Series EditorsWolfgang Vondey

University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK

Amos Yong School of Intercultural Studies Fuller Theological Seminary

Pasadena, CA, USA

Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies

Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies provides a forum for scholars from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, various global locations, and a range of Christian ecumenical and religious traditions to explore issues at the intersection of the pentecostal, charismatic, and other renewal movements and related phenomena, including: the trans-forming and renewing work of the Holy Spirit in Christian traditions, cultures, and creation; the traditions, beliefs, interpretation of sacred texts, and scholarship of the renewal movements; the religious life, including the spirituality, ethics, history, and liturgical and other prac-tices, and spirituality of the renewal movements; the social, economic, political, transnational, and global implications of renewal movements; methodological, analytical, and theoretical concerns at the intersection of Christianity and renewal; intra-Christian and interreligious comparative studies of renewal and revitalization movements; other topics connect-ing to the theme of Christianity and renewal. Authors are encouraged to examine the broad scope of religious phenomena and their interpre-tation through the methodological, hermeneutical, and historiographical lens of renewal in contemporary Christianity. Under the general topic of thoughtful reflection on Christianity and renewal, the series includes two different kinds of books: (1) monographs that allow for in-depth pursuit, carefully argued, and meticulously documented research on a particular topic that explores issues in Christianity and renewal; and (2) edited col-lections that allow scholars from a variety of disciplines to interact under a broad theme related to Christianity and renewal. In both kinds, the series encourages discussion of traditional pentecostal and charismatic studies, reexamination of established religious doctrine and practice, and explorations into new fields of study related to renewal movements. Interdisciplinarity will feature in the series both in terms of two or more disciplinary approaches deployed in any single volume and in terms of a wide range of disciplinary perspectives found cumulatively in the series.

More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14894

Naar M’fundisi-Holloway

Pentecostal and Charismatic

Spiritualities and Civic Engagement in

Zambia

Naar M’fundisi-HollowayTerritorial Headquarters

of the Salvation ArmyLondon, UK

Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary StudiesISBN 978-3-319-97057-8 ISBN 978-3-319-97058-5 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97058-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949899

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover image by Naar M’Fundisi-Holloway

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

This book is a dedication to my dear mother, Regina Tonga Mufundisi (1942–2002), who I loved dearly and was the epitome of a woman with a

beautiful heart.

And my father, Grey Luke Mufundisi (1940–2009), whose sense of adventure always inspired me to see and experience life through the lenses of

an explorer.

Zororai Murughare Amai na Baba (RIP)

vii

Preface

The current study contributes to the development of a discourse surrounding the ways in which Pentecostal and Charismatic attitudes have been shaped and reshaped by issues at the core of Zambia’s civic concerns.

Tracing the historical development of Pentecostalism in Zambia and exploring the nation’s history of civic engagement, the primary areas of examination will include both political activism and various attempts at addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. For the purposes of this study, community organization around addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic is here understood as political activism and not merely as health care advocacy. Attempts at Pentecostal civic engagement are traced in post- colonial Zambia, from independence in 1964 during the Kenneth Kaunda era, until 2012. It has been discovered that the Pentecostals’ delay in engaging effectively in this area, as compared to mainline churches can be attributed to the following factors (among others): a history that eschewed civic engagement (which they deemed ungodly), their minimal numbers (making it difficult for them to become a pow-erful influential force), their fragmented voice as a movement, the for-mation of unhealthy relationships with heads of state in the past (which proved detrimental to their prophetic voice) and an overemphasis on prayer as opposed to praxis in dealing with social issues. What will be evi-dent is the relationship between religion and society and ways in which Pentecostal and Charismatic beliefs and practices have had an impact on civic issues and vice versa.

viii PREFACE

Between June 2009 and September 2013, the author engaged inter alia on both intensive and extensive ethnographic research in Lusaka, conducted over 50 interviews with major church leaders, distributed 300 questionnaires (with a response of 265), attended 20 gatherings of her focus group, and visited 3 HIV/AIDS clinics in Lusaka over a 4 year period. This research focused on leaders and members of mainly Pentecostal and Charismatic churches, and also on workers in integrated health care centres as well as in other institutions set up by some of these churches. The majority of the interviews were conducted in Lusaka, except two which were held in Kitwe and Luanshya.

What makes the current study viable and innovative is that to date, no comprehensive research has been conducted in the area of Pentecostal and Charismatic civic engagement in the Republic of Zambia.

London, UK Naar M’fundisi-Holloway

ix

acknowledgements

Research for this book took me on an interesting journey for a number of years. There were many lows along the way. However, I also encoun-tered a number of things that gave me a reason to keep going when the going got tough. This thesis has roots in Zambia, my home country, where I was born and spent my exciting formative years. Though my Christian roots lie within the Salvation Army, it gave me great pleasure to write something that would demonstrate the role that Zambia has played in the growth and development of the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement across the globe.

First of all I would like to give thanks to the almighty God because with him all things are possible. I am greatly indebted to Professor Allan Anderson my supervisor, who planted this seed in me by encourag-ing me to write something about Frederick Chiluba, former President of Zambia. It is from there that my thesis developed. I would like to thank Dr. Richard Burgess who was very supportive during the two years (2010–2012) we worked on the John Templeton Pentecostal Charismatic Research Initiative. Thank you for working very hard with other staff in the department to secure funding that helped me continue with my studies. I would like to thank Professor Allan Anderson, Dr. Richard Burgess and Dr. Mark Cartledge for their invaluable suggestions through the years which helped improve my thesis. I also want to thank Dr. Nimi Wariboko for his invaluable advice and reading through my drafts at short notices. A special thank you to Dr. John Padwick for being so gracious as to read through my drafts towards the end.

x ACKNoWLEDGEMENTS

I spent a number of months in Zambia in the between 2009 and 2013 doing field research for my Ph.D. Therefore, I would like to thank all the Bishops, Reverends and Pastors in the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement that gave me audience when I desperately needed it to conduct interviews, as well as giving me other leads that would help me with my research. Special thanks go to Reverend Pius Chisha of Lakeroad Destiny Centre in Lusaka, who grew to become my friend, my encourager and confidant during this season. Thank you to Bishop Joshua Banda Senior Pastor of Northmead Assemblies of God who allowed me to conduct research at the church’s Circle of Hope Family HIV/AIDS Clinic. I would also like to thank Pastor Helmut Reutter, Senior Pastor of Gospel outreach Fellowship, who allowed me to do the same at his church’s Chreso HIV/AIDS clinic. Thank you to all the staff at both clinics who were very cooperative and helpful during my data collection. Thank you to Bishop Imakando, Bishop George Mbulo, Pastor Eddie Chansa, Bishop N’gambi, the late Bishop Sky Banda, Bishop Peter Ndhlovu and Bishop Eddie Mulenga, for showing me great kindness by taking time out of their busy schedules and allowing me to interview them. A special thank you to Pastor Bruce Msidi and Pastor Hannah Ndhlovu of Mount Zion Christian Centre for welcoming me into their church and making me feel a part of their church family. Thank you to Pastor Lawrence Temfwe for having so much faith in me. Your Monday Issue writings not only kept me up breast with what was hap-pening in Zambia while in the United Kingdom, but they truly inspired me and spoke exactly what was on my heart.

I would like to thank all the numerous friends I have across the globe that had more faith in me than I did in myself. Thank you to Dr. Uthman Mumisa for introducing me to the University of Birmingham. I appreciate your invaluable advise on issues pertaining to academia. A heartfelt thank you to my brother in law Mr. Cuthbert Kasonde for all that you did from the time I was in high school to the present. You inspired me in many ways. To Dr. Eric Williams, thank you for being a dependable friend, encourager, cheerleader and advisor and teaching me the essence of ‘soul struggle’. Bishop Delroy Hall, you were a great friend and source of support even when I didn’t see much of you. You truly have a shepherd’s heart.

To my dearest friend Eunice, thank you for being you. Bonaventure Pongaponga you have proven yourself to be a true friend throughout my time of study, thank you for everything. To my colleague and dear

ACKNoWLEDGEMENTS xi

brother Shafaquat Hussain, thank you for all those laughs that helped me release a lot of tension during this journey. Thank you Glynis Jones my boss who gave me time off work to conduct my research. Mark Colclough, thank you for making this journey easier on numerous occa-sions and coming to my aid so generously on numerus occasions. Thank you to aunty Tendai (the prayer warrior) who encouraged and prayed for me throughout this journey. You are such a blessing. Thank you to my church friends, Andrea and Elder Kevin Hutchinson for your con-stant support. Thank you to Bishop Melvin and Pastor Yvonne Brooks for praying for me. A massive thank you to Juilia and Cyrille Regis (RIP) for being so gracious and opening your home to me. You always made sure I was well fed and made numerous trips to my library to deliver yummy home cooked meals. What a blessing! My ‘Muface,’ Simbarashe Mafemera, thank you for rooting for me to the very end. A big thank you to my dear aunty Charity who has been there for me from the moment I set foot in Birmingham. You took me into your home and cared for me like I was your own child. Thanks to my beloved niece Chimuka, the little sister I never had, for sharing your room with me. I would like to thank my friends Fatema and Nawaid who selflessly drove me to the bindery when I was within hours of submission of my the-sis and the pressure was desperately on. While many of my other friends encouraged me through cooked meals, others spoke positively into my life of which I am totally grateful.

I would like to thank my dear husband Andrew Holloway for being the best husband ever. Baby thank you for your unconditional love, care and support. You always give me a reason to keep going even when things seem impossible.

Lastly, may I give thanks to my dear late dad Baba Grey Luke Mufundisi and my dear late mother Regina Tonga Mufundisi, who loved their youngest daughter dearly but sadly did not live long enough to see this come to fruition. I am also greatly indebted to my brothers Glen and Griffine, and sisters Taurai and Fredah, nieces and nephews who walked this journey with me. Thank you for your unwavering support, love and for the numerous prayers and words of encouragement.

There is a saying that goes, ‘it takes a whole village to raise a child.’ In my case, it took an international village to help me complete my Ph.D. thesis which has now turned into this book. God was definitely my pro-vider and covered all bases by brining all these people into my life, each with an assigned role to play to ensure my success.

xiii

contents

1 Constructing the Identity of Pentecostal/Charismatic Christianity in Zambia: Zambia’s Religious Landscape 1Identifying the Gap 3Significance 5Overview of Pentecostal Charismatic Christianity in Zambia 6Methods 12Working Definitions 21Structure 24

2 The History of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity in Zambia 35Pentecostal Churches: Apostolic Faith Mission 38Pentecostal Holiness Church 40Pentecostal Assemblies of God Zambia 41Apostolic Faith Church 44Church of God 46Charismatic Churches: Bread of Life Church International 48Bible Gospel Church in Africa 50The Reformers Group 51The Pentecostal/Charismatic Impact on Zambia’s Religious Culture 53Noticeable Changes Within the Movement: Civic Engagement 59Conclusion 61

xiv CoNTENTS

3 ‘Zambia Shall Be Free!’ Exorcizing Dictatorial Regimes, Embracing Democracy and Civic Engagement (1964–1991) 77Church and State Relations During the Kaunda Era 78Post-colonial Zambia with Kenneth David Kaunda 78Church–State Antagonism: Alice Lenshina and the Lumpa Church 81Pentecostals and Charismatics: Presence or Obscurity? 84An Evaluation of Pentecostal/Charismatic Minimal Civic Engagement in the Kaunda Era 92Beliefs and Practices 93The Closing Years of Kaunda and Birth of a Democrat, Frederick Chiluba 98Conclusion 99

4 ‘The Hour Has Come!’ Born-Again Christians and Their Influence on Democratic Zambia 1991–2002 111Frederick Chiluba 112The Return to Democracy 113Frederick Chiluba as Black Moses 114Pentecostal and Charismatic Contributions to Electoral Processes (1991): Zambia Elections Monitoring and Coordinating Committee ZEMCC 115‘The Hour Has Come!’ Chiluba as Democratic President of Zambia 120The Declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation: A Premature Declaration? 122Pentecostal Charismatic Contributions to Electoral Processes (2001): The Oasis Forum; Working Against Chiluba’s Third Term Bid 136Conclusion 137

5 Towards an Evaluation of Pentecostal and Charismatic Political Engagement Post the Chiluba Era (2001–2012) 153Distinctive Characteristics, Spiritual Practices and Experiences of Pentecostal/Charismatic Christians 156The Prosperity Gospel: Current Trends 157

CoNTENTS xv

Motivation for Civic (Political) Engagement 165Politics and Pentecostal Christianity in Zambia 168Conclusion 199

6 ‘Zambia Shall Be Saved!’ Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS 217Pentecostal and Charismatic Responses to HIV/AIDS 218State Responses to HIV/AIDS 222HIV/AIDS and the Church in Zambia 224Initial Reaction of the Religious Community to AIDS: The Interface Between Pentecostalism and Public Health 225Chreso Clinic 229Circle of Hope (ART) Family Clinic 233Expanded Church Response to HIV/AIDS Trust in Zambia 234Conclusion 239

7 Conclusion 251Significance 251Summary and Observations 253Conclusion 265Recommendations for Future Research 266

Appendix A 269

Appendix B 279

Appendix C 287

Sources and Bibliography 291

Index 325

xvii

abbreviations and acronyms

ACZ Apostolic Church in ZambiaAFACA Apostolic Faith and Acts Church in AfricaAFC Apostolic Faith ChurchAFM Apostolic Faith MissionAoGZ Assemblies of God ZambiaART Antiretroviral TreatmentARV AntiretroviralBIGoCA Bible Gospel Church in Central AfricaBLCI Bread of Life Church InternationalCCJP Catholic Commission for Justice and PeaceCCZ Council of Churches in ZambiaCoG Church of GodECR Expanded Church Response to HIV/AIDSEFZ Evangelical Fellowship of ZambiaEU European UnionFBo Faith-Based organizationFGCoG Full Gospel Church of GodFoDEP Foundation for Democratic ProgressGMMI Grace Ministries Mission InternationalGoF Gospel outreach FellowshipGoMI Gospel outreach Ministry InternationalHIPC Highly Indebted Poor CountriesICoZ Independent Churches of ZambiaIFCC International Fellowship of Christian ChurchesJCC Jubilee Christian CentreJCTR Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection

xviii ABBREVIATIoNS AND ACRoNYMS

LAZ Law Association of ZambiaMDG Millennium Development GoalsMDRI Multilateral Debt Relief InitiativeMMD Movement for Multi-Party DemocracyNCC National Citizens CoalitionNCC National Constitutional ConferenceNDIIA National Democratic Institute for International AffairsNEToZ National Evangelistic Task of ZambiaNGo Non-Governmental organizationNGoCC Non-Governmental organizations Coordinating CommitteeNUBEG National Union for Builders, Engineers and General WorkersoF oasis ForumoVC orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenPAoG Pentecostal Assemblies of GodPAoGC Pentecostal Assemblies of God CanadaPAoGZ Pentecostal Assemblies of God ZambiaPC Pentecostal and CharismaticPCRI Pentecostal Charismatic Research InitiativePEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS ReliefPHC Pentecostal Holiness ChurchPLWHA People Living With HIV/AIDSPRP People’s Redemption PartyRCCG Redeemed Christian Church of GodRCZ Reformed Church in ZambiaSADC Southern African Development CommunitySDA Seventh Day AdventistSITG Standing in the GapSTI Sexually Transmitted InfectionTALST Touch a Life Social ThrustTB TuberculosisTBN Trinity Broadcasting NetworkUCZ United Church of ZambiaUNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund (formerly United Nations

International Emergency Fund)UNIP United National Independence PartyUNZA University of ZambiaUPND United Party for National DevelopmentUTH University Teaching HospitalVCT Voluntary Counseling and TestingWHo World Health organizationZCCB Zambia Conference of Catholic BishopsZCPT Zambia Prevention, Care and Treatment Program

ABBREVIATIoNS AND ACRoNYMS xix

ZCTU Zambia Congress of Trade UnionsZEC Zambia Episcopal ConferenceZEMCC Zambia Elections Monitoring Coordinating CommitteeZIMT Zambia Independent Monitoring Team

xxi

list of figures

Fig. 2.1 Pastor Eddie Chansa, Myself and Pastor Helmut Reutter: The two were founders of the Reformers Movement at Gospel outreache Fellowship (GoF), Lusaka 2011 54

Fig. 2.2 Radio Christian Voice, Massmedia—Lusaka 2013 62Fig. 2.3 Lifeline Community Church, Hellen Kaunda and Deliverance

Church in Kalingalinga—Lusaka 2011 62Fig. 2.4 Pentecostal Holiness Church in Zambia General Conference

(August 2011)—Lusaka 63Fig. 2.5 Bishop Edgar N’gambi Founder of Praise Christian

Centre—Lusaka 2011 63Fig. 2.6 Acts 1:8 Conference, Finale at Grace Ministries Church 2011;

Acts 1:8 Conference at Northemead Assembly of God PAoGZ, Lusaka 2011 64

Fig. 2.7 Redeemed Christian Church of God, Kalingalinga—Lusaka 2012 65

Fig. 2.8 Gilgal Missions Centre (PAoGZ) in Chelstone, Lusaka 2011 65Fig. 2.9 Apostolic Faith Mission in Zambia—Lusaka 2012 66Fig. 2.10 Bishop John Mambo, Former overseer of Church of God

in Zambia and East Africa 2011 66Fig. 2.11 Acts 1:8 Conference in Lusaka—Senior PAoGZ Bishops

(J. Banda and H. Sakala) and Canadian PAoC Leaders Praying for Declarations 2011 67

Fig. 2.12 Bible Gospel Church in Africa (BIGoCA)—Matero, Lusaka 2011 67

Fig. 3.1 Pastor Danny Pule at Dunamis Christian Centre—Lusaka 2011 91

xxii LIST oF FIGURES

Fig. 5.1 Mount Zion Christian Centre Handing out Food and Clothing at Moore House Skills and Empowerment Centre in Kalikiliki Compound, Lusaka August 2012 161

Fig. 5.2 Women of Influence Tea Party at Barak Ministries, Massmedia—Lusaka 2011 175

Fig. 5.3 The Jesus Cares for Souls Event—Lusaka 2009 185Fig. 5.4 EFZ National Peace-Building Initiative Prayer Meeting

for the Presidential Elections: Woodlands Stadium, Lusaka 2011 194

Fig. 6.1 Chisamba clinic 2011 222Fig. 6.2 Gospel outreach Fellowship—Lusaka 2011 230Fig. 6.3 Circle of hope family clinic in Lusaka—Makeni 2011 234

xxiii

maP of Zambia