Chpt 9 part ii - types of reactions 031604

Types of Chemical Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryPart TwoPart Two

Rev. 5/15/015/2/02

3/15/043/16/04

Pisgah High SchoolPisgah High SchoolM. JonesM. Jones

Types of ReactionsTypes of Reactions1.1. Synthesis (combination)Synthesis (combination)2.2. DecompositionDecomposition3.3. Single ReplacementSingle Replacement4.4. Double ReplacementDouble Replacement5.5. Acid-Base NeutralizationAcid-Base Neutralization6.6. Combustion of hydrocarbonCombustion of hydrocarbon

Synthesis ReactionsSynthesis ReactionsGeneral format: A + B General format: A + B CC A = compound or elementA = compound or element B = compound or elementB = compound or element C = compoundC = compound

Always a single productAlways a single product

2 H2 H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g) (g) H H22O(l)O(l)

Decomposition ReactionsDecomposition ReactionsGeneral Format: A General Format: A B + CB + C A = compoundA = compound

B = compound or elementB = compound or element

C = compound or elementC = compound or element

Always a single reactantAlways a single reactant

HH22O(l) O(l) 2 H 2 H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g)(g)

Most single replacement Most single replacement and double replacement and double replacement reactions involve the reactions involve the interaction of ions.interaction of ions.

CationCation = =

AnionAnion = =

Ions either have a positive Ions either have a positive charge or a negative charge.charge or a negative charge.

Positively Positively charged ioncharged ionNegatively Negatively charged ioncharged ion

AnionAnionAA NNegative egative IonIon

AANNIonIon

Single Replacement ReactionsSingle Replacement ReactionsGeneral Format: General Format:

M + LA M + LA MA + L MA + L M and L = metals, A = anionM and L = metals, A = anion

X + CY X + CY CX + Y CX + YX and Y = nonmetals, C = cationX and Y = nonmetals, C = cation

element + compd element + compd element + compd element + compd

Zn(s) + Cu(NOZn(s) + Cu(NO33))22 Zn(NO Zn(NO33))22 + Cu(s) + Cu(s)

Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement Reactions

General Format: General Format: AB + CD AB + CD AD + CB AD + CB

compd + compd compd + compd compd + compd compd + compdA reaction occurs when A reaction occurs when

a precipitate is formed.a precipitate is formed.

ZnClZnCl22(aq) + 2 AgNO(aq) + 2 AgNO33(aq) (aq)

2 AgCl(s) + Zn(NO2 AgCl(s) + Zn(NO33))22(aq) (aq)

Acid-Base Neutralization ReactionsAcid-Base Neutralization Reactions

General Format: General Format:

HA + BOH HA + BOH BA + HOH BA + HOH

Acid-base neutralization Acid-base neutralization reactions are actually double reactions are actually double replacement reactions.replacement reactions.

Acid-Base Neutralization ReactionsAcid-Base Neutralization Reactions

General Format: General Format:

HA + BOH HA + BOH BA + HOH BA + HOHacid + base acid + base salt + water salt + water

Water is the insoluble “precipitate”Water is the insoluble “precipitate”

HCl(aq) + NaOHHCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) (aq)

NaCl(aq) + HOHNaCl(aq) + HOH (l)(l)

Combustion Of HydrocarbonsCombustion Of HydrocarbonsGeneral Format: General Format:

CCxxHHyy + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OOhydrocarbon + oxygen hydrocarbon + oxygen

carbon dioxide + watercarbon dioxide + water

CC33HH88(g)+ 5 O(g)+ 5 O22(g)(g)

3 CO3 CO22(g) + 4 H(g) + 4 H22O(g)O(g)

Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:

1.1. NaNa22COCO33 Na Na22O + COO + CO22

2.2. MgClMgCl22 + F + F22 MgF MgF22 + Cl + Cl22

3.3. 2SO2SO22 + O + O22 2SO 2SO33

4.4. 2HI + Ba(OH)2HI + Ba(OH)22 BaI BaI22 + 2HOH + 2HOH

5.5. CC55HH1212 + 8O + 8O22 5CO 5CO22 + 6H + 6H22OO

6.6. ZnClZnCl22 + Pb(NO + Pb(NO33))22

PbClPbCl2 2 (s) + Zn(NO(s) + Zn(NO33))22


1.1. NaNa22COCO33 Na Na22O + COO + CO22

DecompositionDecomposition


2.2. MgClMgCl22 + F + F22 MgF MgF22 + Cl + Cl22

Single replacementSingle replacement


3.3. 2SO2SO22 + O + O22 2SO 2SO33

SynthesisSynthesis


4.4. 2HI + Ba(OH)2HI + Ba(OH)22 BaI BaI22 + 2HOH + 2HOH

Acid/base neutralizationAcid/base neutralization


5.5. CC55HH1212 + 8O + 8O22 5CO 5CO22 + 6H + 6H22OO

Complete combustion Complete combustion of a hydrocarbonof a hydrocarbon


6.6. ZnClZnCl22 + Pb(NO + Pb(NO33))22

PbClPbCl2 2 (s) + Zn(NO(s) + Zn(NO33))22

Double replacementDouble replacement

Predicting the Predicting the Products of Products of

Chemical Reactions.Chemical Reactions.

Synthesis ReactionsSynthesis Reactions1.1. Metal + OMetal + O22 metal oxide metal oxide

2.2. Nonmetal + ONonmetal + O22 nonmetal oxide nonmetal oxide

3.3. Metal + nonmetal Metal + nonmetal salt salt

4.4. Water + metal oxide Water + metal oxide metal OH metal OH-- (base)(base)

5.5. Water + nonmetal oxide Water + nonmetal oxide oxyacid oxyacid Metal oxide = basic anhydride

Nonmetal oxide = acid anhydrideAnhydride (anhydrous) = “without water”

Decomposition ReactionsDecomposition Reactions1.1. Metal carbonates Metal carbonates metal oxide + CO metal oxide + CO22

2.2. Metal bicarbonate Metal bicarbonate metal oxide + metal oxide + COCO22 + H + H22OO

3.3. Metal oxide Metal oxide metal + O metal + O22

4.4. Metal hydroxide Metal hydroxide metal oxide + H metal oxide + H22OO

5.5. Oxygen-containing salts Oxygen-containing salts salt + O salt + O22

6.6. Hydrates Hydrates salt + H salt + H22OO

Predicting the products of Predicting the products of single replacement reactions …single replacement reactions …

A single replacement reaction A single replacement reaction occurs when …occurs when …… … one element changes from one element changes from

the elemental state to an the elemental state to an ionic state and replaces a ionic state and replaces a

second ion in a compound.second ion in a compound.

Consider this single Consider this single replacement reaction:replacement reaction:

Fe(s) + CuClFe(s) + CuCl22(aq) (aq)

Use the replacement series, and look at iron and copper.

Since Fe is above Cu in the replacement series, the Fe will replace Cu.



… the copper ions comes out of solution as solid, metallic copper.

FeClFeCl33(aq)(aq) + Cu(s)+ Cu(s)The Fe replaces the copper and goes into solution as Fe+3 ions (the Fe dissolves)…


FeClFeCl33(aq)(aq) + Cu(s)+ Cu(s)


The final balanced equation is …

33

332222

Predicting the products of Predicting the products of double replacement reactions …double replacement reactions …A double replacement reaction A double replacement reaction

occurs when there is … occurs when there is … … … an insoluble product, an insoluble product,

(a precipitate).(a precipitate).Use the solubility rules to Use the solubility rules to

determine if one or more products determine if one or more products are insoluble in water.are insoluble in water.

Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement ReactionsConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between

solutions of barium nitrate and solutions of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate:sodium sulfate:

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

BaSO4

What is the formula for the product that contains barium?



Ba(NO3)2(aq)

BaSO4

What is the formula for the other product?

+ 2 NaNO3

+ Na2SO4(aq)



Ba(NO3)2(aq)

BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3

Which of the two is insoluble in water?

+ Na2SO4(aq)

The BaSO4 gets an (s) or “down arrow”



Ba(NO3)2(aq)

BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3 (aq)Since NaNO3 is soluble in water,

put an (aq).

+ Na2SO4(aq)

Predicting the Products of Predicting the Products of Neutralization ReactionsNeutralization Reactions

Neutralization reactions are in the Neutralization reactions are in the same format as double same format as double replacement reactions.replacement reactions.

Acid + base Acid + base salt + water salt + waterThe formation of water is what The formation of water is what

drives an acid-base reaction.drives an acid-base reaction.

Neutralization ReactionNeutralization ReactionConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:

HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq)

Write the formulas for the reactants.


HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq) acid base

Which is the acid, and which is the base?


HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq) acid base

Ca(NOCa(NO33))22(aq)(aq)salt

What is the formula of the salt that is produced?


HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq) Ca(NOCa(NO33))22(aq)(aq)

acid base

saltFinally, add the formula for water.

It is the “insoluble product.”

water+ HOH(l)+ HOH(l)

Many of these reactions are Many of these reactions are REDOX reactions.REDOX reactions.

REDOX reactions involve…REDOX reactions involve…

OxidationOxidation and and

ReductionReduction

Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation – the loss Oxidation – the loss of electronsof electrons

Reduction – the gain Reduction – the gain of electronsof electrons


… … involve an involve an exchange of exchange of electrons electrons which causes …which causes …

… … a a change in the oxidation change in the oxidation numbernumber of two or more of two or more elements.elements.

MostMost synthesis, synthesis, decompositiondecomposition and and combustion combustion reactions are reactions are redox reactions.redox reactions.

All All single replacement single replacement reactions are redox.reactions are redox.


Reactions which can be Reactions which can be redoxredox::

1.1. Synthesis (combination)Synthesis (combination)2.2. DecompositionDecomposition3.3. Single ReplacementSingle Replacement4.4. Double ReplacementDouble Replacement5.5. Acid-Base NeutralizationAcid-Base Neutralization6.6. CombustionCombustion


FeClFeCl33(aq)(aq) + Cu(s)+ Cu(s)

33

3322

22

Redox Reaction: single replacementRedox Reaction: single replacement

00 +2 -1+2 -1

+3 -1+3 -1 00

You will study redox You will study redox reactions in more detail reactions in more detail later in the semester.later in the semester.

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Chpt 9 part ii - types of reactions 031604