China's position paper on PH-initiated arbitration case over South China Sea dispute

8/10/2019 China's position paper on PH-initiated arbitration case over South China Sea dispute

1/26

êsataej ^cplr eo tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc ejtbl @cttlr eo Kurasdagtaej aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Crhatrctaej Ajatactld hy

tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls

8>34/38/>6

6 Dlgl`hlr 8>34

A. Ajtredugt aej

3. Ej 88 Kcjucry 8>37, tbl Dlpcrt`ljt eo Oerlafj Coocars eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl baiappajls prlsljtld

c jetl vlrhcil te tbl L`hcssy eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc aj tbl ^baiappajls, stctajf tbct tbl

^baiappajls suhàttld c Jetaoagctaej cjd Wtctl`ljt eo Gica` aj erdlr te ajatactl ge`puisery crhatrctaej

preglldajfs ujdlr Crtagil 826 cjd Cjjlx _AA eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc

("Gejvljtaej") watb rlsplgt te tbl dasputl watb Gbajc evlr "`crata`l kurasdagtaej" aj tbl Weutb Gbajc

Wlc. Ej 31 Olhrucry 8>37, tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt rlklgtld cjd rlturjld tbl ^baiappajls' jetl

vlrhcil tefltblr watb tbl cttcgbld Jetaoagctaej cjd Wtctl`ljt eo Gica`. Tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt bcs

suhslquljtiy rlatlrctld tbct at waii jlatblr cgglpt jer pcrtagapctl aj tbl crhatrctaej tbus ajatactld hy tbl

^baiappajls.

8. Tbas êsataej ^cplr as ajtljdld te dlèjstrctl tbct tbl crhatrci trahujci lstchiasbld ct tbl rlqulst

eo tbl ^baiappajls oer tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej ("Crhatrci Trahujci") dels jet bcvl kurasdagtaej evlr tbas

gcsl. At dels jet lxprlss cjy pesataej ej tbl suhstcjtavl assuls rlictld te tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl

crhatrctaej ajatactld hy tbl baiappajls. Je cgglptcjgl hy Gbajc as safjaoald aj tbas esataej cplr eo tbl

valws er gica`s cdvcjgld hy tbl ^baiappajls, wbltblr er jet tbly crl rlolrrld te blrlaj. Jer sbcii tbas

êsataej ^cplr hl rlfcrdld cs Gbajc's cgglptcjgl eo er pcrtagapctaej aj tbas crhatrctaej.

7. Tbas êsataej ^cplr waii licherctl ej tbl oeiiewajf pesataejs;

Tbl lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej as tbl tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr slvlrci crata`l

olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb as hlyejd tbl sgepl eo tbl Gejvljtaej cjd dels jet gejglrj

tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej=

Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls bcvl cfrlld, tbreufb haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd tbl Dlgicrctaej ej tbl

Gejdugt eo ^crtals aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, te slttil tblar rlilvcjt dasputls tbreufb jlfetactaejs. Hy

ujaictlrciiy ajatactajf tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej, tbl ^baiappajls bcs hrlcgbld ats ehiafctaej ujdlr

ajtlrjctaejci icw=

Lvlj cssuàjf, crfuljde, tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej wlrl gejglrjld watb tbl

ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, tbct suhklgt-`cttlr weuid gejstatutl cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo


2/26

`crata`l dliaàtctaej hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals, tbus ociiajf watbaj tbl sgepl eo tbl dlgicrctaej oaild

hy Gbajc aj 8>>? aj cggerdcjgl watb tbl Gejvljtaej, wbagb lxgiudls, ajtlr ciac, dasputls gejglrjajf

`crata`l dliaàtctaej ore` ge`puisery crhatrctaej cjd etblr ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt

pregldurls=

Gejslquljtiy, tbl Crhatrci Trahujci cjaolstiy bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej. Hcsld

ej tbl oerlfeajf pesataejs cjd hy vartul eo tbl orllde` eo lvlry Wtctl te gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo dasputl

slttil`ljt, Gbajc's rlklgtaej eo cjd jej-pcrtagapctaej aj tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej stcjd ej seiad freujd

aj ajtlrjctaejci icw.

AA. Tbl lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej as tbl tlrrate raci sevlrlafjty evlr slvlrci

`crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb dels jet gejglrj tbl ajtlrprltctaej er

cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej

4. Gbajc bcs ajdasputchil sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds (tbl Dejfsbc Asicjds, tbl

Rasbc Asicjds, tbl [bejfsbc Asicjds cjd tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds) cjd tbl cdkcgljt wctlrs. Gbajlsl

cgtavatals aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc dctl hcgm te evlr 8,>>> ylcrs cfe. Gbajc wcs tbl oarst geujtry te

dasgevlr, jc`l, lxpierl cjd lxpieat tbl rlseurgls eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds cjd tbl oarst te

gejtajueusiy lxlrgasl sevlrlafj pewlrs evlr tbl`. Ore` tbl 317>s te 314>s, Kcpcj aiilfciiy slazld

se`l pcrts eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds durajf ats wcr eo cffrlssaej cfcajst Gbajc. Ct tbl ljd eo

tbl Wlgejd Verid Vcr, tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt rlsu`ld lxlrgasl eo sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb

Gbajc Wlc Asicjds. @aiatcry plrsejjli cjd fevlrj`ljt eooagacis wlrl sljt vac jcvci vlsslis te beid

rlsu`ptaej eo cutberaty glrlèjals. Ge``lèrctavl stejl `crmlrs wlrl lrlgtld, fcrrasejs

stctaejld, cjd flefrcpbagci survlys gejdugtld. Aj 3146, Gbajc rljc`ld tbl `crata`l olcturls eo tbl

Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds cjd, aj 3142, puhiasbld cj eooagaci `cp wbagb daspicyld c dettld iajl aj tbl

Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Wajgl tbl oeujdajf eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc ej 3 Egtehlr 3141, tbl

Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt bcs hllj gejsastljtiy cjd cgtavliy `cajtcajajf ats sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb

Gbajc Wlc Asicjds. Hetb tbl Dlgicrctaej eo tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc ej tbl

Tlrrateraci Wlc eo 31


3/26

ge`prasls cii tbl tlrratery gldld te tbl \jatld Wtctls hy tbl Trlcty eo ^cras gejgiudld hltwllj tbl

\jatld Wtctls cjd Wpcaj ej tbl tljtb dcy eo Dlgl`hlr, lafbtllj bujdrld cjd jajlty-lafbt, tbl iaàts

wbagb crl slt oertb aj Crtagil AAA eo scad trlcty, tefltblr watb cii tbl asicjds l`hrcgld aj tbl trlcty

gejgiudld ct Vcsbajftej hltwllj tbl \jatld Wtctls cjd Wpcaj ej tbl slvljtb dcy eo Jevl`hlr,

jajltllj bujdrld, cjd tbl trlcty gejgiudld hltwllj tbl \jatld Wtctls cjd Frlct Hratcaj ej tbl

slgejd dcy eo Kcjucry, jajltllj bujdrld cjd tbarty, cjd cii tlrratery evlr wbagb tbl prlsljt

Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^baiappajl Asicjds lxlrgasls kurasdagtaej." \jdlr tbas prevasaej, tbl tlrratery eo tbl

^baiappajls wcs gejoajld te tbl ^baiappajl Asicjds, bcvajf jetbajf te de watb cjy eo Gbajc's `crata`l

olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. ^baiappajl Xlpuhiag Cgt Je. 7>4?, ljtatild "Cj Cgt te Dloajl tbl

Hcsliajls eo tbl Tlrrateraci Wlc eo tbl ^baiappajls", wbagb wcs preùifctld aj 31?3, rlcooar`ld tbl

tlrrateraci sgepl eo tbl geujtry cs icad dewj aj tbl 317< Gejstatutaej.

?. Wajgl tbl 316>s, tbl ^baiappajls bcs aiilfciiy eggupald c ju`hlr eo `crata`l olcturls eo Gbajc's

Jcjsbc Asicjds, ajgiudajf @cbucj Dce, Olaxaj Dce, [bejfyl Dce, Jcjyce Dce, Hlaza Dce, Rayul

Dce, Wbucjfbucjf Wbczbeu cjd Waiajf Kace. Ourtblrèrl, at ujicwouiiy dlsafjctld c se-gciild

"Mcicyccj Asicjd Freup" te ljge`pcss se`l eo tbl `crata`l olcturls eo Gbajc's Jcjsbc Asicjds cjd

gica`ld sevlrlafjty evlr tbl`, tefltblr watb cdkcgljt hut vcst `crata`l crlcs. Wuhslquljtiy, at icad

ujicwoui gica` te sevlrlafjty evlr Bucjfycj Dce eo Gbajc's [bejfsbc Asicjds. Aj cddataej, tbl

^baiappajls bcs cise aiilfciiy lxpierld cjd lxpieatld tbl rlseurgls ej tbesl `crata`l olcturls cjd aj

tbl cdkcgljt `crata`l crlcs.

6. Tbl ^baiappajls' cgtavatals `ljtaejld chevl bcvl vaeictld tbl Gbcrtlr eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs cjd

ajtlrjctaejci icw, cjd slraeusiy ljgrecgbld upej Gbajc's tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts

cjd ajtlrlsts. Tbly crl juii cjd vead aj icw. Tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt bcs ciwcys hllj oarìy eppesld

te tblsl cgtaejs eo tbl ^baiappajls, cjd gejsastljtiy cjd gejtajueusiy `cdl seil`j rlprlsljtctaejs

cjd pretlsts te tbl ^baiappajls.

2. Tbl ^baiappajls bcs su``crazld ats gica`s oer crhatrctaej aj tbrll gctlferals;

Oarst, Gbajc's csslrtaej eo tbl "basterag rafbts" te tbl wctlrs, slc-hld cjd suhseai watbaj tbl "jajl-dcsb

iajl" (a.l., Gbajc's dettld iajl aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc) hlyejd tbl iaàts eo ats ljtatil`ljts ujdlr tbl

Gejvljtaej as ajgejsastljt watb tbl Gejvljtaej.

Wlgejd, Gbajc's gica` te ljtatil`ljts eo 8>> jcutagci àils cjd èrl, hcsld ej glrtcaj regms, iew-

tadl lilvctaejs cjd suh`lrfld olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, as ajgejsastljt watb tbl Gejvljtaej.


4/26

Tbard, Gbajc's csslrtaej cjd lxlrgasl eo rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcvl ujicwouiiy ajtlrolrld watb

tbl sevlrlafj rafbts, kurasdagtaej cjd rafbts cjd orllde` eo jcvafctaej tbct tbl ^baiappajls ljkeys cjd

lxlrgasls ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej.

1. Tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl baiappajls' gica`s as aj lssljgl ejl eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr slvlrci`crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb as hlyejd tbl sgepl eo tbl Gejvljtaej cjd dels jet

gejglrj tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej. Gejslquljtiy, tbl Crhatrci Trahujci bcs je

kurasdagtaej evlr tbl gica`s eo tbl baiappajls oer crhatrctaej.

3>. Vatb rlfcrd te tbl oarst gctlfery eo gica`s prlsljtld hy tbl ^baiappajls oer crhatrctaej, at as ehvaeus

tbct tbl gerl eo tbesl gica`s as tbct Gbajc's `crata`l gica`s aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcvl lxglldld

tbl lxtljt ciiewld ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Bewlvlr, wbctlvlr iefag as te hl oeiiewld, ejiy cotlr tbl

lxtljt eo Gbajc's tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc as dltlràjld gcj c dlgasaej hl `cdl

ej wbltblr Gbajc's `crata`l gica`s aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcvl lxglldld tbl lxtljt ciiewld ujdlr

tbl Gejvljtaej.

33. At as c fljlrci prajgapil eo ajtlrjctaejci icw tbct sevlrlafjty evlr icjd tlrratery as tbl hcsas oer tbl

dltlràjctaej eo `crata`l rafbts. Cs tbl Ajtlrjctaejci Geurt eo Kustagl ("AGK") stctld, "`crata`l rafbts

dlravl ore` tbl gecstci Wtctl's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl icjd, c prajgapil wbagb gcj hl su``crazld cs 'tbl

icjd deàjctls tbl slc'"(@crata`l Dliaàtctaej cjd Tlrrateraci Sulstaejs hltwllj Sctcr cjd Hcbrcaj

(Sctcr v. Hcbrcaj),@lrats, Kudf`ljt eo 3? @crgb 8>>3, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>3, p. 16, pcrc. 32 Olhrucry 31?1, A.G.K. Xlperts 31?1, p. >3, pcrc. 32>6, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>6, p.

?1?, pcrc. 337). Xlgljtiy tbl AGK cfcaj l`pbcsazld tbct "]tPbl tatil eo c Wtctl te tbl gejtajljtci sblio

cjd te tbl lxgiusavl lgejeàg zejl as hcsld ej tbl prajgapil tbct tbl icjd deàjctls tbl slc", cjd

tbct "tbl icjd as tbl ilfci seurgl eo tbl pewlr wbagb c Wtctl `cy lxlrgasl evlr tlrrateraci lxtljsaejste slcwcrd" (Tlrrateraci cjd @crata`l Dasputl (Jagcrcfuc v. Geie`hac),Kudf`ljt eo 31 Jevl`hlr

8>38, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>38, p. ).

38. Tbl prlc`hil eo tbl Gejvljtaej pregica`s "tbl dlsarchaiaty eo lstchiasbajf tbreufb tbas Gejvljtaej,

watb dul rlfcrd oer tbl sevlrlafjty eo cii Wtctls, c ilfci erdlr oer tbl slcs cjd eglcjs". At as cppcrljt


5/26

tbct "dul rlfcrd oer tbl sevlrlafjty eo cii Wtctls" as tbl prlrlquasatl oer tbl cppiagctaej eo tbl

Gejvljtaej te dltlràjl `crata`l rafbts eo tbl Wtctls ^crtals.

37. Cs ocr cs tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej as gejglrjld, watbeut oarst bcvajf dltlràjld Gbajc's tlrrateraci

sevlrlafjty evlr tbl `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, tbl Crhatrci Trahujci waii jet hl aj cpesataej te dltlràjl tbl lxtljt te wbagb Gbajc `cy gica` `crata`l rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc

pursucjt te tbl Gejvljtaej, jet te `ljtaej wbltblr Gbajc's gica`s lxglld tbl lxtljt ciiewld ujdlr

tbl Gejvljtaej. Hut tbl assul eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty ociis hlyejd tbl purvalw eo tbl Gejvljtaej.

34. Tbl ^baiappajls as wlii cwcrl tbct c trahujci lstchiasbld ujdlr Crtagil 826 cjd Cjjlx _AA eo tbl

Gejvljtaej bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty dasputls. Aj cj cttl`pt te gargu`vljt tbas

kurasdagtaejci burdil cjd ochragctl c hcsas oer ajstatutaej eo crhatrci preglldajfs, tbl ^baiappajls bcs

gujjajfiy pcgmcfld ats gcsl aj tbl prlsljt oer`. At bcs rlplctldiy preolssld tbct at dels jet sllm ore`

tbl Crhatrci Trahujci c dltlràjctaej eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr glrtcaj `crata`l olcturls gica`ld

hy hetb geujtrals, hut rctblr c ruiajf ej tbl ge`pctahaiaty eo Gbajc's crata`l gica`s watb tbl prevasaejs

eo tbl Gejvljtaej, se tbct ats gica`s oer crhatrctaej weuid cpplcr te hl gejglrjld watb tbl ajtlrprltctaej

er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, jet watb tbl sevlrlafjty evlr tbesl `crata`l olcturls. Tbas gejtravld

pcgmcfajf, bewlvlr, ocais te gejglci tbl vlry lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej, jc`liy,

tbl tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr glrtcaj `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.

3


6/26

crhatrctaej cs te wbltblr er jet tbl `crata`l gica`s eo c Wtctl hcsld ej sugb c olcturl crl ge`pctahil

watb tbl Gejvljtaej.

32. Aj tbl prlsljt gcsl, tbl ^baiappajls dljals Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl `crata`l olcturls aj

qulstaej, watb c valw te ge`piltliy dasquciaoyajf Gbajc ore` `cmajf cjy `crata`l gica`s aj rlsplgt eotbesl olcturls. Aj iafbt eo tbas, tbl ^baiappajls as puttajf tbl gcrt hloerl tbl bersl hy rlqulstajf tbl

Crhatrci Trahujci te dltlr`ajl, lvlj hloerl tbl `cttlr eo sevlrlafjty as dlcit watb, tbl assul eo

ge`pctahaiaty eo Gbajc's crata`l gica`s watb tbl Gejvljtaej. Aj rlilvcjt gcsls, je ajtlrjctaejci kudagaci

er crhatrci hedy bcs lvlr cppiald tbl Gejvljtaej te dltlr`ajl tbl `crata`l rafbts dlravld ore` c

`crata`l olcturl hloerl sevlrlafjty evlr tbct olcturl as dlgadld.

31. Wlgejdiy, aj rlsplgt eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, tbl ^baiappajls slilgts ejiy c olw olcturls cjd

rlqulsts tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te dlgadl ej tblar `crata`l ljtatil`ljts. Tbas as aj lssljgl cj cttl`pt

ct dljyajf Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds cs c wbeil.

8>. Tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds ge`prasls `cjy `crata`l olcturls. Gbajc bcs ciwcys ljkeyld sevlrlafjty

evlr tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds aj ats ljtarlty, jet kust evlr se`l olcturls tblrleo. Aj 317


7/26

88. Tbl ^baiappajls, hy rlqulstajf tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te dltlràjl tbl `crata`l ljtatil`ljts eo ejiy

wbct at dlsgrahls cs tbl `crata`l olcturls "eggupald er gejtreiild hy Gbajc", bcs aj loolgt dasslgtld

tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds. At dliahlrctliy cmls je `ljtaej eo tbl rlst eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, ajgiudajf tbesl

aiilfciiy slazld er gica`ld hy tbl ^baiappajls. Ats rlci ajtljtaej as te fcajscy Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr

tbl wbeil eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, dljy tbl ocgt eo ats aiilfci slazurl eo er gica` ej slvlrci `crata`l

olcturls eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, cjd dastert tbl jcturl cjd sgepl eo tbl Gbajc-^baiappajls dasputls aj

tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Aj cddataej, tbl ^baiappajls bcs dliahlrctliy lxgiudld ore` tbl gctlfery eo tbl

`crata`l olcturls "eggupald er gejtreiild hy Gbajc" tbl icrflst asicjd aj tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds, Tcapajf

Dce, wbagb as gurrljtiy gejtreiild hy tbl Tcawcj cutberatals eo Gbajc. Tbas as c frcvl vaeictaej eo tbl

Ejl-Gbajc ^rajgapil cjd cj ajorajfl`ljt eo Gbajc's sevlrlafjty cjd tlrrateraci ajtlfraty. Tbas ourtblr

sbews tbct tbl slgejd gctlfery eo gica`s hreufbt hy tbl ^baiappajls lssljtaciiy plrtcajs te tbl

tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty dasputl hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals.

87. Oajciiy, wbltblr er jet iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcj hl cpprepractld as picajiy c qulstaej eo tlrrateraci

sevlrlafjty.

84. Tbl ^baiappajls csslrts tbct se`l eo tbl `crata`l olcturls, cheut wbagb at bcs suhàttld gica`s

oer crhatrctaej, crl iew-tadl lilvctaejs, tbus hlajf ajgcpchil eo cpprepractaej cs tlrratery. Cs te wbltblr

tbesl olcturls crl ajdlld iew-tadl lilvctaejs, tbas esataej cplr waii jet ge``ljt. At sbeuid, bewlvlr,

hl peajtld eut tbct, wbctlvlr jcturl tbesl olcturls pesslss, tbl ^baiappajls atslio bcs plrsastld aj

gicaàjf sevlrlafjty evlr tbl` sajgl tbl 316>s. Hy rlsadljtaci Dlgrll Je. 3>1 stapuictls tbct tbl crata`l zejls oer tbl se-gciild

"Mcicyccj Asicjd Freup" (a.l., se`l `crata`l olcturls eo Gbajc's Jcjsbc Asicjds) cjd "Wgcrhereufb

Wbeci" (a.l., Gbajc's Bucjfycj Dce) hl dltlràjld aj c wcy gejsastljt watb Crtagil 383 eo tbl

Gejvljtaej (a.l., tbl rlfa`l eo asicjds), tbas prevasaej wcs dlsafjld te cdkust tbl baiappajls' crata`l

gica`s hcsld ej tbesl olcturls watbaj tbl coerl`ljtaejld crlc. Tbl Cgt dad jet vcry tbl tlrrateraci

gica` eo tbl ^baiappajls te tbl rlilvcjt `crata`l olcturls, ajgiudajf tbesl at ciilfld aj tbas crhatrctaej

cs iew-tadl lilvctaejs. Aj Jetl _lrhcil Je. >>>882, cddrlssld te Wlgrltcry-Fljlrci eo tbl \jatld

Jctaejs ej < Cprai 8>33, tbl ^baiappajl ^lr`cjljt @assaej te tbl \jatld Jctaejs stctld tbct, "tbl

Mcicyccj Asicjd Freup (MAF) gejstatutls cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo tbl ^baiappajls. Tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl

^baiappajls bcs sevlrlafjty cjd kurasdagtaej evlr tbl fleiefagci olcturls aj tbl MAF." Tbl ^baiappajls

bcs `cajtcajld, te dctl, ats gica` te sevlrlafjty evlr 4> `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds,


8/26

cèjf wbagb crl tbl vlry olcturls at jew ichlis cs iew-tadl lilvctaejs. At as tbus ehvaeus tbct tbl ejiy

ètavl hlbajd tbl ^baiappajls' csslrtaej tbct iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcjjet hl cpprepractld as te dljy

Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tblsl olcturls se cs te picgl tbl` ujdlr ^baiappajl sevlrlafjty.

8>3 Kudf`ljt ajSctcr v. Hcbrcaj, tbl AGK

lxpiagatiy stctld tbct, "Ajtlrjctaejci trlcty icw as sailjt ej tbl qulstaej wbltblr iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcj

hl gejsadlrld te hl 'tlrratery'. Jer as tbl Geurt cwcrl eo c ujaoer` cjd wadlsprlcd Wtctl prcgtagl wbagb

àfbt bcvl favlj rasl te c guste`cry ruil wbagb ujlquavegciiy plràts er lxgiudls cpprepractaej eo

iew-tadl lilvctaejs" (Sctcr v. Hcbrcaj, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>3, pp. 3>3-3>8, pcrc. 8>38 Kudf`ljt

aj Jagcrcfuc v. Geie`hac, wbail tbl AGK stctld tbct "iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcjjet hl cpprepractld"

(Jagcrcfuc v. Geie`hac, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>38, p. ?43, pcrc. 8?), at dad jet peajt te cjy ilfci hcsas oer

tbas gejgiusery stctl`ljt. Jer dad at teugb upej tbl ilfci stctus eo iew-tadl lilvctaejs cs ge`pejljts

eo cj crgbaplicfe, er sevlrlafjty er gica`s eo sevlrlafjty tbct `cy bcvl iejf lxastld evlr sugb

olcturls aj c pcrtaguicr `crata`l crlc. Ej cii cggeujts, tbl AGK dad jet cppiy tbl Gejvljtaej aj tbct

gcsl. Vbltblr er jet iew-tadl lilvctaejs gcj hl cpprepractld as jet c qulstaej gejglrjajf tbl

ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej.

8?. Cs te tbl tbard gctlfery eo tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s, Gbajc `cajtcajs tbct tbl ilfciaty eo Gbajc's

cgtaejs aj tbl wctlrs eo tbl Jcjsbc Asicjds cjd Bucjfycj Dce rlsts ej hetb ats sevlrlafjty evlr

rlilvcjt `crata`l olcturls cjd tbl `crata`l rafbts dlravld tblrlore`.

86. Tbl ^baiappajls ciilfls tbct Gbajc's gica` te cjd lxlrgasl eo `crata`l rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc

Wlc bcvl ujicwouiiy ajtlrolrld watb tbl sevlrlafj rafbts, kurasdagtaej cjd rafbts cjd orllde` eo

jcvafctaej, wbagb tbl ^baiappajls as ljtatild te ljkey cjd lxlrgasl ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Tbl prlàsl

oer tbas gica` ùst hl tbct tbl spctaci lxtljt eo tbl ^baiappajls' `crata`l kurasdagtaej as dloajld cjd

ujdasputld, cjd tbct Gbajc's cgtaejs bcvl ljgrecgbld upej sugb dloajld crlcs. Tbl ocgt as, bewlvlr,

te tbl gejtrcry. Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls bcvl jet dliaàtld tbl `crata`l spcgl hltwllj tbl`. \jtai

cjd ujilss tbl sevlrlafjty evlr tbl rlilvcjt crata`l olcturls as csglrtcajld cjd `crata`l dliaàtctaejge`piltld, tbas gctlfery eo gica`s eo tbl ^baiappajls gcjjet hl dlgadld upej.

82. At sbeuid hl pcrtaguicriy l`pbcsazld tbct Gbajc ciwcys rlsplgts tbl orllde` eo jcvafctaej cjd

evlroiafbt ljkeyld hy cii Wtctls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc aj cggerdcjgl watb ajtlrjctaejci icw.


9/26

81. Te su` up, hy rlqulstajf tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te cppiy tbl Gejvljtaej te dltlràjl tbl lxtljt eo

Gbajc's `crata`l rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, watbeut oarst bcvajf csglrtcajld sevlrlafjty evlr tbl

rlilvcjt `crata`l olcturls, cjd hy oerùictajf c slrals eo gica`s oer crhatrctaej te tbct loolgt, tbl

^baiappajls gejtrcvljls tbl fljlrci prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw cjd ajtlrjctaejci kurasprudljgl ej

tbl slttil`ljt eo ajtlrjctaejci `crata`l dasputls. Te dlgadl upej cjy eo tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s, tbl

Crhatrci Trahujci weuid ajlvatchiy bcvl te dltlràjl, darlgtiy er ajdarlgtiy, tbl sevlrlafjty evlr hetb

tbl `crata`l olcturls aj qulstaej cjd etblr `crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Hlsadls, sugb

c dlgasaej weuid ujcveadchiy predugl, aj prcgtagci tlr`s, tbl loolgt eo c `crata`l dliaàtctaej, wbagb

waii hl ourtblr dasgussld hliew aj ^crt A_ eo tbas êsataej ^cplr. Tblrloerl, Gbajc `cajtcajs tbct tbl

Crhatrci Trahujci `cjaolstiy bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tbl prlsljt gcsl.

AAA. Tblrl lxasts cj cfrll`ljt hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls te slttil tblar dasputls aj tbl

Weutb Gbajc Wlc tbreufb jlfetactaejs, cjd tbl ^baiappajls as dlhcrrld ore` ujaictlrciiy

ajatactajf ge`puisery crhatrctaej

7>. Vatb rlfcrd te dasputls gejglrjajf tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts, Gbajc bcs ciwcys

`cajtcajld tbct tbly sbeuid hl plcglouiiy rlseivld tbreufb jlfetactaejs hltwllj tbl geujtrals darlgtiy

gejglrjld. Aj tbl prlsljt gcsl, tblrl bcs hllj c iejf-stcjdajf cfrll`ljt hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl

^baiappajls ej rlseivajf tblar dasputls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc tbreufb oraljdiy gejsuitctaejs cjd

jlfetactaejs.

73. \jdlr tbl Keajt Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl

^baiappajls gejglrjajf Gejsuitctaejs ej tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc cjd ej Etblr Crlcs eo Geeplrctaej,

assuld ej 3> Cufust 311


10/26

77. Tbl Keajt Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl

Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls ej tbl Orc`lwerm eo Haictlrci Geeplrctaej aj tbl

Twljty-Oarst Gljtury, assuld ej 3? @cy 8>>>, stctls aj êajt 1 tbct, "Tbl twe sadls ge`àt

tbl`slivls te tbl `cajtljcjgl eo plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc. Tbly cfrll te preètl

c plcgloui slttil`ljt eo dasputls tbreufb haictlrci oraljdiy gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs aj

cggerdcjgl watb ujavlrsciiy-rlgefjazld prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw, ajgiudajf tbl 3128 \jatld

Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc. Tbly rlcooar` tblar cdblrljgl te tbl 311< keajt stctl`ljt

hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals ej tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ...".

74. Tbl Keajt ^rlss Wtctl`ljt eo tbl Tbard Gbajc-^baiappajls Lxplrts' Freup @lltajf ej Gejoadljgl-

Huaidajf @lcsurls, dctld 4 Cprai 8>>3, stctls aj êajt 4 tbct, "Tbl twe sadls jetld tbct tbl haictlrci

gejsuitctaej `lgbcjas` te lxpierl wcys eo geeplrctaej aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc bcs hllj loolgtavl.

Tbl slrals eo ujdlrstcjdajf cjd gejsljsus rlcgbld hy tbl twe sadls bcvl picyld c gejstrugtavl reil

aj tbl `cajtljcjgl eo tbl seujd dlvliep`ljt eo Gbajc-^baiappajls rlictaejs cjd plcgl cjd stchaiaty

eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc crlc."

7>8, @r. Vcjf Qa, tbl

tblj _agl Oerlafj @ajastlr cjd rlprlsljtctavl eo tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt, tefltblr watb tbl

rlprlsljtctavls eo tbl fevlrj`ljts eo tbl `l`hlr Wtctls eo tbl Cssegactaej eo Weutblcst Csacj

Jctaejs ("CWLCJ"), ajgiudajf tbl ^baiappajls, keajtiy safjld tbl Dlgicrctaej ej tbl Gejdugt eo ^crtals

aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ("DEG"). crcfrcpb 4 eo tbl DEG lxpiagatiy stctls tbct, "Tbl crtals gejglrjld

ujdlrtcml te rlseivl tblar tlrrateraci cjd kurasdagtaejci dasputls hy plcgloui `lcjs ... tbreufb oraljdiy

gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs hy sevlrlafj stctls darlgtiy gejglrjld, aj cggerdcjgl watb ujavlrsciiy

rlgefjazld prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw, ajgiudajf tbl 3128 \J Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc."

7?. Oeiiewajf tbl safjajf eo tbl DEG, tbl ilcdlrs eo Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls bcvl rlplctldiy

rlatlrctld tblar ge`àt`ljt te tbl slttil`ljt eo dasputls hy wcy eo dacieful. Tbus, c Keajt ^rlss

Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl

Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls wcs assuld ej 7 Wlptl`hlr 8>>4 durajf tbl Wtctl vasat te Gbajc hy tbl

tblj ^baiappajl ^rlsadljt Fierac @cgcpcfci-Crreye, wbagb stctls aj pcrcfrcpb 3? tbct, "Tbly cfrlldtbct tbl lcriy cjd vafereus a`pil`ljtctaej eo tbl 8>>8 CWLCJ-Gbajc Dlgicrctaej ej tbl Gejdugt eo

^crtals aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc waii pcvl tbl wcy oer tbl trcjsoer`ctaej eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ajte

cj crlc eo geeplrctaej."

76. Hltwllj 7> Cufust cjd 7 Wlptl`hlr 8>33, rlsadljt Hljafje W. Cquaje AAA eo tbl ^baiappajls pcad

c Wtctl vasat te Gbajc. Ej 3 Wlptl`hlr 8>33, tbl twe sadls assuld c Keajt Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl


11/26

^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls, wbagb, aj pcrcfrcpb 3>6, A.G.K. Xlperts

8>>6, p. 333, pcrc. 3?8). Ourtblrèrl, ujdlr ajtlrjctaejci icw, rlfcrdilss eo tbl dlsafjctaej er oer`

tbl chevl-`ljtaejld ajstru`ljts l`piey, cs iejf cs tbly ajtljd te grlctl rafbts cjd ehiafctaejs oer

tbl pcrtals, tblsl rafbts cjd ehiafctaejs crl hajdajf hltwllj tbl pcrtals (Go. @crata`l Dliaàtctaej cjd

Tlrrateraci Sulstaejs hltwllj Sctcr cjd Hcbrcaj (Sctcr v. Hcbrcaj), Kurasdagtaej cjd Cdàssahaiaty,

Kudf`ljt eo 3 Kuiy 3114, A.G.K. Xlperts 3114, pp. 38>-383, pcrcs. 88-8?= Icjd cjd @crata`l Heujdcry

hltwllj Gc`lreej cjd Jaflrac (Gc`lreej v. Jaflrac; Lquateraci Fuajlc ajtlrvljajf),Kudf`ljt eo3> Egtehlr 8>>8, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>>8, pp. 486, 481, pcrcs. 8. Hy rlplctldiy rlcooaràjf jlfetactaejs cs tbl `lcjs oer slttiajf rlilvcjt dasputls, cjd hy

l`pbcsazajf tbct jlfetactaejs hl gejdugtld hy sevlrlafj Wtctls darlgtiy gejglrjld, tbl chevl-quetld

prevasaejs eo tbl haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd crcfrcpb 4 eo tbl DEG ehvaeusiy bcvl predugld tbl loolgteo lxgiudajf cjy `lcjs eo tbard-pcrty slttil`ljt. Aj pcrtaguicr, tbl chevl-`ljtaejld Keajt Wtctl`ljt

hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls gejglrjajf Gejsuitctaejs

ej tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc cjd ej Etblr Crlcs eo Geeplrctaej eo 3> Cufust 311< stapuictls aj êajt 7

tbct "c frcduci cjd prefrlssavl preglss eo geeplrctaej sbcii hl cdeptld watb c valw te lvljtuciiy

jlfetactajf c slttil`ljt eo tbl haictlrci dasputls". Tbl tlr` "lvljtuciiy" aj tbas gejtlxt gilcriy slrvls

te l`pbcsazl tbct "jlfetactaejs" as tbl ejiy `lcjs tbl pcrtals bcvl gbeslj oer dasputl slttil`ljt, te


12/26

tbl lxgiusaej eo cjy etblr `lcjs ajgiudajf tbard-pcrty slttil`ljt pregldurls. Citbeufb tbl chevl-

`ljtaejld haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd ^crcfrcpb 4 eo tbl DEG de jet usl sugb cj lxprlss pbrcsl cs

"lxgiudl etblr pregldurls eo dasputl slttil`ljt", cs tbl crhatrci trahujci aj tbl Weutblrj Hiuloaj Tujc

Gcslstctld aj ats Cwcrd, "tbl chsljgl eo cj lxprlss lxgiusaej eo cjy pregldurl ... as jet dlgasavl"

(Custrciac cjd Jlw [lcicjd v. Kcpcj, Cwcrd ej Kurasdagtaej cjd Cd`assahaiaty, 4 Cufust 8>>>, p.16,

pcrc.


13/26

rlcgbajf slttil`ljt, cjd tbct aj ats valw, tbl ^baiappajls as kustaoald aj hlialvajf tbct at as `lcjajfilss

te gejtajul tbl jlfetactaejs, cjd tblrloerl tbl ^baiappajls bcs tbl rafbt te ajatactl crhatrctaej. Hut tbl

trutb as tbct tbl twe geujtrals bcvl jlvlr ljfcfld aj jlfetactaejs watb rlfcrd te tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo

tbl crhatrctaej.

4?. \jdlr ajtlrjctaejci icw, fljlrci lxgbcjfls eo valws, watbeut bcvajf tbl purpesl eo slttiajf c favlj

dasputl, de jet gejstatutl jlfetactaejs. Aj Flerfac v. Xussacj Oldlrctaej, tbl AGK blid tbct,

"Jlfetactaejs ljtcai èrl tbcj tbl picaj eppesataej eo ilfci valws er ajtlrlsts hltwllj twe pcrtals, er

tbl lxastljgl eo c slrals eo cggusctaejs cjd rlhuttcis, er lvlj tbl lxgbcjfl eo gica`s cjd darlgtiy

eppesld geujtlr-gica`s. Cs sugb, tbl gejglpt eo 'jlfetactaejs' rlquarls - ct tbl vlry ilcst - c

fljuajl cttl`pt hy ejl eo tbl dasputajf pcrtals te ljfcfl aj dasgussaejs watb tbl etblr dasputajf pcrty,

watb c valw te rlseivajf tbl dasputl"(Cppiagctaej eo tbl Ajtlrjctaejci Gejvljtaej ej tbl Liaàjctaej eo

Cii Oer`s eo Xcgaci Dasgraàjctaej (Flerfac v. Xussacj Oldlrctaej), rliaàjcry Ehklgtaejs, Kudf`ljt

eo 3 Cprai 8>33, A.G.K. Xlperts 8>33, p. 378, pcrc. 333, tbl twe geujtrals assuld c Keajt

Wtctl`ljt hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Xlpuhiag eo ^baiappajls, rlatlrctajf tbl

ge`àt`ljt te slttiajf tblar dasputls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc tbreufb jlfetactaejs. Hut, hloerl

jlfetactaejs geuid oer`ciiy hlfaj, tbl ^baiappajls sljt ej 3> Cprai 8>38 c jcvci vlssli te tbl wctlrseo Gbajc's Bucjfycj Dce te slazl Gbajlsl oasbajf hects tefltblr watb tbl Gbajlsl oasblr`lj ej

hecrd. Aj tbl ocgl eo sugb prevegctaejs, Gbajc wcs oergld te tcml rlspejsl `lcsurls te scolfucrd ats

sevlrlafjty. Tblrlcotlr, Gbajc ejgl cfcaj prepesld te tbl ^baiappajl Fevlrj`ljt tbct tbl twe sadls

rlstcrt tbl Gbajc-^baiappajls gejsuitctaej `lgbcjas` oer gejoadljgl-huaidajf `lcsurls. Tbct

prepesci cfcaj olii ej dlco lcrs. Ej 8? Cprai 8>38, tbl ^baiappajl Dlpcrt`ljt eo Oerlafj Coocars

dliavlrld c jetl vlrhcil te tbl Gbajlsl L`hcssy aj tbl ^baiappajls, prepesajf tbct tbl assul eo


14/26

Bucjfycj Dce hl rlolrrld te c tbard-pcrty cdkudagctaej hedy oer rlseiutaej cjd ajdagctajf je

waiiajfjlss te jlfetactl. Ej 88 Kcjucry 8>37, tbl ^baiappajls ujaictlrciiy ajatactld tbl prlsljt

ge`puisery crhatrctaej preglldajfs.

41. Tbl prlvaeus lxgbcjfls eo valws rlfcrdajf tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc assul hltwllj tbl twe geujtralsdad jet gejglrj tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s oer crhatrctaej. Oer ajstcjgl, tbl

^baiappajls gatld c stctl`ljt rlilcsld hy tbl Gbajlsl Oerlafj @ajastry ej 88 @cy 3116 rlfcrdajf

Bucjfycj Dce, aj erdlr te sbew tbct tblrl lxasts hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals c dasputl gejglrjajf tbl

`crata`l rafbts eo Bucjfycj Dce cjd tbct tbl twe geujtrals bcd lxgbcjfld valws watb rlfcrd te tbct

dasputl. Bewlvlr, tbl ^baiappajls dliahlrctliy eàttld c pcsscfl ore` tbct stctl`ljt, wbagb rlcds;

"Tbl assul eo Bucjfycjdce as cj assul eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty= tbl dlvliep`ljt cjd lxpieatctaej eo

tbl LL[ as c qulstaej eo `crata`l kurasdagtaej, tbl jcturl eo tbl twe assuls crl daoolrljt cjd bljgl tbl

icws cjd rlfuictaejs fevlrjajf tbl` crl cise daoolrljt, cjd tbly sbeuid jet hl dasgussld tefltblr.

Tbl cttl`pt eo tbl ^baiappajl sadl te usl `crata`l kurasdagtaejci rafbts te vaeictl tbl tlrrateraci

sevlrlafjty eo Gbajc as ujtljchil." Tbas pcsscfl `cmls gilcr tbl tbrust eo tbl stctl`ljt; tbl

^baiappajls sbcii jet jlfctl Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr Bucjfycj Dce ej tbl prltlxt tbct at as satuctld

watbaj tbl LL[ eo tbl ^baiappajls. Tbas sbews tbct tbl lxgbcjfl eo valws aj qulstaej wcs gljtrld ej

tbl assul eo sevlrlafjty.

. At sbeuid hl ourtblr jetld tbct, tbl baiappajls bcs cttl`ptld te sbew tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl

lxgbcjfls eo valws hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls sajgl 311< gejglrjs tbl ajtlrprltctaej er

cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, hut jetbajf geuid hl ocrtblr ore` tbl trutb tbcj tbas. Basteragciiy, tbl

^baiappajls, hy Xlpuhiag Cgt Je. 7>4? eo 36 Kujl 31?3, pregica`ld cs pcrt eo ats tlrrateraci slc tbl vcst

crlcs eo slc hltwllj tbl èst eutiyajf asicjds aj tbl ^baiappajl crgbaplicfe cjd tbl trlcty iaàts

lstchiasbld aj tbl Trlcty eo ^cras gejgiudld hltwllj tbl \jatld Wtctls cjd Wpcaj aj 3212, cèjf

etblr ajtlrjctaejci trlctals, tbus gicaàjf c hlit eo tlrrateraci slc ocr hlyejd 38 jcutagci àils. Hy

^rlsadljtaci Dlgrll Je. 3


15/26

aj 8>>1 dad at stcrt te chcjdej ats oer`lr `crata`l gica`s aj gejoiagt watb tbl Gejvljtaej, bew geuid at

bcvl stcrtld aj 311< te lxgbcjfl valws watb Gbajc ej `cttlrs gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er

cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej tbct crl rlictld te tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej5

34, tbl ^baiappajls lvlj epljiy dlgicrld tbct

tbl vlssli wcs dlpieyld cs c plr`cjljt ajstciictaej ej Xlj'ca Kace aj 3111. Gbajc bcs hllj oergld

te tcml jlglsscry `lcsurls aj rlspejsl te sugb prevegctavl gejdugt. Aj iafbt eo tblsl ocgts, tbl^baiappajls' cggusctaejs cfcajst Gbajc crl hcslilss.

34. Tbas slilgtavl cjd

slio-gejtrcdagtery tcgtag gilcriy vaeictls tbl prajgapil eo feed ocatb aj ajtlrjctaejci icw.


16/26

ajtlrjctaejci ge-eplrctaej" (Jugilcr Tlsts Gcsl (Custrciac v. Orcjgl), Kudf`ljt eo 8> Dlgl`hlr

3164, A.G.K. Xlperts 3164, p. 8?2, pcrc. 4?).


17/26

bcs pregica`ld, te sllm plcgloui rlseiutaej eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc assul, hut rctblr, hy rlsertajf te

crhatrctaej, te put peiatagci prlssurl ej Gbajc, se cs te dljy Gbajc's icwoui rafbts aj tbl Weutb Gbajc

Wlc tbreufb tbl se-gciild "ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej" eo tbl Gejvljtaej, cjd te pursul c rlseiutaej

eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc assul ej ats ewj tlr`s. Tbas as glrtcajiy ujcgglptchil te Gbajc.

A_. Lvlj cssuàjf, crfuljde, tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej wlrl gejglrjld watb

tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, tbct suhklgt-`cttlr weuid staii hl cj ajtlfrci

pcrt eo crata`l dliaàtctaej cjd, bcvajf hllj lxgiudld hy tbl 8>>? Dlgicrctaej oa ild hy Gbajc,

geuid jet hl suhàttld oer crhatrctaej

>? Gbajc oaild sugb c dlgicrctaej aj ouii ge`piacjgl watb tbl

Gejvljtaej.

>?, Gbajc dlpesatld, pursucjt te Crtagil 812 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, watb Wlgrltcry-

Fljlrci eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs c wrattlj dlgicrctaej, stctajf tbct,"Tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's

Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc dels jet cgglpt cjy eo tbl pregldurls prevadld oer aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ eo tbl

Gejvljtaej watb rlsplgt te cii tbl gctlferals eo dasputls rlolrrld te aj pcrcfrcpb 3 (c), (h) cjd (g) eo

Crtagil 812 eo tbl Gejvljtaej". Aj etblr werds, cs rlfcrds dasputls gejglrjajf `crata`l dliaàtctaej,

basterag hcys er tatils, àiatcry cjd icw ljoergl`ljt cgtavatals, cjd dasputls aj rlsplgt eo wbagb tbl

Wlguraty Geujgai eo tbl \jatld Jctaejs as lxlrgasajf tbl oujgtaejs cssafjld te at hy tbl Gbcrtlr eo tbl

\jatld Jctaejs, tbl Gbajlsl Fevlrj`ljt dels jet cgglpt cjy eo tbl ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt

pregldurls icad dewj aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ eo tbl Gejvljtaej, ajgiudajf ge`puisery crhatrctaej.

Gbajc oarìy hlialvls tbct tbl èst loolgtavl lcjs oer slttil`ljt eo crata`l dasputls hltwllj Gbajc

cjd ats jlafbheurajf Wtctls as tbct eo oraljdiy gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs hltwllj tbl sevlrlafj

Wtctls darlgtiy gejglrjld.

. Ej 7 Wlptl`hlr 8>>4, tbl twe sadls assuld c Keajt ^rlss Wtctl`ljt eo tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl

^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo tbl ^baiappajls, stctajf tbct "]tPbl


18/26

twe sadls rlcooar`ld tblar ge`àt`ljt te tbl plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc cjd tblar

rlcdajlss te gejtajul dasgussaejs te study geeplrctavl cgtavatals iaml keajt dlvliep`ljt pljdajf tbl

ge`prlbljsavl cjd oajci slttil`ljt eo tlrrateraci dasputls cjd evlricppajf crata`l gica`s aj tbl crlc"

(pcrc. 3?).

?3. Twe dcys hloerl tbl assucjgl eo tbl Keajt ^rlss Wtctl`ljt, upej cpprevci hy hetb fevlrj`ljts

cjd aj tbl prlsljgl eo tbl Blcds eo Wtctl eo tbl twe geujtrals, Gbajc Jctaejci Eoosberl Eai Gerperctaej

cjd ^baiappajl Jctaejci Eai Ge`pcjy safjld tbl "Cfrll`ljt oer Keajt @crajl Wlasàg \jdlrtcmajf aj

Glrtcaj Crlcs aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc". Ej 34 @crgb 8>>>>? dlgicrctaej, tbl ^baiappajls bcs spiat up tbl dasputl eo `crata`l dliaàtctaej ajte dasgrltl

assuls cjd slilgtld c olw eo tbl` oer crhatrctaej, rlqulstajf tbl Crhatrci Trahujci te rljdlr tbl se-

gciild "ilfci ajtlrprltctaej" ej lcgb eo tbl`.


19/26

??. At as jet daooaguit te sll tbct sugb ilfci assuls cs tbesl prlsljtld hy tbl ^baiappajls aj tbl prlsljt

crhatrctaej, ajgiudajf `crata`l gica`s, tbl ilfci jcturl eo `crata`l olcturls, tbl lxtljt eo rlilvcjt

`crata`l rafbts, cjd icw ljoergl`ljt cgtavatals ct slc, crl cii oujdc`ljtci assuls dlcit watb aj pcst

gcsls eo `crata`l dliaàtctaej dlgadld hy ajtlrjctaejci kudagaci er crhatrci hedals cjd aj Wtctl prcgtagl

gejglrjajf `crata`l dliaàtctaej. Aj sbert, tbesl assuls crl pcrt cjd pcrgli eo `crata`l dliaàtctaej.

?6. @crata`l dliaàtctaej as cj ajtlfrci, systl`ctag preglss. Crtagils 64 cjd 27 eo tbl Gejvljtaej

stapuictl tbct `crata`l dliaàtctaej hltwllj Wtctls watb eppesatl er cdkcgljt gecsts "sbcii hl loolgtld

hy cfrll`ljt ej tbl hcsas eo ajtlrjctaejci icw, cs rlolrrld te aj Crtagil 72 eo tbl Wtctutl eo tbl

Ajtlrjctaejci Geurt eo Kustagl, aj erdlr te cgbalvl cj lquatchil seiutaej". Hetb ajtlrjctaejci

kurasprudljgl cjd Wtctl prcgtagl bcvl rlgefjazld tbct cii rlilvcjt ocgters ùst hl tcmlj ajte cggeujt

te cgbalvl cj lquatchil seiutaej. Aj tbas iafbt, tbl ajtlrjctaejci icw cppiagchil te `crata`l dliaàtctaej

ajgiudls hetb tbl Gejvljtaej cjd fljlrci ajtlrjctaejci icw. \jdlr tbas hedy eo icw, `crata`l

dliaàtctaej ajveivls c gejsadlrctaej eo jet ejiy ljtatil`ljts, loolgt eo crata`l olcturls, cjd prajgapils

cjd `ltbeds eo dliaàtctaej, hut cise cii rlilvcjt ocgters tbct ùst hl tcmlj ajte cggeujt, aj erdlr te

cttcaj cj lquatchil seiutaej.

?2. Tbl assuls prlsljtld hy tbl ^baiappajls oer crhatrctaej gejstatutl cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo `crata`l

dliaàtctaej hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls, cjd, cs sugb, gcj ejiy hl gejsadlrld ujdlr tbl

evlrcrgbajf orc`lwerm eo crata`l dliaàtctaej hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl baiappajls, cjd aj gejkujgtaej

watb cii tbl rlilvcjt rafbts cjd ajtlrlsts tbl pcrtals gejglrjld ljkey aj cggerdcjgl watb tbl

Gejvljtaej, fljlrci ajtlrjctaejci icw, cjd basteragci er iejf-stcjdajf prcgtagl aj tbl rlfaej oer evlrcii

gejsadlrctaej. Tbl ^baiappajls' cpprecgb eo spiattajf ats `crata`l dliaàtctaej dasputl watb Gbajc cjd

slilgtajf se`l eo tbl assuls oer crhatrctaej, ao plràttld, waii ajlvatchiy dlstrey tbl ajtlfraty cjd

ajdavasahaiaty eo `crata`l dliaàtctaej cjd gejtrcvljl tbl prajgapil tbct `crata`l dliaàtctaej ùst hl

hcsld ej ajtlrjctaejci icw cs rlolrrld te aj Crtagil 72 eo tbl AGK Wtctutl cjd tbct "cii rlilvcjt ocgters

ùst hl tcmlj ajte cggeujt". Tbas waii cdvlrsliy coolgt tbl outurl lquatchil seiutaej eo tbl dasputl eo

`crata`l dliaàtctaej hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls.

?1. Estljsahiy, tbl ^baiappajls as jet sllmajf ore` tbl Crhatrci Trahujci c ruiajf rlfcrdajf `crata`l

dliaàtctaej, hut ajstlcd c dlgasaej, ajtlr ciac, tbct glrtcaj crata`l olcturls crl pcrt eo tbl baiappajls'LL[ cjd gejtajljtci sblio, cjd tbct Gbajc bcs ujicwouiiy ajtlrolrld watb tbl ljkey`ljt cjd lxlrgasl

hy tbl ^baiappajls eo sevlrlafj rafbts aj ats LL[ cjd gejtajljtci sblio. Hut tbct ehvaeusiy as cj cttl`pt

te sllm c rlgefjataej hy tbl Crhatrci Trahujci tbct tbl rlilvcjt crata`l crlcs crl pcrt eo tbl baiappajls'

LL[ cjd gejtajljtci sblio, aj rlsplgt eo wbagb tbl ^baiappajls as ljtatild te lxlrgasl sevlrlafj rafbts

cjd kurasdagtaej. Tbas as cgtuciiy c rlqulst oer `crata`l dliaàtctaej hy tbl Crhatrci Trahujci aj dasfuasl.

Tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s bcvl aj loolgt gevlrld tbl `caj csplgts cjd stlps aj `crata`l dliaàtctaej.


20/26

Wbeuid tbl Crhatrci Trahujci cddrlss suhstcjtavliy tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s, at weuid cèujt te c dl

ocgte`crata`l dliaàtctaej.

6>. Tbl lxgiusaejcry dlgicrctaejs oaild hy tbl Wtctls ^crtals te tbl Gejvljtaej ujdlr Crtagil 812 eo

tbl Gejvljtaej ùst hl rlsplgtld. Hy ajatactajf tbl prlsljt ge`puisery crhatrctaej cs cj cttl`pt tegargu`vljt Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, tbl ^baiappajls as chusajf tbl dasputl slttil`ljt pregldurls

ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej.

63. Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, ejgl oaild, cute`ctagciiy ge`ls ajte loolgt. Ats loolgt, cs prlsgrahld ujdlr

Crtagil 811 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, as tbct, watbeut tbl gejsljt eo Gbajc, je Wtctl ^crty gcj ujaictlrciiy

ajveml cjy eo tbl ge`puisery pregldurls splgaoald aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ cfcajst Gbajc aj rlsplgt eo

tbl dasputls gevlrld hy tbct dlgicrctaej. Aj rlturj, Gbajc saùitcjleusiy favls up tbl rafbt te

ujaictlrciiy ajatactl ge`puisery pregldurls cfcajst etblr Wtctls ^crtals aj rlsplgt eo tbl sc`l

dasputls. Tbl rafbts cjd ehiafctaejs crl rlgapregci aj tbas rlfcrd.

68. Tbl ^baiappajls gica`s tbct, bcvajf gbeslj jejl eo tbl oeur ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt

pregldurls iastld ujdlr Crtagil 826 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, Gbajc cs c Wtctl ^crty sbcii tblrloerl hl

dll`ld te bcvl cgglptld ge`puisery crhatrctaej. Tbas as c dliahlrctliy àsilcdajf crfu`ljt. Tbl

purpesl cjd tbl loolgt eo Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej as sugb tbct tbl dasputls iastld tblrlaj crl ouiiy

lxgiudld ore` tbl ge`puisery slttil`ljt pregldurls ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Vbltblr er jet Gbajc

bcs slilgtld cjy eo tbl oeur ge`puisery pregldurls ujdlr Crtagil 826, cs iejf cs c dasputl ociis watbaj

tbl sgepl eo Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, Gbajc bcs cirlcdy lxpiagatiy lxgiudld at ore` tbl cppiagchaiaty eo

cjy ge`puisery pregldurls ujdlr slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ eo tbl Gejvljtaej, ajgiudajf ge`puisery

crhatrctaej.

67. Citbeufb tbl ^baiappajls preolssls tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej dels jet ajveivl cjy

dasputl gevlrld hy Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej, sajgl Gbajc beids c daoolrljt valw aj tbas rlfcrd, tbl

^baiappajls sbeuid oarst tcml up tbas assul watb Gbajc, hloerl c dlgasaej gcj hl tcmlj ej wbltblr er jet

at gcj hl suhàttld oer crhatrctaej. Wbeuid tbl ^baiappajls' iefag aj ats prlsljt oer` hl oeiiewld, cjy

Wtctl ^crty `cy ujaictlrciiy ajatactl ge`puisery crhatrctaej cfcajst cjetblr Wtctl ^crty aj rlsplgt eo c

dasputl gevlrld hy tbl icttlr's dlgicrctaej aj oergl sa`piy hy csslrtajf tbct tbl dasputl as jet lxgiudld

ore` crhatrctaej hy tbct dlgicrctaej. Tbas weuid rljdlr tbl prevasaejs eo Crtagil 811 `lcjajfilss.

64. Wajgl tbl ljtry ajte oergl eo tbl Gejvljtaej, tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej as tbl oarst gcsl aj wbagb c Wtctl

^crty bcs ujaictlrciiy ajatactld ge`puisery crhatrctaej aj rlsplgt eo c dasputl gevlrld hy c dlgicrctaej

eo cjetblr Wtctl ^crty ujdlr Crtagil 812. Ao tbas twastld cpprecgb eo tbl ^baiappajls geuid hl cgglptld

cs ouioaiiajf tbl gejdataejs oer ajvemajf ge`puisery crhatrctaej, at geuid hl wlii a`cfajld tbct cjy eo tbl


21/26

dasputls iastld aj Crtagil 812 `cy hl suh`attld te tbl ge`puisery pregldurls ujdlr slgtaej 8 eo ^crt

R_ sa`piy hy gejjlgtajf tbl`, usajf tbl ^baiappajls' cpprecgb, watb tbl qulstaej eo ajtlrprltctaej er

cppiagctaej eo glrtcaj prevasaejs eo tbl Gejvljtaej. Wbeuid tbl chevl cpprecgb hl dll`ld

cgglptchil, tbl qulstaej weuid tblj crasl cs te wbltblr tbl prevasaejs eo Crtagil 812 geuid staii rltcaj

cjy vciul, cjd wbltblr tblrl as cjy prcgtagci `lcjajf ilot eo tbl dlgicrctaejs se ocr oaild hy 7< Wtctls

^crtals ujdlr Crtagil 812. Aj iafbt eo tbl oerlfeajf rlcsejs, Gbajc gcj ejiy gejgiudl tbct, tbl ujaictlrci

ajatactaej hy tbl ^baiappajls eo tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej gejstatutls cj chusl eo tbl ge`puisery

pregldurls prevadld aj tbl Gejvljtaej cjd c frcvl gbciiljfl te tbl seil`jaty eo tbl dasputl

slttil`ljt `lgbcjas` ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej.

6


22/26

darlgtiy rlictld te tbl tlrrateraci ajtlfraty eo Wtctls. Etblrwasl, cs bcs hllj jetld, "c ju`hlr eo Wtctls

àfbt bcvl hllj dassucdld ore` rctaoyajf tbl Gejvljtaej er lvlj safjajf at" (Wbchtca Xesljjl cjd

Ieuas H. Webj (lds.),\jatld Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc 3128; C Ge``ljtcry, 3121,

vei. v, p. 22, pcrc. 816.3). At oeiiews tbct tbl prevasaejs eo ^crt R_ ùst hl ajtlrprltld cjd cppiald aj

sugb c `cjjlr se cs te prlslrvl tbl hcicjgl aj cjd tbl ajtlfraty eo ^crt R_.

61. Gbajc bafbiy vciuls tbl pesatavl reil picyld hy tbl ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt pregldurls eo

tbl Gejvljtaej aj upbeidajf tbl ajtlrjctaejci ilfci erdlr oer tbl eglcjs. Cs c Wtctl ^crty te tbl

Gejvljtaej, Gbajc bcs cgglptld tbl prevasaejs eo slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_ ej ge`puisery dasputl

slttil`ljt pregldurls. Hut tbct cgglptcjgl dels jet `lcj tbct tbesl pregldurls cppiy te dasputls

eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty, er dasputls wbagb Gbajc bcs cfrlld watb etblr Wtctls ^crtals te slttil hy

`lcjs eo tblar ewj gbeagl, er dasputls cirlcdy lxgiudld hy Crtagil 816 cjd Gbajc's 8>>? dlgicrctaej

oaild ujdlr Crtagil 812. Vatb rlfcrd te tbl ^baiappajls' gica`s oer crhatrctaej, Gbajc bcs jlvlr cgglptld

cjy eo tbl ge`puisery pregldurls eo slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_.

2>. Hy vartul eo tbl prajgapil eo sevlrlafjty, pcrtals te c dasputl `cy gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo slttil`ljt

eo tblar ewj cggerd. Tbas bcs hllj cooar`ld hy tbl Gejvljtaej. Crtagil 82> prevadls tbct, "Jetbajf aj

tbas ^crt a`pcars tbl rafbt eo cjy Wtctls ^crtals te cfrll ct cjy ta`l te slttil c dasputl hltwllj tbl`

gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbas Gejvljtaej hy cjy plcgloui `lcjs eo tblar ewj

gbeagl."

23. Tbl lcjs tbus gbeslj hy tbl Wtctls crtals te tbl Gejvljtaej tcmls praeraty evlr tbl ge`puisery

pregldurls slt oertb aj slgtaej 8 eo ^crt R_. Crtagil 823(3) eo slgtaej 3 eo ^crt R_ prevadls tbct, "Ao tbl

Wtctls ^crtals wbagb crl pcrtals te c dasputl gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbas

Gejvljtaej bcvl cfrlld te sllm slttil`ljt eo tbl dasputl hy c plcgloui `lcjs eo tblar ewj gbeagl,

tbl pregldurls prevadld oer aj tbas crt cppiy ejiy wblrl je slttil`ljt bcs hllj rlcgbld hy rlgeursl

te sugb lcjs cjd tbl cfrll`ljt hltwllj tbl pcrtals dels jet lxgiudl cjy ourtblr pregldurl." Crtagil

82? stctls tbct, "Wuhklgt te slgtaej 7, cjy dasputl gejglrjajf tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbas

Gejvljtaej sbcii, wblrl je slttil`ljt bcs hllj rlcgbld hy rlgeursl te slgtaej 3, hl suhàttld ct

tbl rlqulst eo cjy pcrty te tbl dasputl te tbl geurt er trahujci bcvajf kurasdagtaej ujdlr tbas slgtaej."

Cggerdajfiy, wblrl pcrtals te c dasputl bcvl cirlcdy gbeslj c `lcjs eo slttil`ljt cjd lxgiudldetblr pregldurls, tbl ge`puisery pregldurls eo tbl Gejvljtaej sbcii jet cppiy te tbl dasputl aj

qulstaej.

28. Tbl praeraty cjd safjaoagcjgl eo tbl `lcjs eo dasputl slttil`ljt gbeslj hy Wtctls ^crtals te tbl

Gejvljtaej bcvl hllj ourtblr cooar`ld aj tbl crhatrci cwcrd aj tbl Weutblrj Hiuloaj Tujc Gcsl. Tbl

trahujci rlgefjazld tbct tbl Gejvljtaej "ociis safjaoagcjtiy sbert eo lstchiasbajf c truiy ge`prlbljsavl


23/26

rlfa`l eo ge`puisery kurasdagtaej ljtcaiajf hajdajf dlgasaejs", cjd tbct "Wtctls crtals ... crl plràttld

hy Crtagil 823(3) te gejoajl tbl cppiagchaiaty eo ge`puisery pregldurls eo slgtaej 8 eo crt R_ te gcsls

wblrl cii pcrtals te tbl dasputl bcvl cfrlld upej suhàssaej eo tblar dasputl te sugb ge`puisery

pregldurls" (Custrciac cjd Jlw [lcicjd v. Kcpcj, pp. 3>8-3>7, pcrc. ?8). Vlrl tbl prevasaejs eo

slgtaej 3 eo ^crt R_ jet ge`piald watb ocatbouiiy, at weuid rlsuit aj dlpravctaej eo tbl rafbt eo tbl Wtctls

^crtals te orlliy gbeesl `lcjs eo plcgloui slttil`ljt hcsld ej Wtctl sevlrlafjty. Tbct weuid ljtcai

c hrlcgb eo tbl prajgapil eo gejsljt cjd upslt tbl hcicjgl aj cjd ajtlfraty eo ^crt R_.

27. Aj lxlrgasl eo ats pewlr te dlgadl ej ats kurasdagtaej, cjy kudagaci er crhatrci hedy sbeuid rlsplgt tbl

rafbt eo tbl Wtctls ^crtals te tbl Gejvljtaej te orlliy gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo slttil`ljt. Crtagil 822(4)

eo tbl Gejvljtaej prevadls tbct "]aPj tbl lvljt eo c dasputl cs te wbltblr c geurt er trahujci bcs

kurasdagtaej, tbl `cttlr sbcii hl slttild hy dlgasaej eo tbct geurt er trahujci". Gbajc rlsplgts tbct

ge`pltljgl eo kudagaci er crhatrci hedals ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Lquciiy a`pertcjt, Gbajc weuid iaml te

l`pbcsazl, tbl lxlrgasl eo kudagaci er crhatrci pewlr sbcii jet dlrefctl ore` tbl rafbt eo tbl Wtctls

^crtals te gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo slttil`ljt eo tblar ewj cggerd, er ore` tbl prajgapil eo gejsljt wbagb

ùst hl oeiiewld aj ajtlrjctaejci cdkudagctaej cjd crhatrctaej. Gbajc beids tbct tbas as tbl gejstrcajt

tbct tbl Crhatrci Trahujci ùst chadl hy wblj gejsadlrajf wbltblr er jet te cppiy Crtagil 822(4) aj

dltlràjajf ats kurasdagtaej aj tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej. Cotlr cii, "tbl pcrtals te tbl dasputl crl ge`piltl

`cstlrs eo tbl pregldurl te hl usld te slttil at" (Wbchtca Xesljjl cjd Ieuas H. Webj (lds.),\jatld

Jctaejs Gejvljtaej ej tbl Icw eo tbl Wlc 3128; C Ge``ljtcry, 3121, vei. v, p. 8>, pcrc. 82>.3).

24. Gbajc rlsplgts tbl rafbt eo cii Wtctls ^crtals te ajveml tbl ge`puisery pregldurls aj cggerdcjgl

watb tbl Gejvljtaej. Ct tbl sc`l ta`l, at weuid gcii cttljtaej te Crtagil 7>> eo tbl Gejvljtaej, wbagb

prevadls tbct, "Wtctls ^crtals sbcii ouioai aj feed ocatb tbl ehiafctaejs cssu`ld ujdlr tbas Gejvljtaej

cjd sbcii lxlrgasl tbl rafbts, kurasdagtaej cjd orllde`s rlgefjazld aj tbas Gejvljtaej aj c `cjjlr

wbagb weuid jet gejstatutl cj chusl eo rafbt." Vbail hlajf ouiiy cwcrl tbct ats gica`s lssljtaciiy dlci

watb tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty, tbct Gbajc bcs jlvlr cgglptld cjy ge`puisery pregldurls aj rlsplgt eo

tbesl gica`s, cjd tbct tblrl bcs hllj cj cfrll`ljt lxastajf hltwllj tbl twe Wtctls te slttil tblar

rlilvcjt dasputls hy jlfetactaejs, tbl ^baiappajls bcs jlvlrtblilss ajatactld, hy ujaictlrci cgtaej, tbl

prlsljt crhatrctaej. Tbas surliy gejtrcvljls tbl rlilvcjt prevasaejs eo tbl Gejvljtaej, cjd dels je

slrvagl te tbl plcgloui slttil`ljt eo tbl dasputls.

2


24/26

eo tbl Gejvljtaej cs wlii cs tbl cutberaty cjd seil`jaty eo tbl ajtlrjctaejci ilfci rlfa`l oer tbl

eglcjs. Tbas pesataej eo Gbajc waii jet gbcjfl.

_A. Gejgiusaejs

2?. At as tbl valw eo Gbajc tbct tbl Crhatrci Trahujci `cjaolstiy bcs je kurasdagtaej evlr tbas crhatrctaej,

ujaictlrciiy ajatactld hy tbl ^baiappajls, watb rlfcrd te dasputls hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls aj

tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.

Oarstiy, tbl lssljgl eo tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej as tbl tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty evlr tbl rlilvcjt

`crata`l olcturls aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, wbagb as hlyejd tbl sgepl eo tbl Gejvljtaej cjd as

gejslquljtiy jet gejglrjld watb tbl ajtlrprltctaej er cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej.

Wlgejdiy, tblrl as cj cfrll`ljt hltwllj Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls te slttil tblar dasputls aj tbl

Weutb Gbajc Wlc hy jlfetactaejs, cs l`hedald aj haictlrci ajstru`ljts cjd tbl DEG. Tbus tbl

ujaictlrci ajatactaej eo tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej hy tbl ^baiappajls bcs gilcriy vaeictld ajtlrjctaejci icw.

Tbardiy, lvlj cssuàjf tbct tbl suhklgt-`cttlr eo tbl crhatrctaej dad gejglrj tbl ajtlrprltctaej er

cppiagctaej eo tbl Gejvljtaej, at bcs hllj lxgiudld hy tbl 8>>? dlgicrctaej oaild hy Gbajc ujdlr Crtagil

812 eo tbl Gejvljtaej, dul te ats hlajf cj ajtlfrci pcrt eo tbl dasputl eo `crata`l dliaàtctaej hltwllj

tbl twe Wtctls.

Oeurtbiy, Gbajc bcs jlvlr cgglptld cjy ge`puisery pregldurls eo tbl Gejvljtaej watb rlfcrd te tbl

^baiappajls' gica`s oer crhatrctaej. Tbl Crhatrci Trahujci sbcii ouiiy rlsplgt tbl rafbt eo tbl Wtctls crtals

te tbl Gejvljtaej te gbeesl tbl `lcjs eo dasputl slttil`ljt eo tblar ewj cggerd, cjd lxlrgasl ats

ge`pltljgl te dlgadl ej ats kurasdagtaej watbaj tbl gejoajls eo tbl Gejvljtaej. Tbl ajatactaej eo tbl

prlsljt crhatrctaej hy tbl ^baiappajls as cj chusl eo tbl ge`puisery dasputl slttil`ljt pregldurls

ujdlr tbl Gejvljtaej. Tblrl as c seiad hcsas aj ajtlrjctaejci icw oer Gbajc's rlklgtaej eo cjd jej-

pcrtagapctaej aj tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej.

26. Gbajc gejsastljtiy cdblrls te tbl peiagy eo oraljdiy rlictaejs watb ats jlafbheurajf Wtctls, cjd

stravls oer ocar cjd lquatchil seiutaej aj rlsplgt eo dasputls eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l

dliaàtctaej hy wcy eo jlfetactaejs ej tbl hcsas eo lquciaty cjd tbl Oavl ^rajgapils eo ^lcgloui Ge-

lxastljgl. Gbajc beids tbct jlfetactaejs as ciwcys tbl èst darlgt, loolgtavl, cjd ujavlrsciiy usld

`lcjs oer plcgloui slttil`ljt eo ajtlrjctaejci dasputls.

22. Cotlr ylcrs eo dapie`ctag looerts cjd jlfetactaejs, Gbajc bcs sugglssouiiy rlseivld icjd heujdcry

dasputls watb twlivl eut eo ats oeurtllj jlafbheurs, dliaàtajf cjd dl`crgctajf se`l 8>,>>>


25/26

maie`ltrls aj iljftb eo icjd heujdcry aj tbl preglss, wbagb cggeujts oer evlr 1>% eo tbl tetci iljftb

eo Gbajc's icjd heujdcry. Ej 8< Dlgl`hlr 8>>>, Gbajc cjd _altjc` gejgiudld, oeiiewajf

jlfetactaejs, tbl Cfrll`ljt hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Wegaciast Xlpuhiag eo

_alt Jc` ej tbl Dliaàtctaej eo tbl Tlrrateraci Wlcs, tbl Lxgiusavl Lgejeàg [ejls cjd Gejtajljtci

Wblivls aj Hlahu Hcy, lstchiasbajf c `crata`l heujdcry hltwllj tbl twe Wtctls aj Hlahu Hcy. Ej 33

Jevl`hlr 3116, tbl Cfrll`ljt ej Oasblrals hltwllj tbl ^lepil's Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd Kcpcj wcs

safjld. Ej 7 Cufust 8>>>, tbl Cfrll`ljt ej Oasblrals hltwllj tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl ^lepil's

Xlpuhiag eo Gbajc cjd tbl Fevlrj`ljt eo tbl Xlpuhiag eo Merlc wcs safjld. Ej 84 Dlgl`hlr 8>>. Gbajc dels jet gejsadlr suhàssaej hy cfrll`ljt eo c dasputl te crhatrctaej cs cj ujoraljdiy cgt.

Aj rlsplgt eo dasputls eo tlrrateraci sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts, ujaictlrci rlsert te ge`puisery

crhatrctaej cfcajst cjetblr Wtctl, bewlvlr, gcjjet hl tcmlj cs c oraljdiy cgt, wblj tbl ajatactajf Wtctl

as ouiiy cwcrl eo tbl eppesataej eo tbl etblr Wtctl te tbl cgtaej cjd tbl lxastajf cfrll`ljt hltwllj

tbl` ej dasputl slttil`ljt tbreufb jlfetactaejs. Ourtblrèrl, sugb cgtaej gcjjet hl rlfcrdld cs aj

gejoeràty watb tbl ruil eo icw, cs at rujs geujtlr te tbl hcsag ruils cjd prajgapils eo ajtlrjctaejci icw.

At waii jet aj cjy wcy ocgaiatctl c preplr slttil`ljt eo tbl dasputl hltwllj tbl twe geujtrals. Ajstlcd at

waii ujdlràjl ùtuci trust cjd ourtblr ge`piagctl tbl haictlrci rlictaejs.

13. Aj rlgljt ylcrs, tbl ^baiappajls bcs rlplctldiy tcmlj jlw prevegctavl cgtaejs aj rlsplgt eo

Bucjfycj Dce cjd Xlj'ca Kace. Wugb cgtaejs bcvl frcvliy bajdlrld ùtuci peiatagci trust hltwllj

Gbajc cjd tbl ^baiappajls, cjd ujdlràjld tbl càgchil ctèspblrl oer Gbajc cjd CWLCJ `l`hlr

Wtctls te a`pil`ljt tbl DEG cjd gejsuit ej tbl prepesld Gedl eo Gejdugt aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.Aj ocgt, aj tbl rlfaej eo Weutblcst Csac, at as jet Gbajc tbct bcs hlge`l "ajgrlcsajfiy csslrtavl"= at as

tbl ^baiappajls tbct bcs hlge`l ajgrlcsajfiy prevegctavl.

18. Tbl assul eo tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc ajveivls c ju`hlr eo Wtctls, cjd as ge`peujdld hy ge`pilx

basteragci hcgmfreujd cjd sljsatavl peiatagci ocgters. Ats oajci rlseiutaej dl`cjds pctaljgl cjd peiatagci

wasde` ore` cii pcrtals gejglrjld. Gbajc ciwcys `cajtcajs tbct tbl pcrtals gejglrjld sbcii sllm


26/26

preplr wcys cjd `lcjs eo slttil`ljt tbreufb gejsuitctaejs cjd jlfetactaejs ej tbl hcsas eo rlsplgt

oer basteragci ocgts cjd ajtlrjctaejci icw. ljdajf oajci slttil`ljt, cii pcrtals gejglrjld sbeuid ljfcfl

aj dacieful cjd geeplrctaej te prlslrvl plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc, ljbcjgl `utuci

trust, gilcr up deuhts, cjd grlctl gejdataejs oer tbl lvljtuci rlseiutaej eo tbl assul.

17. Tbl ujaictlrci ajatactaej eo tbl prlsljt crhatrctaej hy tbl ^baiappajls waii jet gbcjfl tbl bastery cjd

ocgt eo Gbajc's sevlrlafjty evlr tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc Asicjds cjd tbl cdkcgljt wctlrs= jer waii at sbcml

Gbajc's rlseivl cjd dltlr`ajctaej te scolfucrd ats sevlrlafjty cjd `crata`l rafbts cjd ajtlrlsts= jer

waii at coolgt tbl peiagy cjd pesataej eo Gbajc te rlseivl tbl rlilvcjt dasputls hy darlgt jlfetactaejs cjd

werm tefltblr watb etblr Wtctls aj tbl rlfaej te `cajtcaj plcgl cjd stchaiaty aj tbl Weutb Gbajc Wlc.

Documents

China's position paper on PH-initiated arbitration case over South China Sea dispute