Chinese Architecture Ppt2

7/25/2019 Chinese Architecture Ppt2

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CHINESE

ARCHITECTURE An Architecture of Culture and Beliefs





Geographical

• Republic of China comprising 23 provinces

an !he au!onomous regions of Inner"ongolia an Sin#iang$ Uigur%



• Covers an area larger !han !he &hole of

Europe%• China is !he &orl's !hir larges! coun!r(

area of 9.6 million square kilometers and a

coastline of 18,000 kilometers, its shape on the

map is like a rooster.

• China is borere b( )* coun!ries -- orea,!ietnam, "aos, Burma, #ndia, Bhutan, $epal,

%akistan, Af&hanistan, 'a(ikistan, )r&)*stan,

a*akstan, +on&olia, and ussia. +arine-side

nei&hors include ei&ht countries -- $orth orea,orea, apan, %hilippines, Brunei, #ndonesia,

+ala)sia and !ietnam.• China has lar&e areas of mountainous land,

aout t/o-thirds of the countr).



• Regional +ivisions, Althou&h the ph)sical features are

as descried, people tend to diide China into four

regions, that is, the Nor!h- Sou!h- Nor!h&es! an !he

.inghai$Tibe!an areas. Because of &eo&raphicaldifferences, residents of each re&ion hae distinctie life

st)les and customs.

• China has numerous rivers an la#es. 'he an&t*e,

the lon&est in China and een in Asia, is the third-lon&est

in the /orld. "i ier in 2uilin is the lar&est and most

eautiful karst landscape in the /orld.

•+an) lakes in the north/est are salt). 3in&hai "ake, aeautiful natural salt-/ater lake, is the lar&est. #n

southeast China, most lakes are fresh /ater. %o)an& "ake

, 4on&tin& "ake , and 'aihu "ake are all fresh /ater lakes.

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/jiangxi/jiujiang/poyang.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/hunan/yueyang/dongting.htm


https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/jiangsu/wuxi/taihu_lake.htm






https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/jiangxi/jiujiang/poyang.htm







/ars! topo&raph) is a landscapeformed from the dissolution of

solule rocks such as limestone,

dolomite, and &)psum.





• +ountainous 'opo&raph)

China has lar&e areas of mountainous land, aout t/o-

thirds of the countr).

Tian0i 1Son of Heaven "oun!ains- hang4ia4ie- China1)-567 m



"!% Huanshan- Shaan8i- China12-)95 m



Geological

• Coal is aundant5 /idel) distriuted.

• 4eficient in iron and petroleum.• outh China7

'in antimon) mercur)

Copper tun&steninc man&anese

•$orth Chinas soil7

"oess alluium:ith marked asence of trees.



• :est of an&t*e7

pine trees chestnuts maples

• outh of 'sinlin&7Bamoo trees

•outh :est China7

edimentar) ocks

•Bamoo, %ine, and %ersea $anmu are thetallest and the strai&htest of all trees in China.

;sere as columns in palaces and temples in

%ekin&<•Bricks, limestones and sandstones are

aundant in rier plains.



Clima!ic Coni!ions

• 'he northeast e=periences hot and dr)

summers and itterl) cold /inters.

• 'he north and central re&ion has almost

continual rainfall, hot summers and cold/inters.

• 'he southeast re&ion has sustantial rainfall,

/ith semi-tropical summers and cool /inters.



• 'hese climatic conditions are responsile for

the characteristic Chinese roof /ith its

accentuated cured eaes.

• >eatin& of uildin&s /as often proided )

charcoal urners /ithout flues or fire-places.

• Beds are raised on a dais ;kan&< /ere heated

underneath /ith urnin& charcoal.



"ist of Chinese 4)nasties and +odern 2oernments





Archi!ec!ural Charac!er • Architectural ilateral s)mmetr).

'emples, palaces and houses are s)mmetrical in plan.

#n contrast to the uildin&s, Chinese &ardens are a notale e=ception

/hich tend to e as)mmetrical.

• ?nclosure

– Courtyard ( 院 )7 'he use of open court)ards is a common

feature in man) t)pes of Chinese architectures.- "Sky well“ 'his structure is essentiall) a relatiel) enclosed

court)ard formed from the intersections of closel) spaced uildin&s

and offer small openin& to the sk).

'hese enclosures sere in temperature re&ulation and in entin& the

uildin& comple=es.• >ierarch)

- ased on the strict placement of uildin&s in a propert)@comple=.

- Buildin&s /ith doors facin& the front of the propert) are

considered more important.



• >ori*ontal emphasis

- Classical Chinese uildin&s, especiall) those of the /ealth), are uilt

/ith an emphasis on readth and less on hei&ht.

- featurin& an enclosed hea) platform and a lar&e roof that floats oerthis ase, /ith the ertical /alls not /ell emphasi*ed.

- 'his contrasts :estern architecture, /hich tends to &ro/ in hei&ht and

depth. Chinese architecture stresses the isual impact of the /idth of

the uildin&s.

?=7 'he halls and palaces in the oridden Cit), for e=ample, hae ratherlo/ ceilin&s /hen compared to equialent statel) uildin&s in the :est,

ut their e=ternal appearances su&&est the all-emracin& nature of

imperial China.

• Cosmolo&ical concepts

from Chinese cosmolo&) such as fen& shui ;&eomanc)< and 'aoism toor&ani*e construction and la)out from common residences to imperial

and reli&ious structures.'his includes the use of7

- creen /alls to face the main entrance of the house, /hich stems from

the elief that eil thin&s trael in strai&ht lines.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Xing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism





https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Xing



'he oridden Cit), ie/ed from in&shan >ill to the north, sho/in& the emphasi*ed

hori*ontal spread of the uildin&s in the comple=.



- 'alismans and ima&er) of &ood fortune7

4oor &ods displa)ed on door/a)s to /ard off eil and encoura&e the flo/

of &ood fortune

'hree anthropomorphic fi&ures representin& u "u hou ;福祿壽 f-l-shDu< stars are prominentl) displa)ed, sometimes /ith the proclamation

Ethe three stars are presentF

4oor 2ods

'hree stars7 >appiness, %rosperit), "on&eit)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_god

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Lu_Shou




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_god



Animals and fruits that s)moli*e &ood fortune and prosperit), such as

ats and pome&ranates, respectiel). 'he association is often done

throu&h reuses.

• Grientin& the structure /ith its ack to eleated landscape and ensurin&

that there is /ater in the front. Considerations are also made such thatthe &enerall) /indo/less ack of the structure faces the north, /here

the /ind is coldest in the /inter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat



• %onds, pools, /ells, and other

/ater sources are usuall) uilt

into the structure.



S!ruc!ural Charac!eris!ic• Foundations7 +ost uildin&s are t)picall) erected on raised platforms

;臺基 < as their foundations.

• Structural beams7 Hse of lar&e structural timers for primar) support ofthe roof of a uildin&.

• Roofs7 oofs are either uilt on roof cross-eams or rest directl) on

ertical structural eams.

#n hi&her class construction, roof supportin& eams are supported

throu&h comple= dougong racketin& s)stems that indirectl) connectthem to the primar) structural eams.



'hree main t)pes of roofs are found7

Straight inclined 7 oofs /ith a sin&le incline. 'hese are the most

economical t)pe of roofin& and are most prealent in commoner

architectures.

Multi-inclined 7 oofs /ith I or more sections of incline. 'hese

roofs are used in hi&her class constructions, from the d/ellin&s of

/ealth) commoners to palaces.

Sweeing 7 oofs /ith a s/eepin& curature that rises at the

corners of the roof. 'his t)pe of roof construction is usuall)

resered for temples and palaces althou&h it ma) also e foundin the homes of the /ealth). #n the former cases, the rid&es of the

roof are usuall) hi&hl) decorated /ith ceramic fi&urines.

• Roofs ae! 7 'he roof ape= of a lar&e hall is usuall) topped /ith a rid&e

of tiles and statues for oth decoratie purposes as /ell as to /ei&h

do/n the la)ers of roofin& tiles for stailit).

• Roof to decorations7 )molism can e found from colors of the

eaes, roofin& materials and roof top decorations.



2old@)ello/ is an auspicious ;&ood< color, imperial roofs are &old or

)ello/. 'he) are usuall) used ) the emperor. 2reen roofs s)moli*e

amoo shafts, /hich, in turn, represent )outh and lon&eit).



GR:UN+ ;<AN

=S(mme!r( a! i!s fines!>



Classifica!ions of Chinese

Archi!ec!ure

• #mperial Architecture

• 'raditional Chinese esidences

• 2arden Architecture

• Buddhist Architecture and 'emples

• 'aoist Architecture and 'emples

• Confucius Architecture and 'emples



• #t features the hi&hest achieement of

the Chinese ancient architecture that

includes imperial palace, mausoleumand &arden architecture.

• 'here /ere certain architectural

features that /ere resered solel) foruildin&s uilt for the ?mperor of China.

#mperial Architecture



?uil! b( Emperor Shi Huang +i- as for!ifica!ion agains!

barbarian invasion% 1"ing +(nas!(

1. 'he official len&th

is 2)-)69%)7

#m ;1J,1K0.K mi< L ;

6M d)nastiesN /orth<

I. +ost of toda)Nsrelics are the +in&

4)nast) 2reat :all7

len&th 7-7@)

#m ;O,O00 mi<.

J. 'he 2reat :all is

more than 2-355(ears ol.

P. 'he +in& 2reat

:all crosses 6

provinces an

municipali!ies7

"iaonin&, >eei,

'ian(in, Bei(in&, #nner

+on&olia, han=i,

haan=i, $in&=ia,

2ansu.

G l i th f ll f !il

http://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/history/

http://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/history/



• Gne e=ample is the use of (ello& roof !iles5

)ello/ hain& een the #mperial color.

• 'he roofs are almost inarial) supported )

brac#e!s 1dougong - a feature shared onl) /iththe lar&est of reli&ious uildin&s.

• 'he &ooen columns of the uildin&s, as /ell as

the surface of the /alls, tend to e re in color .

• ?lac# is also a famous color often used in

pagoas. 'he) eliee the &ods are inspired )

the lack color to descend on to the earth.

• 'he Chinese ragon, an emlem resered for#mperial China, /ere heail) used on #mperial

architecture - on the roofs, on the eams and

pillars, and on the doors.

• Gnl) the uildin&s used ) the imperial famil) /ere



• Gnl) the uildin&s used ) the imperial famil) /ere

allo/ed to hae nine ian ;間 , space et/een t/o

columns<5

• Gnl) the &ates used ) the ?mperor could haefive arches, /ith the centre one, of course, ein&

resered for the ?mperor himself.

• 'he ancient Chinese faored the color red.

• 'he builings face sou!h ecause the north had

a cold /ind.

• $umerolo&) heail) influenced #mperial

Architecture, hence the use of nine in much ofconstruction ;nine ein& the &reatest sin&le di&it

numer< and reason /h) 'he oridden Cit) in

Bei(in& is said to hae 9,999.9 rooms - (ust short of

the m)thical 10,000 rooms in heaen.

FORBIDDEN CITY PALACE



FORBIDDEN CITY PALACE,BEIJING

(Kuai Xiang)Chinese Name,

宫博物

B紫禁城

English Name, ;alace "useum Borbien Ci!(

<oca!ion, in !he cen!er of ?ei4ing

Number of ?a(s, 7-D55

;revious Resien!s, )* emperors from !he "ing +(nas!(- )5 emperors from

!he .ing +(nas!(- an !heir ro(al families%

Ini!ia!or, Emperor Cheng0u of !he "ing +(nas!(

+esigner, /uai iang

?uiler, ancien! Chinese laborers

Cons!ruc!ion ;erio, )*59 !o )*25 in !he "ing +(nas!(

"ain Colors, Re for &alls an (ello& for roofs

FORBIDDEN CITY PALACE



FORBIDDEN CITY PALACE,BEIJING

(Kuai Xiang))%En!rance

?nter throu&h +eridian 2ate, and &o across 2olden tream Brid&e, then )ou /ill arrie at the outer court.

2% :u!er Cour!

- 'he first hall is the >all of upreme >armon), the most important and lar&est structure in the oridden

Cit). 'he emperorsN 4ra&on 'hrone ;"on&)i< is in this hall.

-.Behind the >all of upreme >armon) is the >all of Central >armon) ;hon&hedian<, the restin& place of

the emperor efore presidin& oer &rand eents held in the >all of upreme >armon).

-. 'he last hall is the >all of the %reserin& >armon) used for anquets and later for imperial e=aminations.

3% Inner Cour!

-.'he first structure inside the inner court is the %alace of >eaenl) %eace, the emperorsN sleepin& quarters.

-.Behind it is the %alace of Hnion and %eace, /here the imperial seals /ere stored.

-. 'he third hall is the >all of 'errestrial 'ranquilit), the emperorsN /eddin& room.

-.?=itin& and &oin& further north, traelers /ill find the #mperial 2arden. 'he &arden offers an aestheticchan&e from the crimson and &ra) uildin& comple= to a colorful and lu=uriant atmosphere.

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-supreme-harmony.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-central-harmony.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-preserving-harmony.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/palace-of-heavenly-peace.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/palace-of-union-and-peace.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-terrestrial-tranquility.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/imperial-garden.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/imperial-garden.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-terrestrial-tranquility.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/palace-of-union-and-peace.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/palace-of-heavenly-peace.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-preserving-harmony.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-central-harmony.htm

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-supreme-harmony.htm



+eridian 2ate ;to the Guter Court<

>all of upreme >armon) >all of Central >armon) >all of %reserin& >armon)



2ate of >eaenl) %eace ;to the inner court<

;alace of Heavenl( ;eace ;alace of Union an ;eace ;alace of Terres!rial TranFuili!



-Gn the left side of the inner court, traelers /ill find the +ental Cultiation >all ;an&=indian<, the most

important uildin& e=cept for the >all of upreme >armon). tate affairs happened here.

P. ?=it

'he main e=it &ate of the oridden Cit) is !he Ga!e of +ivine "igh!, ehind the #mperial 2arden.

#mperial 2arden >all of +ental Cultiation

2ate of 4iine +i&ht

"ATERIA<S :R C:NSTRUCTI:N,

http://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbidden-city/hall-of-mental-cultivation.htm





"ATERIA<S :R C:NSTRUCTI:N,

• 'G$?

• >u&e amounts of '#+B?

• B#C /ere made from /hite lime and &lutinous rice.

• C?+?$' is made from &lutinous rice and e&& /hites. 'hese

incredile materials make the /all e=traordinaril) stron&.

• +arle taircases

• oofs are uilt /ith ?""G: 2"A?4 '#"?

EATURES,



EATURES,

• ')pical of the paintin& on the eaes and rackets of the oridden Cit).

• Brocade-like patterns of lue, &old, red, /hite, and &reen form a ri&ht

contrast a&ainst the uniform red of the uildin& /alls and columns.

• 'hese are often made of &la*ed ceramic and form an out/ard marchin&



& &

procession. >ere /e see the imperial )ello/ &la*e resered for the emperor.

• At the tail of the procession /ill e an imperial dra&on, representin& the authorit) of

the state.

• 'he m)thical easts are set to pounce upon the man and deour him should he

stra) from performin& his duties /ith faithfulness and rectitude.• 'he ma=imum numer of easts is nine, includin& eil-dispellin& ull, coura&eous

&oat-ull ;獬豸 <, /ind- and storm-summonin& fish ;狎魚 <, m)thical lion ;狻猊 <,

auspicious seahorse, heaenl) horse, lion, and chi/en;鴟吻 , a son of dra&on<.



Brass door kno

Bron*e "ion tatue

ed /alls from timer

S"?:<I"S



#f )ou look at the roof-rid&e of a uildin&,

his ima&e is often cared there so he can

&a*e into the distance and proide earl)

/arnin&.

A ron*e tortoise in the oridden Cit) in

Bei(in&. 'ortoises /ere a s)mol of stren&th

S"?:<I"S

• :h) are there no trees in the Guter CourtQ



'he >all of upreme >armon), the >all of Central >armon), and the

>all of %resered >armon) in the Guter Court are the prime structures for holdin&

important rites and eents. To sho& !he imperial igni!( an supreme au!hori!(, it

/as foridden to plant trees around these halls.

• :h) are the door-nails in ro/s of 9Q

'hatNs ecause nine implied supremac( in monarchis! China and resered for the

emperorNs use.

• :h) are )ello/ and red the most common colorsQ

ello/ s)moli*es earth elemen!s a! !he cen!re. 'he emperor assumes that the

imperial palace is at the &orl's cen!re and his rei&n radiates out from it.

%illars, /indo/s, doors and /alls are mostl) red /hich s)moli*es auspicious

even!s- happiness an celebra!ions, popular /ith the Chinese in dail) usa&e.

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden/supreme.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden/centr_harm.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden/preserved.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden/preserved.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden/centr_harm.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden/supreme.htm



S ; l ? i4i



Summer ;alace- ?ei4ing

1in 4)nast)

• The Summer ;alace is located on the /estern ed&e of Bei(in&,

et/een the fourth and fifth rin& roads, close to the /estern

ra&rant >ills, 1Ikm from central Bei(in&.

• 'he &ardens that ecame the ummer %alace date from the in

4)nast) ;111O-1IJP<.

• #n 1KO0, ?mperor 3ian"on& ;1KJ6-1K96< of the 3in& 4)nast)

;16PP-1911<, /ho traelled e=tensiel) throu&hout China notin&

places of eaut), added sustantiall) to the &ardens of the

ummer %alace.• >e appointed desi&ners to reproduce the st)les of arious

palaces and &ardens from around China. or e=ample, un+in&

"ake /as e=tended to imitate the famous :est "ake in

>an&hou.

Summer ;alace ?ei4ing



Summer ;alace- ?ei4ing1in 4)nast)

• #n 1860, the An&lo-rench Allied orces inaded Bei(in& and set fire to man)of the uildin&s /ithin the ummer %alace.

• #n 1886, 4o/a&er ?mpress CiRi, /ith eme**led funds from the #mperial

$a), restored the &rand &ardens.

• After completion of the renoation, CiRi renamed the &ardens Ni>euanN

;N2arden of %eace and >armon)N<, its official name toda).• 'ales of CiRiNs e=cesses ;includin& the +arle Boat< are numerous and

came to s)moli*e the decadence of the imperial famil).

• 'hen, after the last 3in& ?mperor %ui /as thro/n out of the oridden Cit)

in 19IP, the ummer %alace /as turned into a park, /hich has ecome a

popular and rela=in& destination for oth domestic and international tourists.• 'he park can e historicall) diided into three parts, namel) 7 administration,

residence and scener) ro/sin& area.

• 'he ummer %alace /as desi&nated a :orld >erita&e site ) H$?CG in

1990.

MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION



MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION:

• Bron*e ;statues<• >ard/ood ;halls<

• +arle ;oat<

•

'imer • Cla) tiles ;oofin&<

• Bamoo ;roofin&<

• C?+?$' is made from &lutinous rice and e&&

/hites

FEATURES



FEATURES:

• A marel of desi&n, the palace S /ith its hu&e lake and

hilltop ie/s S offers a pastoral escape into the lanscapes

of traditional Chinese paintin&.

• arche briges- pre!!( promenaes- ecora!e

corriors- an bree0e&a(s ;a hall/a) that allo/s the

passa&e of a ree*e et/een structures< lead isitorsthrou&h eer-chan&in& ie/s and scener).

• ) the east &ate, housin& a hard/ood throne and attached

to a court)ard decorated /ith bron0e animals

• the "on& Corridor is trimmed /ith a plethora of paintin&s,/hile the slopes and crest of "on&eit) >ill ehind are

adorned /ith Buddhist temples.

• Ci8is marble boa! sits immoile on the north shore



ront >ill acade

$orth side faTade /ith the marle oat

2arden arch /a)

%ai-lous &ate/a) to the landscape

&arden



>all/a)

All timer pailion /ith rock landscapin&

:hite cement rid&e /ith arch /a)s for thecanal entrance



Chinese lanterns and dra&ons

4ecorated pailion /ith ron*e lion statue

1K arch rid&e ;/hite cement< 2irls in &reen theater performance

S"?:<IS"S



S"?:<IS"S

'he m)thical Beasts on the roof

2reen as a s)mol of lon&eit)

Gran&e indicatin& chan&e,

adaptailit), spontaneit),stren&thens concentration

4ra&on as a s)mol of the ?mperor

4eer as a s)mol of

lon&eit)

Imperial Garens



Imperial Garens• #s a landscape &arden st)le /hich has eoled oer three

thousand )ears.

• #t includes oth the ast &ardens of the Chinese emperors

and memers of the imperial famil), uilt for pleasure and

to impress

• the more intimate &ardens created ) scholars, poets,

former &oernment officials, soldiers and merchants, made

for reflection and escape from the outside /orld.

?=amples7

1. +ountain esort of Chen&de ;Bishu han*huan&<

I. Beihai %ark

J. in&shan %ark

P. u)uan 2arden

":UNTAIN RES:RT : CHENG+E

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China




":UNTAIN RES:RT : CHENG+E#t /as uilt in the

3in& 4)nast) ;16PP-

1911< and took aout

90 )ears ;1K0J-1K9I<

to construct.

#t coers an area of

O6P sq meters ;I18

sq miles< and /as

ori&inall) uilt for thero)al families to

spend the hot

summer months.

'he +ountain esort

is diided into four

parts7

%alace Area

"ake Area

%lain Area

+ountain Area

'he %alace Area lies in the south part of the resort and is a

concentration of palaces /here the 3in& emperors handled

the political affairs and /here the ro)al families lied.









%la) on the lake 'he >all of the ?mperor

"otus and %ailions on the lake





?EIHAI ;AR/- ?EIJING

ade lo/er #sland /ith the

:hite %a&oda

%ai-lous on the entrance to the

%a&oda

G



?EIHAI ;AR/- ?EIJING

:hite ceramic rid&e /ith marle

decorations leads to the to/er

'he red to/er /ith the :hite

%a&oda

JINGSHAN ;AR/ ?EIJING



JINGSHAN ;AR/- ?EIJING'he hill sered as an

imperial &arden and

/as properl) laid out

under the +in&

4)nast) /hen

numerous fruit trees

/ere planted as /ell

as man) palaces and

pailions uilt for theemperor to make

sacrifices to his

ancestors.

'he hill has fiesummits, and on

each summit there is

a pailion, uilt in

1KO1

ituated in the cit) center, it is a eautiful ro)al landscape&arden. Coerin& an area of IJ0,000 square meters ;aout

OK acres<, the park stands on the central point of the south-

north a=is of the cit) and faces the north &ate of the

oridden Cit).


https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/beijing/forbidden.htm

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/beijing/forbidden.htm



JINGSHAN ;AR/- ?EIJING

'he site /here emperor

Chon&*hen >an&ed himself

%otted plants




JINGSHAN ;AR/- ?EIJING

ifan& %ailion in in&shan %ark ulan %ailion at in&shan %ark

UUAN GAR+EN SHANGHAI



UUAN GAR+EN- SHANGHAIa famous classical

&arden located in

Anren ie, han&hai.

#t /as finished in

1OKK ) a

&oernment officer of

the +in& 4)nast)

;1J68-16PP< named

%an unduan.u in Chinese means

pleasin& and

satisf)in&, and this

&arden /as speciall)

uilt for %anNs

parents as a placefor them to en(o) a

tranquil and happ)

time in their old a&e.'here are si= main scenic areas here7 ansui >all,

:anhua Chamer, 4ianchun >all, >ui(in& >all, uhua >all

and the #nner 2arden. ?ach area features seeral scenic

spots /ithin its orders.

'he true treasure of

u)uan is the ?=quisiteade ock.




UUAN GAR+EN- SHANGHAI

u)uan 2arden 4istrict at $i&ht




UUAN GAR+EN- SHANGHAI

Circular ?ntrance to the ade

ock

'he ?=quisite ade ock

4ra&on tatue connectin& to the u)uan /all

Imperial "ausoleums



Imperial "ausoleums

Imperial "ausoleums



Imperial "ausoleums

'erracotta Arm) held

more than

8,000

soldiers, 1J0

chariots /ith

OI0 horses

and 1O0

caalr)horses

Imperial "ausoleums



Imperial "ausoleums

Imperial "ausoleums



Imperial "ausoleums

Imperial "ausoleums



Imperial "ausoleums

Imperial "ausoleums



Imperial "ausoleums

?U++HIS", CHINESE ;AG:+AS K



TE";<ES

• Buddhism /as introduced into China mainl) durin& ?astern >an4)nast) ;IO - II0< ia the outh China ea and :estern e&ion.

• #t consists of temple, pa&oda and &rotto. "ocali*ation starts ri&ht after

Buddhist architecture /as introduced into China /ith Buddhism durin&

the >an d)nast), interpretin& Chinese architectural aesthetics and

culture.• Chinese Buddhist architecture follo/s s)mmetric st)le strictl).

• 'he la)out of Buddhist temples has een lon& estalished. 2enerall)

speakin&, the mountain &ate ;front &ate< is the entrance part.

• 'he >all of >eaenl) in&s, /here sculptures of our >eaenl) in&s

stand on the t/o sides /ith t/o in a &roup and +aitre)a ;the fatlau&hin& Buddha< laid in the middle altar, is the first main hall.

• efectories, monksN rooms and other attached architecture are

distriuted alon& the central a=is.

• Bodhisatta >all /orships the main Bodhisatta of a temple

amous ?uhis! ;agoas of China

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/religion/buddhism/

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/religion/buddhism/



g

• is a /ell-presered ancient uildin& and ahol) place for Buddhists.

Bi& :ild 2oose %a&oda

• irst uilt to a hei&ht of 60 meters ;19K

feet< /ith fie stories, it is no/ 6P.O meters

;I11.6 feet< hi&h /ith an additional t/o

stories.

• Built of rick, its structure is er) firm.

• 'he) estalished a pa&oda /here

the /ild &oose fell and stopped eatin&

meat. >ence its name.

• Gri&inall) uilt in 6OI durin& the rei&n of

?mperor 2ao*on& of the'an& 4)nast)

4aciNen 'emple is the home of Bi& :ild

2oose %a&oda.

amous ?uhis! ;agoas of China

https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/tang/





g

•#s the oldest pa&oda still standin& in China

;OIJ A.4<

• constructed of rick and mud on an

octa&onal ase.

• unique in form, ein& t/ele-sided

• ises to a hei&ht of aout IK m ;90ft< in

fifteen lind store)s

'he on&)ue %a&oda

• 'he to/er is P0 m ;1J1 ft< hi&h and uilt

of )ello/ish rick held to&ether /ith cla)

mortar .

•'he ornamented arch doors anddecoratie apses or niches are intricatel)

cared into teapots or lions.

• At the ase of the door pillars are

carin&s shaped as lotus flo/ers and the

pillar capitals hae cared pearls and lotusflo/ers.

• Beneath the pa&oda is an

under&round series of urial rooms

to presere cultural o(ects uried

/ith the dead.

amous ?uhis! Temples of China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(architecture)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teapot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_flower

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_flower

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teapot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(architecture)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick



Lhi!e Horse Temple- <ou(ang Ci!(

• >istor) states that the site /as ori&inall)used as a summer resort ) the second

>an ?mperor, "iu huan&.

• 'he emperor, a deout Buddhist elieer,

uilt the temple to house the scriptures and

named it the :hite >orse 'emple.

• 'he t/o monks /ho rou&ht the

scriptures from #ndia are uried at

the temple.

.i(un ;agoa- Lhi!e Horse Temple

amous ?uhis! Temples of China



Gui(uan ?uhis! Temple

• 2ui)uan Buddhist 'emple is

situated in the /est section of

>an)an& district in :uhan Cit).

• 'he /ord N2ui)uanN ori&inates

from a sutra, meanin& to return

to purit) and tranquilit).

• 'hou&h it is a construction of aBuddhist temple, it is also in a

&arden st)le.

• 'he temple, /hich /as ori&inall)estalished in 16O8 in the 3in&

4)nast) ;16PP-1911<, /as initiall)

uilt on the site of :u*han&pu

ui)uan in the +in& 4)nast)

;1J68-16PP<

Runner$ ups for amous ?uhis! ;agoas



<eifeng ;agoa- Hang0hou <iuhe ;agoa- Hang0hou-

.ian!ang River

TA:IS", ;AG:+AS AN+ TE";<ES



• A Chinese philosoph) ased on the /ritin&s of "ao-t*u ; fl' 6th centur) BC<,

adocatin& humilit) and reli&ious piet).

•'aoism, the oldest reli&ion in China, ori&inall) did not think that peopleNs remains

should e uried after death.

• 4urin& the +in& and 3in& d)nasties, ho/eer, as a result of cominin& the

doctrines of Buddhism, 'aoism and Confucianism adocated ) the rulin& class,

'aoists adopted the method of ur)in& the ashes of the departed in pa&odas.

• 'he structure of a 'aoist pa&oda /as not much different from that of a Buddhist

pa&oda.

• 'aoist pa&odas tend to e ri&ht and colorful structures, /ith road curin& roofs

that are adorned /ith diine fi&ures and traditional s)mols of luck suchas dra&ons and carp.

•Hnfortunatel), man) &reat 'aoist pa&odas /ere constructed of /ood - /ood holds

special reli&ious si&nificance for 'aoists - and hae not /ithstood the onslau&ht of

time.

TA:IS", A":US ;AG:+A



• 'he to/er is also a sacred site of 'aoism•'he ello/ Crane 'o/er /as ori&inall)

uilt for the reason of militar) purposes.• 'he current structure /as uilt in 1981,

ut the to/er has e=isted in arious forms

since at least A4 IIJ.

ello& Crane To&er- Luhan Ci!(

• ello/ Crane 'o/er is considered one of

the our 2reat 'o/ers of China.

• #n its modern ersion, it has the

appearance of an ancient to/er ut is uilt

of modern materials, includin& an eleator.

TA:IS", THE ":ST A":US TE";<E


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Towers_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Towers_of_China




• #s a medieal comple= of reli&ious uildin&s situated in the southeastern part of central

Bei(in&.• 'he comple= /as isited ) the ?mperors of the +in& and 3in& d)nasties for annual

ceremonies of pra)er to >eaen for &ood harest.• #t has een re&arded as a 'aoist temple.• 'he temple comple= /as constructed from 1P06 to 1PI0 durin& the rei&n of the on&le

?mperor , /ho /as also responsile for the construction of the oridden Cit) in Bei(in&.•

Temple of Heaven- ?ei4ing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing



'he 'emple &rounds coer I.KJ kmU of parkland and comprises three main &roups of

constructions, all uilt accordin& to strict philosophical requirements7

• The Hall of ;ra(er for Goo Harves!s ;祈年 < is a ma&nificent triple-&aled

circular uildin&, J6 meters in diameter and J8 meters tall, uilt on three leels

of marle stone ase, /here the ?mperor pra)ed for &ood harests.

• 'he uildin& is completel) /ooden, /ith no nails.

• The Imperial Maul! of Heaven ;!"# < is a sin&le-&aled circular uildin&,

uilt on a sin&le leel of marle stone ase.

• The Circular "oun Al!ar ;$%& < is the altar proper, located south of the

#mperial !ault of >eaen. #t is an empt) circular platform on three leels of

marle stones, each decorated ) laishl) cared dra&ons.

S(mbolism in Temple of Heaven



• ?arth /as represented ) a square and >eaen ) a

circle5 seeral features of the temple comple=

s(mboli0e !he connec!ion of Heaven an Ear!h- of

circle an sFuare%

• Both the >all of %ra)er for 2ood >arests and the

Circular +ound Altar are roun- each s!aning on a

sFuare (ar- again represen!ing Heaven an Ear!h%

• 'he number nine represen!s !he Emperor and iseident in the desi&n of the Circular +ound Altar7 a

sin&le round marmor plate is surrounded ) a rin& of

nine plates, then a rin& of 18 plates, and so on for a

total of nine surroundin& rin&s, the outermost hain&

9V9 plates.

• 'he >all of %ra)er for 2ood >arests has four inner-

!&elve mile an !&elve ou!er pillars-

represen!ing !he four seasons- !&elve mon!hs an

!&elve !rai!ional Chinese hours respec!ivel(%

Circular "oun Al!ar

Hall of ;ra(er for Goo Harves!s

C:NUCIAN ARCHITECTURE,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(number)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(number)



Euca!ion- amil( Harmon( an Iniviual Recogni!ion

• Confucianism /as further deeloped ) +encius ;JKIB.C.-I89B.C.<

and Run i. #t /as in the rei&n of ?mperor :u durin& the >an 4)nast)that it /as promoted to ein& the state ideolo&).

• Althou&h transformed oer time, it is still the sustance of learnin&, the

source of alues, and the social code of the Chinese.

• Confucianism /as a concept and philosoph) and /as not a reli&ion as

/ell as did not inole &ods and sorcer).

• 'he hierarchical Confucian code of conduct influenced the residential

desi&n of court)ards.

Confucius- has proed to e the &reatest influence oer the Chinese

character. Besides ein& a &reat educationist, thinker and

unsuccessful politician, he /as first of all an intellect /ith a nole

moralit).

C:NUCIAN ARCHITECTURE,



EATURES

• "ul!i$!iere roofs- beau!ifull( esigne arch&a(s an magnificen! !emples and

residences5 these are prominent characteristics of traditional Confucian architecture.• Confucian temples /ere buil! in coun!( schools throu&hout the empire, either to the

front of or on one side of the school

• Confucian !emples represen! #no&lege an euca!ion, rather than /orship alone.

• Hnlike 4aoist or Buddhist temples, Confucian temples o no! normall( con!ain

images.

• 'his asence emphasi*ed the teachin& of Confucius and not the /orshipin& of theteacher himself.

• 'he sec!ions an &alls &i!hin cour!(ars &ere is!inc!l( separa!e in orer !o

represen! !he hierarchical social s(s!em as /ell as the Confucian influenced alue of

superior@suordinate relationships, for e=ample the relationship of parent@child.

• #n court)ard residences, the cen!re of !he cour!(ar &as !hough! !o be superior and

most si&nificant /hile the sides /ere less so.• 'he nor!h en of !he cour!(ar &as highl( esirable as i! face sou!h an receive

!he mos! sunligh!% 'his choice location /as therefore used ) the hea of !he

househol, or ) famil) elders.

• Accordin& to Confucian famil) order, the eas! an &es! ens &ere occupie b( !he

(ounger genera!ion%

TE";<ES : C:NUCIUS



Temple of Confucius in .ufu 1Confucius Home!o&n

Ceme!er( of Confucius- .ufu

TE";<ES : C:NUCIUS



TE";<ES : C:NUCIUS

Temple of Confucius in ?ei4ing

:!her !emples of Confucius

can be foun ,• mainland China• 'ai/an• >on& on&

• +acau• orean• apan• !ietnam• in&apore

4ue to hu&e influence of

Confucianism to nei&horin&

countries

:!her !emples of Conficius,• 'emple of Confucius in Bei(in&• 'emple of Confucius in $an(in&• 'emple of "iterature in han&hai• 'emple of "iterature in han&hai• 'emple of "iterature in u*hou

Trai!ional Chinese Houses



Ho& Trai!ional Chinese Houses are buil!



• Homes all over China in pre$moern !imes ha a lo! in common% The &a(

of la(ing ou! a house &as similar among !he rich an poor- bo!h in earlier

an la!er !imes%

• Cer!ain ma!erials an !echniFues- such as poune ear!h founa!ions-!imber framing- an use of bric#s an !ile &ere presen! !hroughou! !he

coun!r(%

• :ne of !he mos! s!ri#ing aspec!s of Chinese omes!ic archi!ec!ure is !he

prac!ice of ma#ing houses face sou!h%



prac!ice of ma#ing houses face sou!h%• Feng-shui concep!s also ic!a!e !he #ins of ma!erial use in builings%

Combine &i!h !he loca!ion of !he builing- !he proper builing ma!erials

&ere !hough! !o re$irec! beneficial energ( for !he inhabi!an!s%

• The mos! common builing ma!erials for houses in China are ear!h an&oo• The founa!ion of a house generall( is mae of poune ear!h- an in some

si!ua!ions &here &oo &as rare- ear!h &as use in !he cons!ruc!ion of &alls%

• The basic builing bloc# of Chinese archi!ec!ure is !he ba( or !he space

be!&een- &hich is !he space efine b( roof suppor!s% Chinese houses



be!&een- &hich is !he space efine b( roof suppor!s% Chinese houses

almos! al&a(s consis! of an o number of ba(sO an even number of ba(s is

consiere unluc#(%

T(pes of Trai!ional Chinese Houses





















































* "os! amous ?riges in Ancien!Chinese Archi!ec!ure



Chinese Archi!ec!ure

ozhou Bri!" (Si#!$"%ar&h 'o#" )ri!"*++- ."ar' o$ ;"i Chunchu<

Also kno/n as An(i Brid&e, or 2reat tone

Brid&e, this is the oldest standin& rid&e in

China, and the oldest open-spandrel stone

se&mental arch rid&e in the /orld.

hao*hou Brid&e is located in the

southern part of >eei %roince in

northeast China. #t /as constructed

more than 1,P00 )ears a&o and has

the nicknames Fin& of Brid&esW andFBrid&e 4eit) of "on&eit).W

Built durin& the ui 4)nast) ;O81-

618<, construction of the hao*hou

Brid&e /as led ) master architect

"i ChunchuWhat makes the ZhaozhouBridge outstanding is that withan arch span of 123 feet, it hasremained standing for 14centuries, despite 1 ma!or

"oods, eight wars, and




Chinese Archi!ec!ureLuo.a#! Bri!" (S"a%&ro''i#! 'o#" )ri!"*

/0- ."ar' o$

• #ts located in >uian Count), u(ian %roince.• "uo)an& Brid&e is the earliest sea-crossin& stone rid&e, crossin& oer the "uo)an& ier

/here it meets the sea.

• 'he construction of the rid&e e&an in the )ear 1,0OJ durin& the $orthern on& 4)nast)

and /as completed in 1,0O9.• 'he ori&inal rid&e /as J,9P0 feet lon&, oer 16 feet /ide, and IP feet hi&h. ?=tensiel)

dama&ed in the :ar of esistance a&ainst apan, the rid&e /as reuilt and is no/ I,J9O

feet lon&, 1P.8 feet /ide, and IP feet hi&h.• Built of &ranite, it has PP oat-shaped rid&e piers, 6PO handrails, 10P stone lions, 1 stone

pailion, and K stone to/ers.





<ugou ?rige - ?ei4ing1)5$piere- mul!i$arche

s!one brige

7)6 (ears ol

• 'he "u&ou Brid&e, also kno/n as +arco %olo Brid&e ecause it /as hi&hl) praised )

+arco %olo on his trip to China, is the onl) ancient rid&e in the /orld that can sustain aP00 ton load.• Construction on the "u&ou Brid&e e&an in 1,189 A.4. durin& the in 4)nast).

Construction /as completed in 1,19I.• 'he rid&e is made of solid &ranite and is supported on 10 piers.• #t is 8KP feet lon& and J0.O feet /ide, and /as uilt to resist the floodin& and the stron&

currents of the on&din& ier, there) securin& safe passa&e to Bei(in&.





<uing ?rige 1Iron$chain suspension brige

35@ (ears ol

• 'he "udin& Brid&e is uilt oer the 4adu ier in "udin& Count), ichuan %roince. #t is theoldest chain suspension rid&e in China, and a milestone in architecture.• Construction /as completed in 1,K06 durin& the rei&n of ?mperor an&=i of the 3in& 4)nast).•'he rid&e is P0O feet lon&, 10 feet /ide and is suspended JJ feet aoe the rier. #t is supported

1J thi k i h i 9 f hi h d th tt t th l d d th th P

Documents

Chinese Architecture Ppt2