Chp. 11 GeneticsChp. 11 Genetics

Chp.11- 1 Chp.11- 1

- Heredity- Heredity

I. HeredityA. the passing of traits/genes from parent to child

II. GeneticsA. the study of heredityB. the traits/characteristics of an organism

Heredity is

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83%1. Passing of blood cells from parent to child

2. Passing of traits from parent to child

3. Passing of the dominant gene from parent to child

4. passing of the recessive gene from parent to child

Genetics refers to the

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1. Study of genes2. Study of blood

cells3. Study of heredity4. Study of where

you came from

III. Gregor MendelA. Austrian monkB. known as the Father of geneticsC. did experiments in the mid 1800s that led to the beginning of genetics

1.     used pea plants due to their fast growth rate 2.     self-pollination

a. the movement of male sex organs to female sex organs on the same plant to produce seeds

b.  Generation                  i.     grandparents – 1st generation                  ii.     parents – 2nd generation                iii.   children(you) – 3rd generation

c. P generation – the parents the were crossed

3. Self-pollinated tall pea plants a.  most plants were tall, but some short

b. got curious so expanded research c. continued self-pollination until all plants were tall

4. found when transferred male parts of short stems to parts of female short stem plants only short stem plants grew

a.   the P generation were homozygous or purebred true-breeding short stem b. true breeding short stem

5. when crossing tall-stem plants w/ other tall plants a. sometimes got all tall stem plants 1. the P generation were homozygous or purebred 2. true-breeding tall stem b. sometimes got some tall & some short stem plants 1. the P generation were heterozygous or hybrid 2. not true-breeding

IV. F1 generation

A. cross-pollination 1. movement of male sex organs of one plant to the female sex organs of a different plant B. Parent original plantC. F = filial 1.  means the son/daughter 2.  2nd generation or later 3.  F1

a.  First filial generation 4.  F2

a. Second filial generation

The movement of male sex organs to female sex organs on the same plant to produce seeds is known as _____________.

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50%

1. cross-pollination2. self-pollination3. no pollination4. Any of the above

The movement of male sex organs to female sex organs on different plants to produce seeds is known as _____________.

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1. self-pollination2. no pollination3. cross-

pollination4. any of the above

V. Genes A.    Units of heredity B.    Two types 1.  dominant a. the stronger gene b. represented by a capital letter 2.  recessive a. the weaker gene b.  represented by a lower case letter C.    Alleles 1.  a form of a gene 2.  examples – T, t, H, L, b

D.    Purebred 1.   also known as homozygous or true-bred 2.   when genes/alleles are alike a.   TT, tt, HH, ll E.    Hybrid 1. also known as heterozygous or non- truebred 2.  when genes/alleles are not alike a. Tt, Hh, Ll F. Inheriting traits/genes 1.  passed down from parent a. one from each parent 2.  if both parents are TT, then offspring will be TT 3.  if both parents are tt, then offspring will be tt 4.  if one parent is T and the other parent is t, there’s a 75% chance the offspring will show dominant trait

The hidden gene is known as

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1. the recessive gene.

2. the dominant gene.

3. a factor.4. any of the above

These are represented by capital letters.

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1. A factor2. An allele3. A dominant gene4. A recessive gene

When Mendel crossed pure tall plants with short plants, all the offspring were tall because the gene for tallness was _____.

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1. recessive2. dominant3. a factor4. sex-linked

These are represented by a lower case letter.

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1. A factor2. An allele3. A dominant

gene4. A recessive

gene

True/false: Purebred and hybrid are the same thing.

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1. True2. False

True/false: Heterozygous is represent like: Tt

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1. True2. False

A representation of a homozygous allele pair would be:

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1. Tt2. TT3. tt4. 1 & 25. 2 & 36. Any of the above7. None of the above

G.    Law of segregation 1.  states gene pairs separate during sex cell formation this means 1 alleles from each pair will go to each sex cell

H.    Law of independent assortment 1.   states that each gene pair for a trait is inherited separately from each other trait 2.   could get all dad’s traits or get all mom’s trait … one trait does not affect the other when receiving

  I.    Incomplete dominance 1. when neither gene/allele is neither dominant or recessive

VI. Punnett Square A. used to explain the cross between 2 parents/traits B.    created by Reginold C. Punnett C.    example: 1.  parent 1 - TT (tall) purebred/homozygous tall 2.  parent 2 - tt(short) purebred/homozygous short a. all F1 would be a hybrid tall

t

T T

Tt Tt

Tt Tt

t

D. if you cross 2 F1 generations:

 

T t T

t

TT Tt Tt tt

- 75% chance tall - 25% chance short

- 50% purebred/homozygous- 50% hybrid/heterozygous

-  - 25% purebred tall-  - 25% purebred short- - 50% hybrid tall

VII. Genotype & Phenotype

A.   Genotype 1. an organism’s combination of genes/alleles for a trait 2.  tt, TT, Tt

B.   Phenotype 1. the physical characteristic of what the trait will look like 2. tall, short

VIII. Mendel’s conclusions

A. when Mendel studied other traits in pea plants he realized traits were inherited the same way

B.  Factors 1.  info on a plant causing it to have certain traits 2.  traits that are passed down from parent to offspring 3. also known as a gene/allele

IX. Probability A. The possibility that an event may occur B. Is used to predict the results of genetics

crosses C. Probability of one experiment does not affect

the results in the next experiment 1. Example

a. A coin toss – what are the chances it will land

on headsi. 50% or 1 out of

2ii. No matter how

many times you flip the

coin it will always have a

50% chance of landing on

heads

The model used to show the crossing of traits is called____.

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1. Reginold’s Square

2. Punnett Square3. Round Square4. Anyone’s Square

Parent pass traits to their offspring through their

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1. blood2. traits3. factors4. genes

Having the alleles Bb would be and example of _____.

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33%1. phenotype2. genotype

Coloring of the eyes is an example of _____.

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60%

1. genotype 2. phenotype

assignment:

page 271 – review questions