution to
understand the product
Video not available in pdf. format
Active Chilled Beams - Advantages
Cheaper to buy
Low Maintenance
One “Fix” device – Does not require secondary
ductwork/Grilles etc.
Only require simple controls – On/Off is adequate for
cooling
Variable Self Limiting Output
No condensate drainage required
Active Chilled Beams - Advantages
Supply conditioned air to the space
Large induction ratios
Fully mixes the air within the space
Very slow air velocities within the occupied zone
Multi service beams allows ancillary services to be
concealed
Active Chilled Beams - Advantages
Works well when combined with other cooling
sources – Requires full scale mock-up testing to
ensure that they do not interact
Very quiet product
Can be visually pleasing
Active Chilled Beams - Disadvantages
Not liked by letting agents – Not flexible enough
No energy allowances under Building Regs. (FCU’s
allowed 0.6w/(l/s) - FAVAV allowed 1.2w/(l/s))
Normally requires higher system static pressures
Airflow may be greater than required for occupancy
Active Chilled Beams - Disadvantages
Poor chilled water temperature control can lead to
“indoor rain”
May require sound masking (pink noise) to maintain
privacy levels
Requires careful co-ordination to get the solution right
Back to Agenda
Performance testing
ACB Definitions
Reference temperature: return air onto beam (usually
underside in active beams)
Mean water temperature: average of water into and
out of beam
Difference gives indication of cooling potential: no
difference means no cooling should happen
BS EN 15116:2008 “Ventilation in buildings. Chilled
beams. Testing and rating of active chilled beams”
Schematic of test chamber
Performance Testing BS EN 15116:2008
Internal heat supply method
– Heat sources within chamber (DIN men)
External heat supply method
– Heated walls (same concept as radiator test room)
General principle of a calorimeter with steady state
boundary conditions and 60 min steady state data
Performance Testing BS EN 15116:2008
Temperature difference
ΔΘ = Θr – θw
Θr = reference air temperature
Θw = mean cooling water temperature
qp = primary air flow rate
3 steady state conditions at ΔΘ = 6, 8 and 10K with constant qp
Repeat at ΔΘ = 8K nominal with qp at 80% and 120% to determine
influence of primary air on thermal performance
Repeat all five at half the nominal water flow rate
Performance Testing BS EN 15116:2008
Performance follows the form of
Pw = Pk * ΔΘm
Where
Pw is waterside cooling capacity
Pk is specific cooling capacity
m is an exponent
Alternatively, Pk = Pw / ΔΘm
Also, Pk = A * qpn
A is a characteristic constant
n is an exponent
Example Results
Example Results
Example Results
y = 77.233x1.0598
R² = 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15
Wat
er
sid
e d
uty
(W
)
Mean Temperature Difference (K)
Pw (const qp)
Pw (const qp)
Power (Pw (const qp))
y = 182677x-1.394
R² = 0.9777
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80
Wat
er
sid
e d
uty
( W
)
Primary airflow rate (qp) (l.s-1)
Pw (var qp)
Pw (var qp)
Power (Pw (var qp))
Example graph of Capacity against
temperature difference for three water
flowrates
Same as previous showing passing through
zero
Different beam same graph shape
Airflow vs. flowrate of air
Water side pressure drop vs. flowrate
Performance Testing Performance follows the form of
Pk = Pw / ΔΘm
Pk = A * qpn
Report the nominal cooling capacity PN (at ΔΘn = 8K)
Optionally, cooling capacity as fn(globeT- Θw) or
fn(roomT - Θw)
Selection guides and tables will include throw, noise
figures, water and air side pressure drops as well as
nozzle selections, heating coil options, etc..
Ball Park Numbers 1200-1500mm
Waterside Cooling
– 0.02 to 0.10 l/s
– 14-16°C supply with 1-3K rise
Waterside Heating (100-300 W/m)
– 0.01 to 0.04 l/s
– 35-45°C inlet with drop of 5 to 15K
Airside Cooling/Induction
– 10-60 l/s primary air at 18°C for roomT 24°C
Back to Agenda
System performance testing
Physical modelling
Predicting and measuring real life
situations
Achieving the correct results first
time
Prove beforehand that the
systems and products will meet
the necessary specifications
Water supply (from chiller)
Conditioned air
Floor tiles/carpet
Client’s
ventilation system
Floor void
Ceiling void
AHU
Glass window
Viewing chamber
Adjustable walls
Chamber wall
Insulated floor
( 400 mm) Control room
Adjacent chamber
Physical modelling
Constructing a full size
representation of the proposed
design for a specific part of a
building interior.
– Full simulation of external
conditions
– Internal loads
– Comprising lighting
– Small power and people
– Room furnishing and office
equipment layout
– Fully working HVAC system.
Chamber Ceiling
Floor void
Ceiling tiles
Floor tiles
Ceiling void
Wall
Extract
Supply
Fans/Air conditioning
system
Control room
Adjacent
chamber
Back passage
Floor extract
Smoke tests
Airtightness
Gas tracer
tests Salt tests
Design Mock-up
construction
Room air
movement
Validation process
CFD
Full size mock-ups
Mock-ups of any ventilation system;
chilled beam configuration, offices,
hospital rooms, cold cabinet testing
Thermal comfort analysis
Temperature and humidity readings
Airtightness tests
Heat load simulation (Small load,
occupancy, solar load)
Anemometry readings ( air speed
and temperatures)
Gas tracer tests
Special components commissioning
(pressure stabilisers, ventilation
grilles, floor grilles)
Thermal imaging
Smoke tests
Offices Data centres Libraries
Hospitals Chilled beams Cold cabinets
Real site vs mock-up
Job A
Job A
Job A
Animation
Animation not available in pdf. format
Smoke test
Video not available in pdf. format
Job B
Example of discharge profile
Job C
Example of ductwork and ceiling
Example of Pressure test
Full pressure test - Beam 1 type 2 (16 Sep 05)
y = 2.2863x - 9.3206
R2 = 0.9933
y = 0.0366x + 1.0705
R2 = 0.8431
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Primary Flow (l/s)
Ca
lc I
nd
uc
ed
Flo
w (
l/s
)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Calc Ind Flow Ratio Linear (Calc Ind Flow) Linear (Ratio)
Example of average parameters A
PARAMETER REQUESTED
VALUE
AVERAGE
DURING TEST
SUPPLIED
VALUE
Water supply temperature (C) 14.0 13.9
Water return temperature (C) To be recorded 15.9
Water flow rate (l.s-1 per beam) 0.039 0.039
Water flow rate (l.s-1all beams) N/A 0.353
Cooling duty (10 beams) (W) N/A 2958
Fresh air supply temperature –
at point of entry to the test rig
(C)
18.0 18.1
Extract temperature (C) To be recorded 23.5
Air flow rate (l.s-1) 90 97
Fresh air cooling duty (W) N/A 583
Total cooling (W) N/A 3541
Electrical load (W) Start End
Solar load – simulated with 15
wall mounted heated mats 1416 1418 1440
Occupancy (6 DIN Men
simulating 7.5 people) 675 685 698
Small power gain 844 830 835
Lighting gain 405 419 419
Total electrical load 3340 3352 3392
Total electrical load (Average) 3340 3372
Imbalance (W) 169
Example of parameters
PARAMETER VALUE
Fresh air supply volume 60 l.s-1
Fresh air supply temperature 19.0 °C
Beam chilled water supply
volume for perimeter test
0.226 l.s-1
Beam chilled water supply
volume for core test
0.274 l.s-1
Chilled water supply
temperature
14.0 °C
Illuminance As produced by integral
lighting system
Example of average parameters B
PARAMETER AVERAGE
SUPPLIED
VALUE
REQUESTED
VALUE
Fresh air flowrate 64.1 l.s-1 60 l.s-1
Extract flowrate 62.6 l.s-1 60 l.s-1
Fresh air supply temperature 19.0 °C 19.0 °C
Extract temperature 23.4 °C N/A
Altrium roof load emitted into room
(simulated with 3 wall mounted heat
mats)
510 W 525 W
Core people gain (simulated with 6
standard DIN men)
600 W 600 W
Core small power gain (simulated with
4 standard PCs and 7 floor heat mats)
1.69 kW 1.821 kW
Lighting gain 905 W As produced by
integral lighting
system
Total heating gain (perimeter, core and
lighting)
3.705 kW 2.946 kW plus
lighting gain
Chilled beam water flow temperature 13.9 °C 14 °C
Chilled beam water return
temperature
16.4 °C N/A
Chilled beam water flowrate 0.28 l.s-1 0.274 l.s-1
Parameter Average cooling during Test
3 (kW)
Chilled beam cooling effect 2.93
Air cooling effect 0.34
TOTAL COOLING 3.27 kW
Back to Agenda
Ugly Duckling…
or Hidden Swan?
Chilled Beams - Advantages
Cheap to Buy and Maintain
Simple principals
Simple Controls
Give a well conditioned space
Very adaptable
Quiet
Energy Efficient
Chilled Beams - Disadvantages
Not always popular
Lack of application knowledge can
restrict use
Low noise may be an issue
Integration into environment may not be
as simple as it seems - Can be hard to
get right
Questions and answers
Q&A Session
Adaptive temperature theory
Turbulent water flow
Uneven load distribution
Load location fighting the beam
Windows impinging on active beam lengths
Control strategy
Back to Agenda