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Christian Europe600-1200
1. Describe the political development of Europe after the fall of Rome. What factors led to the development of feudalism?
2. Who were the Vikings and what effect did they have on Europe?
3. Describe the political and religious significance of the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire.
4. What are the root causes of the split between the Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) churches?
5. What were the causes and impact of the Crusades?
I. Fall of Rome
1. 476 CE Rome falls to Visigoth invaders
2. Centralized government disappears
3. Loss of Greek and Roman learning and common language
4. Transportation, trade and communication halts
II. Long Term Effects
1. Constant warfare/invasions
2. Cities abandoned as economic/political centers
3. Population becomes rural: Political, economic, cultural change in W. Europe
4. Feudalism develops
III. Stages of Middle Ages
1. (476-750): No unity. Several small kingdoms form: Franks, Visigoths, Saxons– Viking raids begin
• William the Conqueror invades England 1066
2. (750-814)- Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne (747-814) prevents Muslims from invading W. Europe. – Some strength/unity but still quite fragmented
3. (815-1050)- Carolingian Empire falls apart and feudalism becomes dominant social and political system
KINGS
NOBLES(LORDS)NOBLES(LORDS)
KNIGHTS
PESANTS/SERFS
• Divides and distributes land (feifdoms)
• Pledges loyalty• Sends military when requested
• Provides shelter, protection and means to produce food (serfs)
•Pledges loyalty•Serves in noble’s military
•Provides shelter, protection and land
•Farms the land•Pays rent and taxes
Social Structure• Nobles- wealthy ruling class that
owned all the land: kings, lords, knights
• Serfs- largest but poorest part of population. Did most of labor.
• Freemen- lived in town; craftsmen who made/sold goods. Not naturally part of feudal system.
Manorial System• Large estates that were
able to meet all of their own needs
• Smaller farmers ceded land to nobles for protection
• Made up of fields, small town w/ a mill and workshops, a church, and castle
4. (1050-1300)- Rise of national monarchs brings some stability– Agricultural revolution allows for population increase– Commercial revival: Trade starts up again, cities are repopulated
IV. Western Church
1. Headed by pope
2. Crowned Holy Roman Emperor (962) in attempt to combine religious/political power
3. Investiture Controversy: rulers/popes disagreed over appointing bishops
4. Monasticism-• Celibacy, devotion to prayer,
isolation• Monasteries were centers of
learning, inns, refuge for widows
V. Byzantine Empire1. Emperor was head of
church: Patriarch
2. Foreign threats:– Sassanids (Iran)– Muslim Arabs take Syria,
Egypt, and Tunisia
3. Schism 1054- split w/ Western Church
4. Constantinople: well-supplied but rural areas suffered
5. Body of Civil Law (Corpus Juris Civilis)- later became basis for W. European civil law
VI. Kievan Russia
1. Poor land- wealth depended on trade
2. Major cities: Kiev and Novgorod
3. Vladimir I (980) adopted Orthodox Christianity
VII. Crusades (1100-1250)
1. Causes:• Religious zeal- wanted to liberate
Holy Land• Knights willing to fight for church• Desire for land by Euro. Nobility• Trade interests
2. Impact:• Ended Europe’s intellectual
isolation! Examples?
