Common Name: CHLORINE DIOXIDE

CAS Number: 10049-04-4DOT Number: NA 9191 (hydrate frozen)

FORBIDDEN (gas)----------------------------------------------------------------------------

HAZARD SUMMARY* Chlorine Dioxide can affect you when breathed in.* Exposure can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat.* Breathing Chlorine Dioxide can irritate the lungs causing

coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposure cancause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), amedical emergency, with severe shortness of breath.

* Chlorine Dioxide is EXPLOSIVE in air.* DOT regulations FORBID the transport of Chlorine

Dioxide gas if not diluted.

IDENTIFICATIONChlorine Dioxide is a reddish-yellow gas or a reddish-brownliquid with an irritating odor. It is used to bleach wood pulp,fats and oils, in processing flour, and for water purification.

REASON FOR CITATION* Chlorine Dioxide is on the Hazardous Substance List

because it is regulated by OSHA and cited by ACGIH,DOT, DEP, HHAG, NIOSH and EPA.

* Definitions are provided on page 5.

HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEINGEXPOSEDThe New Jersey Right to Know Act requires most employers tolabel chemicals in the workplace and requires public employersto provide their employees with information and trainingconcerning chemical hazards and controls. The federal OSHAHazard Communication Standard, 1910.1200, requires privateemployers to provide similar training and information to theiremployees.

* Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinelyevaluated. This may include collecting air samples. UnderOSHA 1910.20, you have a legal right to obtain copies ofsampling results from your employer.

RTK Substance number: 0368Date: May 1992 Revision: June 1998-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* If you think you are experiencing any work-related healthproblems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupationaldiseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you.

* ODOR THRESHOLD = 0.1 ppm to 15 ppm.* The range of accepted odor threshold values is quite broad.

Caution should be used in relying on odor alone as awarning of potentially hazardous exposures.

WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITSThe following exposure limits are for Chlorine Dioxide gas:

OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit(PEL) is 0.1 ppm averaged over an 8-hourworkshift.

NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is0.1 ppm averaged over a 10-hour workshift and0.3 ppm, not to be exceeded during any 15 minutework period.

ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is0.1 ppm averaged over an 8-hour workshift and0.3 ppm as a STEL (short term exposure limit).

WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE* Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust

ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaustventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should beworn.

* Wear protective work clothing.* Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to Chlorine

Dioxide.* Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In

addition, as part of an ongoing education and training effort,communicate all information on the health and safetyhazards of Chlorine Dioxide to potentially exposedworkers.

CHLORINE DIOXIDE page 2 of 6

This Fact Sheet is a summary source of information of allpotential and most severe health hazards that may result fromexposure. Duration of exposure, concentration of the substanceand other factors will affect your susceptibility to any of thepotential effects described below.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

Acute Health EffectsThe following acute (short-term) health effects may occurimmediately or shortly after exposure to Chlorine Dioxide:

* Exposure can irritate the nose and throat, causing coughingand chest pain.

* Eye irritation can occur with watery eyes and seeing halosaround lights.

* Breathing Chlorine Dioxide can irritate the lungs causingcoughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures cancause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), amedical emergency, with severe shortness of breath.

Chronic Health EffectsThe following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur atsome time after exposure to Chlorine Dioxide and can last formonths or years:

Cancer Hazard* According to the information presently available to the New

Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, ChlorineDioxide has not been tested for its ability to cause cancer inanimals.

Reproductive Hazard* There is limited evidence that Chlorine Dioxide may

damage the developing fetus.

Other Long-Term Effects* Chlorine Dioxide can irritate the lungs.* Repeated exposure may cause bronchitis to develop with

cough, phlegm, and/or shortness of breath. Permanent lungdamage may occur, especially with repeated exposure tovapors.

MEDICAL

Medical TestingBefore beginning employment and at regular times after that,the following are recommended:

* Lung function tests.

If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, thefollowing may be useful:

* Consider chest x-ray after acute overexposure.

Any evaluation should include a careful history of past andpresent symptoms with an exam. Medical tests that look fordamage already done are not a substitute for controllingexposure.

Request copies of your medical testing. You have a legal rightto this information under OSHA 1910.20.

Mixed Exposures* Because smoking can cause heart disease, as well as lung

cancer, emphysema, and other respiratory problems, it mayworsen respiratory conditions caused by chemical exposure.Even if you have smoked for a long time, stopping now willreduce your risk of developing health problems.

WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES

Unless a less toxic chemical can be substituted for a hazardoussubstance, ENGINEERING CONTROLS are the mosteffective way of reducing exposure. The best protection is toenclose operations and/or provide local exhaust ventilation atthe site of chemical release. Isolating operations can alsoreduce exposure. Using respirators or protective equipment isless effective than the controls mentioned above, but issometimes necessary.

In evaluating the controls present in your workplace, consider:(1) how hazardous the substance is, (2) how much of thesubstance is released into the workplace and (3) whetherharmful skin or eye contact could occur. Special controlsshould be in place for highly toxic chemicals or whensignificant skin, eye, or breathing exposures are possible.

In addition, the following controls are recommended:

* Where possible, automatically transfer diluted ChlorineDioxide from drums or other storage containers to processcontainers.

* Before entering a confined space where Chlorine Dioxidemay be present, check to make sure that an explosiveconcentration does not exist.

Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce hazardousexposures. The following work practices are recommended:

* Workers whose clothing has been contaminated byChlorine Dioxide should change into clean clothingpromptly.

* Contaminated work clothes should be laundered byindividuals who have been informed of the hazards ofexposure to Chlorine Dioxide.

* If there is the possibility of skin exposure, emergencyshower facilities should be provided.

* Eye wash fountains should be provided in the immediatework area for emergency use.

CHLORINE DIOXIDE page 3 of 6

* On skin contact with Chlorine Dioxide, immediately washor shower to remove the chemical. At the end of theworkshift, wash any areas of the body that may havecontacted Chlorine Dioxide, whether or not known skincontact has occurred.

* Do not eat, smoke, or drink where Chlorine Dioxide ishandled, processed, or stored, since the chemical can beswallowed. Wash hands carefully before eating, drinking,smoking, or using the toilet.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

WORKPLACE CONTROLS ARE BETTER THANPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. However, forsome jobs (such as outside work, confined space entry, jobsdone only once in a while, or jobs done while workplacecontrols are being installed), personal protective equipment maybe appropriate.

OSHA 1910.132 requires employers to determine theappropriate personal protective equipment for each hazard andto train employees on how and when to use protectiveequipment.

The following recommendations are only guidelines and maynot apply to every situation.

Clothing* Avoid skin contact with Chlorine Dioxide. Wear protective

gloves and clothing. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the mostprotective glove/clothing material for your operation.

* All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear)should be clean, available each day, and put on before work.

Eye Protection* Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield when

working with liquid, unless full facepiece respiratoryprotection is worn.

* Wear gas-proof goggles and face shield when there is apotential for exposure to the gas, unless full facepiecerespiratory protection is worn.

Respiratory ProtectionIMPROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IS DANGEROUS.Such equipment should only be used if the employer has awritten program that takes into account workplace conditions,requirements for worker training, respirator fit testing andmedical exams, as described in OSHA 1910.134.

* Where the potential exists for exposure to Chlorine Dioxideover 0.1 ppm, use a MSHA/NIOSH approved full facepiecerespirator with a cartridge containing non-combustiblesorbents and providing protection against Chlorine Dioxide.Increased protection is obtained from full facepiece poweredair-purifying respirators.

* If while wearing a filter, cartridge or canister respirator, youcan smell, taste, or otherwise detect Chlorine Dioxide, or inthe case of a full facepiece respirator you experience eyeirritation, leave the area immediately. Check to make surethe respirator-to-face seal is still good. If it is, replace thefilter, cartridge, or canister. If the seal is no longer good,you may need a new respirator.

* Be sure to consider all potential exposures in yourworkplace. You may need a combination of filters,prefilters, cartridges, or canisters to protect against differentforms of a chemical (such as vapor and mist) or against amixture of chemicals.

* Where the potential for high exposure exists, use aMSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with a fullfacepiece operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. For increased protection use in combinationwith an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatusoperated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressuremode.

* Exposure to 5 ppm is immediately dangerous to life andhealth. If the possibility of exposure above 5 ppm exists,use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathingapparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demandor other positive pressure mode.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

* Prior to working with Chlorine Dioxide you should betrained on its proper handling and storage.

* Chlorine Dioxide is a powerful OXIDIZER andEXPLODES on contact with CARBON MONOXIDE,HYDROCARBONS, FLUORAMINES, MERCURY,ORGANIC MATTER, POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE,PHOSPHORUS and CHLORINE, SULFER, and HEAT.

* Chlorine Dioxide is sensitive to SHOCK and unstable inLIGHT.

* Transportation of pure Chlorine Dioxide is FORBIDDENby DOT.

* Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide is violently explosive in air atconcentrations over 10%.

* Keep frozen when not in use. Store in tightly closedcontainers in a cool, dark, well-ventilated area attemperatures well below 266oF (130oC). Gas explosionsmay occur above 266oF (130oC).

* Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, areprohibited where Chlorine Dioxide is handled, used, orstored.

* Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especiallywhen opening and closing containers of Chlorine Dioxide.

* Wherever Chlorine Dioxide is used, handled,manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electricalequipment and fittings.

CHLORINE DIOXIDE page 4 of 6

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q: If I have acute health effects, will I later get chronic healtheffects?

A: Not always. Most chronic (long-term) effects result fromrepeated exposures to a chemical.

Q: Can I get long-term effects without ever having short-termeffects?

A: Yes, because long-term effects can occur from repeatedexposures to a chemical at levels not high enough to makeyou immediately sick.

Q: What are my chances of getting sick when I have beenexposed to chemicals?

A: The likelihood of becoming sick from chemicals isincreased as the amount of exposure increases. This isdetermined by the length of time and the amount ofmaterial to which someone is exposed.

Q: When are higher exposures more likely?A: Conditions which increase risk of exposure include

physical and mechanical processes (heating, pouring,spraying, spills and evaporation from large surface areassuch as open containers), and “confined space” exposures(working inside vats, reactors, boilers, small rooms, etc.).

Q: Is the risk of getting sick higher for workers than forcommunity residents?

A: Yes. Exposures in the community, except possibly incases of fires or spills, are usually much lower than thosefound in the workplace. However, people in thecommunity may be exposed to contaminated water as wellas to chemicals in the air over long periods. Because ofthis, and because of exposure of children or people whoare already ill, community exposures may cause healthproblems.

Q: Who is at the greatest risk from reproductive hazards?A: Pregnant women are at greatest risk from chemicals that

harm the developing fetus. However, chemicals mayaffect the ability to have children, so both men and womenof childbearing age are at high risk.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------The following information is available from:

New Jersey Department of Health and Senior ServicesOccupational Disease and Injury ServicesTrenton, NJ 08625-0360(609) 984-1863

Industrial Hygiene InformationIndustrial hygienists are available to answer your questionsregarding the control of chemical exposures using exhaustventilation, special work practices, good housekeeping, goodhygiene practices, and personal protective equipment includingrespirators. In addition, they can help to interpret the results ofindustrial hygiene survey data.

Medical EvaluationIf you think you are becoming sick because of exposure tochemicals at your workplace, you may call a Department ofHealth and Senior Services physician who can help you find theservices you need.

Public PresentationsPresentations and educational programs on occupational healthor the Right to Know Act can be organized for labor unions,trade associations and other groups.

Right to Know Information ResourcesThe Right to Know Infoline (609) 984-2202 can answerquestions about the identity and potential health effects ofchemicals, list of educational materials in occupational health,references used to prepare the Fact Sheets, preparation of theRight to Know survey, education and training programs,labeling requirements, and general information regarding theRight to Know Act. Violations of the law should be reported to(609) 984-2202.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHLORINE DIOXIDE page 5 of 6

DEFINITIONS

ACGIH is the American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists. It recommends upper limits (called TLVs)for exposure to workplace chemicals.

A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer.

The CAS number is assigned by the Chemical AbstractsService to identify a specific chemical.

A combustible substance is a solid, liquid or gas that will burn.

A corrosive substance is a gas, liquid or solid that causesirreversible damage to human tissue or containers.

DEP is the New Jersey Department of EnvironmentalProtection.

DOT is the Department of Transportation, the federal agencythat regulates the transportation of chemicals.

EPA is the Environmental Protection Agency, the federalagency responsible for regulating environmental hazards.

A fetus is an unborn human or animal.

A flammable substance is a solid, liquid, vapor or gas that willignite easily and burn rapidly.

The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid or solidgives off vapor that can form a flammable mixture with air.

HHAG is the Human Health Assessment Group of the federalEPA.

IARC is the International Agency for Research on Cancer, ascientific group that classifies chemicals according to theircancer-causing potential.

A miscible substance is a liquid or gas that will evenly dissolvein another.

mg/m3 means milligrams of a chemical in a cubic meter of air.It is a measure of concentration (weight/volume).

MSHA is the Mine Safety and Health Administration, thefederal agency that regulates mining. It also evaluates andapproves respirators.

A mutagen is a substance that causes mutations. A mutation isa change in the genetic material in a body cell. Mutations canlead to birth defects, miscarriages, or cancer.

NAERG is the North American Emergency ResponseGuidebook. It was jointly developed by Transport Canada, theUnited States Department of Transportation and the Secretariatof Communications and Transportation of Mexico. It is a guidefor first responders to quickly identify the specific or generichazards of material involved in a transportation incident, and toprotect themselves and the general public during the initialresponse phase of the incident.

NCI is the National Cancer Institute, a federal agency thatdetermines the cancer-causing potential of chemicals.

NFPA is the National Fire Protection Association. It classifiessubstances according to their fire and explosion hazard.

NIOSH is the National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth. It tests equipment, evaluates and approves respirators,conducts studies of workplace hazards, and proposes standardsto OSHA.

NTP is the National Toxicology Program which tests chemicalsand reviews evidence for cancer.

OSHA is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration,which adopts and enforces health and safety standards.

PEOSHA is the Public Employees Occupational Safety andHealth Act, a state law which sets PELs for New Jersey publicemployees.

ppm means parts of a substance per million parts of air. It is ameasure of concentration by volume in air.

A reactive substance is a solid, liquid or gas that releasesenergy under certain conditions.

A teratogen is a substance that causes birth defects bydamaging the fetus.

TLV is the Threshold Limit Value, the workplace exposurelimit recommended by ACGIH.

The vapor pressure is a measure of how readily a liquid or asolid mixes with air at its surface. A higher vapor pressureindicates a higher concentration of the substance in air andtherefore increases the likelihood of breathing it in.

page 6 of 6>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> E M E R G E N C Y I N F O R M A T I O N <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Common Name: CHLORINE DIOXIDEDOT Number: NA 9191 (hydrate, frozen)

FORBIDDEN (gas)NAERG Code: 143CAS Number: 10049-04-4

Hazard rating NJDHSS NFPAFLAMMABILITY Not found Not Rated

REACTIVITY Not found Not Rated

EXPLOSIVEPOISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRECONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRETRANSPORT OF PURE GAS IS FORBIDDEN BY DOT

Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate;3=serious; 4=severe

FIRE HAZARDS

* Chlorine Dioxide gas is EXPLOSIVE at concentrations over10% and can be ignited by almost any form of ENERGY,including SUNLIGHT, HEAT, or SPARKS.

* Use water only. DO NOT USE CHEMICAL or CO2extinguishers. Use water with caution as Chlorine Dioxidereacts with water to form Hydrogen Chloride gas.

* Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.* POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE,

including Chlorine.* CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE OR HEAT.* If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained

and equipped as stated in OSHA 1910.156.

SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES

If gaseous or liquid Chlorine Dioxide is spilled or leaked, takethe following steps:

* Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment untilclean-up is complete.

* Remove all ignition sources.* Ventilate area of spill or leak.* If in the gaseous form, STOP THE FLOW OF GAS. If the

source of the leak is a cylinder, and the leak cannot bestopped, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in theopen air, and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.Pass the gas through a solution made up of a reducing agentsodium bisulfite and sodium bicarbonate, with a trap in theline.

* If in liquid form, allow Chlorine Dioxide to evaporate anddisperse while providing all available ventilation.

* Keep Chlorine Dioxide out of a confined space, such as asewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless thesewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosiveconcentrations.

* If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must beproperly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may beapplicable.

==============================================FOR LARGE SPILLS AND FIRES immediately call your firedepartment. You can request emergency information from thefollowing:

CHEMTREC: (800) 424-9300NJDEP HOTLINE: (609) 292-7172==============================================

HANDLING AND STORAGE (See page 3)

FIRST AID

In NJ, POISON INFORMATION 1-800-764-7661

Eye Contact* Immediately flush with large amounts of water. Continue

without stopping for at least 30 minutes, occasionally liftingupper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately.

Skin Contact* Quickly remove contaminated clothing. Immediately wash

area with large amounts of water. Seek medical attentionimmediately.

Breathing* Remove the person from exposure.* Begin rescue breathing if breathing has stopped and CPR if

heart action has stopped.* Transfer promptly to a medical facility.* Medical observation is recommended for 24 to 48 hours after

breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema may bedelayed.

PHYSICAL DATA

Vapor Pressure: Greater than 760 mm Hg at 68oF (20oC)

Water Solubility: Soluble

OTHER COMMONLY USED NAMES

Chemical Name:Chlorine OxideOther Names:Chlorine Peroxide; Chloroperoxyl; Doxcide 50

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Not intended to be copied and sold for commercialpurposes.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SENIOR SERVICESRight to Know ProgramPO Box 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368(609) 984-2202-----------------------------------------------------------------------------