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Chilling Injury and Browning of Chilling Injury and Browning of FreshFresh--cut Fruits and Vegetablescut Fruits and Vegetables
ChienChien Yi WangYi WangProduce Quality and Safety LaboratoryProduce Quality and Safety Laboratory
Plant Sciences InstitutePlant Sciences InstituteU. S. Department of AgricultureU. S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705Beltsville, Maryland 20705U. S. A.U. S. A.
Fresh-cut
ConvenientConvenientFreshFreshGood flavorGood flavorNutritiousNutritious
12 Billion dollar industry 12 Billion dollar industry annually in the United Statesannually in the United States..
Fresh-cut
Fresh-cut
ChallengesChallenges
What are the challenges?What are the challenges?What kind of problems we can What kind of problems we can encounter?encounter?What kind of approaches we can What kind of approaches we can use to alleviate the problems?use to alleviate the problems?Are those approaches safe?Are those approaches safe?
BrowningBrowning and and decay decay are two of the most are two of the most serious problems in serious problems in freshfresh--cut Products.cut Products.
•• Wounding and oxidation cause an Wounding and oxidation cause an increase in metabolic activities increase in metabolic activities and lead to rapid browning of the and lead to rapid browning of the cut surfacecut surface
•• Sulfite compounds (e.g. sodium Sulfite compounds (e.g. sodium bisulfitebisulfite, potassium , potassium metabisulfitemetabisulfite) were banned for ) were banned for use on fresh fruits and use on fresh fruits and vegetables by FDAvegetables by FDA
•• Alternatives: Other GRAS Alternatives: Other GRAS substances or naturally occurring substances or naturally occurring compoundscompounds
Digging for Answers
Natural Products as AntiNatural Products as Anti--browning browning AgentsAgents
•• CysteineCysteine or or acetylcysteineacetylcysteine –– An An inhibitor of inhibitor of polyphenolpolyphenol oxidaseoxidase(the key catalytic enzyme in (the key catalytic enzyme in browning reaction.)browning reaction.)
•• Ascorbic acid or Ascorbic acid or isoascorbateisoascorbate –– A A reducing agentreducing agent
•• 44--Hexylresorcinol Hexylresorcinol –– A competitive A competitive inhibitor of inhibitor of polyphenolpolyphenol oxidaseoxidase..
AntiAnti--browning Treatmentbrowning Treatment
ApplesApples acetylcysteineacetylcysteine + + isoascorbateisoascorbate+ 4+ 4--hexylresorcinol + calciumhexylresorcinol + calciumpropionatepropionate
BananasBananas acetylcysteineacetylcysteine + citric acid+ citric acidMangoesMangoes isoascorbateisoascorbate + 4+ 4--
hexylresorcinol + potassiumhexylresorcinol + potassiumsorbatesorbate
Peaches Peaches isoascorbateisoascorbate + 4+ 4--exylresorcinolexylresorcinol + potassium + potassium sorbatesorbate
AntiAnti--browning Treatmentsbrowning TreatmentsPearsPears isoascorbateisoascorbate + 4+ 4--
hexylresorcinol + potassiumhexylresorcinol + potassiumsorbatesorbate
PineapplesPineapples ascorbic acid or ascorbic acid or isoascorbateisoascorbatePotatoesPotatoes acetylcysteineacetylcysteine + 4+ 4--
hexylresorcinol + citric acidhexylresorcinol + citric acidRadishesRadishes acetylcysteineacetylcysteine + 4+ 4--
hexylresorcinol + potassiumhexylresorcinol + potassiumsorbatesorbate
Sweet Sweet PotatoesPotatoes acetylcysteineacetylcysteine + citric acid+ citric acid
Fresh - cut Apple Slices
FreshFresh--cut Apple Slicescut Apple Slicesacetylcysteineacetylcysteine+ + isoascorbateisoascorbate
+ 4+ 4--hexylresorcinol hexylresorcinol + calcium propionate+ calcium propionate
FreshFresh--cut Peach Slicescut Peach Slices
FreshFresh--cut Peach Slicescut Peach Slicesisoascorbateisoascorbate
+ 4+ 4--hexylresorcinolhexylresorcinol+ potassium + potassium sorbatesorbate
FreshFresh--cut Banana Slicescut Banana Slices
FreshFresh--cut Banana Slicescut Banana Slices
acetylcysteineacetylcysteine+ citric acid+ citric acid
ororglutathioneglutathione+ citric acid+ citric acid
FreshFresh--cut Sweet Potatoescut Sweet Potatoes
FreshFresh--cut Sweet Potatoescut Sweet Potatoes
acetylcysteineacetylcysteine+ citric acid+ citric acid
FreshFresh--cut Mango Slicescut Mango Slices
FreshFresh--cut Mango Slicescut Mango Slices
isoascorbateisoascorbate+ 4+ 4--
hexylresorcinol hexylresorcinol + potassium + potassium
sorbatesorbate
FreshFresh--cutcutPineapplePineappleSlicesSlices
Dec
ay in
dex
1
2
3
4
5
Acc
epta
bilit
y1
3
5
7
9
ControlAIA 0.1 MAC 0.05 MAA 0.05 M
A
B
Inedible
Freshly-cut
Limit ofmarketability
Very good
Limit ofusability
None
Up 50% surfaceaffected
5 to 20% surface affected
20 to 50% surfaceaffected
Up to 5% surfaceaffected
Days at 10°C
7 14
Bro
wni
ng in
dex
1
2
3
4C
MYTHMYTHFreshFresh--cut products do cut products do not have chilling injury not have chilling injury problem.problem.FreshFresh--cut products are cut products are less susceptible to less susceptible to chilling injury.chilling injury.
FACTSFACTS•• FreshFresh--cut products are as sensitive to cut products are as sensitive to
chilling injury as intact producechilling injury as intact produce•• Chilling injury symptoms are not evident Chilling injury symptoms are not evident
because of the removal of skin which because of the removal of skin which carries the visible symptomscarries the visible symptoms
•• The affected tissues can develop offThe affected tissues can develop off--flavor or offflavor or off-- odor which are not visibleodor which are not visible
•• Chilling temperatures can weaken Chilling temperatures can weaken chillingchilling--sensitive tissues and cause them sensitive tissues and cause them to be more susceptible to physiological to be more susceptible to physiological and pathological deteriorationand pathological deterioration
Alleviation of Chilling Alleviation of Chilling Injury in FreshInjury in Fresh--CutCut
Decay induced by Decay induced by chilling injury can be chilling injury can be Reduced by UVReduced by UV--C C irradiationirradiation
UV-C Treatment of Mango Slices
UV-C
Chilling injury can also be Chilling injury can also be reduced by treatment reduced by treatment with GRAS (Generally with GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) Recognized as Safe) substances, such as substances, such as methyl methyl jasmonatejasmonate..
MJ Reduces Chilling Injury
Control MJ-Treated
Control MJ-Treated
Control MJ-Treated
Control MJ-Treated
Control MJ-Treated
Control MJ-Treated
Control MJ-Treated
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Days
Dec
ay (%
)controlAITCMJAlcTTO
Now let me think…..What could be the mechanisms through which MJ works to exert its effects?
Antioxidant Activity (ORAC)
Treatment
Control
38ºC
MeJA
MeSA
26S rRNA
Days of storage at 5oC0 1 3 7 14 21 28
Accumulation of HSP 17.6 in Different Pretreated Accumulation of HSP 17.6 in Different Pretreated Tomato Fruit During Chilling TemperatureTomato Fruit During Chilling Temperature StorageStorage
Treatment
Control
38ºC
MeJA
MeSA
Days of storage at 5oC0 1 3 7 14 21 28
HSP 70HSP 70--1 (Cytosol) transcripts in different pretreated 1 (Cytosol) transcripts in different pretreated tomato fruit during chilling temperature storagetomato fruit during chilling temperature storage
Treatment
Control
38ºC
MeJA
MeSA
26S rRNA
Days of storage at 5oC
0 1 3 7 14 21 28
PRPR--2B transcripts in different pretreated 2B transcripts in different pretreated tomato fruit during chilling temperature tomato fruit during chilling temperature
storagestorage
Enhanced Expression of 1.5-kb and 3.5-kb AOX Transcripts by 10-4M MeJA in
Cold-Stored Peppers
3.5 kb
1.5 kb
18S
Time (days) 0 1 2 6 14 17 19 1 2 6 14 17 19 1 2 6 14 17 19Time (days) 0 1 2 6 14 17 19 1 2 6 14 17 19 1 2 6 14 17 19Air 10-5M MeJA 10-4M MeJATreatment Air 10-5M MeJA 10-4M MeJATreatment
(°C) 25 25257 200 200 200°C) 25 25257 200 200 200
Methyl Jasmonate & Methyl Salicylate
1. Are they safe to use?
2. Are they toxic?
3. Are they carcinogenic?
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
EAFUS (Everything Added to Food in the US)
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)
Document Document
___________________Type_____Number_______
Methyl Jasmonate ASP* 0980
Methyl Salicylate ASP 1600
_________________________________________
*Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought.
Conclusions• Browning and decay are two of the most serious
problems in fresh-cut• Browning can be prevented by treatment with
naturally occurring inhibitors of PPO• Fresh-cut products are not immune from chilling
injury, except that the injury is expressed in different forms
• Decay induced by chilling injury can be reduced by UV-C irradiation or by GRAS treatment
• Methyl jasmonate appears to reduce decay and chilling injury through enhancing defensive gene expression and increasing antioxidant activity
Conclusions (Continue)•• Increase Increase phenolicphenolic acid and acid and anthocyaninanthocyanin in lettucein lettuce
•• Increase biosynthesis of Increase biosynthesis of flavonolsflavonols (Quercetin(Quercetin--33--rutinoside, Quercetinrutinoside, Quercetin--33--diglucoside and diglucoside and QuercetinQuercetin--33--glucosylrutinoside) in potatoglucosylrutinoside) in potato
•• Decrease ascorbic acid and increase Decrease ascorbic acid and increase dehydrodehydro--ascorbic acid in pineapple, kiwi, cantaloupe and ascorbic acid in pineapple, kiwi, cantaloupe and mangomango
•• Decrease total Decrease total carotenoidscarotenoids in cantaloupe, in cantaloupe, mango, and pineapplemango, and pineapple
•• Effect on Effect on phytonutrientsphytonutrients is variable because of is variable because of wounding stress and oxidation.wounding stress and oxidation.
Keep improving…………...To maintain better quality of fresh-cut products.
To develop better methods for reducing
browning, decay, and chilling injury.
Keep improving…………...