1

CHNH SCH CA TRUNG QUC

I VI CHU PHI TRONG THP NIN U TH K XXI

V Minh Tp*

Bi ng trn tp ch Nghin cu Chu Phi v Trung ng, s 04(104), thng

4/2014, tr.20-25

Nhng nm u th k XXI, cng vi s ln mnh v kinh t v chnh tr, qun

s, Trung Quc c iu kin trin khai chin lc ngoi giao nc ln ca mnh v

chu Phi thc s l im n quan trng trong chnh sch ngoi giao ca Trung Quc.

Vi nhng u th , Trung Quc a ra v trin khai chnh sch i vi chu Phi

mt cch ton din, hu ht trn tt c cc lnh vc, i vo chiu su v t c

nhng thnh tu quan trng em li li ch thit thc cho c hai bn.

Bi vit tp trung nh gi v tr ca chu Phi trong chnh sch ca Trung Quc

trong thp nin u th k XXI. T trnh by nhng thnh cng, thch thc chnh

sch ca Trung Quc vi chu Phi cng trin vng ca chnh sch ny trong thp nin

tip theo ca th k XXI.

1. Chu Phi trong chnh sch i ngoi ca Trung Quc nhng nm u th k

XXI.

Chu Phi nm pha nam chu u v pha Ty Nam chu , cch chu u bi a

Trung Hi, cch chu bi Hng Hi, l chu lc ng th ba trn th gii v din

tch ln dn s (sau chu v chu M). Chu Phi c din tch 30.244.050 km2, nu

tnh c cc o cn k th chu lc ny chim 20,4% din tch ca th gii. Ton chu

lc c 55 quc gia ln nh, trong c 49 quc gia thuc vng t lin v 6 quc gia

vng ven bin.

Chu Phi c thin nhin u i, giu ti nguyn v c tim nng rt ln, nhiu g

qu, cy c du, cao su, bng, ca cao, c ph, ma, m qung (mng gan, crom, ng, * NCS, Trng i hc KHXH-NV TP.H Ch Minh

2

phtpho, du la, vng, platin, uran, kim cng).... Chu Phi ng vai tr rt quan

trng trn bn khong sn th gii. Bc tranh chung, khi qut v ti nguyn thin

nhin chu Phi, chng ta ch trch dn li ca Alex Thomson, trong cng trnh nghin

cu chu Phi, cn miu t: ... chu Phi khng h ngho v mt ti nguyn. V sn xut

in nng, chu lc ny c th cung cp 40% thy in th gii. N cng c n 12%

d tr kh t t nhin ca ton cu v 8% lng khai thc du m ca th gii. ng

thi, chu lc cn sn xut 70% c ca ht v 60% c ph ht ca th gii. Lng t ca

chu Phi giu cc loi khong sn, nhiu vng c t ai mu m, ph nhiu1. Chu

Phi c 17 loi khong sn c tr lng ng u th gii, bao gm 70% tr lng c

ban, trn 50% platinum, choromium, gn 50% tr lng kim cng, 10% lng kh ga,

67% lng vng, 50% mng gan, 20% lng bxt, 97% lng crm, 14% tr lng

ng, 56,2% tr lng uranium2....

Trong cc ngun ti nguyn k trn, t bit ch n l du m v kh t, hai loi

ny c tr lng ln v c th mnh nht ca chu Phi. Tr lng du m ca chu

Phi ng th 4 th gii vi 117,064 t thng, chim 10% tng tr lng du m th

gii, cn tr lng kh t xp th 3 th gii (sau Trung ng) v Trung vi

494,078 Tcf3. Theo nhiu d bo, chu Phi s chim 12% cung du trong vi nm ti.

V kh nng sn xut v tiu th, chu Phi ln lt chim 30% v 13% th gii.

Ngoi ra, Chu Phi cn l khu vc c dn s ng, chim 13% dn s ton cu, l

ngun lao ng di do, th trng rng ln, sc mua ln cho cc doanh nghip t cc

nc hng n. Chnh v th mnh ny m hn mt thp nin qua, chu Phi tr thnh

bn c chin lc trong cuc chy ua, cnh tranh t cc nc ln, trong c Trung

Quc.

V mt lch s, l chu lc c lch s lu i, l mt trong nhng ni sn sinh ra ci

ni ca nn vn minh nhn loi. Trong nhiu th k, cc dn tc chu Phi chng li

nhng th lc thc dn hng mnh, xa b nhng ro cn ginh ly t do, c lp

gp phn to ln i vi s tin b chung ca nhn loi. Sau khi ginh c c lp (t

nhng nm 1950), nhiu nc i vo n nh chnh tr, kinh t-x hi, tm kim m

hnh pht trin kinh t hi nhp vi xu th chung ca th gii, iu em li s

tng trng lin tc v kinh t ca chu Phi . Ngy nay , cc nc chu Phi tm cch

vt qua nhng kh khn, thch thc va ngy cng tch cc tham gia hi nhp nh hp

3

tc Nam Nam, thc y i thoi Bc Nam, c bit l v th, vai tr ca chu Phi

ngy cng quan trng trong cc vn quc t v khu vc.

i vi Trung Quc, chu Phi l mt vng t xa xi v mt a l, nhiu thp nin

ca th k XX, y khng phi l a bn truyn thng trong chnh sch i ngoi ca

Trung Quc. Nhng bc sang u th k XXI, Trung Quc li coi trng, xem im

n quan trng trong chnh sch ngoi giao v pht trin mi quan h nhiu mt gia

hai i tc. Mc tiu chnh sch ngy nay c a Trung Quc i vi chu Phi l nhm

m bo an ninh nng lng, nguyn liu th, m rng th trng ca Trung Quc,

ng thi h tr Trung Quc m rng li ch ton cu. Khc vi cc nc nh M ,

EU, bc i ca Trung Quc i vi chu Phi xa xi ngy cng mnh m v ton

din hn . Thng qua c ch hp tac a phng ma cu th l Din n hp tc Trung

Quc chu Phi c thanh lp nm 2000, cc nh lnh o Trung Quc tin hnh

cc chuyn thm cp cao v gp g trao i thng xuyn vi chnh ph cc quc gia

chu Phi nhm tip cn va tng cng anh hng cua Trung Quc tai luc ia en .

Trung Quc cung co nhng u tin ring khi xm nhp vao chu Phi , nht la thin

v kinh t . Tuy nhin , ng ng sau nhng muc tiu kinh t la nhng muc tiu v

chnh tr y tham vong cua Trung Quc . Trung Quc xac inh chu Phi se mang lai

nhng li ich chin lc lu dai va nng cao vi th cua Trung Quc trn trng quc

t. Vi nhng th manh cua minh , Trung Quc a xuc tin a ra nhng c ng cu , c

ch va nhng chinh sach cu th (nh quyn lc mm , ngoi gia a phng , ngoi giao

kinh t ) thc hin ca mnh . n nay , th gii chng kin s can d cua

Trung Quc chu Phi mt cach toan din bng con ng thng mai , u t va cac

chng trinh kinh t chnh tr. Nhng chin lc o cua Trung Quc a bi cac nc

phng Ty chi trich va cho rng nhng anh hng cua My , EU chu Phi.

2. Nhng thnh cng chnh sch ca Trung Quc vi chu Phi

Nhng tham vng ca Trung Quc i vi chu Phi trong hn 10 nm qua l qu

r rng. Xt trn bnh din tng th, chnh sch ca Trung Quc vi chu Phi em

li nhng thnh cng, li ch cho Trung Quc nh sau:

Th nht, c bn Trung Quc c lp c i Loan, buc cc nc chu Phi

phi cng nhn nguyn tc mt nc Trung Quc. y l mt n lc quan trng

4

xuyn sut trong chnh sch chu Phi ca Trung Quc k t khi thit lp quan h ngoi

giao 1956 n nay. Tnh n nm 2010, trong s 23 nc c quan h ngoi giao chnh

thc vi i Loan, chu Phi ch cn 4 nc l Kurkina Faso, Gambia, Swaziland v

Sa Tm and Principe. S lng cc nc c quan h ngoi giao vi i Loan

gim dn khi h ln lt ct t quan h ngoi giao vi i Loan hng n thit lp

quan h ngoi giao vi Trung Quc.

Th hai, Trung Quc t c s ng h ca cc nc chu Phi trn trng

quc t, cng c a v nc ln v v th ca Trung Quc cp ton cu.Trung

Quc nh mt quyn lc ton cu ang ni ln trong mt trt t th gii ang thay i.

C th ni, trong cc nc quan h vi chu Phi, Trung Quc c cc nc chu Phi

ng h chnh tr trong cc din n quc t rt thnh cng nh s h tr t cc nc

chu Phi trong Hi ng nhn quyn Lin hp quc. Thng qua cch tip cn ton cu,

lnh o Trung Quc c th duy tr s pht trin v n nh chnh tr ni b, hp php

ha cc li ch trong qu trnh gia tng ca Trung Quc trong cng ng quc t, t

c mc tiu lu di ca mt th gii a cc, cng bng, dn ch trong h thng quc

t. Pht ngn vin ca B ngoi giao Trung Quc, Lu Kin Siu ni rng Trung

Quc cn chu Phi, h (Trung Quc) cn chu Phi cho cc ngun lc cung cp

nhiu liu cho cc mc tiu pht trin ca Trung Quc, cho th trng duy tr nn

kinh t ang pht trin ca Trung Quc v lin minh chnh tr h tr nguyn vng

ca Trung Quc nh mt nh hng ton cu4.

Vic tng cng cc mi quan h Trung Quc-chu Phi s c li cho on kt v

hp tc gia cc nc ang pht trin. Hin nay, Trung Quc l quc gia ang pht

trin ln nht trn th gii, v chu Phi l mt lc a tp trung ln nht cc nc ang

pht trin. S pht trin ca quan h Trung Quc-chu Phi s c ngha thc t trong

vic nng cao v th quc t ca cc nc ang pht trin. N cng s gip thit lp

mt trt t quc t mi s thc y hp tc Nam-Nam v thnh vng chung ca cc

nc ang pht trin, nng cao v tr v nh hng ca Trung Quc v chu Phi trn

trng quc t

Th ba, Trung Quc tng cng tnh hu ngh i vi chu Phi, m rng hp

tc gip chu Phi cng pht trin qua tip tc cng c nim tin ca chu Phi i

vi Trung Qu c, to iu kin m rng nh hng ca Trung Quc ti chu Phi v

5

ginh thng li trong cuc cnh tranh, nh hng i vi cc nc ln ti chu Phi.

Quan h Trung Quc chu Phi c mt b dy lch s hn na th k, c bit trong

nhng nm u th k XXI, quan h hai bn ngy cng thit cht v pht trin v cht.

Hai bn thnh lp Din n hp tc Trung Quc chu Phi (FOCAC) t nm 2000.

Thng qua c ch ny, lnh o hai bn tng cng hng chc cuc gp g, tip xc

v trao i thng nin nh cc cuc gp cp cao, hi ngh B trng ca Trung Quc

v cc nc chu Phi. Vic lm ny gip trung Quc cng c c v th lc a

en.

Th t, Trung Quc v ang xy dng, duy tr cc quan h song phng

nhm bo m ng n cc th trng v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin chu

Phi. Trong mt thp nin qua, cc nh lnh o Trung Quc tn dng hng chc

chuyn ving thm chu Phi nhm iu chnh mi quan h kinh t v chnh tr ang

ngy cng phc tp vi cc nc chu Phi cng nh nhng hm trong chnh sch

Chu phi ca mnh i vi vic m rng hnh nh quc t ca Trung Quc (v

d, cuc khng hong nhn o Dafur, Sudan). Mc tiu ch cht ca cc cuc

ving thm cp lnh o ny l m thm ng dn n cc ngun ti nguyn ca

Chu Phi. Chuyn thm ca ng H Cm o nm 2004 v 2006 u bao gm nhng

ln dng chn cc quc gia nhiu du nh Nigeria v Angola.

3. Nhng thch thc Trung Quc phi i mt

Bn canh nhng thanh cng at c , vic hoach inh va trin khai chinh sach

i ngoai i vi chu Phi, Trung Quc cung khng trnh c nhng kho khn , thch

thc:

Th nht, s pht trin v nhng tnh hung thay i cc nc chu Phi. Tuy

chu Phi l dn i vo n nh v chnh tr, tng trng v kinh t, x hi c nhiu bin

i nhanh chng t sau chin tranh lnh. Tuy nhin, chu Phi khng pht trin ng

u m c s phn ha gia cc khu vc ca chu lc ny. V vy, vi chnh sch m

Trung Quc ra i vi chu Phi, Trung Quc phi c nhng hng gii quyt khc

nhau, tng khu vc khc nhau. ng thi, chu Phi l chu lc a sc tc, a tn

gio, cha nhiu yu t khng n nh nh cc cuc xung t cc b lc, xung t ni

b cc ng cm quyn, tranh chp bin gii, mu thun tn gio. iu ny lm cho

6

qu trnh tin ti ha bnh, n nh chung chu Phi ko di v din bin vi nhiu

phc tp. y cng l thch thc ln i vi s pht trin tt p ca mi quan h

Trung Quc chu Phi.

Th hai, s cnh tranh t cc nc ln nh M, EU, n , Nga vi Trung

Quc. Trong cc nc cnh tranh vi Trung Quc chu Phi, c th EU v Hoa K l

nhng i th cnh tranh nng k nht i vi Trung Quc.

Th ba, thi ca cc nc chu Phi i vi chnh sch ca Trung Quc. Vic

Trung Quc a nhiu sn phm gi r ca mnh n chu Phi v iu bp

ngt ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc bn a, trc ht l ngnh dt may. S lo lng

ca ngi dn chu Phi cn l do s trao i khng ngang gi cc ngun ti nguyn

thin nhin khng ti to c ca mnh vi thnh phm hoc bn thnh phm ca

Trung Quc. H cng khng hi lng vi h thng tr cng lao ng khng cng bng

cho cng nhn vin chc chu Phi lm vic trong cc x nghip Trung Quc, cng nh

i vi vic a cng nhn Trung Quc sang lm vic chu Phi, trong khi chu Phi

ang tha lao ng ph thng. Thm vo , nhiu nc chu Phi c cn cn thng

mi m vi Trung Quc. C nhiu kin cho rng, tt c cc khon n vay tn dng,

u t vo chu Phi l lm giu cho gii quan chc chu Phi ch khng phi phc v

cho nhu cu cc tng lp dn c ngho kh, cng nh gii quyt nhng vn pht

trin cc nc chu Phi. Ngoi ra ph hoi v gy nhim mi trng, gy bt n x

hi.

Nhn chung, c th thy a phn cc nc chu Phi hoan nghnh quan h vi

Trung Quc. Tuy nhin, mi quan h ang ln ny cng vp phi khng t nhng li

ch trch, nghi ng ca d lun ti chu Phi v d lun th gii v nhng tc ng tiu

cc ca n. Trung Quc c nhng phn ng nhm thanh minh cho hnh ng ca

h trc nhng co buc v vic nc ny ang thi hnh mt chnh sch thc dn

kiu Trung Quc ti chu Phi.

Kt lun

Quan h Trung Quc chu Phi thp nin u th ky XXI , a at nhiu thanh

tu quan trong va co nhiu net mi mang tinh t pha trong ca linh vc kinh t v

chnh tr ngoi giao . Trong bi canh toan cu hoa din ra manh me , s ph thuc, nh

7

hng va tac ng ln nhau cua tt ca cac quc gia , dn tc va khu vc trn th gii thi

chin lc cua Trung Quc xm nhp vao chu Phi ap ng li ich cua ho va vic

cc nc chu Phi hng ng v hp tac manh me vi Trung Quc la hoan toan phu

hp.

Quan h Trung Phi tuy phat trin manh me , nhng trn thc t v tr ca Trung

Quc chu Phi vn xp sau My va ang gp nhiu thach thc t nc nay . Ngoi ra,

cnh tranh chin lc gia Trung Quc va cac nc ln khac a tac ng khng nho

n li ch ca Trung Quc lc a en .

Mc du gp nhiu thach thc ln t nhiu phia , nhng vi tri va vai tro cua Trung

ngy cng tng, iu nay phan anh s la chon khn kheo trong ng li chinh sach

i ngoai cua Trung Quc . Vi Trung Quc , ngoi li ch v kinh t nh du m , ti

nguyn, thng mai thi mi quan h chin lc Trung Phi a gop phn cu ng c vi

th cua Trung Quc trn trng quc t . V ngc lai, cc nc chu Phi qua n h vi

Trung Quc cung giup cac quc gia nay phat trin cung nh nng ca v th ca chu

Phi khu vc v quc t.

Vi nhng th manh hin co, quan h Trung Quc chu Phi tht s la mi quan

h hp tac i bn cung co li (tuy nhng mc khc nhau), trin vong trong thi

gian ti se c thuc y hn na . iu cn thit la cac bn i tac se tim ra cac gii

php ph hp vi hon cnh v iu kin ca mnh theo nguyn tc v thng l quc

t. iu nay se mang lai li ich cho ca Trung Quc , chu Phi va nhiu i tac khac ,

trong o co Vit Nam.

Ch thch: 1 Nguyn Thanh Hin (Ch nin, 2008), Hp tc quc t gii quyt cc vn mang

tnh ton cu ca chu Phi, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, tr.30. 2 Dn theo: c nh (Ch bin, 2006), Tnh hnh chnh tr - kinh t c bn ca

chu Phi, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, tr.30. 3 C quan thng tin v nng lng, EIA, 03/03/2009.

4 Lt. Col JS Kohli (2009), The Dragon on Safari: Chinas Africa Policy, nstitute of

Peace and Conflict Studies, Niu Delhi, India, tr.3.

Ti liu tham kho

8

1. Li Anshan (2007) China and Africa: Policy and Challenges, China Security,

Vol. 13, No.13, pp.69-93.

2. Anthony Yaw Baah and Herbert Jauch (eds.) (2009): Chinese investments in

Africa: A labour perspective, Windhoek: African Labour Research Network,

May 2009, ISBN No: 99916-64-94-7.

3. Nguyn Thanh Hin (Ch bin, 2010), Chu Phi: Nhng c im chnh tr

ch yu hin nay, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni.

4. Yi-Chong Xu (2008),China and the United States in Africa: Coming Conflict

or Commercial Coexistence?, Australian Journal of International Affairs,

Volume 62, Number 1,March 2008, pp. 16-37(22).

5. He Wenping (2003), China-Africa Relations facing the 21st Century, 2003-5-

27,http://bic.cass.cn/english/InfoShow/Arcitle_Show_Conference_Show.asp?ID

=364&Title=Africa%20Beyond%202000&strNavigation=Home%3EForum&Bi

gClassID=4&SmallClassID=11

6. Hannah Edinger, Hayley Herman & Johanna Jansson (2008), New impulses

from the South Chinas engagement of Africa, A Publication of the Centre for

Chinese Studies (CCS), Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch, South Africa.

7. Lt. Col JS Kohli (2009), The Dragon on Safari: Chinas Africa Policy, nstitute

of Peace and Conflict Studies, Niu Delhi, India.

8. Evan S. Medeiros (2006), Chinese Foreign Policy: The African Dimension,

Presentation given at a FLADIPRI conference on Strategy and Security in

Southern Africa, Lisbon.

9. China Policy In Focus, https://sites.google.com/site/chinapolicyinfocus/home