Christie D, Blyde P, Hartley W. Thiamine deficiency in cheetah.

Keywords: 1Afr/Acinonyx jubatus/cheetah/disease/sickness/Thiamine deficiency/zoo

Abstract: Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo had several incidences of sickness and death in Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus. These incidences are now thought to have resulted from Thiamine deficiency. The events leading to this conclusion, the various other options pursued, and the preventative measures taken will be discussed. The implications for the management of other collections and the incidence of disease outbreak in Cheetah will also be discussed.

4

Thieine Deftctdcy h cne6t.n

zoo. Drbbo has nad s€veral iacidences or stctn4e and de.in Incne.tan, acl,oru Juta.u6. lnese lncid€lcesfron Tllihtne deflcl4cy. Tt€ €vents leadtrg to rhts concruston, ih€ varlons

- 's Laken w i r r be d ls .u 's .d .fre inDlic.Lidasdiseas! outbr€ak ra c'heetah ':irr also be discussed.

br Pere! ctrtstie, D! Davtd Blyde

I,restefr Prains zoo has herd cheekh 3ia.e 1973 . Dur1ns tnis tine five 11rter5cuhs have be :nc bom. o f -heee , - i r e cubs eud lved ra

i eDeno.i.e. DN inc rhe ede oei:od elefrt han ' fd r uee l t s o lo , t h . r "nd jnd " r be ins adu r t s .as an usa r : s ra ( !o r l l y \ i s

Tabre on.. cneetal Birtns

ArrzPA cheet"n slP i' Jr'c q'trd-yfecund l l i and h i ch ao r la r : N tn A r . r ' d1 popu la r :on 15 no r ee l t3L3 t . l n lne . Due Lo Ln :s unsa l l s fac to . y 5 ta t€ s iC l i r i canLbe in r cond lc ted on' {u l - i L ion , B .hav loL r , Mor ta l t r v , s "ne r i cs , and l n l . c - :o rs d l seas€s w i t } a a lbor inproving the relroa!.tlve and lortatity r.tes.

The AatlaL.s1a AsrrP stntlarly has r.ried on cotlnled lnportatto. tomirtain sufflclent nqhels ln captivity,

L : t d L d n d I t : . . n e _ rchee !a^ r " i t os ! t r Ep le - i c va r i d r :on .

ev€ rv o rh ; i c1 "e l "h . ?ne i ! e re . ' . ooind i ;a ' "d no vd r idL ion

ioen k . r L I r " v " - v o be r' o l l d b o r " ! e ; - F e i r r e ; u - . s " - r h ! L j n

rs nrpreaedenred

-h : , cPP: -1 ' onomoro l Lsmi ine :n .he P" ' -

sene Doo- ov o r a - -e l " s . I t e aPo . re l r, Jcn qaner - ' i i - am r . o -he spec - . s I n . l Ldc d i r f : cJ - y i '

t r p i ; e b reed 'ag , h i sn Ie !e - , o r i " "nL no r ' "1 : ) , h l s " ' - equenc ) o rsDarha_ora . 4bnornd l i L i " s d

l s n D y ^ f o . a d o ( h c " r P ' d h . . D e! j l d . h o l e d ! h ' � g ]

: n o ( h . . s p . i 4 s ,

whersbl€ io

Prahs zoo dealhs

hdve exper ie ' d -agnos i s o ' o ' se "s "chee l "h DaDura r -ons , a re d l scussed .

also rerorts cheetah as susceltlnle Lo copper deficien.y.103s of co-ordiration

ot tla Nesrernot cheetah blologv

ar orbei insrlrtrrions,

assaciated viLh cheerah dearh: Felinernfectious Peflroriris (FrP), cop!.r dafl.i.n.y, (idney and Ltver relaLeddiseases and vlrei. A toxicily

charles valret of llonrelelller zco reported urat threo I t he oos .e r to r l l - bs d l s ins c !e r i o r

'mord rnP l r t ova -k :ne . D tc rd rv:n e ! - : ons o r . t " i s " rd - r ' docp lan v i rdn ins 8 . , B r d B . o r . \ e l \ e daysreaurred ln raDid

on Lhe ! : ro - i l e ! h - .h had on ' o ' r henos r su . . " s i ru l

o ieo I ro r l a , . 1 t I n r " L iou . Pe r i t on t . - s - -P r . A IL \ough F rPseldon t rs nore than 10: of infecLed anirars 'ithin six nonths at safari

Part B cheer.l. had died includlnE tnlee adtrlts of rIP reLated disease, Tnis€Dlzoort! ran eo:dmic mncs( anlraLirF iP ' i r a r i n r . c i i on so fa r i epo r led Dr r i nE rhe fo l oq '1s LHo

ln cneera \ b reed tns co i r l ounds tn r . i . and ,resLs -a rce Eo !u (n d d l r cascn . i o ! h i r roconprL ib i l i Ly cmprex ( l 1xc ) ' h : ch vou ld 1 i

ca.dlas .nd E.&e reported d rhe dealh of cheerah at Krefteld zoo in cem.nyuhere roJ r c ' ree lah d ieo rn a uo 'F 'e . i ns - ro r synb rons

(ood re f l 3 .L e t :gc " red sd i c rdp l l g r " s.no Dara l vs . t ! . d t sc "s " o f he r i / e r vasLhe aause o r dea rh b iousn t a 11c / r ypoLhe ' : sed r ta '11tuses. bacteriaL dlseases, ioxicanthelmtatics .nd o6et asents

(!967) cmducred a sudey on calrlv€ cheelahr r im ls kep ( i rcdDL iv i Lv ro rt . ne non -hs ! ' i b on ry 2 . t o I . nee tan s N t \

uas louno to *e

a ( ross . L c jnd' e io Ferina rnre"Lious Pd tsD lav ine a . t r re h ind I : nb l eakees aad u r .o o rd ind i i onro r ' r * .

_Fe , Lv , L - r i n 4 , D , E . and

coDDer oe f l c i enc \ -o \e r Lhan r \d t r l r ' i | ou r reehs o fL r ; : -nen r ro - cop le r d . r r c ] c . r ' " d i r ' he a r (e (Led

setchell and orhers cddlcied a hisLoPatlologiclr evaharim of nore txan 100and conc l l ded rha l . ne re -11 :v . - y \ 131 con len ta r :ans o f

f ron sovbean Dro - . : n;ne* ,o " ' . - N . r tn A [ed . " ' zoos %y be one o f rhe a r i o - f - ' o r s i n . he dec l l neo I r e . r t L . L v a n d i n r h . . t t o . o s v o r r i v e r d : 5 . . 5 e i . h . . p c ! i e , , c o e s e l r nano ou . . ! t l ! o i n \es ( Iea t l ne veno-oc (Lus i !e o : seaea o ffoud LhdL h ien l cv4 l s n t v i i an n A l n rh . d lP ' o f . dp ' i vc b red an lna l s - " v

indic.te rhe lnportance of diet to txe healLh and {ell beinsof cheetah, variols diets hawe b€ins fed to cheetah

3-101b mear a day plus cnickens aad orher calcass reats.viLmin f, and caLcts porder on arr rood.

2 - 2 .5 Ls neatneats, vitdl. E (6$s), Hi-Phos (3cN) lo'der d a1l food.

2 - 2.5 kE reaLn.ats. vlt E plus (63ns), sa37 (6ems). ca co, (esns) poxder

As abowe p1$ half tablet betmin (thimine) per .nrmr

Bermin t.bler deleled ln favour of Thiuine posder.

chee tah d le . has tnc ruded :

be.f, cnlcke!, rabtlt, deer, beaver andcoMe.cialry prepared diers.

b 'eLe rs yeds t , v l rd i r -n ine ra l sa r t3 ,steded bone flour, vitmins ,{, Dr,

lelhe Infectlors Perllonlils aFIP)

in 1966 In lhe

von1r1ns. No vaccin€ availabre.

6.3.0 Cape Hunting Dog3 tn 193s.

At l,Jestem Plalns zoo la Februaiv male .ieetab dted aswerr as 6.3 cale H$ilng D

.narysis of thedealh rnich occnrred {as initiarly thought !o be read (or sone otherLo c aeenr . Do lso r i i c . f o r ca r b . - re r l es "1d o -h " r' ou rce , -o f cmte ina_1o1 ,amlysed for a valleiy of read, !o*lns.oirarcchlorins and organophosphar€s,

ol nelns eaLentne first lirter lor txe mother and con.em nounted fL \e cLbs fo l -o ! :ng hea . l . " i ' r r dd "s - "es o t Mre ra t l r oh ledge and I . t s s$pec r "d rFaL s re ndy ro ' r " ve.";. "d".""." sherLe' du,io_c boLL, or iocrdenl Lealner.

on 11 day old male ctrn oasprogress. The

.1;DIes uDon in5De-Lion h-rb r ;u rh a i - rud i r ro i l k u i ! hou ! sJ f r l r . n t s ' ^ l - ne ( rom.he ' yomg. i ,nairtain clean nipples,

on 2 oc lobe r , 1e90 . s : x j ea r o ld ' r a le ! t r ee_d ! o . rav ia d r .d ro l ou i rgbou ls o f ecou r ing ove r se ie tu l -on ' \ s be 'o re dev " op i i g a 4 "ve -e coush ,

conltNed to

artributed to Nephritis ((ldney falltrr€),

Tlre previds dal he Las observedi i nb sLo -o rd ina ! i on . He ,ae e tve l . 3 n ( r \ 0 ns ) v iLan in B . by dJ r r .

o f b ra -o ' L ' rueLhore i ! h " an_ ta l d i -o r i en - dLna t i o l udndered

Preseo e o f d -Je S reen a tgafor and fomd no evidence.

. t rLhdnaE.d ro t l o - l ncde re r io ra l l d d Der iod :c h -s 'o rv o f

l ack o r (o -o ,d :na l i on sL f f I ng r ron r tehvm\ ru l re red r rom degeneraL ive rend l f a { l u re .

Ien.1a l4asai suftived the illness offor her leinarsy tended to obesity l:awe sienlftca.r

I n ae r r l e3 /

dlrariotr. a flve &y tre.tn ntcol resulted tn. fulL recovery.

12 .2 .36 . Th ts vas suc .es - fu I rYt rea red ! l ( h t { r I r l b rxv t td in B r on 29 .3 .9 r and aga in on t , 4 .91 and 24 4 -e1

da le c rauo lus dLsD laved e t t r4 r r v , : na ( ! l \ - r v iuas Laken ro \0c r3 ,1 .3e . Re 'onnoed -e r r ! o r . eabe- r o r rb :a i ne and

horher bolr of Thidine dericien.r ra3 slcc€ssfrlly diagnosed aadt.eated by analysis or the level .f tn€ e.zyne tnianine pyrophoslhate

'on :n n :nd t i - bssone sue l l : ng :n tus - Ie abov . back i o in . i n reb tu . r y

.935 . f n i s "p ' . ode

inappeLenc . , l ? !ha rsy ,.o -o ro rn " t l o ' r ' d d j ! L .nded abdomen lo l l ou lng d rench l

ed l e tha rgy . ano .e r l a , ree ' rg l rdL ins , s r i gh ruobbr iness l n h 'nd l . qs . -1 ian ine :a lec .ed by da r t .

Dlood seN h.s .aarysed of x€stef, Plains 2oo cheetah for a varlely oftd rec l l ods d ' ' ease re (en t l y t es t .drmnode f t ' ency v i ru , and Fe l tne -e l l 4 la v l rus , I ncy l " v . ' es .ed Pos r r r vero r Toxop lasno . i s . b , rhe Nar lon . l - ns t l t j . o ' qea l r l r UsAitrdicasd three ot rhe ftve sanpres poslllv. ror feriaecormavirus. (Nalotu, ovdbo and octavia testins positiwe),

The inDlicatlons of !h!s rositive$at tire precise rerationahl! 6er,e€n all .he cordavids is $kno@.

As xe heve shM lesiem Plalns zoo has n3d disease ouLbrea&s typicar of nanyi r sL i tu r rone hoLd lne .dec r t o e l i h l i , r . some o 'L t re no recomonrv susoec red d rseasee su ' h a4 r

' \ and FeLv and a l so qL l r . pos . i b l y _ ro .

so xhere do.s tnts L€ave $ 1. dtagnosins olr outbreaks.

roLlooiag the 1935 epi3ade .r1 dneetan tlraesses have belng lreated 'iLh

- l t l a l l ) r r l l r l bex 1nd l a re r \ t rM_n B . ro co lDersa - . ro r Lh id i r4 de ( l ( i encv .

for the 1935 deaths.

de r i c , { cv In dones r : cb . i nC Ced f r€sh l i nced m.a - vh i ch con ra tn .o ,u -phu i d iox id . r s a pF reRar :G .

1t @u1d app.ar tlF dtet fttres been deficieai ln Thianine due sdrhtrr Dio*rde ;s i

,as thouRhL tharhteh rever of tnrelnases dE roEiien lIth deoccnrred tne cheetahs ntssed outaltrals becd€ eff€.ted.

Lhianine deficiencv i $ rhe feeding of cannedcom€lcla1 cat foods or f15h, llinine dericiency leads io haenorrhases h tne?ertvenirlcalar srey mlter in the brain. rhianine (100 - 250

recess lon o f c l i r - i ca l s l gng , u iL \ conp l "Le re !ov . . y i ' i a ren dav , . t u ind s

rd jo r s l sns o f Th t r i ne de r i c i e r " y i r c l ud " , d ' o rAy t " , \ o . j r i nc , ve i s t rL toss .de l yd ra rLo l , Fa ra rv . l s , re f t . xe5 . conw ls :ons . l a rd id !

trexion of neck,

chlc*ens fed as Da.r of Lhe dieL conLained abeins sratn fed. firimine supplenenlallon e.3

iamine and several

' rms su .h "> rabo l t ,ba r ; ced \ - rd in pouoer +od id be addeo " r !nalso te added to lalaac. lhe ctlcth/phoslhorus ratio.

oL i n -ec r :ous d i saasesii,s.i"nlid, d Mi,ial r."*"rr Proloco- ror Leel6 bas beingdeve looed ro r

hi@1 ltovmt Protocor - ch€e.an

is n:datort prlor to tne nowerent ol cneetah ftof,

FIP testins ts trot drrertly ava .ble in ,rustralia, iherefore the folto,lns

1. ,{ninal to be vaccin.ted drh kilred rerine Enteritis (Ft) relitrePiinotracheitis (rR) and rerine cariciv!fls (Fc) ,trhin lasr

anlnal to be tested forleeks alait rookine fot

bitul !o be tested ror

loxo!lasnosls.

Ieli.e rllllMod.flclency vitus (rlv) using

6. Adml to be xeigned"or c r " r :os o r

"c R.qulr@enr 11

to be tested for Feline Leuk.f,ia vlfls (re!v) nsine botx

to te tested fo!

rhe an -ma ] Lo be sen r r i ' h rbe an :na l A;'tii:;a; ,ar 'be recervrns zoo s Re(o.d or ':cer ror

coronavids Infectioft of cheeians . Ielln. Practise

b r : co ing s rodPrr. el;l zoo".

van de fler*6, M. 1967. Plerininatv report on cheelahs i' zoos and in ArdcaRoyal Zooroelcal

e l t ze ! , D .c .A . & o t \e ! " . che i rab B reed laszooroeic.l cardens De eirdt Praject .

o,Br len , s .J .sci.nce vol 221 No 4609.

se !ch . -1 , ( .0 .3 .i ; t i i i . , - . ;d L . tvar D i rease

dre Bad and tne

& ! ;b ! . . R . " n rd inei i t l r t " .a r "c 'ea t sJ tphur d io r i ' "

No ? Febtuary reer.

vallar, c. 'Bi.th or trrree cneetahs

cats and dogs associated