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Chosun Dynasty 1392-1910 CE. 18. Yi Seung-kye is dispatched to repel Ming attack Concludes he can’t win Negotiates with invaders Returns to Kaesung and takes over city with Ming help Ming alliance New Chosun Dynasty Named by Ming Emperor 朝鮮 -- 조선 – “ Morning Calm ”. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chosun Dynasty1392-1910 CE
18
Chosun’s Beginnings:
Yi Seung-kye is dispatched to repel Ming attack Concludes he can’t win Negotiates with invaders Returns to Kaesung and takes over city with Ming help
Ming alliance New Chosun Dynasty
Named by Ming Emperor
朝鮮 -- 조선 – “ Morning Calm”
Ming China invades Korea 1392
Yi’s diagnosis of Koryo’s failings:
Buddhism – too influential
Confucianism is the answer Focus on Confucian relationships and virtues Five Relationships Hyo (filial piety) is the core virtue
Neo-Confucian orthodoxy
Chosun and Gender
Patrilocal marriage Rigid patriarchy Women’s roles
Strict obedience Produce a son Woman’s Three Lords:
Father … Husband … Son Strict Chastity
Chosun women’s small dagger
Religious intolerance
Buddhism Persecuted Driven out of cities Lands confiscated – hence: Mountain Temples Becomes a religion predominantly of women
Chosun Dynasty
Censorate system Confucian Secret Investigator
Focus on Scholarship: Sungkyunkwan University 1400s Focused on Confucian Scholarship Now a major, modern university
King Sejong: 1418-1450
Patron of Arts and Sciences Printing of Confucian
classics Moveable type used heavily
Hangul Commissioned Korea’s
Phonetic Script His most famous
accomplishment
Hideyoshi Invasion: 1592
Korea occupied, ransacked National treasures
destroyed Tremendous animosity
developed
Non’gae -- “Patriotic Kisaeng”
Turtle ships Korea Liberated Reemphasize Confucianism: Korea is the
last bastion of civilization… Korea as the Hermit Kingdom
Catholics Enter Korea: 1784
Two Korean Yangban Discover Catholicism in China
Convert Bring back Catholic books Teach Catholicism in Korea
French priests sneak in Chesa condemned as “worship” Catholicism not warmly welcomed by
government
Kim Taegon: (Andrew Kim), Korea’s first native priest.
Martyred 1847; Beatified 1925
Catholics In Korea
Silk letter 1801 Smuggled with tribute mission
to China Discovered Requested French intervention to ensure Catholic
rights in Korea Chesa Controversy
Catholics forbidden to perform Chesa Government declares Catholicism illegal
Catholic Pogroms: 1860s Thousands beheaded
French Respond with brief naval attack
Catholics In Korea
Catholics (mostly Yangban) retreat from public life
Live in small villages Make ceramic pots Kimchi Pots “Potter” is slang for
Catholic
Korea and the West
General Sherman incident 1866 American Merchant Marine Ship Sunk and burned
1871 retaliation for General Sherman US sends retaliatory naval strike
Pressure from Japan 1874: first unequal treaty – Japan
Grants Japan special rights in Korea Japan may intervene if other nations do Koreans recognize the threat, but are powerless to resist
Korea and the West
1882: first US Treaty “Good offices” clause
Korea sees it as mutual defense Protection from the real threat: Japan West, esp. US, seen as potential savior
from the more-threatening Japanese
Korea and the WestProtestants
1884 Dr. Horace AllenMD to the US ConsulatePresbyterian MissionaryHeals Korean Crown PrinceGranted one favor
Requests freedom of religion for Korea and missionary rights for Christianity
Protestants in Korea
Enter 1884 Adopt Nevius Method
Service: education, medical care, etc Focus on poor and women Cultivate local clergy and leadership ASAP Prepare for local church independence
Protestants in Korea
Bible (성경 ) is the first major work published in hangul (한글 ) – not Chinese
Prompts the beginning of Hangul literature movement
“The Board of Bible Translation”
Protestants in Korea
Presbyterian Structure Governance by “Elders”
Lay leaders play major role: High prestige Democratic, participatory structure Koreans flock to Presbyterians
Christians seen as connected with America America seen as the one hope for protection from Japan Western Education (in Christian Schools) seen as the key
to modernizing the nation Non-Christian Korean nationalists flock to Christian
schools for modern, Western education
Yonesi University: Original Hall Founded as
Yonsei school for Boys, 1885
Protestants in Korea
Provide Best education available
Become core to nationalist and modernization movements
Grow and develop rapidly
Develop a strong national network of hundreds of churches and many thousands of members by 1900
Ewha Women’s University:
Founded as Ewha School for Girls,
1885
Late Chosun Government:Decay and Stagnation
Government stagnates and tries to avoid reform or Western interaction as much as possible
Dominated by Conservative Queen Min
Queen Min, like China’s Empress Dowager, was a tyrannical traditionalist
Kabo Reforms: Attempt to modernize after Queen Min’s death Modernization effort, but too little, too late
Tonghak Rebellion
Tonghak Rebellion: 1894 (Eastern Learning) Nativist movement growing out of the Chundokyo
Religion (a native Korean religion borrowing both from Daoism and Christianity)
Deeply Anti foreign Chosun Government could not repress the Tonghaks Calls in China and Japan asserts 1874 treaty to follow
Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
Chosun Collapse
Chosun Weakened King even seeks protection in Russian Embassy Russo-Japanese War 1904-05
Russia forced to leave Korea becomes a Japanese protectorate
Meaning Japan “protects” (dominates) Korea
Kyongbok Palace: Center of Chosun rule
Japanese Occupation1910-1945
Koreans continue to look to US as potential savior
Look to Protestant churches as special connection to America
Japan annexes Korea 1910 Taft-Katsura Agreement US concurs secretly that Japan should lead to
modernize and develop Korea Protestant Missionaries agree:
Japan is the one modern Asian Nation Korean’s need Japanese tutelage Koreans today see this as a major betrayal