China's National Defense in 2008 - Carnegie Endowment for ...€¦ · policy orientation of all countries to settle differences and hotspot issues peacefully through dialogue. The

China'sNationalDefensein2008

InformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChina

January2009,Beijing

(ReproducedassinglePDFdocumentbyFederationofAmericanScientists.Originalversion:http://english.gov.cn/official/2009‐01/20/content_1210227.htm)

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Contents

Preface

I.TheSecuritySituation

II.NationalDefensePolicy

III.ReformandDevelopmentofthePLA

IV.TheArmy

V.TheNavy

VI.TheAirForce

VII.TheSecondArtilleryForce

VIII.ThePeople'sArmedPoliceForce

IX.NationalDefenseReserveBuildup

X.TheArmedForcesandthePeople

XI.Science,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDe‐fense

XII.DefenseExpenditure

XIII.InternationalSecurityCooperation

XIV.ArmsControlandDisarmament

AppendixIMajorInternationalExchangesoftheChineseMilitary(2007‐2008)

AppendixIIJointExercisesandTrainingwithForeignArmedForces(2007‐2008)

AppendixIIIChina'sParticipationinUNPeacekeepingOperations

AppendixIVImportsandExportsofSevenMajorTypesofConventionalArmsofthePRC(2007)

AppendixVDefenseExpenditureofthePRC(1978‐2007)

AppendixVIMajorMilitaryRegulationsIssuedin2007and2008

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Preface

Theyear2008wasanextraordinaryoneinthehistoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).InthatyearChinaovercameadevastatingearthquake,withtheepicenterinWenchuanCounty,SichuanProvince;successfullyhostedthe29thOlympicGamesandParalympicsinBeijing;andgreetedthe30thanniversaryoftheadoptionofreformandopening‐uppolicies.

HistoricchangeshavetakenplaceintherelationsbetweencontemporaryChinaandtherestoftheworld.TheChineseeconomyhasbecomeanimportantpartoftheworldeconomy,Chinahasbecomeanimportantmemberoftheinternationalsystem,andthefutureanddestinyofChinahavebeenincreasinglycloselyconnectedwiththeinternationalcommunity.Chinacannotdevelopinisolationfromtherestoftheworld,norcantheworldenjoyprosperityandstabilitywithoutChina.

Startingfromthisnewhistoricalturningpoint,Chinaisunswervinglytakingtheroadofpeacefuldevelopment,unswervinglycarryingoutitspoliciesofreformandopening‐upandsocialistmodernization,unswervinglypursuinganindependentforeignpolicyofpeaceandanationaldefensepolicysolelyaimedatprotectingitsterritoryandpeople,andendeavoringtobuild,togetherwithothercountries,aharmoniousworldofenduringpeaceandcommonprosperity.

ChinaadherestotakingtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentasanimportantguidingprinciplefornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuilding;isactivelyadaptingitselftonewtrendsinworldmilitarydevelopment,takingitasitsfundamentalpurposetosafeguardnationalsovereignty,securityanddevelopment,takingreformandinnovationasitsfundamentaldrivingforce,andadvancingthemodernizationofitsnationaldefenseandarmedforcesfromahigherstartingpoint.

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I.TheSecuritySituation

Withtheadventofthenewcentury,theworldisundergoingtremendouschangesandadjustments.Peaceanddevelopmentremaintheprincipalthemesofthetimes,andthepursuitofpeace,developmentandcooperationhasbecomeanirresistibletrendofthetimes.However,globalchallengesareontheincrease,andnewsecuritythreatskeepemerging.

Economicglobalizationandworldmulti‐polarizationaregainingmomentum.Theprogresstowardindustrializationandinformationizationthroughouttheglobeisacceleratingandeconomiccooperationisinfullswing,leadingtoincreasingeconomicinterdependence,inter‐connectivityandinteractivityamongcountries.Theriseanddeclineofinternationalstrategicforcesisquickening,majorpowersaresteppinguptheireffortstocooperatewitheachotheranddrawoneachother'sstrengths.Theycontinuetocompetewithandholdeachotherincheck,andgroupsofnewemergingdevelopingpowersarearising.Therefore,aprofoundreadjustmentisbrewingintheinternationalsystem.Inaddition,factorsconducivetomaintainingpeaceandcontainingwarareontherise,andthecommoninterestsofcountriesinthesecurityfieldhaveincreased,andtheirwillingnesstocooperateisenhanced,therebykeepinglowtheriskofworldwide,all‐outandlarge‐scalewarsforarelativelylongperiodoftime.

Worldpeaceanddevelopmentarefacedwithmultipledifficultiesandchallenges.Strugglesforstrategicresources,strategiclocationsandstrategicdominancehaveintensified.Meanwhile,hegemonismandpowerpoliticsstillexist,regionalturmoilkeepsspillingover,hot‐spotissuesareincreasing,andlocalconflictsandwarskeepemerging.TheimpactofthefinancialcrisistriggeredbytheU.S.subprimemortgagecrisisissnowballing.Intheaspectofworldeconomicdevelopment,issuessuchasenergyandfoodarebecomingmoreserious,highlightingdeep‐seatedcontradictions.Economicrisksaremanifestingamoreinterconnected,systematicandglobalnature.Issuessuchasterrorism,environmentaldisasters,climatechange,seriousepidemics,transnationalcrimeandpiratesarebecomingincreasinglyprominent.

Theinfluenceofmilitarysecurityfactorsoninternationalrelationsismounting.Drivenbycompetitioninoverallnationalstrengthandthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,internationalmilitarycompetitionisbecomingincreasinglyintense,andtheworldwiderevolutioninmilitaryaffairs(RMA)isreachinganewstageofdevelopment.Somemajorpowersarerealigningtheirsecurityandmilitarystrategies,increasingtheirdefenseinvestment,speedingupthetransformationofarmedforces,anddevelopingadvancedmilitarytechnology,weaponsandequipment.Strategicnuclearforces,militaryastronautics,missiledefensesystems,andglobalandbattlefieldreconnaissanceandsurveillancehavebecometopprioritiesintheireffortstostrengthenarmedforces.Somedevelopingcountriesarealsoactivelyseekingtoacquireadvancedweaponsandequipmenttoincreasetheirmilitarypower.Allcountriesareattachingmoreimportancetosupportingdiplomaticstruggleswithmilitarymeans.Asaresult,armsracesinsomeregions

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areheatingup,posinggravechallengestotheinternationalarmscontrolandnonproliferationregime.

TheAsia‐Pacificsecuritysituationisstableonthewhole.Theregionaleconomyisbrimmingwithvigor,mechanismsforregionalandsub‐regionaleconomicandsecuritycooperationmaintaintheirdevelopmentmomentum,andithasbecomethepolicyorientationofallcountriestosettledifferencesandhotspotissuespeacefullythroughdialogue.ThememberstatesoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization(SCO)havesignedtheTreatyonLong‐TermGood‐NeighborlyRelations,FriendshipandCooperation,andpracticalcooperationhasmadeprogressinsuchfieldsassecurityandeconomy.TheconclusionoftheASEANCharterhasenabledanewsteptobetakentowardASEANintegration.RemarkableachievementshavebeenmadeincooperationbetweenChinaandASEAN,aswellasbetweenASEANandChina,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea.CooperationwithintheframeworkoftheEastAsiaSummit(EAS)andtheSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation(SAARC)continuestomakeprogress.TheSix‐PartyTalksontheKoreannuclearissuehavescoredsuccessiveachievements,andthetensioninNortheastAsiaismuchreleased.

However,therestillexistmanyfactorsofuncertaintyinAsia‐Pacificsecurity.Thedrasticfluctuationsintheworldeconomyimpactheavilyonregionaleconomicdevelopment,andpoliticalturbulencepersistsinsomecountriesundergoingeconomicandsocialtransition.Ethnicandreligiousdiscords,andconflictingclaimsoverterritorialandmaritimerightsandinterestsremainserious,regionalhotspotsarecomplex.Atthesametime,theU.S.hasincreaseditsstrategicattentiontoandinputintheAsia‐Pacificregion,furtherconsolidatingitsmilitaryalliances,adjustingitsmilitarydeploymentandenhancingitsmilitarycapabilities.Inaddition,terrorist,separatistandextremistforcesarerunningrampant,andnon‐traditionalsecurityissuessuchasseriousnaturaldisasterscropupfrequently.Themechanismsforsecuritycooperationbetweencountriesandregionsareyettobeenhanced,andthecapabilityforcopingwithregionalsecuritythreatsinacoordinatedwayhastobeimproved.

China'ssecuritysituationhasimprovedsteadily.TheachievementsmadeinChina'smodernizationdrivehavedrawnworldwideattention.China'soverallnationalstrengthhasincreasedsubstantially,itspeople'slivingstandardshavekeptimproving,thesocietyremainsstableandunified,andthecapabilityforupholdingnationalsecurityhasbeenfurtherenhanced.Theattemptsoftheseparatistforcesfor"Taiwanindependence"toseek"dejureTaiwanindependence"havebeenthwarted,andthesituationacrosstheTaiwanStraitshastakenasignificantlypositiveturn.Thetwosideshaveresumedandmadeprogressinconsultationsonthecommonpoliticalbasisofthe"1992Consensus,"andconsequentlycross‐Straitsrelationshaveimproved.Meanwhile,Chinahasmadesteadyprogressinitsrelationswiththedevelopedcountries,strengthenedinallrespectsthegood‐neighborlyfriendshipwithitsneighboringcountries,andkeptdeepeningitstraditionalfriendshipwiththedevelopingcountries.Chinaisplayinganactiveand

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constructiveroleinmultilateralaffairs,thusnotablyelevatingitsinternationalpositionandinfluence.

Chinaisstillconfrontedwithlong‐term,complicated,anddiversesecuritythreatsandchallenges.Issuesofexistencesecurityanddevelopmentsecurity,traditionalsecuritythreatsandnon‐traditionalsecuritythreats,anddomesticsecurityandinternationalsecurityareinterwovenandinteractive.Chinaisfacedwiththesuperiorityofthedevelopedcountriesineconomy,scienceandtechnology,aswellasmilitaryaffairs.Italsofacesstrategicmaneuversandcontainmentfromtheoutsidewhilehavingtofacedisruptionandsabotagebyseparatistandhostileforcesfromtheinside.Beinginastageofeconomicandsocialtransition,Chinaisencounteringmanynewcircumstancesandnewissuesinmaintainingsocialstability.Separatistforcesworkingfor"Taiwanindependence,""EastTurkistanindependence"and"Tibetindependence"posethreatstoChina'sunityandsecurity.Damagescausedbynon‐traditionalsecuritythreatsliketerrorism,naturaldisasters,economicinsecurity,andinformationinsecurityareontherise.ImpactofuncertaintiesanddestabilizingfactorsinChina'soutsidesecurityenvironmentonnationalsecurityanddevelopmentisgrowing.Inparticular,theUnitedStatescontinuestosellarmstoTaiwaninviolationoftheprinciplesestablishedinthethreeSino‐USjointcommuniques,causingseriousharmtoSino‐USrelationsaswellaspeaceandstabilityacrosstheTaiwanStraits.

Inthefaceofunprecedentedopportunitiesandchallenges,Chinawillholdhighthebannerofpeace,developmentandcooperation,persistintakingtheroadofpeacefuldevelopment,pursuetheopening‐upstrategyofmutualbenefit,andpromotethebuildingofaharmoniousworldwithenduringpeaceandcommonprosperity;anditwillpersistinimplementingtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentinabidtoachieveintegrationofdevelopmentwithsecurity,persistingivingdueconsiderationtobothtraditionalandnon‐traditionalsecurityissues,enhancingnationalstrategiccapabilities,andperfectingthenationalemergencymanagementsystem.Atthesametime,itwillpersistinpursuingthenewsecurityconceptfeaturingmutualtrust,mutualbenefit,equalityandcoordination,andadvocatingthesettlementofinternationaldisputesandhotspotissuesbypeacefulmeans.Itwillencouragetheadvancementofsecuritydialoguesandcooperationwithothercountries,opposetheenlargementofmilitaryalliances,andactsofaggressionandexpansion.Chinawillneverseekhegemonyorengageinmilitaryexpansionnoworinthefuture,nomatterhowdevelopeditbecomes.

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II.NationalDefensePolicy

Chinapursuesanationaldefensepolicywhichispurelydefensiveinnature.Chinaplacestheprotectionofnationalsovereignty,security,territorialintegrity,safeguardingoftheinterestsofnationaldevelopment,andtheinterestsoftheChinesepeopleaboveallelse.Chinaendeavorstobuildafortifiednationaldefenseandstrongmilitaryforcescompatiblewithnationalsecurityanddevelopmentinterests,andenrichthecountryandstrengthenthemilitarywhilebuildingamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallaspects.

China'snationaldefensepolicyforthenewstageinthenewcenturybasicallyincludes:upholdingnationalsecurityandunity,andensuringtheinterestsofnationaldevelopment;achievingtheall‐round,coordinatedandsustainabledevelopmentofChina'snationaldefenseandarmedforces;enhancingtheperformanceofthearmedforceswithinformationizationasthemajormeasuringcriterion;implementingthemilitarystrategyofactivedefense;pursuingaself‐defensivenuclearstrategy;andfosteringasecurityenvironmentconducivetoChina'speacefuldevelopment.

Accordingtotherequirementsofnationalsecurityandthelevelofeconomicandsocialdevelopment,Chinapursuesathree‐stepdevelopmentstrategytomodernizeitsnationaldefenseandarmedforcesstepbystepinawell‐plannedway.Thisstrategicframeworkisdefinedasfollows:

PromotingtheinformationizationofChina'snationaldefenseandarmedforces.Takinginformationizationasthegoalofmodernizationofitsnationaldefenseandarmedforcesandinlightofitsnationalandmilitaryconditions,ChinaactivelypushesforwardtheRMAwithChinesecharacteristics.Ithasformulatedinascientificwaystrategicplansfornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuildingandstrategiesforthedevelopmentoftheservicesandarms,accordingtowhichitwilllayasolidfoundationby2010,basicallyaccomplishmechanizationandmakemajorprogressininformationizationby2020,andbyandlargereachthegoalofmodernizationofnationaldefenseandarmedforcesbythemid‐21stcentury.

Overallplanningofeconomicdevelopmentandnationaldefensebuilding.Stickingtotheprincipleofcoordinateddevelopmentofeconomyandnationaldefense,Chinamakesoverallplansfortheuseofitsnationalresourcesandstrikesabalancebetweenenrichingthecountryandstrengtheningthemilitary,soastoensurethatitsstrategyfornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuildingiscompatiblewithitsstrategyfornationaldevelopment.Itmakesnationaldefensebuildinganorganicpartofitssocialandeconomicdevelopment,endeavorstoestablishscientificmechanismsforthecoordinateddevelopmentofeconomyandnationaldefense,andthusprovidesrichresourcesandsustainabledrivingforceforthemodernizationofitsnationaldefenseandarmedforces.Innationaldefensebuilding,Chinamakesitapointtotakeintoconsiderationtheneedsofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandinsistsonhavingmilitaryandcivilianpurposes

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compatiblewithandbeneficialtoeachother,soastoachievemoresocialbenefitsintheuseofnationaldefenseresourcesinpeacetime.

Deepeningthereformofnationaldefenseandarmedforces.Chinaisworkingtoadjustandreformtheorganization,structureandpoliciesofthearmedforces,andwilladvancestepbystepthemodernizationoftheorganizationalformandpatternofthearmedforcesinordertodevelopby2020acompletesetofscientificmodesoforganization,institutionsandwaysofoperationbothwithChinesecharacteristicsandinconformitywiththelawsgoverningthebuildingofmodernarmedforces.Chinastrivestoadjustandreformthesystemsofdefense‐relatedindustryofscienceandtechnologyandtheprocurementofweaponsandequipment,andenhanceitscapacityforindependentinnovationinR&Dofweaponsandequipmentwithbetterqualityandcost‐effectiveness.Chinaendeavorstoestablishandimprovethesystemsofweaponryandequipmentresearchandmanufacturing,militarypersonneltrainingandlogisticalsupportthatintegratemilitarywithcivilianpurposesandcombinemilitaryeffortswithciviliansupport.Inaddition,Chinamakesanefforttoestablishandimproveanationaldefensemobilizationsystemthatiscentralizedandunified,wellstructured,rapidinreaction,andauthoritativeandefficient.

Takingtheroadofleapfrogdevelopment.Persistingintakingmechanizationasthefoundationandinformationizationasfocus,Chinaissteppingupthecompositedevelopmentofmechanizationandinformationization.Persistinginstrengtheningthemilitarybymeansofscienceandtechnology,Chinaisworkingtodevelopnewandhigh‐techweaponryandequipment,carryoutthestrategicprojectoftrainingtalentedpeople,conductmilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization,andbuildamodernlogisticssysteminanall‐roundway,soastochangethemodeofformationofwar‐fightingcapabilities.Persistinginlayingstressonpriorities,Chinadistinguishesbetweentheprimaryandthesecondary,andrefrainsfromdoingcertainthings,strivingtoachieveleapfrogdevelopmentinkeyareas.Chinapersistsinbuildingthearmedforcesthroughdiligenceandthrift,attachingimportancetoscientificmanagement,inordertomakethefullestuseofitslimiteddefenseresources.

Chinaimplementsamilitarystrategyofactivedefense.Strategically,itadherestotheprincipleoffeaturingdefensiveoperations,self‐defenseandstrikingandgettingthebetteroftheenemyonlyaftertheenemyhasstartedanattack.Inresponsetothenewtrendsinworldmilitarydevelopmentsandtherequirementsofthenationalsecurityanddevelopmentstrategy,Chinahasformulatedamilitarystrategicguidelineofactivedefenseforthenewperiod.

Thisguidelineaimsatwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofinformationization.IttakesintooverallconsiderationtheevolutionofmodernwarfareandthemajorsecuritythreatsfacingChina,andpreparesfordefensiveoperationsunderthemostdifficultandcomplexcircum‐stances.Meetingtherequirementsofconfrontationbetweenwarsystemsinmodernwarfareandtakingintegratedjointoperationsasthebasicapproach,itisdesignedtobringtheoperationalstrengthsofdifferent

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servicesandarmsintofullplay,combineoffensiveoperationswithdefensiveoperations,giveprioritytotheflexibleapplicationofstrategiesandtactics,seekadvantagesandavoiddisadvantages,andmakethebestuseofourstrongpointstoattacktheenemy'sweakpoints.Itendeavorstorefinethecommandsystemforjointoperations,thejointtrainingsystemandthejointsupportsystem,optimizethestructureandcompositionofforces,andspeedupthebuildingofacombatforcestructuresuitableforwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofinformationization.

Thisguidelinelaysstressondeterringcrisesandwars.Itworksforclosecoordinationbetweenmilitarystruggleandpolitical,diplomatic,economic,culturalandlegalendeavors,strivestofosterafavorablesecurityenvironment,andtakestheinitiativetopreventanddefusecrises,anddeterconflictsandwars.Itstrictlyadherestoapositionofself‐defense,exercisesprudenceintheuseofforce,seekstoeffectivelycontrolwarsituations,andstrivestoreducetherisksandcostsofwar.Itcallsforthebuildingofaleanandeffectivedeterrentforceandtheflexibleuseofdifferentmeansofdeterrence.Chinaremainscommittedtothepolicyofnofirstuseofnuclearweapons,pursuesaself‐defensivenuclearstrategy,andwillneverenterintoanucleararmsracewithanyothercountry.

Thisguidelinefocusesonenhancingthecapabilitiesofthearmedforcesincounteringvarioussecuritythreatsandaccomplishingdiversifiedmilitarytasks.Withthefocusofattentiononperformingthehistoricalmissionsofthearmedforcesforthenewstageinthenewcenturyandwithraisingthecapabilitytowinlocalwarsinconditionsofinformationizationatthecore,itworkstoincreasethecountry'scapabilitiestomaintainmaritime,spaceandelectromagneticspacesecurityandtocarryoutthetasksofcounter‐terrorism,stabilitymaintenance,emergencyrescueandinternationalpeacekeeping.Ittakesmilitaryoperationsotherthanwar(MOOTW)asanimportantformofapplyingnationalmilitaryforces,andscientificallymakesandexecutesplansforthedevelopmentofMOOTWcapabilities.Chinaparticipatesininternationalsecuritycooperation,conductsvariousformsofmilitaryexchangesandpromotestheestablishmentofmilitaryconfidence‐buildingmechanismsinaccordancewiththisguideline.

Thisguidelineadherestoandcarriesforwardthestrategicconceptofpeople'swar.Inaccordancewiththisguideline,Chinaalwaysreliesonthepeopletobuildnationaldefenseandthearmedforces,combinesaleanstandingforcewithapowerfulreserveforce,andendeavorstoreinforceitsnationalwarpotentialanddefensestrength.Chinaisworkingtosetupamechanismforunifiedandefficientnationaldefensemobilization,steppingupthemobilizationofeconomy,scienceandtechnology,informationandtransportation,andmakingimprovementsinthebuildingofthereserveforce.Chinaisstrivingtomakeinnovationsinthecontentandformsofpeople'swar,exploringnewapproachesofthepeopleinparticipatinginwarfareandsupportforthefront,anddevelopingnewstrategiesandtacticsforpeople'swarinconditionsofinformationization.Moreover,thePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)subordinatesitsdevelopmenttotheoverallnationalconstruction,

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supportslocaleconomicandsocialdevelopment,andconsolidatestheunitybetweenthePLAandthegovernment,andbetweenthePLAandthepeople.

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III.ReformandDevelopmentofthePLA

InthegreathistoricalcourseofChina'sreformandopening‐upoverthepastthreedecades,thePLAhasinvariablytakenmodernizationasitscentraltask,continuouslyengagedinreformandinnovation,comprehensivelyadvancedrevolutionization,modernizationandregularization,andmadeimportantcontributionstosafeguardingnationalsovereigntyandsecurity,andmaintainingworldpeace.Inrecentyears,thePLAhasacceleratedRMAwithChinesecharacteristics,andpushedforwarditsmilitary,political,logisticalandequipmentworkinacoordinatedway,inanefforttoachievesoundandrapiddevelopment.

ThirtyYearsofReformandDevelopment

Fromthelate1970sandintothe1980s,thePLAsetoutontheroadofbuildingastreamlinedmilitarywithChinesecharacteristics.Accordingtothescientificjudgmentthatpeaceanddevelopmenthadbecometheprincipalthemesofthetimes,itmadeastrategicshiftinitsguidingprincipleformilitarybuildingfrompreparationsfor"anearly,large‐scaleandnuclearwar"topeacetimeconstruction,andadvanceditsmodernizationstepbystepinawell‐plannedwayunderthepreconditionthatsucheffortsshouldbebothsubordinatedtoandintheserviceofthecountry'soveralldevelopment.Itsetthegeneralgoalofbuildingapowerfulmilitary,revolutionaryinnature,modernizedandregularized,andblazedatrailforbuildingaleanmilitarywithChinesecharacteristics.Itunderwentsignificantadjustmentandreform,andstreamlinedthesizeofitsarmedforcesbyamilliontroops,therebytakinganimportantstepforwardinmakingitselfstreamlined,combinedandefficient.

Enteringthe1990s,thePLAbegantovigorouslypromoteRMAwithChinesecharacteristics.Itestablishedthemilitarystrategicguidelineofactivedefenseforthenewera,basedonwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofmoderntechnology,particularlyhightechnology.Itbegantoadoptastrategyofstrengtheningthemilitarybymeansofscienceandtechnology,andathree‐stepdevelopmentstrategyinmodernizingnationaldefenseandthearmedforces,andpromotedthecoordinateddevelopmentofnationaldefenseandeconomy.RegardingRMAwithChinesecharacteristicsastheonlywaytomodernizethemilitary,itputforwardthestrategicgoalofbuildinganinformationizedmilitaryandwinninginformationizedwars.Drivenbypreparationsformilitarystruggle,itacceleratedthedevelopmentofweaponryandequipment,steppedupthedevelopmentofthearmsandservicesofthearmedforces,aswellasforcesforemergencymobileoperations,optimizeditssystemandstructure,andreducedthenumberofpersonnelby700,000.Asaresult,itscapabilityofdefensiveoperationsincreasedremarkably.

Atthenewstageinthenewcentury,thePLAhasbeenstrivingtocreateanewsituationinitsmodernizationdriveatanewhistoricalstartingpoint.WiththeScientificOutlookonDevelopmentasanimportantguidingprinciplefornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuilding,ithasactedinaccordancewiththestrategicthoughtofbalancingeconomicandnationaldefensedevelopmentandintegrating

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effortstoenrichthecountryandstrengthenthemilitary.Ithasbeendedicatedtoperformingitsnewhistoricalmissionsandimprovingitscapabilitiestocountervarioussecuritythreatsandaccomplishdiversifiedmilitarytasks.Ithasacceleratedthecompositedevelopmentofmechanizationandinformationization,vigorouslyconductsmilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization,andboostsinnovationinmilitarytheory,technology,organizationandmanagement,tocontinuouslyincreasethecoremilitarycapabilityofwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofinformationizationandthecapabilityofconductingMOOTW.

PromotingtheImprovementofMilitaryTraining

Regardingmilitarytrainingasthebasicapproachtofurtheringthecomprehensivedevelopmentofthemilitaryandraisingcombateffectiveness,thePLAisworkingtoreformtrainingprograms,methods,managementandsupport,andcreateascientificsystemformilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization.

Increasingtrainingtasks.ThePLAisintensifyingstrategic‐andoperational‐levelcommandposttrainingandtrooptraininginconditionsofinformationization,holdingtrans‐regionalevaluationexerciseswithopposingplayers,conductingwhole‐unitnighttrainingandcarryingoutintegratedexercisesforlogisticalandequipmentsupport.Moreover,itisattachingmoreimportancetoMOOTWtrainingincounter‐terrorism,stabilitymaintenance,emergencyresponse,peacekeeping,emergencyrescueanddisasterrelief.

Deepeningtrainingreform.ThePLAiscreatingatasklistformilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization,developinganeweditionoftheOutlineforMilitaryTrainingandEvaluation,andpromotingtheapplicationofinnovationsmadeintrainingreform.Itisalsoreinforcingthejointtrainingoftheservicesandarms,strengtheningfunctionaltraining,givingprominencetocommandandcoordinatetrainingandthestudiesofwaysoffighting,andimprovingtraininginregionalcooperation.Itisimprovingon‐basetrainingandsimulatedtraining,promotingweb‐basedtraining,andconductingtrainingwithopposingplayers.Itisalsoreformingtrainingevaluationmechanisms,makingtrainingstandardsstricter,andenforcingmeticulousmanagementofthewholeprocessandallaspectsofmilitarytraining.

Conductingtrainingincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.ThePLAisspreadingbasicknowledgeofelectromagnetic‐spectrumandbattlefield‐electromagneticenvironments,learningandmasteringbasictheoriesofinformationwarfare,particularlyelectronicwarfare.Itisenhancingtrainingonhowtooperateanduseinformationizedweaponryandequipment,andcommandinformationsystems.Itisworkingontheinformationizingofcombinedtacticaltrainingbases,andholdingexercisesincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.

StrengtheningIdeologicalandPoliticalWork

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ThePLAinsistsonputtingideologicalandpoliticalworkfirst,andpushingforwardtheinnovativedevelopmentofideologicalandpoliticalwork,toensuretheParty'sabsoluteleadershipoverthearmedforces,thescientificdevelopmentofthemilitary,theall‐rounddevelopmentoftheofficersandmen,theincreaseofcombatcapabilitiesandtheeffectivefulfillmentofhistoricalmissions.

InJanuary2007theGeneralPoliticalDepartmentofthePLAissuedtheGuidelinefortheIdeologicalandPoliticalEducationoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy(Trial).ThisguidelinespellsoutclearlythatsucheducationreferstotheworkbytheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)toarmthemilitarywithpoliticaltheoriesandprovideitwithideologicalguidance;scientificallyregulatessucheducationforallkindsofPLAforcesandpersonnel;andfurtherstrengthensthedevelopmentofrulesandregulationsforsucheducation.Pursuanttotheguideline,unitswhoseratiosofpoliticaleducationtomilitarytrainingare3to7and2to8shoulddevote54and42workdays,respectively,topoliticaleducationeachyear.ThePLApersistsinarmingitsofficersandmenwiththetheoryofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,educatestheminitshistoricalmissions,ideals,beliefs,fightingspiritandthesocialistconceptofhonoranddisgrace,andcarriesforwardthefinetraditionsofobeyingtheParty'sorders,servingthepeople,andfightingbravelyandskillfully.ThePLA'sideologicalandpoliticaleducationadherestosixprinciples:tobeguidedbyscientifictheories,toputthepeoplefirst,tofocusonthecentraltaskandservetheoverallinterests,toaimatconcreteresults,toeducatethroughpracticalactivities,andtoencourageinnovationanddevelopment.Followingtheseprinciples,thePLAhasflexiblyappliedandinnovativelydevelopededucationalformsandmeans,improvedradio,televisionandnetworkeducationalfacilities,andbuiltmilitaryhistorymuseums,culturalcenters,"homesofpoliticalinstructors,"studyrooms,andcompanyclubsandhonorsexhibitions.

InApril2008theCentralMilitaryCommission(CMC)approvedtheRegulationsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyontheWorkofServicemen'sCommittees,whichwasjointlyissuedbytheHeadquartersoftheGeneralStaff,theGeneralPoliticalDepartment,theGeneralLogisticsDepartmentandtheGeneralArmamentDepartment.Thedocumenthasinstitutionalizedpoliticaldemocracy,economicdemocracyandmilitarydemocracyforgrass‐rootsunitsinthenewsituation.Theservicemen'scommitteeisanorganizationthroughwhichthegrass‐rootsmilitaryunitspracticedemocracyinpolitical,economicandmilitaryaffairsandthroughwhichtheservicemenexercisetheirdemocraticrightsandcarryoutmassactivities.Itexercisesthefollowingfunctionstoo:toadviseoncombatreadinesstraining,educationandmanagement,logisticalsupport,andweaponryandequipmentmanagementofitsownunit;tomakerecommendationsonissuesconcerningtheimmediateinterestsofofficersandmen,suchastheselectionandpromotionofnon‐commissionedofficers(NCOs),selectionofqualifiedenlistedmentoentermilitaryeducationalinstitutionseitherthroughexaminationsordirectly,selectionofenlistedmenfortechnicaltraining,andselectionofservicemenforcommendationsandrewards;tosuperviseofficersandmenontheperformanceoftheirdutiesandobservationoflawanddiscipline;andtoprotectthecollectiveinterestsoftheunit,

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andthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofofficersandmen.Consistingoffivetosevenmemberschosenbytheservicemen'sassemblythroughelectionbysecretballot,theservicemen'scommitteeworksundertheleadershipoftheunitPartybranch(orgrass‐rootsPartycommittee)andtheguidanceoftheunitcommanders.

EnhancingtheCostEffectivenessofLogisticalSupport

ThePLAvigorouslypromotesintegrationinlogisticalsupportsystem,outsourcinginlogisticalsupportmethod,informationizationinlogisticalsupportmeans,andscientificapproachinlogisticalsupportmanagement,tobuildamodernlogisticssystem.InDecember2007theCMCpromulgatedtheOutlineforBuildingaModernLogisticsSystem,specifyingtheguidelines,principles,objectivesandtasksforthedevelopmentofmodernlogistics.

Deepeninglogisticsreform.ThePLApersistsinpromotingre‐formsinjointlogistics.InApril2007theJinanTheaterformallyadoptedthejointlogisticssystembasedontheintegrationoftri‐servicelogisticalsupport.Tospeeduptheoutsourcingprocess,thePLAout‐sourcesthecommercialandhousingservicesofcombatunitsstationedinlarge‐andmedium‐sizedcities,general‐purposematerialsstorage,capitalconstruction,logisticalequipmentproductionandlogisticaltechnicalservices.Toenhancebudgetingreforms,itpromotesthecreationofdatabasesforbudgetitems,strengthenstheinvestmentassessmentandevaluationofmajorprojects,summarizesandpopularizessuchpracticesastheintegrationofassetsmanagementwithbudgetmanagementandthecontrolofexpensesconcerningadministrativeconsumables,andgraduallyadoptsthepracticeofusingwork‐relatedexpenditurecardsforpaymentandaccountsettlement.Itenlargesthescopeofcentralizedprocurement,increasestheproportionofprocurementthroughbidding,andextendscentralizedprocurementtonon‐combatunits.

Upgradinglogisticalsupport.ThePLAhassubstantiallyincreasedfundingforeducationandtraining,politicalwork,healthcare,waterandelectricitysupplies,heating,barracksmaintenance,etc.Ithasincreasedallowancesforaviators,sailorsandastronauts.Ithasincreasedpostallowancesforofficersingrass‐rootsunitsanddutyallowancesforenlistedmen.Ithasraisedservicemen'sinjuryanddeathinsuranceandboardexpenses.Ithassetstandardsforthesubsidiesandfeesforsmall,scattered,distantunitsandunitsdirectlyundertheheadquarters.InAugust2007allPLAtroopsbegantoreplacetheirolduniformswiththe07series.

Regulatinglogisticsmanagement.Tostepupstandardization,thePLAisredoublingitseffortsinthestandardizedprovisionofmaintenancefundsandcentrallyallocatedsupplies,regulatingthemanagementofconstruction‐relatedsupplies,andcreatingstepbystepasystemoflogisticalsupportstandardsandregulationscoveringsupply,consumptionandmanagement.Itstrengthensfinancialmanagement,spendsaccordingtostandardsandwithinitsbudget,andcarriesoutconstructionaccordingtoitsfinancialstrength.Itpayscloseattentiontothesafemanagementofdrinkingwater,food,medicalcare,medicine,petroleum,oilsandlubricants,transportationanddangerousarticles.Itisimprovingthemechanismto

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preventandcontrolpublichealthhazards;standardizingthemanagementofmilitaryvehicles;conductingaspecialreviewofhousingforactiveofficersatandabovethecorpslevel;imposingstrictmanagementonmilitaryhousingandtheleaseofunoccupiedrealestate;andimprovingthesystemfortheemploymentofcivilians.InJanuary2007theCMCpromulgatedthenewlyrevisedAuditRegulationsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy.ThePLAhaslaunchedanin‐depthmovementtoconserveenergyandresourcesbyencouragingconservation‐mindedsupplyandconsumption.Itprotectstheecologicalenvironmentofmilitaryareasbyinitiatingagrasslandconservationproject,apilotprojectforpreventingandalleviatingsandstormsaffectingcoastalmilitaryfacilities,andeffortstoharnesspollutionbymilitaryunitsstationedintheareaknownastheBohaiSearim.

BoostingIntegratedEquipmentSupport

Meetingtherequirementsoftri‐serviceintegration,jointoperations,systemsbuildingandsystemsintegration,thePLAiscontinuallyimprovingitsweaponryandequipmentsystemandelevatingintegratedequipmentsupport.

AcceleratingthebuildingofamodernweaponryandequipmentsystemwithChinesecharacteristics.Persistinginself‐relianceandindependentinnovation,thePLAgivesprioritytodevelopinginformationizedweaponsandequipmentwhichcanmeettherequirementsofintegratedjointoperations,andcarriesoutprioritizedandselectiveretrofittingandupgradingofexistingequipment.Ithasbasicallyestablishedanarmyequipmentsystemfeaturinghighmobilityandthree‐dimensionalassault,anavalequipmentsystemwithintegratedsea‐aircapabilitiesforoffshoredefensiveoperations,anairforceequipmentsystemwithintegratedair‐landcapabilitiesforbothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations,asurface‐to‐surfacemissileequipmentsystemfortheSecondArtilleryForcecomprisingbothnuclearandconventionalmissileswithdifferentranges,andanelectronicinformationequipmentsystemfeaturingsystemsintegrationandjointdevelopment.

Raisingthelevelofequipmentmanagementandthecapabilityofnewequipmentmaintenanceandsupport.ThePLAisintensifyingthescientific,institutionalizedandregularmanagementofequipment,andhasadoptedasystemofaccountabilitytoimproveweaponandequipmentreadiness.Emphasisislaidoncultivatingthecapabilityofequipmentmaintenanceandsupport,thetechniquesandmeansofwhicharebeinggraduallyshiftedfrombeingapplicabletoequipmentofthefirstandsecondgenerationstobeingapplicabletothesecondandthirdgenerations.Overhaulandemergencysupportcapabilitieshavebeenbasicallydevelopedforthemainequipment.ThePLAhasaugmentedequipmentsupportforcesandformedapreliminarysystemofsuchforces,withregularforcesasthebackbone,reserveforcesasthereinforcement,andbackupforcesasthesupplement.Equipmentmanufacturingunitshavebeenorderedtorehearsethemobilizationoftechnicalsupportforces,andapproachestocivil‐militaryintegratedsupporthavebeenexplored.

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Adjustingandreformingtheequipmentprocurementsystem.Inthepasttwoyears,thePLAhasfurtherexpandedthescopeofcompetitive,centralizedandintegratedprocurement.Inlinewiththedemandtoseparateandbalanceplanning,contractfulfillment,contractsupervisionandcontractauditing,thePLAhasadjustedandimprovedtheorganizationalsystemforequipmentprocurement,andreformedthesystemofresidentmilitaryrepresentativesinfactories.

SpeedingupInformationization

ActivelycopingwiththechallengespresentedbytheworldwideRMA,thePLAextensivelyappliesinformationtechnology,developsandutilizesinformationresourcesinvariousfieldsofmilitarybuilding,andstrivestotakearoadofmilitaryinformationizationwithChinesecharacteristicswhichhighlightstheleadingroleofinformation,pursuescompositedevelopment,promotesindependentinnovationandfacilitatestransformation.

Startingwithcommandautomationinthe1970s,thePLAhasshiftedthefocusofinformationizationfromspecificareastotrans‐areasystemsintegration,andisonthewholeattheinitialstageofcomprehensivedevelopment.Currently,aimingatintegration,thePLAispersistingincombiningbreakthroughsinkeysectorswithcomprehensivedevelopment,technologicalinnovationwithstructuralreform,andthedevelopmentandbuildingofnewsystemswiththemodificationofexistingonestotaptheirpotentials;enhancingsystemsintegration;steppingupeffortstodevelopandutilizeinformationresources;andgraduallydevelopingandimprovingthecapabilityoffightingbasedoninformationsystems.

Achievementshavebeenmadeinthebuildingofmilitaryinformationsystems,withtheprioritybeinggiventocommandinformationsystems.Theintegratedmilitaryinformationnetworkcameintooperationin2006,resultinginthefurtherimprovementoftheinformationinfrastructure,basicinformationsupportandinformationsecurityassurance.Progresshasbeenmadeinthebuildingofcommandandcontrolsystemsforintegratedjointoperations,significantlyenhancingthecapabilityofbattlefieldinformationsupport.IT‐basedtrainingmethodshaveundergoneconsiderabledevelopment;surveyingandmapping,navigation,weatherforecasting,hydrologicalobservationandspaceenvironmentsupportsystemshavebeenfurtheroptimized;anumberofinformationsystemsforlogisticalandequipmentsupporthavebeensuccessfullydevelopedanddeployed;andfull‐scaleeffortsinbuilding"digitalcampuses"havebeguninPLAeducationalinstitutions.

Mainbattleweaponsystemsarebeinggraduallyinformationized.Thefocusistoincreasethecapabilityofthemainbattleweaponsystemsintheareasofrapiddetection,targetlocation,friend‐or‐foeidentificationandprecisionstrikes.Sometanks,artillerypieces,shipsandaircraftinactiveservicehavebeeninformationized,newtypesofhighlyinformationizedcombatplatformshavebeensuccessfullydeveloped,andtheproportionandnumberofprecision‐guidedmunitionsareontherise.

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Theconditionsforinformationizationhavebeenimproved.Aleadership,managementandconsultationsystemforinformationizationhasbeenbasicallysetup,andthecentralizedandunifiedleadershipforinformationizationhasbeenstrengthened.Theoreticalexplorationsandstudiesofkeypracticalissuesrelatedtoinformationizationhavebeencontinuouslyintensified,medium‐andlong‐termplansandguidanceforinformationizationofthemilitaryformulatedandpromulgated,technicalstandardsrevisedandrefined,andinstitutionaleducationandpersonneltrainingcateringtotherequirementsofinformationizationstrengthened.

SteppingupPersonnelTraining

ThePLAisfurtherimplementingthestrategicprojectfortalentedpeople,improvingitstrainingsystemandlayingstressonthetrainingofcommandingofficersforjointoperationsandhigh‐leveltechnicalexpertsinanefforttocultivatealargecontingentofnew‐typeandhigh‐calibermilitarypersonnel.

InApril2008,theCMCissuedOpinionsonStrengtheningandImprovingtheOfficersTrainingWorkoftheArmedForces,explicitlyrequiringtheestablishmentandimprovementoftheservice‐longandall‐personneltrainingsystem,whichtakeslevel‐by‐leveltrainingasthebackboneandon‐the‐jobtrainingasthesupplement,andmatchestrainingwithassignment.Asituationistobecreatedinwhichinstitutionaleducationislinkedwithtraininginunits,educationinmilitaryeducationalinstitutionsiscarriedoninparallelwitheducationthroughregularinstitutionsofhigherlearning,anddomestictrainingiscombinedwithoverseastraining.

Strengtheningthetrainingofcommandingofficersforjointoperations.Variousmeasuresarebeingtakentostepupeffortstotraincommandingofficersforjointoperations,suchasinstitutionaleducation,on‐the‐jobstudyandrotationofposts.Incorporatingjointoperationsintothewholetrainingprocess,thePLAcarefullydistinguishesbetweenthetrainingtasksofeducationalinstitutionsofdifferentlevelsandtypes,andcouplesinstitutionaleducationwithtraininginunits,soastoestablishasystemfortrainingjointoperationscommandingofficerswhichemphasizesbothinstitutionaleducationandpracticeinunits.ThePLAhaslaunchedtheKeyProjectsofMilitaryEducationalInstitutionsandmadestep‐by‐stepprogressintheseprojects.

Selectingandtrainingofficercandidates.InOctober2007theCMCapprovedandthefourgeneralheadquarters/departmentsjointlypromulgatedtheRegulationsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyontheAdmissionWorkofEducationalInstitutions,regulatingtheadmissionofhigh‐schoolgraduatesandenlistedmenintomilitaryeducationalinstitutions.Attheendof2007theMinistryofEducationandtheGeneralPoliticalDepartmentofthePLAco‐sponsoredaconferenceontheissueoftrainingPLAofficersviaregularinstitutionsofhigherlearning.Atpresent,thereare117collegesanduniversitieswithdefensestudents.

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ThePLAhasselectednearly1,000keymiddleschoolsinthevariousprovincesandmunicipalitiesasthemainsourcesofdefensestudents.

Creatingafavorableenvironmentforcultivatingtalentedpeople.ThePLAhasestablishedandimprovedamechanismforrewardingandinspiringtalentedpeople,issuinghighrewardstooutstandingcommandingofficers,staffofficersandtechnicalexperts,aswellasteamswhichhavemadegreatcontributionsinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.Since2007additionalfundsamountingtoRMB700millionhavebeendevotedtotalentcultivation.InJuly2007theCMCpromulgatedtheProvisionsoftheArmedForcesonAttractingandRetainingHigh‐levelSpecializedTechnicalPersonnel,specifyingeffectivemeasurestoattractandretainparticularlyleadingscientists,first‐ratepersonnelinspecificdisciplinesandtechnicalexperts.InMarch2008theGuidelineoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyfortheEvaluationofCommandingOfficers,theImplementationMeasuresoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyontheEvaluationofCommandingOfficersandtheStandardsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyfortheEvaluationofCommandingOfficers(Trial)werepublished,whichmarkedtheinitialestablishmentofasystemfortheevaluationofcommandingofficersinaccordancewiththerequirementsofscientificdevelopment.

PersistinginGoverningtheForcesinAccordancewiththeLaw

ThePLApersistsintakingitasthebasicrequirementoftheregularizationdrivetogovernthearmedforcesinaccordancewiththelaw,andemphasizesscientificlegislationandstrictlawenforcementtoenhanceitslevelofregularization.

Inthepast30yearsofreformandopening‐upthemilitarylegislativesystemhasbeenimprovedstepbystep,andremarkableachievementshavebeenmadeinmilitarylegislation.In1988theCMCsetupalegalorgan,andthegeneralheadquarters/departments,Navy,AirForce,SecondArtilleryForceandmilitaryareacommandsdesignatedspecificdepartmentstobeinchargeoflegalaffairs.In1997theLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonNationalDefensewaspromulgated,specifyingthattheCMCenactsmilitaryregulationsinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandrelevantlaws.TheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonLegislationpromulgatedin2000furtherdefinedthelegislativeauthorityoftheCMC,generalheadquarters/departments,Navy,AirForce,SecondArtilleryForce,andmilitaryareacommands.ByOctober2008,theNationalPeople'sCongress(NPC)anditsStandingCommitteehadmade15lawsandlaw‐relateddecisionsconcerningnationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuilding;theStateCouncilandtheCMChadjointlyformulated94militaryadministrativeregulations;theCMChadformulated215militaryregulations;andthegeneralheadquarters/departments,Navy,AirForce,SecondArtilleryForce,militaryareacommandsandPeople'sArmedPoliceForce(PAPF)hadenactedmorethan3,000militaryrulesandregulations.InJune2007andDecember2008,theNPCStandingCommitteeratifiedrespectivelytheTreatyontheTemporaryStayoftheArmyofOnePartyintheTerritoryoftheOtherPartyduringthePeriodofJointMilitaryExercisesbetween

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thePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheRussianFederationandtheAgreementamongtheMemberStatesoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganizationonConductingJointMilitaryExercises.

ThePLApersistsingoverningtheforcesstrictlyandinaccordancewiththelaw,andimprovesthemechanismformakingdecisionsandprovidingguidanceinaccordancewiththelawinanefforttoinstitutionalizeandregularizemilitary,political,logisticalandequipmentwork.Itpracticesscientificmanagement,strictlyenforcesrulesandregulations,andincorporatesthecultivationofproperstyleandstrictdisciplineintotheroutineeducationandadministrationoftheforces.Throughstricttraininganddailycultivation,thePLAaimstobuildaforcewitharefinedmilitaryposture,strictdisciplineandfineworkstyle.

Takingdisseminatingknowledgeofthelawasanimportantpartofstrengtheningall‐roundbuilding,thePLAplacesemphasisondisseminatinglegalknowledge,andissteppingupeffortstopopularizeknowledgeofthelawwithaclearaimandinanactiveandeffectiveway.Unitswithsecuritytasksinthe2008BeijingOlympicsandParalympicsorganizedofficersandmentostudyrelevantlawsandregulationstoenhancetheirlegalawarenessandtheircapabilityofdealingwithemergenciesinaccordancewiththelaw.OfficersandmenofunitstaskedwithinternationalpeacekeepingmissionsandofnavalshipsmakingportcallshavebeenorganizedtostudytheUnitedNationsCharter,theUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea,etc.InNovember2007theChinesegovernmentestablishedtheNationalCommitteeforInternationalHumanitarianLaw,underthearrangementandcoordinationofwhichrelevantmilitaryagenciesdisseminateknowledgeofandimplementinternationalhumanitarianlawwithinthePLA.

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IV.TheArmy

AsthebasisofthePLA,theArmyisaservicemainlyconductinglandoperations.Itconsistsofsucharmsasinfantry,armor,artillery,airdefense,aviation,engineering,signals,chemicaldefenseandelectroniccountermeasures(ECM),aswellasvariousspecializedserviceunits.

HistoryofDevelopment

ThePLAwasfoundedonAugust1,1927,andcomprisedonlytheArmyinitsearlydays.ForalongtimetheArmywasmainlycomposedofinfantry.DuringtheAgrarianRevolutionaryWar(1927‐1937)asmallnumberofcavalry,artillery,engineeringandsignalstroopswereadded.TheLiberationWar(1946‐1949)witnessedtheadventoftankandchemicaldefenseforces.Inthe1950stheArmysetupleadingorgansforsucharmsasartillery,armor,engineeringandchemicaldefense.Sincethe1980sthestructureoftheArmyhaschangeddramatically,withthecreationoftheaviationandECMarmsandtheestablishmentin1985ofArmycombinedcorps.After81yearsofdevelopment,theArmyhasgrownfromasinglearmintoamodernarmywithvariousarms.IthasbecomeapowerfulservicecapableofconductingbothindependentandjointoperationswiththeNavy,AirForceandSecondArtilleryForce.

StructureandOrganization

TheArmyhasnoindependentleadingbody,anditsleadershipisexercisedbythefourgeneralheadquarters/departments.ThesevenmilitaryareacommandsexercisedirectleadershipovertheArmyunitsunderthem.TheArmyincludesunitsofmobileoperational,garrison,borderandcoastaldefense,andreservetroops.Theorganizationalorderoftheseunitsiscombinedcorps,division(brigade),regiment,battalion,company,platoonandsquad.Directlyunderamilitaryareacommand,acombinedcorpsconsistsofdivisionsorbrigades,andactsasabasicformationattheoperationallevel.Directlyunderacombinedcorps,adivisionconsistsofregimentsandactsasabasicformationatthetacticallevel.Directlyunderacombinedcorps,abrigadeconsistsofbattalions,andactsasaformationatthetacticallevel.Normallyunderadivision,aregimentconsistsofbattalions,andactsasabasictacticalunit.Normallyunderaregimentorbrigade,abattalionconsistsofcompanies,andactsasatacticalelementatahigherlevel.Acompanyconsistsofplatoons,andactsasabasictacticalelement.TheArmymobileoperationalunitsinclude18combinedcorpsandsomeindependentcombinedoperationaldivisions(brigades).

ForceBuilding

Inrecentyears,inlinewiththestrategicrequirementsofmobileoperationsandthree‐dimensionaloffenseanddefense,theArmyhasbeenmovingfromregionaldefensetotrans‐regionalmobility.Itisgraduallymakingitsunitssmall,modularandmulti‐functionalinorganizationthroughappropriatedownsizingandstructuralreform.Itisacceleratingthedevelopmentofaviation,lightmechanized

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andinformationcountermeasureforces,andgivesprioritytothedevelopmentofoperationalandtacticalmissile,ground‐to‐airmissileandspecialoperationsforces,soastoincreaseitscapabilitiesforair‐groundintegratedoperations,long‐distancemaneuvers,rapidassaultsandspecialoperations.

TheArmyhasmadegreatprogressinbuildingitsarms.Thearmoredcomponenthasbeenworkingtoenhancetheintegrationofinformationsystemswithweaponplatforms,deploynewmajorbattletanks,anddevelopheavy,amphibiousandlightmechanizedforces.Theproportionofarmoredmechanizeddivisions/brigadesincombinedoperationaldivisions/brigadeshasfurtherincreased.Theartillerycomponenthasbeenworkingtodevelopathree‐leveloperationalcommandsystemanddeployaseriesofadvancedweaponsandequipment,andnewtypesofammunition,suchasoperationalandtacticalmissilesandlarge‐caliberself‐propelledgun‐howitzers.Ithasestablishedapreliminarysystemforall‐rangeprecisionstrikes.Theairdefensecomponenthasbeenworkingtodeployaseriesofadvancedfieldground‐to‐airmissiles,andnewtypesofradarandintelligencecommandsystems,andtoestablishandimproveanairdefenseoperationssystemcombiningreconnaissance,earlywarning,commandandcontrol,andinformationcountermeasuresandinterception.Theengineeringcomponenthasbeenworkingtoacceleratetheestablishmentofasystemofbothspecializedandmultifunctionalengineeringsupportforceswhichcanbeusedbothinpeacetimeandwartime.Ithasdevelopedrelativelystrongcapabilitiesinthefieldsofaccompanyingsupport,rapidbarrierbreaching,comprehensiveprotection,counter‐terroristexplosiveordnancedisposal,emergencyrescueanddisasterrelief.Thechemicaldefensecomponenthasbeenworkingtodevelopnewtypesofprotectionforces.Ithasestablishedapreliminaryintegratedsystemofnuclear,biologicalandchemicalearlywarning,reconnaissanceandmonitoring,protectioncommandandprotectionforces.

TheArmyaviationwingisoneofthecombatarmsoftheArmy,andhasathree‐level(generalheadquarters/departments,theatersandcombinedcorps)administrationsystem.Inrecentyearsithasbeenworkingtoshiftfrombeingasupportforcefocusingontransportationmissionstobeinganintegratedcombatforcefocusingonairassaultmissions;ithassteppeduptraininginfireassault,aircraft‐borneoperations,airmobilityandairservicesupport;andactivelyparticipatedincounter‐terrorism,stabilitymaintenance,borderclosureandcontrol,emergencyrescue,disasterreliefandjointexercises.Thepurposeistobuildawell‐equippedandmultifunctionalArmyaviationforcewhichisappropriateinsizeandoptimalinstructure.

TheborderandcoastaldefenseforceoftheArmy,undertheleadershipofgeneralheadquarters/departments,militaryareaandprovincialmilitarycommands,isthemainstayforsafeguardingnationalsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity,andmaintainingsecurityandstabilityinborderandcoastalareas.Inrecentyears,adheringtotheprinciplesofplacingequalemphasisonlandandsea,strengtheningborderdefensebymeansofscienceandtechnology,givingpriorityto

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keyprojectsandpromotingcoordinateddevelopment,theborderandcoastaldefenseforcehasfocusedoncombatreadiness,andcomprehensivelyenhanceditsreconnaissanceandsurveillance,commandandcontrol,quickresponseanddefensiveoperationscapabilities.Ithasconsistentlystrengthenedthedefenseandprotectionofmajordirectionsandsensitiveregions,watercoursesandseawatersinborderandcoastalareas.Ithasintensifiedbordercontrolandmanagement,andparticipatedinemergency‐handlinganddisaster‐reliefmissions.Ithascarriedoutextensiveexchangesandcooperationonborderdefensewithneighboringcountries,anddealtwithborderandcoastalaffairsproactivelyandappropriately.Asaresult,ithasmadeimportantcontributionstopeaceandstability,reform,opening‐up,andsocialandeconomicprogressinborderandcoastalareas.

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V.TheNavy

TheNavyisastrategicserviceofthePLA,andthemainforceformaritimeoperations.ItisresponsibleforsuchtasksassafeguardingChina'smaritimesecurityandmaintainingthesovereigntyofitsterritorialwaters,alongwithitsmaritimerightsandinterests.TheNavyismainlycomposedofsubmarine,surfaceship,aviation,MarineCorpsandcoastaldefensewings.


TheNavywasfoundedonApril23,1949.From1949to1955itsetupthesurfaceshipforce,coastaldefenseforce,aviation,submarineforceandMarineCorps,andestablishedtheobjectiveofbuildingalightmaritimecombatforce.From1955to1960itestablishedtheDonghaiFleet,NanhaiFleetandBeihaiFleet,successively.Fromthe1950stotheendofthe1970sthemaintaskoftheNavywastoconductinshoredefensiveoperations.Sincethe1980s,theNavyhasrealizedastrategictransformationtooffshoredefensiveoperations.Sincethebeginningofthenewcentury,inviewofthecharacteristicsandlawsoflocalmaritimewarsinconditionsofinformationization,theNavyhasbeenstrivingtoimproveinanall‐roundwayitscapabilitiesofintegratedoffshoreoperations,strategicdeterrenceandstrategiccounterattacks,andtograduallydevelopitscapabilitiesofconductingcooperationindistantwatersandcounteringnon‐traditionalsecuritythreats,soastopushforwardtheoveralltransformationoftheservice.Throughnearlysixdecadesofdevelopment,amodernforceformaritimeoperationshastakenshape,consistingofcombinedarmswithbothnuclearandconventionalmeansofoperations.


Intimeofpeace,theNavyadoptsaleadershipsystemwhichcom‐binesoperationalcommandwithbuildingandadministration,andwhichmainlyconsistsoftheNavyHeadquarters,fleets,testbases,educationalinstitutions,andanarmamentsacademy.TherearethreefleetsundertheNavy,namely,theBeihaiFleet,DonghaiFleetandNanhaiFleet,whichareheadquarteredrespectivelyinQingdaoofShandongProvince,NingboofZhejiangProvince,andZhanjiangofGuangdongProvince.Eachfleethasunderitscommandfleetaviation,supportbases,flotillas,maritimegarrisoncommands,aviationdivisionsandmarinebrigades.Atpresent,theNavyhaseighteducationalinstitutions,namely,theNavalCommandCollege,NavalEngineeringUniversity,NavalAeronauticalEngineeringCollege,DalianNavalAcademy,NavalSubmarineCollege,NavalArmsCommandCollege,NavalFlyingCollegeandBengbuNavalSchoolforNon‐commissionedOfficers.

Thesubmarineforceisequippedwithnuclear‐poweredstrategicmissilesubmarines,nuclear‐poweredattacksubmarinesandconventionalsubmarines,allorganizedintosubmarinebasesandsubmarineflotillas.Thesurfaceshipforcemainlyconsistsofdestroyers,frigates,missileboats,minesweepers,landingships

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andserviceships,andisorganizedintoflotillasofdestroyers,speedboats,landingshipsandcombatsupportships,aswellasmaritimegarrisoncommands.Theaviationwingmainlyconsistsoffighters,fighter‐bombers,bombers,reconnaissanceaircraft,patrolaircraftandhelicopters,allorganizedintoaviationdivisions.TheMarineCorpsisorganizedintomarinebrigades,andmainlyconsistsofmarines,amphibiousarmoredtroops,artillerytroops,engineersandamphibiousreconnaissancetroops.Thecoastaldefenseforceismainlyorganizedintocoastalmissileregimentsandantiaircraftartilleryregiments,andmainlyconsistsofshore‐to‐shipmissile,antiaircraftartilleryandcoastalartillerytroops.

ForceBuilding

Inlinewiththerequirementsofoffshoredefensestrategy,theNavytakesinformationizationastheorientationandstrategicpriorityofitsmodernizationdrive,andisendeavoringtobuildastrongnavy.Itdeepensreformsandinnovationsintrainingprogramsandmethods,highlightstraininginmaritimeintegratedjointoperations,andenhancesintegratedcombatcapabilityinconductingoffshorecampaignsandthecapabilityofnuclearcounterattacks.Itorganizesinascientificwayoperationaltraining,tacticaltraining,specializedskilltrainingandcommonsubjecttraining,focusesontheintegratedtrainingofjointoperationselementsinconditionsofinformationizationandexploresmethodsoftrainingincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.ItalsoattachesimportancetoMOOTW,trainingandactivelyparticipatesinbilateralandmultilateraljointtrainingexercises.

Upgradingweaponryandequipment,andoptimizingtheweaponryandequipmentsystem.Effortsarebeingmadetobuildnewtypesofsubmarines,destroyers,frigatesandaircraft,formingapreliminaryweaponryandequipmentsystemwithsecond‐generationequipmentasthecoreandthethirdgenerationasthebackbone.Thesubmarineforcepossessesunderwateranti‐ship,anti‐submarineandmine‐layingcapabilities,aswellassomenuclearcounterattackcapabilities.Thesurfaceshipforcehasdevelopedasurfacestrikingforcerepresentedbynewtypesofmissiledestroyersandfrigates,andpossessesmaritimereconnaissance,anti‐ship,anti‐submarine,air‐defense,mine‐layingandotheroperationalcapabilities.Theaviationwinghasdevelopedanairstrikingforcerepresentedbysea‐attackaircraft,andpossessesreconnaissance,anti‐ship,anti‐submarineandair‐defenseoperationalcapabilities.TheMarineCorpshasdevelopedanamphibiousoperationalforcerepresentedbyamphibiousarmoredvehicles,andpossessesamphibiousoperationalcapabilities.Thecoastaldefenseforceisrepresentedbynewtypesofshore‐to‐shipmissilesandpossesseshighcoastaldefenseoperationscapability.

Optimizingthelogisticalsupportsystem,andimprovingmaritimeintegratedsupportcapabilities.Aimingatenhancingitsintegratedlogisticalsupportcapabilities,theNavyhaspreliminarilybuiltalogisticalsupportsystemwithshore‐basedlogisticalsupportasthefoundationandsea‐basedlogisticalsupportasthemainstay,andmeshesthetwointoanintegratedwhole.Ithassteppedupthebuildingofshipbases,berthingareas,supplypoints,docksandairfields.Asaresult,

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ashore‐basedsupportsystemisbasicallyinplace,whichiscoordinatedwiththedevelopmentofweaponryandequipment,andsuitedtowar‐timesupporttasks.TheNavyhasgraduallydeployednewtypesoflargeintegratedsupplyships,medicalshipsandambulancehelicopters,andsucceededindevelopingmanytypesofmaritimesupportequipmentandanumberofkeytechnologies,leadingtosignificantprogressinthemodernizationofthemaritimesupportforce.

Enhancingthecapabilitiesandqualityofnavalofficersandmen,andtrainingqualifiedmilitarypersonnel.TheNavyhasadoptedapersonneltrainingmodelinwhichcommandingofficercandidatesreceiveintegratededucationforacademiccredentialsandseparatepre‐assignmenteducation,andismakingeffortstoimprovethepre‐assignmenttrainingsystemforofficers.ThepersonneltrainingoftheNavyhighlightstheuniquenessoftheservice,andstressesthecultivationofpracticalcapabilities.Toraiseofficers'competenceforhandlingtheirassignments,theNavyisstrivingtoimprovethepersonneltrainingprogramsofitseducationalinstitutionsandimplementassignment‐orientedcurricula.ItisalsoendeavoringtoexpandthescaleoftrainingforNCOsandfosterintermediateandseniorNCOsqualifiedfortechnicallycomplexposts.

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VI.TheAirForce

TheAirForceisastrategicserviceofthePLA,andthemainforceforcarryingoutairoperations.Itisresponsibleforsuchtasksassafeguardingthecountry'sterritorialairspaceandterritorialsovereignty,andmaintainingastableairdefenseposturenationwide.Itismainlycomposedofaviation,groundairdefense,airborne,signal,radar,ECM,technicalreconnaissanceandchemicaldefensesections.


TheAirForcewasfoundedonNovember11,1949.Theyearsfrom1949to1953witnessedtheestablishmentofanAirForceleadingorgansintheCMCandineachofthemilitaryareacommands;thecreationofthefighter,bomber,attacker,reconnaissanceandtransport,airborneforcesandanumberofeducationalinstitutions;andtheorganizationoftheAirForceoftheChinesePeople'sVolunteerstotakepartintheWartoResistU.S.AggressionandAidKorea(1950‐1953).TheAirForcewasmergedwiththeAirDefenseForcein1957,byadoptingasystemcombiningairoperationswithairdefense.Inthe1960sand1970stheAirForceformedtheguidingprincipleofgivingprioritytothedevelopmentofairdefenseforces,andgraduallygrewintoanairforceforterritorialairdefense.Sincethe1990stheAirForcehasbeeninaphaseofrapiddevelopment.Ithasdeployedthird‐generationcombataircraft,third‐generationground‐to‐airmissiles,andaseriesofrelativelyadvancedandcomputerizedweaponsandequipment.Ithassteppedupthedevelopmentofmilitarytheorieswithstrategictheoriesatthecore,andintroducedastrategicconceptthattheAirForceshouldbecapableofbothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations.Asaresult,theAirForcehasbegunitstransitionfromterritorialairdefensetobothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations.Afternearlysixdecadesofdevelopment,theAirForcehasinitiallydevelopedintoastrategicservicecomprisingmorethanonewings.Itnowhasrelativelystrongcapabilitiestoconductairdefensiveandoffensiveoperations,andcertaincapabilitiestoexecutelong‐rangeprecisionstrikesandstrategicprojectionoperations.


Inpeacetime,theAirForcepracticesaleadershipsystemwhichcombinesoperationalcommandwithbuildingandadministration,andwhichconsistsoftheAirForceHeadquarters,aircommandsundermilitaryareacommands,corps‐level(division‐level)commandposts,divisions(brigades)andregiments.TheAirForcehasunderitanaircommandineachofthesevenmilitaryareacommandsofShenyang,Beijing,Lanzhou,Jinan,Nanjing,GuangzhouandChengdu.Ithasalsounderitanairbornecorpsaswellasvariousinstitutionsofeducation,researchandexperimentation.Undereachaircommandatthemilitaryareacommandlevelareaviationdivisions,ground‐to‐airmissiledivisions(brigadesandregiments),antiaircraftartillerybrigades(regiments),radarbrigades(regiments),ECMbrigades(regimentsandbattalions),andotherspecializedserviceunits.Inkeyareastherearealsocorps‐ordivision‐levelcommandposts.TheAirForcehasalsoanumberofeducationalandtraininginstitutions,includingtheAirForceCommand

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College,AirForceEngineeringUniversity,AirForceAviationUniversity,AirForceRadarCollege,AirForceCollegeatGuilin,AirForceCollegeatXuzhou,AirForceSchoolforNoncommissionedOfficersatDalianandsevenflyingcolleges.

Anaviationdivisionusuallyconsistsofregiments,groupsandsquadrons,andhassuchtypesofaircraftasfighters,attackers,fighter‐bombers,bombers,transportsandcombatsupportaircraft.Ithasunderitaviationregimentsandrelatedstations.Theaviationregimentisthebasictacticalunit.Withbattalionsasthebasicfightingunits,theground‐to‐airmissileforceisusuallyorganizedintodivisions,regimentsandbattalionsorintobrigades(regiments)andbattalions.Withbatteriesasbasicfightingunits,theantiaircraftartilleryforceisusuallyorganizedintobrigades(regiments),battalionsandcompanies.Theairborneforcesareorganizedintocorps,divisions,regiments,battalionsandcompanies.

ForceBuilding

Tomeettherequirementsofinformationizedwarfare,theAirForceisworkingtoaccelerateitstransitionfromterritorialairdefensetobothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations,andincreaseitscapabilitiesforcarryingoutreconnaissanceandearlywarning,airstrikes,airandmissiledefense,andstrategicprojection,inanefforttobuilditselfintoamodernizedstrategicairforce.

Takingintofullaccountpreparationsforcombatanditsowntransformationanddevelopment,theAirForceisexploringtrainingsystemsandmethodstailoredtothedevelopmentofthelatestgenerationofweaponryandequipment.Itstressestechnicalandtacticaltrainingincomplexenvironments,combinedtrainingofdifferentarmsandaircrafttypes,andjointtraining;conductsmission‐orientedandconfrontationaltraining;andisincreasingon‐base,simulatedandweb‐basedtraining.Itisworkingtooptimizethetripartitepilottrainingsystemcomposedofflyingcolleges,trainingbasesandcombatunits,andintensifyingthetrainingofaviationunitsincounter‐airoperations,air‐to‐groundattacksandjointoperations.Itisdeepeningreformsandinnovationsininstitutionaleducationbyimprovingthesystemofdiscipline,andmakinginnovationsinteachingprograms,meansandmethods.Itisstrengtheningon‐the‐jobtraining,andexploringanewmodelofpersonneldevelopment,namelythetriadofinstitutionaleducation,traininginunitsandprofessionalmilitaryeducation.Forthispurpose,theAirForceMilitaryProfessionalUniversitywasestablishedinJuly2008.

Tosatisfythestrategicrequirementsofconductingbothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations,theAirForceattachesimportancetodevelopingnewtypesoffighters,airandanti‐missiledefenseweapons,andcommandautomationsystems.Ithasdeployedsomerelativelyadvancedcomputerizedequipment,andair‐to‐airandair‐to‐groundprecision‐guidedmunitions,upgradedtheelectronicinformationsystemsoftheequipmentonactiveservice,andimprovedthebasicnetworksforintelligenceandearlywarning,commandandcontrol,andcommunications.Ithasinthemainestablishedamajorbattleweaponryandequipmentsystemwiththird‐

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generationaircraftandground‐to‐airmissilesasthemainstay,andmodifiedsecond‐generationaircraftandground‐to‐airmissilesasthesupplement.

Centeringontheimprovementofthecapabilitiesandqualityofitspersonnel,theAirForcepursuesaroadofpersonneldevelopmentwhichtakesnew‐andhigh‐techtalentsasthedrivingforce,makesbreakthroughsincriticalareasandaimsatoverallimprovement.Itmakesoverallplansfortrainingcommand,staff,flightandtechnicalsupportpersonnel.Ithasfosteredagroupofcorepersonnelwithagoodcommandofinformationtechnologyandacontingentofnewtypesofhigh‐caliberpersonnelasrepresentedbyinter‐disciplinarycommandingofficers,first‐ratepilots,leadersinscientificandtechnologicalresearch,andtechnicalexperts.

Toraiseitsintegratedsupportcapabilities,theAirForceattachesimportancetothedevelopmentoflogisticalandequipmentsupportsystems.Itendeavorstoimprovethesupportfacilitiesofairfieldsandpositions;strengthenitslogisticalforcesforrapidconstructionofairdefenseprojects,bombeliminationatandrapidrepairofairfieldswhichhavesufferedattack,andaviationmedicalsupport;developanddeploythesecondgenerationofspecializedlogisticalequipment;createastorageandsupplynetworkforspecial‐purposematerials;andbuildstepbystepbasescapableofsupportingmultipletypesofaircraft.TheAirForceisalsosteppingupeffortstodeepenthereformoftheequipmentsupportmode;improvethelayoutofsupportnetworksforthesupply,maintenanceandtechnicalsupportofammunitionandmaterial;andmakesupportequipmentsmallerinsize,moreversatileinfunctionandfitterforfieldoperations.

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VII.TheSecondArtilleryForce

TheSecondArtilleryForceisastrategicforceunderthedirectcommandandcontroloftheCMC,andthecoreforceofChinaforstrategicdeterrence.ItismainlyresponsiblefordeterringothercountriesfromusingnuclearweaponsagainstChina,andforconductingnuclearcounterattacksandprecisionstrikeswithconventionalmissiles.

TheSecondArtilleryForcestickstoChina'spolicyofnofirstuseofnuclearweapons,implementsaself‐defensivenuclearstrategy,strictlyfollowstheordersoftheCMC,andtakesitasitsfundamentalmissiontheprotectionofChinafromanynuclearattack.InpeacetimethenuclearmissileweaponsoftheSecondArtilleryForcearenotaimedatanycountry.ButifChinacomesunderanuclearthreat,thenuclearmissileforceoftheSecondArtilleryForcewillgointoastateofalert,andgetreadyforanuclearcounterattacktodetertheenemyfromusingnuclearweaponsagainstChina.IfChinacomesunderanuclearattack,thenuclearmissileforceoftheSecondArtilleryForcewillusenuclearmissilestolauncharesolutecounterattackagainsttheenemyeitherindependentlyortogetherwiththenuclearforcesofotherservices.TheconventionalmissileforceoftheSecondArtilleryForceischargedmainlywiththetaskofconductingmedium‐andlong‐rangeprecisionstrikesagainstkeystrategicandoperationaltargetsoftheenemy.


ThefoundingoftheSecondArtilleryForcewasahistoricalchoicethePeople'sRepublicofChinawasforcedtomaketodealwithnuclearthreats,breaknuclearmonopolyandmaintainnationalsecurity.Chinabegantodevelopstrategicmissileweaponsin1956,establishedresearch,trainingandeducationalinstitutionsforstrategicmissilesin1957,createditsfirstground‐to‐groundmissileunitin1959andformallyfoundedtheSecondArtilleryForceonJuly1,1966.Inthelatterhalfofthe1970s,theSecondArtilleryForcesetitselftheobjectiveofbuildingaleanandeffectivestrategicmissileforcewithChinesecharacteristics.Inthe1990sitestablisheditsconventionalmissileforce,enteringanewstagemarkedbythecoordinateddevelopmentofitsnuclearandconventionalmissileforces.Withtheadventofthe21stcenturyitbegantopromoteleapfroggingdevelopmentofinformationization.Throughmorethan40yearsofdevelopment,theSecondArtilleryForcehasgrownintoaleanandeffectivestrategicforcewithbothnuclearandconventionalmissiles,capableofbothland‐basedstrategicnuclearcounterattacksandprecisionstrikeswithconventionalmissiles.


TheoperationalcommandauthorityoftheSecondArtilleryForceishighlycentralized.ThechainofcommandrunsfromtheCMC,theSecondArtilleryForceandmissilebasestomissilebrigades.TheoperationsoftheSecondArtilleryForcemustfollowtheordersoftheCMCinthestrictestandmostprecisemanner.

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TheSecondArtilleryForceismainlycomposedofthenuclearmissileforce,theconventionalmissileforce,thesupportforce,educationalinstitutions,researchinstitutesandtheheadquarterorganizations.Themissileforceisorganizedintomissilebases,missilebrigadesandlaunchbattalions.Thesupportforceisorganizedintotechnicalandspecializedsupportunitssuchasreconnaissance,intelligence,signal,ECM,engineering,logisticsandequipmentunits.Theeducationalinstitutionsincludeacommandcollege,anengineeringcollegeandaschoolforNCOs.Theresearchinstitutesincludeequipmentandengineeringinstitutes.

ForceBuilding

Followingtheprincipleofbuildingaleanandeffectiveforceandgoingwiththetideofthedevelopmentofmilitaryscienceandtechnology,theSecondArtilleryForcestrivestoraisetheinformationizationlevelofitsweaponryandequipment,ensuretheirsafetyandreliability,andenhanceitscapabilitiesinprotection,rapidreaction,penetration,damageandprecisionstrike.Afterseveraldecadesofdevelopment,ithascreatedaweaponryandequipmentsystemwithbothnuclearandconventionalmissiles,bothsolid‐fueledandliquid‐fueledmissiles,differentlaunchingrangesanddifferenttypesofwarheads.

TheSecondArtilleryForceisendeavoringtoformacompletesystemforwarpreparations,optimizeitscombatforcestructure,andbuildamissileoperationalsystemsuitedtoinformationizedwarfare.Itsnuclearandconventionalmissileforcesarekeptatanappropriatelevelofreadiness.TheSecondArtilleryForceismakingsteadyhead‐wayintheconstructionofitsbattlefieldsystem,andmakesextensiveuseofmodernmechanicalequipmentandconstructionmethods.Eachcompletedprojectisuptostandard.TheSecondArtilleryForceisalsodedicatedtologisticalreformsandinnovations.Ithascreatedintegrateddatabasesforfieldsupportandinformationizedmanagementplatformsforlogisticmaterials,andimprovedsupportsystemsforthesurvivalofcombatantsinoperationalpositions.Asaresult,itsintegratedlogisticalsupportcapabilitiesincaseofactualcombathavebeenmarkedlyenhanced.Toensuretheabsolutesafetyofnuclearweapons,theSecondArtilleryForcestrictlyimplementsrulesandregulationsfornuclearsafetycontrolandaccreditationofpersonneldealingwithnuclearweapons,hasadoptedreliabletechnicalmeansandmethods,strengthensthesafemanagementofnuclearweaponsintheprocessofstorage,transportationandtraining,improvesmechanismsandmethodsforemergencyresponsetonuclearaccidents,andhasputinplacespecialsafetymeasurestoavoidunauthorizedandaccidentallaunches.

Intermsoftraining,theSecondArtilleryForcetakesspecializedskillsasthefoundation,focusesonofficersandcorepersonnel,centersitsattentiononsystemsintegrationandaimsatimprovingoveralloperationalcapabilities.Itactivelyconductsspecializedtraining,integratedtrainingandoperationaltrainingexercises.Specializedtrainingmainlyinvolvesthestudyofbasicandspecializedmissiletheories,andthetraininginoperatingskillsofweaponsandequipment.Integratedtrainingmainlyconsistsofwhole‐processcoordinatedtrainingofallelementswithinacombatformation.Operationaltrainingexercisesrefertocomprehensive

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trainingandexercisesbymissilebrigadesandsupportunitsinconditionssimilartoactualcombat.TheSecondArtilleryForcehasadoptedaratingsystemforunittrainingandanaccreditationsystemforpersonnelatcriticalposts.Itenhanceson‐base,simulated,web‐basedandrealistictraining,exploresthecharacteristicsandlawsoftrainingincomplexelectromagneticenvironmentsandintegratedtrainingofmissilebases,andisconductingR&Dofanewgenerationofweb‐basedsimulatedtrainingsystems.Significantprogresshasbeenmadeinbuildingthe"InformationizedBlueForce"andbattlelaboratories.

TheSecondArtilleryForceplacespersonneltraininginastrategicposition,andgivesithighpriority.ItisworkingtoimplementtheShenjianProjectforPersonnelTraining,andcreateathree‐tieredteamoffirst‐ratetechnicalpersonnel.Asaresult,acontingentoftalentedpeoplehastakenshape,whosemainbodyiscomposedofacademiciansoftheChineseAcademyofEngineering,missilespecialists,commandingofficers,andskilledoperatorsandtechnicians.

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VIII.ThePeople'sArmedPoliceForce

AsacomponentofChina'sarmedforcesandsubordinatetotheStateCouncil,thePeople'sArmedPoliceForce(PAPF)isunderthedualleadershipoftheStateCouncilandtheCMC.ThePAPFconsistsoftheinternalsecurityforceandvariouspoliceforces.Theborderpublicsecurity,firefightingandsecurityguardforcesarealsocomponentsofthePAPF.ThePAPFischargedwiththefundamentaltaskofsafeguardingnationalsecurity,maintainingsocialstabilityandensuringthatthepeopleliveandworkinpeaceandcontentment.

RoutineGuardDuties

RoutineguarddutiesrefertodutiesthePAPFperformstomaintaininternalsecurity,whicharemostlycarriedoutbytheinternalsecurityforce.Thebasictasksare:toguardagainstallformsofattemptedattacksandsabotage;protectdesignatedindividualsandfacilities;ensurethesecurityofimportantinternationalandnationalconferencesandlarge‐scaleculturalandsportsevents;protectimportantairports,radiostations,andkeyandconfidentialunits,andvitalplacesinsuchsectorsasstateeconomyandnationaldefense;protectimportantbridgesandtunnels;ensurethesecurityofprisonsanddetentionhouses;andmaintainpublicorderinstate‐designatedlargeandmedium‐sizedcitiesorspecificzones.Routineguarddutiescanbedividedintoregularandtemporarymissions.UsuallytheregularmissionsareassignedbytheMinistryofPublicSecurity,andthetemporaryonesareassignedbylocalPartycommittees,governmentsorpublicsecurityorgans.

Everyday,morethan260,000PAPFservicemenareonguardduty.Inrecentyears,thePAPFhasmadeeffortstoregularizeandstrictlymanagetheperformanceofitsduties,andimproveitthroughscienceandtechnology,includingimprovementofduty‐relatedfacilities,andreducehiddenhazards.Ithasrealizedall‐personnel,whole‐process,full‐timevisualizationindutymanagement.Ithaseffectivelyenhanceddutyperformanceandensuredthesafetyofguardedtargetsbyoptimizingdutyorganizationandarrangement,implementingdutyregulationsandmeticulouslyorganizingimportanttemporaryduties.Onaverage,thePAPFannuallyhandlesdozensofattemptedattacksagainstguardedtargets,preventshundredsofescapeattemptsbydetainedsuspectsandimprisonedconvicts,organizesthousandsofimportanttemporaryduties,andensuresthesecurityofimportantinternationalandnationalconferencesandlarge‐scaleeventsincooperationwiththegovernmentdepartmentsconcerned.ThevariousunitsofthePAPFtakeanactivepartineffortstokeeppublicorder.Since2007,theyhaveassistedthepublicsecurityorgansincatchingandarrestingmorethan2,800criminalsuspects.

HandlingPublicEmergencies

ThehandlingofpublicemergenciesreferstooperationsbythePAPFtodeteranddealwithemergencieswhichendangerpublicsecurity.MainlyundertakenbythePAPFstandbyforces,suchoperationsincludethosetohandlepublicsecurityincidents,naturaldisasters,disastrousaccidents,andpublichealthincidents.The

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specifictasksaretocontrolaffectedareas,checktheidentifications,vehiclesandbelongingsofsuspectedpersons,protectimportanttargets,disperseillegalassemblies,rescuehostagesandthosetrappedbytroublemakers,nipillegalactivitiesandcriminaloffensesinthebud,huntdowncriminalsuspects,andparticipateinemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefwork.

ThePAPFisthestate'smainstayandshockforceinhandlingpublicemergencies.ThePAPFisassignedsuchmissionsbytheCPCCentralCommittee,theStateCouncil,theCMCorlocalPartycommittees,governmentsandpublicsecurityorgans,andcarriesoutthesemissionsundertheunifiedleadershipoftheaboveauthorities.

ThePAPFmakesfullpreparationsforhandlingpublicemergenciesbyestablishingalllevelsofcommandcenters,improvinginformationsystems,allocatingresourcesscientifically,andprovidingcommunications,suppliesandtransportationinareliableway.Onreceivingmissionorders,itisabletodeployimmediatelyandarriveatthesceneintime.Itadoptssuchmeansandmethodsasmilitarydeterrence,persuasionandlegitimateuseofforce.Italwaysexercisescautionintheuseofforce,compulsorymeasures,policeinstrumentsandweapons.Itcracksdownonahandfulofcriminalsinaccordancewiththelawanddealswithpublicdisturbances,riots,illegaldemonstrations,groupfightingwithweapons,actsofviolenceandterrorismefficiently,appropriatelyandlegally.Inthepasttwoyearsithastakenpartinoperationstohandlethe"3.14"Lhasariots,huntdownthe"EastTurkistan"terrorists,conductaccidentrescues,dealwithlarge‐scalemassdisturbances,andrespondtovariousemergencies.Inthiswayithaseffectivelyupheldthefundamentalinterestsofthepeople,maintainedthesocialstabilityoftheplaceswhereitsforcesarestationedandsafeguardedtheauthorityofthenation'slaws.

InternationalCounterTerrorismCooperation

Chinaattachesgreatimportancetointernationalcounter‐terrorismcooperation,andsofarhasparticipatedin11internationalcounter‐terrorismtreaties.ThePAPFisanimportantcounter‐terrorismforceofthestate.

Strengtheninginternationalcounter‐terrorismconsultationsandexchanges.Incompliancewithinternationalcounter‐terrorismtreatiesandagreements,thePAPFhassentdelegationstoover30countriesforbilateralormultilateralcounter‐terrorismexchanges,includingFrance,Germany,Spain,Italy,Australia,Israel,Brazil,Cuba,SouthAfrica,RussiaandPakistan,andhosteddelegationsfrom17countries,suchasRussia,Romania,France,Italy,Hungary,SouthAfrica,Egypt,AustraliaandBelarus.

Sendingpersonnelabroadtoreceivetrainingorprovidetrainingassistance.ThePAPFhassentdelegationsorpersonneltoadozencountries,includingFrance,Israel,Hungary,Singapore,MalaysiaandThailand,toattendtrainingcoursesinspecialduties,participateinorobservecontestsofvariouskinds,andconduct

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exchangesincounter‐terrorismtechniquesandskills.IthassentteamsofinstructorstosuchcountriesasRomaniaandAzerbaijantoprovideteachingortrainingassistance.

Holdingjointcounter‐terrorismexercises.InSeptember2007,thePAPFandtheInternalTroopsofRussiastagedtheirfirstjointcounter‐terrorismexercise,"Cooperation‐2007."Theexercisefocusedon"operationsbyspecialforcestorescuehostagesanddestroyterroristorganizationsandgroups."

MaintainingPublicSecurityinBorderandCoastalAreasandOrderlyEntryandExitatPorts

Theborderpublicsecurityforce,listedasacomponentofthePAPF,isanarmedlaw‐enforcementbodydeployedbythestateinborderandcoastalareasandatports.Itsmainresponsibilitiesareasfollows:borderandcoastalpublicsecurityadministration;portsandborderinspectionandsurveillance;patrolsandsurveillanceinareasadjacenttoHongKongandMacao;patrolsandsurveillancealongthedemarcationlineoftheBeibuGulf;andthepreventionofandcrack‐downonillegalandcriminalactsinborderandcoastalareas,suchasillegalbordercrossing,smugglinganddrugtrafficking.

Theborderpublicsecurityforcehas30contingentsinprovinces(autonomousregionsormunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment,exceptBeijing);110detachmentsinborderandcoastalprefectures(prefecture‐levelcities,autonomousprefecturesorleagues)and20marinepolicedetachmentsincoastalprefectures;207active‐dutyborderinspectionstationsatopenports;310groupsinborderandcoastalcounties(county‐levelcitiesorbanners);1,691borderpolicesubstationsinborderandcoastaltownships(towns);46frontierinspectionstationsonmajorborderroutes;and113mobilegroupsdeployedinimportantsectorsinborderareas.

Inrecentyearstheborderpublicsecurityforcehasmadeeffortstoimplementthestrategyofsafeguardingthepeopleandconsolidatingborderdefense;strengthenpublicsecurityeffortsbythegeneralpublic;improvemechanismsforinvestigating,mediatingandsettlingdisputes,conflictsandmassincidents;tackleprominentpublicsecurityissues;promotethebuildingofmodelvillagesandconsolidateborderdefense;andhelpchildreninneed,thusvigorouslypromotingharmonyandstabilityinborderandcoastalareas.Furthereffortshavebeenmadebyborderinspectionstationstoimprovetheirservices.Asaresult,anenvironmenthasbeencreatedforsafe,rapidandconvenientcustomsclearance.

Theborderpublicsecurityforce,supportedbyotherrelevantdepartments,hascrackeddownhardoncrimes,suchasillegalbordercrossing,drugtraffickingandsmuggling,andcarriedoutcampaignstocombatorganizedcriminalgangsandsuppressevilforcesinborderandcoastalareas.Since2007ithasarrested4,400illegalbordercrossers,seized3,806kgofdrugs,seizedsmuggledgoodsworth

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RMB620million,cracked19,205criminalcasesandhandled60,063violationsofpublicsecurity.

PursuanttorelevantprovisionsoftheMinistryofPublicSecurity,themarinepoliceforcehasestablishedandstrengthenedmaritimelaw‐enforcementagencies,augmenteditslaw‐enforcementpersonnel,refineditslaw‐enforcementregulations,andimproveditsshipsandequipment.Ithascracked41maritimecriminalcases,carriedout115maritimerescueandsalvageoperations,andsaved238peopleindistress.

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IX.NationalDefenseReserveBuildup

Chinafirmlyreliesonthepeoplefornationaldefense,andseekstostrengthenthebuildupofthenationaldefensereserveincompliancewiththerequirementofbeingabletodealwithbothemergenciesandwars.

ReserveForceBuildup

Withactiveservicemenasitsbackboneandreserveofficersandmenasitsfoundation,thereserveforceisanarmedforceformedinlinewiththeunifiedstructureandorganizationofthePLA.ItisunderthedualleadershipofthePLAandlocalPartycommitteesandgovernments.

Thereserveforcewasfoundedin1983.InAugust1986itformallybecameapartofthePLA.InMay1995theNPCStandingCommitteeadoptedtheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonReserveOfficers.InApril1996theCMCbegantoconfermilitaryranksonreserveofficers.TheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonNationalDefensepromulgatedinMarch1997explicitlystipulatesthatChina'sarmedforcesconsistoftheactive‐dutyforceandthereserveforceofthePLA,thePeople'sArmedPoliceForceandthemilitia.

After25yearsofbuildupanddevelopment,thereserveforcehasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthenationaldefensereserve.ItismadeupoftheArmyReserve,NavyReserve,AirForceReserveandtheSecondArtilleryForceReserve.TheArmyReservebreaksdownintoinfantry,artillery,antiaircraftartillery,antitankartillery,tank,engineering,chemicaldefense,signals,coastaldefenseandotherspecializedforces.TheNavyReserveismainlycomposedofreconnaissance,mine‐sweepingandmine‐laying,radarobservationandcommunicationsandotherspecializedforces.TheAirForceReservemainlycomprisesground‐to‐airmissile,radarandotherspecializedforces.TheSecondArtilleryForceReservemainlyconsistsofthespecializedmissilesupportforceandspecialequipmentmaintenanceforce.

InlinewiththeunifiedstructureandorganizationofthePLA,thereserveforcehasreservedivisions,brigadesandregiments,andcorrespondingleadingorgans.Reserveunitsareorganizedmainlyonaregionalbasis.Divisionsaresetupinprovincesandbrigades(regiments)inprefectures(autonomousprefecturesorprefecture‐levelcities).Adivision(brigade)canbesetupinaregioncoveringmorethanoneprefecture(autonomousprefectureorprefecture‐levelcity),andaregimentinaregioncoveringmorethanonecounty(county‐levelcityordistrict).

Inrecentyears,thereserveforcehasmadenewstridesinorganizationbuildingandmilitarytraining.Ithasgraduallyenlargedthepoolofreservists,improveditsorganizationalmethods,andactivelyexploredneworganizationalmodels,suchasindustrial,trans‐regionalandcommunity‐basedorganizations.Itconductsandmanagestrainingaccordingtothetrainingprogramandlaw,soastoregularizetraining.AsstipulatedintheOutlinefortheMilitaryTrainingandEvaluationoftheReserveForce,onethirdoftheauthorizedstrengthofaunitmustundergo30days

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oftrainingannually.Trainingtasksarebasedonpossiblewartimeassignmentsandthecaliberofthereservists.Thereserveforceisintheprocessofshiftingitsfocusfromquantityandscaletoqualityandefficiency,andfromacombatroletoasupportrole.Thegoalistoenablethereserveandactiveforcestocooperatecloselywitheachother,tocomplementeachother,andtodevelopinacoordinatedway.

MilitiaForceBuilding

MilitiaworkisundertheunifiedleadershipoftheStateCouncilandtheCMC,andtheleadershipoflocalPartycommittees,localgovernmentsaswellasthelocalmilitarycommands.TheGeneralStaffHeadquarterssupervisesmilitiaworknationwide.Themilitaryareacommandsareresponsibleformilitiaworkintheirrespectivejurisdictions.Provincialmilitarycommands,prefecturalmilitarycommandsandpeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsofcounties(county‐levelcitiesordistricts)aretheorgansofmilitaryleadershipandcommand,andresponsibleforthemilitiaworkintheirrespectivejurisdictions.Thegrass‐rootspeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsestablishedintown‐ships(towns),urbansub‐districts,enterprisesandpublicinstitutionsareresponsiblefororganizingandcarryingoutmilitiawork.LocalPartycommitteesandgovernmentsatalllevelsmakeoverallplansandarrangementsformilitiawork.

InrecentyearsChinahaspersistedinreformandinnovationinmilitiaforcebuildup,adjusteditssizeandstructure,andupgradeditsweaponryandequipment.Theorganizationalstructurehasoptimizedtoincreasethecapabilitiesofthemilitiatosupportcombatandemergencyresponseforces,andtograduallyshiftthecenterofitsresponsibilitiesfromruralareastocities,areasalongcommunicationlinesandotherkeyareas.Importancehasbeenattachedtoestablishingmilitiaorganizationsinemergingenterprisesandhigh‐techindustriestoincreasethetechnologycontentofthemilitiaforce.Investmentinweaponryandequipmenthasbeenincreasedtosystematicallyandorganicallyprovideaseriesofnewtypesofmilitiaairdefenseequipmentsuchasairdefenseartilleryandportableairdefensemissilesinkeyareas.Equipmentforemergencyresponseandstability‐maintenanceoperationshasbeenimproved.Sometypesofweaponshavebeenupgraded.DuringtheEleventhFive‐YearPlanperiod(2006‐2010)thenumberofmilitiapersonnelisscheduledtobereducedfrom10milliontoeightmillion.

InMay2007theGeneralStaffHeadquartersreleasedaneweditionoftheOutlinefortheTrainingandEvaluationoftheMilitia.ThenewoutlineaddsoverahundredtrainingtasksindozensofcategoriescoveringspecialtiesoftheNavy,AirForceandSecondArtilleryForce,markingashiftfromtraditionalsingle‐servicetomulti‐service/armspecializedmilitiatraining.Basedontheprinciplesofintegratingresources,poolingstrengths,organizingtraininglevelbylevelandconductingtrans‐regionaltraining,themilitarytrainingofthemilitiahasafour‐levelorganizationalsystem:Theprovincialmilitarycommandsarethebackbone;theprefecturalmilitarycommandsarethemainbody;thepeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsarethebasis;andthegrass‐rootspeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsarethesupplement.Themilitiaisimprovingitstechnology‐basedtraining,and

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promotingon‐base,simulatedandweb‐basedtrainingstepbystep.Prominenceisgiventosuchtasksasrapidmobilizationofspecializeddetachments,coordinationwithactiveunitsandoperationsincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.Inaddition,effortsarebeingmadetoenhancetraininginemergencyresponseandrescue.Theaimistoraisethemilitia'scapabilitiesincombatoperations,emergencyrescue,disasterrelief,crisisresponseandsocialstabilitymaintenance.

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X.TheArmedForcesandthePeople

TheChinesearmedforcesbelongtothepeople.AsstipulatedbytheConstitutionandlaws,itisanimportanttaskforthearmedforcestotakepartinnationaldevelopmentanddisasterrelief.Supportingthemilitaryandgivingpreferentialtreatmenttofamiliesofservicemenandrevolutionarymartyrs,andsupportingthegovernmentandcherishingthepeople(the"TwoSupports")constitutethepoliticalbasisforstrengtheningthebuildupofnationaldefenseandthearmedforces.

ParticipatinginEmergencyRescueandDisasterReliefOperations

ThePLA,PAPFandthemilitiaaretheshockforceinemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefoperations.Theirmaintasksaretorescueandevacuatedisastervictimsandpeopleindanger;ensurethesecurityofimportantfacilitiesandareas;rescueandtransportimportantmaterialsandgoods;participateinspecializedoperationssuchasrushrepairsofroads,bridgesandtunnels,maritimesearchandrescue,NBCrescueoperations,epidemiccontrol,andmedicalaid;eliminateorcontrolothermajordangersanddisasters;andassistlocalgovernmentsinpost‐disasterreconstructionifnecessary.InrecentyearsthePLAhasformed19unitsspecializedinfloodcontrolandemergencyrescueoperations.

InJune2005theStateCouncilandtheCMCpublishedtheRegulationsontheParticipationofthePeople'sLiberationArmyinEmergencyRescueandDisasterRelief.Accordingtotheregulations,ifthePLAisneededinemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefoperationsorganizedbytheStateCouncil,thedepartmentoftheStateCouncilinchargeoftheoperationsmayfilearequesttotheGeneralStaffHeadquarters.IfthePLAisneededinsuchoperationsorganizedbythepeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevel,thelattermayfilearequestvialocalmilitaryorgansatthecorrespondinglevel.However,incaseofemergencythelocalpeople'sgovernmentsmaydirectlyrequestPLAunitsstationedintheareatoprovideassistance,andthelattermusttakeimmediateactionandsimultaneouslyreporttothehigherauthorities,accordingtotheregulations.Upondetectinganyhazardordisaster,localPLAunitsmustalsotakeimmediateactionandsimultaneouslyreporttothehigherauthorities.PLAunitscomeundertheunifiedleadershipofthepeople'sgovernmentwhenparticipatinginlocalemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefoperations.Theirspecifictasksareassignedbytheheadquartersfortheoperations,whiletheiractionsaredirectedthroughthemilitarychainofcommand.InNovember2006theCMCapprovedandissuedtheMasterScenarioforEmergencyResponse.

InthepasttwoyearsthePLAandthePAPFhavedispatchedatotalof600,000troops/time,employed630,000vehicles(ormachines)/timeofvarioustypes,flownover6,500sorties/time(includingtheuseofhelicopters),mobilized1.39millionmilitiamenandreservists/time,participatedinover130disasterreliefoperationsincasesoffloods,earthquakes,snowstorms,typhoonsandfires,andrescuedorevacuatedatotalof10millionpeople.

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InJanuary2008largeareasofsouthernChinawerestrickenbyasavagespelloffreezingweather,sleetandsnowstorms.ThePLAandthePAPFsent224,000troopsand1.036millionmilitiamenandreservists,andflew226sorties/time(usingmilitarytransportaircraftandhelicopters)toundertakeurgent,difficult,dangerousandheavytasks,suchasclearingmajorlinesofcommunication,rescuingvictimsandrestoringpowersupply.

OnMay12,2008anearthquakemeasuring8.0ontheRichterscalerockedWenchuanCounty,SichuanProvince.Inresponse,thePLAandthePAPFdeployed146,000troops,mobilized75,000militiamenandreservists,flewover4,700sorties/time(includingtheuseofhelicopters)andemployed533,000vehicles/timeinthereliefeffort.Theyrescued3,338survivors,evacuated1.4millionlocalresidents,andtransported,airliftedandair‐dropped1.574milliontonsofreliefmaterials.Theysent210teamsofmedicalworkers,psychotherapists,andsanitationandepidemicpreventionspecialists,andtreated1.367millioninjuredpeople.Thetroopsstrictlyobserveddiscipline,andkeptdetailedrecordsofhundredsofmillionsofyuanincashandlargequantitiesofvaluablesrecoveredfromthedebris,allofwhichwashandedovertotheownersorrelevantdepartmentsoflocalgovernments.

ParticipatinginOlympicSecurityWorkandSupportingthePreparationsfortheOlympics

AttherequestoftheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiad,thePLAandthePAPFactivelyparticipatedinOlympicsecuritywork,andsupportedpreparationsfortheOlympicsandParalympics,makingimportantcontributionstothesuccessoftheevents.

InsecurityworkfortheOlympics,themainresponsibilitiesofthePLAweretoensuretheairsecurityofvenuesinandoutsideBeijingandthemaritimesecurityofOlympicvenuesincoastalandneighboringareas;takepartinthehandlingofterroristincidentssuchasNBC(nuclear,biological,andchemical)terroristattacksandexplosions;provideintelligencesupport;organizeemergencyrescue,medicalaidandhelicoptertransportation;andstrengthenborderadministrationandcontrolduringtheOlympics.ThePLAcontributed46,000troops,98fixed‐wingaircraft,60helicopters,63ships,andsomeground‐to‐airmissiles,andradar,chemicaldefenseandengineeringsupportequipment.ThePAPFwasmainlyresponsibleforensuringthesecurityofthetorchrelay;guardingOlympicvenues,VIPresidencesandrelevantairports;carryingoutguarddutiesfortheopeningandclosingceremonies,theactivitiesofimportantforeignguestsinChinaandmajorsportsevents;protectingwater,power,oilandgassupplyfacilitiesandcommunicationhubscloselyrelatedtotheOlympicsaswellasthelaunchingsitesofrocketsusedforartificialrainfallcontrolinBeijing,TianjinandHebei;actingincollaborationwithpublicsecurityorganstosetupcheckpointsintheneighborhoodofOlympicvenuesandonmajorroadsinthevicinityofBeijing,andtoperformarmedpatrolsinimportantpublicplacesincitieshostingorco‐hostingtheOlympics;conductingsecuritychecksatOlympicvenues;andexecutingcounter‐

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terrorism,anti‐hijackingandcontingencyresponseoperations.ThePAPFcontributed85,000troopstoOlympicsecuritywork,appropriatelyhandlednearly300incidentswhichmighthaveendangeredguardedtargets,andconfiscatedover9,000prohibiteditemsandover140,000limiteditems.

TosupportthepreparationsfortheOlympics,thePLAandthePAPFcontributedover14,000professionalandamateurperformerstotheopeningandclosingceremoniesoftheOlympicsandParalympics.Over6,900volunteersfromthePLAandthePAPFundertook84kindsofsupporttasks,includingtransportsupport,flagraisingatmedalpresentationceremonies,medicalaidandvariousservicesatOlympicvenues.PLAandPAPFunitsstationedinBeijingmobilized670,000troops/timetotakepartintheconstructionof36keyOlympicprojects,suchastheAviationCorridoroftheBeijingCapitalInternationalAirportandtheNationalOlympicForestPark.

ParticipatinginandSupportingNationalConstruction

UndertheunifiedarrangementoftheCentralPeople'sGovernmentandlocalpeople'sgovernmentsatalllevels,thePLAandthePAPFactivelyparticipateinallaspectsofnationalconstruction.Inthepasttwoyearstheyhaveputover14millionworkdaysandonemillionvehicles(ormachines)/timeintothisendeavor.

Providingaidforconstructionofinfrastructureandecologicalprojects.ThePLAandthePAPFhavesupportedover200keyconstructionprojectsforenergy,transportation,hydropowerandcommunications.Theyhavetakenpartinover170projectsfortheprotectionoftheecologicalenvironmentatsuchplacesastheupperandmiddlereachesoftheYellowRiverandsourcesofsandstormsaffectingBeijingandTianjin.Theyhaveafforestedthreemillionmu(onemuisabout700sqm)ofbarrenhills,wastelandanddesolatebeaches,andprovidedaerialprotectionandmaintenancefor24millionmuofforests.

Participatinginthebuildingofanewcountryside.ThePLAandthePAPFprovidesupportfortheconstructionofirrigationandwater‐conservancyworksandruralinfrastructure.Theyhavebuiltorrepairedover2,100roadsinpoverty‐strickenruralareas,andcompletedover90,000smallconstructionprojectssuchasruralhydropowerprojects,drinkingwaterprojectsforbothpeopleandlivestock,andprojectsfortheimprovementofsmallrivervalleyareas.Theyhavealsosetuporconsolidated25,000placesofcontactforpovertyreduction,andhelpedover80,000householdsoutofpoverty.

Supportingscientificandtechnological,educational,culturalandhealthundertakings.ThePLAandthePAPFhavehelpedtotrainnearly10,000peopleinvariousskills,andsetup240scienceandtechnologydemonstrationcenters.Theyhavebuiltover200primaryandsecondaryschools,andhelped240,000poorstudentscompletetheirschooling.Theyhaveestablishedlong‐termassistancerelationswith470countyortownshiphospitalsinpoverty‐strickenareas,and

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dispatched13,000medicalteamsofferingfreemedicalconsultationandtreatmentin41millioncases.

Supportingtheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofareasinhabitedbyethnicminorities.ThePLAandthePAPFhavehelpedtobuildorenlargethreeairports,fivepowerstationsand12waterconservancyfacilities;repairover900kmofhighways;dig300wells;andbuildatotalof6,000smallrainwatercellars,smallpowerstations,solarenergyinstallationsandTVtransmissionfacilities.

SupportingNationalDefenseandArmedForcesModernization

Governmentsatalllevelsputgreatimportanceonprovidingsupportforthemodernizationofthearmedforcesinscienceandtechnology,information,humanresources,educationandculture.Localgovernmentsandmilitaryunitsjointlyorganizemeetingsonmilitaryissues,workconcerningthe"TwoSupports"andinformaldiscussions,inordertohelptheunitsovercomedifficultiesinmilitarytraining,infrastructurebuildingandthemaintenanceofservicemen'srightsandinterests.Whentheunitsengageinmajortaskssuchastrainingexercises,emergencyrescueanddisasterrelief,thelocalgovernmentsandpeoplewillsurmountalldifficultiesandprovidesupportfortheirassembly,movement,andrescueandreliefefforts.Conductingwidespreadactivitiestosupportthearmedforcesinscienceandtechnology,andeducationandculture,localgovernmentsandpeoplealloverthecountryhavesetupover2,000centersofscienceandtechnology,helpedtotrainpeopleon100,000occasionsinvariousskillsanddonated20millionbooks.Governmentsatalllevelsmakeproperarrangementsfortheresettlementofservicemendischargedformactiveservice,theirdependents,retireesandciviliansworkinginthearmedforces,andtakegoodcareofthoseentitledtocompensationandpreferentialtreatment.Inthepasttwoyears,governmentsatalllevelshavemadeover500relevantnationalandlocalpoliciesandregulations,andresettledover100,000officerstransferredtocivilianwork,over500,000demobilizedenlistedmen,andover60,000retiredofficersandciviliansworkinginthearmedforces.

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XI.Science,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense

Chinaisacceleratingreformandinnovationinitsdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry,promotingstrategicandspecialization‐orientedrestructuringofdefenseindustryenterprises,enhancingthecapabilitiesofindependentinnovationintheR&Dofweaponryandequipment,andstrivingtoestablishanewsystemofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustrywhichcaterstobothmilitaryandcivilianneeds,andchannelsmilitarypotentialtocivilianuse.

PromotingInnovationinStructuresandMechanisms

Tomeettheneedsofweaponryandequipmentdevelopment,aswellasdevelopmentofthesocialistmarketeconomy,Chinaisconstantlyreformingitsmanagementsystemofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.AccordingtothePlanforRestructuringtheStateCouncilpassedbytheFirstSessionoftheEleventhNationalPeople'sCongressin2008,theScience,TechnologyandIndustryCommissionforNationalDefenseofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahasbeensupersededbytheStateAdministrationofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense.

In2007,theStateCouncilapprovedSomeOpinionsonDeepeningtheReformoftheInvestmentSystemofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense,whichexplicitlyproposesanewinvestmentsystemfeaturingeffectivegovernmentregulationandcontrol,participationofsocialcapital,standardizedintermediaryservices,vigoroussupervisionandmanagement,andpositivemilitary‐civilianinteraction.Asaresult,anopendevelopmentpatternfordefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryistakingshape.Theinvestmentfieldhasbeenfurtherbroadened,andinvestmentstructurefurtheroptimized.Waysofinvestmenthavebeendiversifiedtoincludenotonlydirectinvestment,butalsoinjectionofcapitalandinvestmentsubsidies.

Chinaisspeedingupthetransformationofthestructuresandmechanismsofthedefenseindustryenterprises,andisintheinitialstageofestablishinganewsystemofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustrythatfeaturesasmallcore,extensivecooperationandalargemilitarypotentialreserveamongcivilians.Structuralcontradictionsindefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryhavebeengraduallyandfundamentallysolvedthroughstrategicrestructuringandthestreamliningofthemainbodyofthedefenseindustry.Chinaissteadilypromotingthetransformationofdefenseindustryenterprisesintojoint‐stockenterprises,activelyexploringapproachestodiversifyingthestructureofpropertyrights,givingpriorityonhelpingqualifiedcompetitiveenterprisestobereorganizedandlistedonthestockmarket,andencouragingspecialization‐orientedrestructuringandtheintegrationoftheeffortsofenterprises,universitiesandresearchinstitutes.Relevantlawsandregulationshavebeenimprovedtostandardizeandsupervisetheprocessofreorganizingthedefenseindustryenterprisesandgettingthemlistedonthestockmarket.

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ImprovingtheWeaponryandEquipmentResearchandProductionSystem

Establishingasoundlicensingsystemforweaponryandequipmentresearchandproduction.InaccordancewiththeImplementationMeasuresforWeaponryandEquipmentResearchandProductionLicensingpromulgatedinMay2005,thedefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryhasadoptedalicensingsystemforweaponryandequipmentresearchandproductionfeaturingmanagementofcategorization.Whilemaintainingstatecontroloverweaponryandequipmentresearchandproduction,thedocumentallowsthenon‐publicsectortoenterthisfieldandcompeteforresearchandproductionprojects.InMarch2008theStateCouncilandtheCMCissuedtheRegulationsontheLicensingAdministrationofWeaponryandEquipmentResearchandProduction,furtherimprovingthesystem.

Enhancingthebasiccapabilitiesofweaponryandequipmentresearchandproduction.Defense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryarestrivingtoenhancetheinformationizationofweaponryandequipmentdesignanddevelopment,andtorenderproductdesignmoredigitalized,modularized,standardizedandreliable.Ithasbuiltdigitalsimulationandhardware‐in‐the‐loop(HIL)simulationfacilitiesandanumberofimportantadvancedexperimentationanddemonstrationfacilities,whichhasresultedinahigherdesigncapabilityandR&Dsuccessrate.

Thissectorhasalsoincreasedfinalassemblyandintegrationcapabilities,andanumberofkeyenterpriseshaverealizedsystemsintegrationofassembly,experimentationandtesting.Thishassubstantiallyraisedcoremanufacturingcapabilitiesbygivingprioritytoresolvingprocessingandtechnicalissuesincomplexpartsprocessing,precisionmanufacturingandspecialwelding.Inaddition,anumberoflarge‐scalebasicexperimentationfacilitiesservingtheentireindustryhavebeenconstructed,aswellasspecializedtestingandexperimentationcentersforreliabilitytestingandburn‐inscreeningofcomponentsandparts,andimprovedmeasures,standardsandotherbasicsupportconditionsfordefenseindustrieshavebeenputinplace.Withtheimprovementofbasiccapabilities,aleapfroggingdevelopmentintheabilitytoprovideweaponryandequipmenthasbeenachieved.

Buildingadynamicinnovationsystemfordefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.Thegovernmenthastakentheleadtocreateafavorableenvironmentforinnovationandguideinnovationactivitiesthroughpoliciesandinvestments.Withtheresearchinstitutesandenterprisesofthedefenseindustryasthebackboneandwithinstitutesforbasicresearchandinstitutionsofhigherlearningasavitalnewforce,Chinaisgivingfullplaytotheadvantagesofintegratingenterprises,universitiesandresearchinstitutes,andmakingeffortstoincreaseitscapabilityforindependentinnovationindefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.Toconsolidatethefoundationofhumanresourcesfortheinnovativedevelopmentofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry,boththenationalmajorprojects

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ofscienceandtechnologyandimportantprojectsfordefensescientificresearchandweaponryandequipmentR&Dhavebeentakenasplatformstoidentify,cultivate,employandattracttalentedpeople.

EnhancingCooperationwithOtherCountries

Followingtheprinciplesofmutualbenefitandcommondevelopment,Chinaisconductingcooperationwithforeigncountriesindefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.Itemphasizesexchangesandcooperationwithdevelopedcountriesindefenseindustrytechnologytodrawontheirexperienceintechnologicaldevelopmentandmanagement.Itenhancesmutuallybeneficialcooperationwithdevelopingcountries,andengagesinjointR&Dandproductioninmajorcooperativeprojects,inaccordancewiththenationalconditionsandspecificrequirementsofthepartners.Ontheexportofmilitaryitems,itadherestothefollowingprinciples:Itshouldonlyservethepurposeofhelpingtherecipientstateenhanceitscapabilityforlegitimateself‐defense;itmustnotimpairpeace,securityandstabilityoftherelevantregionortheworldasawhole;anditmustnotbeusedtointerfereintherecipientstate'sinternalaffairs.

China'sdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryactivelyconductcooperationwithothercountriesinthefieldofhi‐techindustries,combiningmilitaryandcivilianneeds,andmakesgreateffortstodevelophi‐techcivilianproductswithhighaddedvalue.Majorbreakthroughshavebeenmadeindevelopingtheinternationalmarketforspaceproducts.Chinahasexporteditsfirstsatellite;andtheearthresourcessatelliteprojectwithBrazilhasplayedanimportantroleinbothcountries'economicdevelopment.Chinahassignificantlyenhanceditscooperationwithothercountriesinaviationproductsandtechnologies,andmadenewheadwayindevelopingtheinternationalmarketforcivilaircraft.China'sshipbuildingindustryhasexportedproductsforciviluseinseriesandbatches,furtherincreasingitsshareintheinternationalmarketforsuchproducts.

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XII.DefenseExpenditure

Guidedbytheprinciplethatdefenseexpenditureshouldgrowinlinewiththedemandsofnationaldefenseandeconomicdevelopment,theChinesegovernmentdecidesonthesizeofdefenseexpenditureinanappropriateway,andtakesaroadofnationaldefenseandarmedforcesmodernizationfeaturinglowercostandhigherefficiency.

Inthepastthreedecadesofreformandopeningup,Chinahasinsistedthatdefensedevelopmentshouldbebothsubordinatedtoandintheserviceofthecountry'soveralleconomicdevelopment,andthattheformershouldbecoordinatedwiththelatter.Asaresult,defenseexpenditurehasalwaysbeenkeptatareasonableandappropriatelevel.From1978to1987,asthenationshifteditsfocustoeconomicdevelopment,nationaldefensereceivedalowinputandwasinastateofbaresustenance.Duringthisperiodtheaverageannualincreaseofdefenseexpenditurewas3.5percent,whilethatofGDPwas14.1percentandthatofthestatefinancialexpenditurewas10.4percent.ThesharesofChina'sannualdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPandinthestatefinancialexpendituredroppedrespectivelyfrom4.6percentand14.96percentin1978to1.74percentand9.27percentin1987.From1988to1997,tomakeupfortheinadequacyofdefensedevelopmentandmaintainnationalsecurityandunity,Chinagraduallyincreaseditsdefenseexpenditureonthebasisofitssustainedeconomicgrowth.Duringthisperiodtheaverageannualincreaseofdefenseexpenditurewas14.5percentwhilethatofGDPwas20.7percentandthatofthestatefinancialexpenditurewas15.1percent.ThesharesofChina'sannualdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPandinthestatefinancialexpenditurecontinuedtodrop.From1998to2007,tomaintainnationalsecurityanddevelopmentandmeettherequirementsoftheRMAwithChinesecharacteristics,Chinacontinuedtoincreaseitsdefenseexpendituresteadilyonthebasisofitsrapideconomicgrowth.Duringthisperiod,theaverageannualincreaseofdefenseexpenditurewas15.9percent,whilethatofGDPwas12.5percentandthatofthestatefinancialexpenditurewas18.4percent.AlthoughtheshareofChina'sdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPincreased,thatinthestatefinancialexpenditurecontinuedtodroponthewhole.

China'sGDPwasRMB21,192.3billionin2006andRMB25,730.6billionin2007.ThestatefinancialexpenditurewasRMB4,042.273billionin2006andRMB4,978.135billionin2007,up19.1percentand23.2percentrespectivelyoverthepreviousyear.China'sdefenseexpenditurewasRMB297.938billionin2006andRMB355.491billionin2007,up20.4percentand19.3percentrespectivelyoverthepreviousyear.ThesharesofChina'sannualdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPandinthestatefinancialexpenditurein2006wereroughlythesameasthosein2007,being1.41percentand7.37percentin2006and1.38percentand7.14percentin2007.China'sdefenseexpendituremainlycomprisesexpensesforpersonnel,trainingandmaintenance,andequipment.Expensesforpersonnelandtrainingandmaintenanceaccountfortwothirdsofthedefenseexpenditure.In2007,thedefenseexpenditurewasusedtocovertheexpensesoftheactiveforce(RMB343.439

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billion),thereserveforce(RMB3.693billion)andthemilitia(RMB8.359billion).China'sdefensebudgetfor2008isRMB417.769billion.

Inthepasttwoyears,theincreasedpartofChina'sdefenseexpenditurehasprimarilybeenusedforthefollowingpurposes:(1)Increasingthesalariesandbenefitsofservicemen.Alongwiththeriseoftheincomeofcivilservantsandthelivingstandardsofbothurbanandruralresidents,Chinahasincreasedtherelevantallowancesandsubsidiesofservicementoensuretheparallelimprovementoftheirlivingstandards.(2)Compensatingforpricerises.Withtheriseofthepricesoffood,buildingmaterials,fuel,etc.,Chinahasaccordinglyincreasedtheboardingsubsidiesandotherfundscloselyrelatedtoservicemen'slifeaswellastheexpensesoneducation,training,petroleum,oilsandlubricantsforthearmedforces,andimprovedtheworkingandlivingconditionsofborderandcoastaldefenseforces,unitsinremoteandtoughareas,andgrass‐rootsunits.(3)PushingforwardtheRMA.Chinahasaugmentedtheinputintomilitaryinformationizationandmoderatelyincreasedthefundsforequipmentandsupportingfacilities,soastoraisethedefensecapabilitiesinconditionsofinformationization.

Boththetotalamountandper‐service‐personshareofChina'sdefenseexpenditureremainlowerthanthoseofsomemajorpowers.In2007China'sdefenseexpenditureequaled7.51percentofthatoftheUnitedStates,62.43percentofthatoftheUnitedKingdom.China'sdefenseexpensesperservicepersonamountedto4.49percentofthatoftheUnitedStates,11.3percentofthatofJapan,5.31percentofthatoftheUnitedKingdom,15.76percentofthatofFranceand14.33percentofthatofGermany.AsfortheshareofdefenseexpenditureinGDP,thatofChinawasmerely1.38percent,whilethatoftheUnitedStateswas4.5percent,thatoftheUnitedKingdom2.7percent,andthatofFrance1.92percent.

TheChinesegovernmenthasestablisheddefenseexpenditurereportingandpublishingmechanisms.Since1978theChinesegovernmenthassubmittedafinancialbudgetreporttotheNPCandpublishedthetotalamountofthedefensebudgeteachyear.TherelevantdataofChina'sdefenseexpenditurehasbeenmadepublicintheChinaEconomyYearbooksince1981,andintheChinaFinanceYearbooksince1992.Andsince1995thecompositionandmainpurposesofChina'sdefenseexpenditurehavebeenpublishedintheformofgovernmentwhitepapers.

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XIII.InternationalSecurityCooperation

Chinapersistsindevelopingfriendlyrelations,enhancingpoliticalmutualtrust,conductingsecuritycooperationandmaintainingcommonsecuritywithallcountriesonthebasisoftheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence.

RegionalSecurityCooperation

TheChinesegovernmentisactivelyinvolvedinmultilateralcooperationwithintheframeworkoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization(SCO).AttheBishkekSummitinAugust2007theSCOmemberstatesconcludedtheTreatyonLong‐TermGood‐NeighborlyRelations,FriendshipandCooperation,layingasolidpoliticalandlegalfoundationforsecuritycooperationandusheringinanewphaseofpoliticalmutualtrustamongthememberstates.Overthepasttwoyears,thememberstateshavealsosignedtheAgreementonConductingJointMilitaryExercises,theAgreementonCooperationofDefenseMinistriesandtheAgreementofSCOGovernmentsonCooperationinCombatingtheIllegalCirculationofWeapons,AmmunitionandExplosives,finalizedsuchlegaldocumentsastheAgreementontheTrainingofCounter‐TerrorismProfessionals,andlaunchedcooperationinsuchnewareasasinformationsecuritybyformulatingtheActionPlantoEnsureInternationalInformationSecurity.Procurators‐general,headsofsupremecourts,defenseministers,andleadersoflawenforcementandsecurityagenciesfromthememberstateshaveregularlyheldmeetings,deepeningcooperationinthejustice,defense,lawenforcement,securityandotherfields.

ChinaattachesgreatimportancetotheASEANRegionalForum(ARF).Atthe14thARFMinisterialMeetinginAugust2007ChinastressedthatthenewsecurityconceptisbasedonthediversityandcommoninterestsoftheAsia‐Pacificregion,andaccordswiththeinherentlawandrequirementsoftheregion'spursuitofpeace,development,progressandprosperity.InthepasttwoyearsChinahasco‐hostedwithIndonesiaandThailandrespectivelytheARFRoundTableDiscussiononStocktakingofMaritimeSecurityIssuesandtheARFSeminaronNarcoticsControl.TheARFGeneralGuidelinesforDisasterReliefCooperationproposedanddraftedbyChinawasadoptedatthe14thARFMinisterialMeeting,makingitthefirstARFframeworkdocumentprovidingguidancefordisasterreliefcooperation.

China‐ASEANandASEANPlusThree(China,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea)cooperationinnon‐traditionalsecurityfieldsisdevelopingindepth.AttheChina‐ASEANSummitandtheASEANPlusThreeSummit,heldrespectivelyinJanuaryandNovember2007,Chinaputforwardaseriesofinitiativesforstrengtheningcooperationinnon‐traditionalsecurityfields,andemphasizedtheimportanceofconductinginstitutionalizeddefensecooperationandmilitaryexchanges.ChinahostedtheFirstChina‐ASEANDialoguebetweenSeniorDefenseScholars(CADSDS)inMarch2008andtheSecondASEANPlusThreeWorkshoponDisasterReliefbyArmedForcesinJune2008.

ParticipatinginUNPeacekeepingOperations

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AsapermanentmemberoftheUNSecurityCouncil,ChinahasconsistentlysupportedandactivelyparticipatedinthepeacekeepingoperationsconsonantwiththespiritoftheUNCharter.Since1990thePLAhassent11,063militarypersonnel/timetoparticipatein18UNpeacekeepingoperations.Eightlosttheirlivesonduty.AsoftheendofNovember2008,Chinahad1,949militarypeacekeepingpersonnelservinginnineUNmissionareasandtheUNDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations.Amongthem,therewere88militaryobserversandstaffofficers;175engineeringtroopsand43medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(UNMONUC);275engineeringtroops,240transportationtroopsand43medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsMissioninLiberia(UNMIL);275engineeringtroops,100transportationtroopsand60medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsMissionintheSudan(UNMIS);275engineeringtroopsand60medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsInterimForceinLebanon(UNIFIL);and315engineeringtroopsfortheAfricanUnion/UnitedNationsHybridOperationinDarfur(UNAMID).Since2000,Chinahassent1,379peacekeepingpoliceman/timetosevenmissionareas.Atpresent,208ChinesepeacekeepingpolicemenareinLiberia,Kosovo,Haiti,SudanandEastTimorforpeacekeepingoperations.

MilitaryExchangesandCooperationwithOtherCountries

Implementingthenation'sforeignpolicy,thePLAdevelopscooperativemilitaryrelationswithothercountriesthatarenon‐aligned,non‐confrontationalandnotdirectedagainstanythirdparty,andengagesinvariousformsofmilitaryexchangesandcooperationinanefforttocreateamilitarysecurityenvironmentfeaturingmutualtrustandmutualbenefit.

Creatinganewsituationinmilitarydiplomacywhichisopen,practicalanddynamic.Chinahasestablishedmilitarytieswithover150countries,andhasmilitaryattachofficesin109countries.Atotalof98countrieshavemilitaryattachofficesinChina.InthepasttwoyearsseniorPLAdelegationshavevisitedmorethan40countries,anddefenseministersandchiefsofthegeneralstafffrommorethan60countrieshavevisitedChina.PracticalcooperationbetweenthemilitaryforcesofChinaandRussiaatvariouslevelsandinmultiplefieldshascontinuedtodevelopindepth.Themilitaryforcesofthetwosideshavedeepenedtheirstrategicmutualconfidenceandheldfrequentexchangesofhigh‐levelvisits.Thedefenseministersofthetwocountrieshaveadirecttelephonelink,whichisthefirstofitskindbetweenChinaandanothercountry.China‐USmilitaryrelationshavemadegradualprogress.ThetwocountrieshaveformallyestablishedatelephonelinkbetweenChina'sMinistryofNationalDefenseandtheU.S.DepartmentofDefense,heldthefirstexchangeoftheirNCOs,andformallylaunchedmilitaryarchivecooperationoninformationrelatingtoU.S.militarypersonnelmissinginactionaroundtheperiodoftheKoreanWar.Meanwhile,China‐Japandefenserelationshavemadeheadway.ThetwosideshaveheldtheseventhandeighthChina‐JapanDefenseandSecurityConsultation,madetheirfirstexchangeofportcallsbynavalships,andheldthefirstconsultationovertheestablishmentofamaritimeliaisonmechanismbetweentheir

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teamsofexperts.China'sdefenseexchangeswithitsneighbors,includingASEAN,IndiaandPakistan,havebeenfurtherexpanded.ChinahasbeguntoholddefenseandsecurityconsultationswithIndia.ThechannelsofcommunicationbetweenthedefensesectorsandmilitaryforcesofChinaandEuropeancountriesremainopen.China'smilitarycooperationwithdevelopingcountrieshasbeenstrengthened.

Activelyholdingbilateralormultilateraljointmilitaryexerciseswithothercountries.Since2007Chinahasheldover20jointmilitaryexercisesorjointtrainingexerciseswithascoreofcountries.InAugust2007,withintheframeworkoftheSCO,China,Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,TajikistanandUzbekistanheldajointcounter‐terrorismmilitaryexerciseintheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,China,andChelyabinsk,Russia,focusingonthetaskofcombatingterrorism,separatismandextremism.ThiswasthefirsttimeforthePLAtoparticipateinamajorland‐airjointexerciseoutsidetheChineseterritory.InJuly2007andJuly2008ChinaandThailandconductedjointcounter‐terrorismtraininginvolvingbothcountries'armyspecialoperationsrespectivelyinGuangzhou,China,andChiangMai,Thailand.InDecember2007andDecember2008,armiesofChinaandIndiastagedjointcounter‐terrorismtrainingexercisesrespectivelyinKunming,ChinaandBelgaum,India.Duringthepasttwoyears,theChineseNavyhasheldbilateraljointmaritimetrainingexerciseswiththenaviesof14countries,includingRussia,theUnitedKingdom,France,theUnitedStates,Pakistan,IndiaandSouthAfrica.Chinahasalsoconductedvariousformsofmultilateraljointmaritimetrainingexerciseswithrelevantcountries,focusingonvarioustasks.InMarch2007,Chinaheldthe"Peace‐2007"jointmaritimetrainingexerciseintheArabianSeawithsevenothercountries,includingPakistan.InMay2007Chinaandeightothercountries,includingSingapore,conductedamultilateraljointmaritimeexerciseinSingaporeanwaterswithintheframeworkoftheWesternPacificNavalSymposium(WPNS).InOctoberthesameyearChina,AustraliaandNewZealandstagedajointmaritimesearch‐and‐rescuetrainingexerciseintheTasmanSea.

Conductingcooperationandexchangesinpersonneldevelopment.Chinaissendinganincreasingnumberofmilitarystudentsoverseas.Inthepasttwoyearsithassentover900militarystudentstomorethan30countries.TwentymilitaryeducationalinstitutionsinChinahaveestablishedandmaintainedinter‐collegiateexchangerelationswiththeircounterpartsinover20countries,includingtheUnitedStates,Russia,JapanandPakistan.Meanwhile,some4,000militarypersonnelfrommorethan130countrieshavecometoChinatostudyatChinesemilitaryeducationalinstitutions.

Tofurthermilitaryexchangesandcooperation,andenhancemutualmilitaryconfidence,China'sMinistryofNationalDefenseofficiallysetupanspokespersonsysteminMay2008.Thenewly‐foundedInformationOfficeoftheMinistryofNationalDefenseofthePRCreleasesimportantmilitaryinformationthroughregularorirregularpressconferencesandwrittenstatements.

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XIV.ArmsControlandDisarmament

TheChinesegovernmenthasalwaysattachedimportancetoandbeensupportiveofinternationaleffortsinthefieldofarmscontrol,disarmamentandnon‐proliferation.Chinahastakenconcretemeasurestofaithfullyfulfillitsrelevantinternationalobligations.Chinaiscommittedto,alongwiththeinternationalcommunity,consolidatingandstrengtheningtheexistinginternationalarmscontrol,disarmamentandnon‐proliferationmechanismspursuanttothepurposesandprinciplesoftheCharteroftheUnitedNationsandotheruniversallyrecognizednormsgoverninginternationalrelations,andtothepreservationofinternationalstrategicstabilityandpromotionofthecommonsecurityofallcountries.

NuclearDisarmament

Chinaholdsthatallnuclear‐weaponstatesshouldmakeanunequivocalcommitmenttothethoroughdestructionofnuclearweapons,undertaketostopresearchintoanddevelopmentofnewtypesofnuclearweapons,andreducetheroleofnuclearweaponsintheirnationalsecuritypolicy.Thetwocountriespossessingthelargestnucleararsenalsbearspecialandprimaryresponsibilityfornucleardisarmament.Theyshouldearnestlycomplywiththerelevantagreementsalreadyconcluded,andfurtherdrasticallyreducetheirnucleararsenalsinaverifiableandirreversiblemanner,soastocreatethenecessaryconditionsfortheparticipationofothernuclear‐weaponstatesintheprocessofnucleardisarmament.

ChinasupportstheearlyentryintoforceoftheComprehensiveNuclearTest‐BanTreaty,andwillcontinuetohonoritsmoratoriumcommitmentonnucleartesting.ChinasupportsthepreparatoryworkfortheentryintoforceoftheTreatybythePreparatoryCommissionoftheComprehensiveNuclearTest‐BanTreatyOrganization,andhascontributedtotheestablishmentoftheInternationalMonitoringSystem(IMS).

Chinahasalwaysstayedtruetoitscommitmentsthatitwillnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsatanytimeandinanycircumstances,andwillunconditionallynotuseorthreatentousenuclearweaponsagainstnon‐nuclear‐weaponstatesorinnuclear‐weapon‐freezones.Chinacallsuponothernuclear‐weaponstatestomakethesamecommitmentsandconcludeaninternationallegalinstrumentinthisregard.Chinahasalreadysignedallrelevantprotocolswhichhavebeenopenedforsignatureofvariousnuclear‐weapon‐freezonetreaties,andhasreachedagreementwiththeASEANonrelevantissuesoftheProtocoloftheTreatyontheSoutheastAsiaNuclear‐Weapon‐FreeZone.ChinawelcomestheTreatyonaNuclear‐Weapon‐FreeZoneinCentralAsiasignedbythefiveCentralAsiancountries.

ChinavaluestheroleoftheConferenceonDisarmament(CD)inGeneva,andsupportseffortsintheCDtoreachacomprehensiveandbalancedprogramofwork,soastoenabletheCDtostartsubstantialworkonsuchissuesastheFissileMaterialCut‐offTreaty(FMCT),preventionofanarmsraceinouterspace,nucleardisarmamentandsecurityassurancetonon‐nuclear‐weaponstates.

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Chinamaintainsthattheglobalmissiledefenseprogramwillbedetrimentaltostrategicbalanceandstability,undermineinternationalandregionalsecurity,andhaveanegativeimpactontheprocessofnucleardisarmament.Chinapayscloseattentiontothisissue.

ProhibitionofBiologicalandChemicalWeapons

ChinaobservesingoodfaithitsobligationsundertheBiologicalWeaponsConvention(BWC),andsupportsthemultilateraleffortsaimedatstrengtheningtheeffectivenessoftheConvention.ChinahasactivelyparticipatedinthemeetingsofthepartiestotheConventionandthemeetingsofexpertsinapragmaticmanner.ChinahasalreadyestablishedacomprehensivelegislationsystemfortheimplementationoftheConvention,setupanationalimplementationfocalpoint,andsubmitteditsdeclarationsregardingconfidence‐buildingmeasurestotheImplementationSupportUnitoftheConventioninatimelyfashion.Chinahasalsostrengthenedbio‐safety,bio‐securityanddiseasesurveillance,andactivelycarriedoutrelatedinternationalexchangesandcooperation.

ChinaearnestlyfulfilsitsobligationsundertheChemicalWeaponsConvention(CWC)bysettingupimplementationofficesatbothcentralandlocallevels,submittingtimelyandcompleteannualdeclarations,subsequentdeclarationsregardingnewlydiscoveredchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapaninChinaandinformationonthenationalprotectionprogram.Chinahasreceivedmorethan170on‐siteinspectionsbytheOrganizationfortheProhibitionofChemicalWeapons(OPCW).TheAnalyticalChemistryResearchLaboratoryoftheInstituteofChemicalDefensebecamethefirstOPCW‐designatedlaboratoryinChinain1998,followedbytheToxicantAnalysisLaboratoryoftheAcademyofMilitaryMedicalSciences,whichbecameanOPCW‐designatedlaboratoryin2007.InMay2008ChinaandtheOPCWjointlyheldatrainingcourseonprotectionandassistanceinBeijing.WithaviewtoacceleratingthedestructionofchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapaninChina,ChinahasassistedJapanincarryingoutmorethan100on‐siteinvestigations,andexcavatedmorethan40,000itemsofchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapan.ChinaurgesJapantoearnestlyimplementitsobligationsundertheConvention,andstarttheactualdestructionofchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapaninChinaassoonaspossible.

NonProliferation

Chinafirmlyopposestheproliferationofweaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)andtheirmeansofdelivery,andactivelytakespartininternationalnon‐proliferationefforts.Chinaholdsthatanintegratedapproachshouldbeadoptedtoaddressboththesymptomsandrootcausesofproliferation.Theinternationalcommunityshoulddevoteitselftobuildingaglobalandregionalsecurityenvironmentfeaturingstability,cooperationandmutualtrust,andearnestlymaintainingandstrengtheningtheauthorityandeffectivenessoftheinternationalnon‐proliferationregime.Inthisregard,doublestandardsmustbeabandoned.Allstatesshouldresorttodialogueandnegotiationtoresolvedifferencesinthefieldof

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non‐proliferation.Therelationsbetweennon‐proliferationandthepeacefuluseofscienceandtechnologyshouldbeproperlyaddressed,withtheaimofpreservingtherightofpeacefuluseofeachstatewhileeffectivelypreventingWMDproliferation.

Chinahasjoinedallinternationaltreatiesandinternationalorganizationsinthefieldofnon‐proliferation.ItattachesgreatimportancetotheroleoftheTreatyontheNon‐proliferationofNuclearWeapons(NPT),theBiologicalWeaponsConvention(BWC)andtheChemicalWeaponsConvention(CWC)inpreventingtheproliferationofWMD.ChinasupportstheroleplayedbytheUNinthefieldofnon‐proliferation,andhasconscientiouslyimplementedtherelevantresolutionsoftheUNSecurityCouncil.

ChinaisdedicatedtothedenuclearizationoftheKoreanPeninsula,andfirmlypromotestheSix‐PartyTalksprocessonthatissue.Chinafacilitatedtheadoptionof"InitialActionsfortheImplementationoftheJointStatement"andthe"Second‐PhaseActionsfortheImplementationoftheJointStatement"respectivelyinFebruaryandOctober2007.

ChinamaintainsthattheIraniannuclearissueshouldberesolvedpeacefullybypoliticalanddiplomaticmeans.Chinahasparticipatedinthemeetingsofforeignministersorpoliticaldirectorsoftheministriesofforeignaffairs,andhostedameetingofpoliticaldirectorsoftheministriesofforeignaffairsofthosesixcountriesinShanghaiinApril2008.ChinahasalsoactivelytakenpartinthedeliberationontheIraniannuclearissueattheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)andtheUNSecurityCouncil,playingaconstructiverole.

Chinaattachesgreatimportancetonon‐proliferationexportcontrol,andhasestablishedacomprehensivelegalsystemforexportcontrolofnuclear,biological,chemicalandmissileandrelateddual‐useitemsandtechnologies.Chinahasalsoconstantlyupdatedtheselawsandregulationsinlightofitsinternationalobligationsandtheneedforexportcontrol.ChinaamendedtheRegulationsofthePRContheControlofNuclearExportsinNovember2006,theRegulationsofthePRContheControlofDual‐UseNuclearItemsandRelatedTechnologiesExportsinJanuary2007anditsControlListinJulyofthesameyear.Chinahassparednoeffortinstrengtheninglawenforcementinthefieldofnon‐proliferationexportcontrol.

Chinavaluesandactivelycarriesoutinternationalexchangesandcooperationinthefieldofnon‐proliferationandexportcontrol.Chinahasheldregulararmscontrolandnon‐proliferationconsultationswithadozencountriesandtheEU,andnon‐proliferationdialogueswithNATO.ChinaalsomaintainsdialoguesandexchangeswithmultinationalexportcontrolregimessuchastheAustraliaGroupandtheWassenaarArrangement.

ChinasupportstheobjectivesandprinciplesoftheGlobalInitiativetoCombatNuclearTerrorism.AsoneoftheoriginalpartnersoftheInitiative,Chinahastakenpartinallmeetingsofthepartners.InDecember2007ChinaandtheUnitedStates

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jointlyheldaworkshopinBeijingonradiationemergencyresponsewithintheframeworkoftheInitiative.

PreventionoftheIntroductionofWeaponsandanArmsRaceinOuterSpace

TheChinesegovernmenthasallalongadvocatedthepeacefuluseofouterspace,andopposedtheintroductionofweaponsandanarmsraceinouterspace.Theexistinginternationallegalinstrumentsconcerningouterspacearenotsufficienttoeffectivelypreventthespreadofweaponstoouterspace.Theinternationalcommunityshouldnegotiateandconcludeanewinternationallegalinstrumenttoclosetheloopholesintheexistinglegalsystemconcerningouterspace.

InFebruary2008ChinaandRussiajointlysubmittedtotheCDadraftTreatyonthePreventionofthePlacementofWeaponsinOuterSpaceandtheThreatorUseofForceagainstOuterSpaceObjects.ChinahopesthattheCDwillstartsubstantialdiscussionsonthedraftassoonaspossible,andnegotiateandconcludetheTreatyatanearlydate.

ConventionalArmsControl

ChinahasearnestlyfulfilleditsobligationsundertheConventiononCertainConventionalWeapons(CCW)anditsProtocols.Ithastakenconcretemeasurestoensurethatitsanti‐personnellandminesinservicemeettherelevanttechnicalrequirementsoftheAmendedProtocolonLandmines.ChinaactivelyparticipatesintheworkoftheGroupofGovernmentalExperts(GGE)onClusterMunitions.ChinaisalsocontinuingitspreparationsforratifyingtheProtocolonExplosiveRemnantsofWar.Chinahascontinuouslytakenanactivepartininternationalhumanitariande‐miningassistance.Inthepasttwoyears,ithasheldde‐miningtrainingcoursesforAngola,Mozambique,Chad,Burundi,Guinea‐Bissau,andbothnorthernandsouthernSudan.Chinahasalsodonatedde‐miningequipmenttotheabove‐mentionedcountriesandEgypt,andprovidedPeru,EcuadorandEthiopiawithmineeradicationfunds.

ChinahasactivelyparticipatedintheinternationaleffortstocombattheillicittradeinSmallArmsandLightWeapons(SALW).IthasconscientiouslyimplementedtheUNProgramofAction(PoA)onSALWandtheInternationalInstrumentonIdentifyingandTracingIllicitSALW.ChinahasissuedandimplementednewdetailedrulesonSALWmarkings,andhastakenpartintheworkoftheUNGGEonan"ArmsTradeTreaty."

TransparencyinMilitaryExpendituresandRegistrationofTransferofConventionalArms

Chinaattachesgreatimportancetomilitarytransparency,andmakesunremittingeffortstoenhancemilitarytransparencyandpromotemutualtrustwithothercountriesinthemilitarysphere.In2007ChinajoinedtheUNStandardized

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InstrumentforReportingMilitaryExpenditures,andreportsannuallytotheUNthebasicdataofitsmilitaryexpendituresforthelatestfiscalyear.

ChinahasmadeimportantcontributionstotheestablishmentanddevelopmentoftheUNRegisterofConventionalArms.AftertheRegisterwasestablished,ChinaprovidedtheRegisterwithannualdataonimportsandexportsofconventionalarmsinthesevencategoriescoveredbytheRegister.However,since1996aparticularcountryhasprovideddataonitsarmssalestoTaiwantotheRegister,whichcontradictsthespiritoftherelevantResolutionsoftheUNGeneralAssemblyaswellastheobjectivesandprinciplesoftheRegister.ChinawasimpelledtosuspenditssubmissionofdatatotheRegister.Sincethecountryconcernedhasstoppedtheabove‐mentionedact,Chinahasresumed,since2007,submittingdataannuallytotheRegisteronimportsandexportsofconventionalarmsinthesevencategories.

Documents

China's National Defense in 2008 - Carnegie Endowment for ...€¦ · policy orientation of all countries to settle differences and hotspot issues peacefully through dialogue. The