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CHROMATOGRAPHY
Think about foodCare about safety
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot DeutschlandFrankreichMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-Mail sales-frmn-netcom
SchweizMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-Mail sales-chmn-netcom
Deutschlandund InternationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-Mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008ZERTIFIZIERT
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-Mail sales-usmn-netcom
Vol 6Mycotoxins
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom2 3
Focus on mycotoxins The global production and trading of food and feed products makes monitoring and control difficult
Only analysis of food and raw materials for the production of food can ensure safe and edible food Food safety is an essential part of our quality of life
MN shows examples for food analysis that will help you with your work and make our food safer
Vol 6 Mycotoxins in food infested with moldMycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi molds In contrast to environmental contaminants (pesticides PCBs PAHs etc) mycotoxins are inevitable More than 300 mycotoxins are chemically characterized [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ndash httpwwwfaoorgdocrep005y1390ey1390e0bhtm] The follow-ing mycotoxins can be considered as the most common mycotoxins in feed and food
Aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 B2 G1 and G2 aflatoxin M1) ochratoxin A (OTA) trichothecenes (Deoxynivalenol ndash
DON nivalenol T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin) patulin ergot al-kaloids zearalenone ndash ZEA fumonisins B1 and B2)
The presence of mycotoxins in food and feed may affect the health of humans and animals Many adverse health effects are suspected such as causing of cancer and mutations and excess estrogens gastrointestinal and kidney disorders [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ndash httpwwwfaoorgwairdocsx5008ex5008e01htm]
Toxicological properties of selected mycotoxinsMycotoxin Possible effects
Aflatoxins Liver diseases (hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogenic) carcinogenic and teratogenic effects hemorrhages (intestinal tract kidneys) reduced growth rate diminution of performance immune suppression
Ochratoxins Nephrotoxic carcinogenic mild liver damage enteritis teratogenic effects poor feed conversion reduced growth rate immune suppression
Fumonisins Pulmonary edema equine leukoencephalomalacia nephro- and hepatotoxic immune suppression
Trichothecenes Digestive disorders (vomiting diarrhea feed refusal) reduced weight gain hemorrhages (stomach heart intestine lung bladder kidney) edema oral lesions dermatitis blood disorders infertility degeneration of bone marrow slow growth immune suppression
Zearalenone Estrogenic effects edema of vulva prolapse of vagina enlargement of uterus atrophy of testicles atrophy of ovaries enlargement of mammary glands infertility abortion
Ergot alkaloids Nervous or gangrenous syndromes Digestive disorders (vomiting diarrhea feed refusal) reduced weight gain convulsion abortion
Citrinin Nephrotoxic teratogenic hepatotoxic
Patulin Mutagenic genotoxic neurotoxic immune suppression
Richard J L (2007) Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses ndash an overview International Journal of Food Microbiology 119 (1ndash2) 3ndash10
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom2 3
Compounds of interestChemical structures of selected mycotoxins
Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin M1
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OH
Aflatoxin G1 Aflatoxin G2 Aflatoxin M2
OCH3
O O
O O
OO OCH3
O O
O O
OO OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OH
Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Zearalenone
CH3
OOHO OH
OO
NH
ClCH3
OOHO OH
OO
NH
H
O
OOH CH3H
HOO
Nivalenol HT-2-Toxin T-2-Toxin
H3C
O HO
H
OH
OHHO
O
H3COH
H3C
H3C
H3C
O
O
HO
H
OO
OHHO
O
H3C
CH3
OH
H3C
H3C
H3C
O
O
HO
H
OO
OHHO
O
H3C
CH3
O ndash CO ndash CH3
Patulin Fumonisins B1 R = OH B2 R = H
OHH
OO
O COOHCOOH
COOHCOOH
OH OHO
O
OR
O
NH2
CH3
CH3 CH3
H3C
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Typical samples preparation T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin from oat products in accordance with sect 64 LFGB (German Regulation for Food Analysis)Sample pretreatment25 plusmn 01 g of a ground homogenized sample (particle size lt 1 mm) are weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask or centrifuge tube 100 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) is added The sample is mixed in a laboratory mixer (1 h RT) After ex-traction 10 mL of solution is filtered through a folded filter or centrifuged (2500 g RT)
Solid phase extractionMN AAp MNo 305560
c Column type CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg REF 730584 (on request) No conditioning or equilibration of the SPE column is necessary
Sample aspiration 5 mL of prepared sample is passed through the column by slight vacuum (1ndash2 dropss) into a silanized glass vialWashing 2 x 5 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) these eluates are passed into the same silanized vial ie all eluates are com-bined
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns REF 730150
Transfer into a sample vial eg 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber flat bottom label and scale wide opening REF 702284 (silanized version REF 702079) and ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum silicone PTFE REF 7022871
116
x 3
2 m
m
It is recommended to filter the prepared sample through dis-posable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 REF 729219
For other applications see wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCMycotoxin exposure in Germany
MN AAp MNo 127240Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm
REF 76026120
PeaksDON DeoxynivalenolDON-GlcA Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide
Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronideT-2 T-2 toxinHT-2 HT-2 toxinHT-2-GlcA HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronideFB1 Fumonisin B1FB2 Fumonisin B2AFB1 Aflatoxin B1AFB2 Aflatoxin B2AFG2 Aflatoxin G2AFM1 Aflatoxin M1ZAN ZearalanoneZEN Zearalenoneα-ZEL α-Zearalenolβ-ZEL β-ZearalenolZEN-14-GlcA Zearalenone-14-O-glucuronideZAN-14-GlcA Zearalanone-14-O-glucuronideα-ZEL-14-GlcA α-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideβ-ZEL-14-GlcA β-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideOTA Ochratoxin AOTα Ochratoxin alphaEnB Enniatin BDH-CIT Dihydrocitrinone
Patulin and hydroxymethylfurfural from apple juiceMN AAp MNo 121800
Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm REF 76010140
0 2 4 6 8 min
1
2
standard
juice
Peaks1 Hydroxymethylfurfural2 Patulin
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCFast separation of aflatoxins
MN AAp MNo 125600Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm
REF 76353220
10 2 3 min
1
2
3
4
Peaks1 Aflatoxin G22 Aflatoxin G13 Aflatoxin B24 Aflatoxin B1
MN suggests using guard columns to protect your main column and significantly increase column life
The Column Protection System (REF 718966) is suitable for all analytical HPLC columns with 116rdquo fittings
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom2 3
Focus on mycotoxins The global production and trading of food and feed products makes monitoring and control difficult
Only analysis of food and raw materials for the production of food can ensure safe and edible food Food safety is an essential part of our quality of life
MN shows examples for food analysis that will help you with your work and make our food safer
Vol 6 Mycotoxins in food infested with moldMycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi molds In contrast to environmental contaminants (pesticides PCBs PAHs etc) mycotoxins are inevitable More than 300 mycotoxins are chemically characterized [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ndash httpwwwfaoorgdocrep005y1390ey1390e0bhtm] The follow-ing mycotoxins can be considered as the most common mycotoxins in feed and food
Aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 B2 G1 and G2 aflatoxin M1) ochratoxin A (OTA) trichothecenes (Deoxynivalenol ndash
DON nivalenol T-2 toxin HT-2 toxin) patulin ergot al-kaloids zearalenone ndash ZEA fumonisins B1 and B2)
The presence of mycotoxins in food and feed may affect the health of humans and animals Many adverse health effects are suspected such as causing of cancer and mutations and excess estrogens gastrointestinal and kidney disorders [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ndash httpwwwfaoorgwairdocsx5008ex5008e01htm]
Toxicological properties of selected mycotoxinsMycotoxin Possible effects
Aflatoxins Liver diseases (hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogenic) carcinogenic and teratogenic effects hemorrhages (intestinal tract kidneys) reduced growth rate diminution of performance immune suppression
Ochratoxins Nephrotoxic carcinogenic mild liver damage enteritis teratogenic effects poor feed conversion reduced growth rate immune suppression
Fumonisins Pulmonary edema equine leukoencephalomalacia nephro- and hepatotoxic immune suppression
Trichothecenes Digestive disorders (vomiting diarrhea feed refusal) reduced weight gain hemorrhages (stomach heart intestine lung bladder kidney) edema oral lesions dermatitis blood disorders infertility degeneration of bone marrow slow growth immune suppression
Zearalenone Estrogenic effects edema of vulva prolapse of vagina enlargement of uterus atrophy of testicles atrophy of ovaries enlargement of mammary glands infertility abortion
Ergot alkaloids Nervous or gangrenous syndromes Digestive disorders (vomiting diarrhea feed refusal) reduced weight gain convulsion abortion
Citrinin Nephrotoxic teratogenic hepatotoxic
Patulin Mutagenic genotoxic neurotoxic immune suppression
Richard J L (2007) Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses ndash an overview International Journal of Food Microbiology 119 (1ndash2) 3ndash10
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom2 3
Compounds of interestChemical structures of selected mycotoxins
Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin M1
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OH
Aflatoxin G1 Aflatoxin G2 Aflatoxin M2
OCH3
O O
O O
OO OCH3
O O
O O
OO OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OH
Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Zearalenone
CH3
OOHO OH
OO
NH
ClCH3
OOHO OH
OO
NH
H
O
OOH CH3H
HOO
Nivalenol HT-2-Toxin T-2-Toxin
H3C
O HO
H
OH
OHHO
O
H3COH
H3C
H3C
H3C
O
O
HO
H
OO
OHHO
O
H3C
CH3
OH
H3C
H3C
H3C
O
O
HO
H
OO
OHHO
O
H3C
CH3
O ndash CO ndash CH3
Patulin Fumonisins B1 R = OH B2 R = H
OHH
OO
O COOHCOOH
COOHCOOH
OH OHO
O
OR
O
NH2
CH3
CH3 CH3
H3C
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Typical samples preparation T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin from oat products in accordance with sect 64 LFGB (German Regulation for Food Analysis)Sample pretreatment25 plusmn 01 g of a ground homogenized sample (particle size lt 1 mm) are weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask or centrifuge tube 100 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) is added The sample is mixed in a laboratory mixer (1 h RT) After ex-traction 10 mL of solution is filtered through a folded filter or centrifuged (2500 g RT)
Solid phase extractionMN AAp MNo 305560
c Column type CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg REF 730584 (on request) No conditioning or equilibration of the SPE column is necessary
Sample aspiration 5 mL of prepared sample is passed through the column by slight vacuum (1ndash2 dropss) into a silanized glass vialWashing 2 x 5 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) these eluates are passed into the same silanized vial ie all eluates are com-bined
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns REF 730150
Transfer into a sample vial eg 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber flat bottom label and scale wide opening REF 702284 (silanized version REF 702079) and ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum silicone PTFE REF 7022871
116
x 3
2 m
m
It is recommended to filter the prepared sample through dis-posable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 REF 729219
For other applications see wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCMycotoxin exposure in Germany
MN AAp MNo 127240Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm
REF 76026120
PeaksDON DeoxynivalenolDON-GlcA Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide
Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronideT-2 T-2 toxinHT-2 HT-2 toxinHT-2-GlcA HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronideFB1 Fumonisin B1FB2 Fumonisin B2AFB1 Aflatoxin B1AFB2 Aflatoxin B2AFG2 Aflatoxin G2AFM1 Aflatoxin M1ZAN ZearalanoneZEN Zearalenoneα-ZEL α-Zearalenolβ-ZEL β-ZearalenolZEN-14-GlcA Zearalenone-14-O-glucuronideZAN-14-GlcA Zearalanone-14-O-glucuronideα-ZEL-14-GlcA α-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideβ-ZEL-14-GlcA β-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideOTA Ochratoxin AOTα Ochratoxin alphaEnB Enniatin BDH-CIT Dihydrocitrinone
Patulin and hydroxymethylfurfural from apple juiceMN AAp MNo 121800
Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm REF 76010140
0 2 4 6 8 min
1
2
standard
juice
Peaks1 Hydroxymethylfurfural2 Patulin
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCFast separation of aflatoxins
MN AAp MNo 125600Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm
REF 76353220
10 2 3 min
1
2
3
4
Peaks1 Aflatoxin G22 Aflatoxin G13 Aflatoxin B24 Aflatoxin B1
MN suggests using guard columns to protect your main column and significantly increase column life
The Column Protection System (REF 718966) is suitable for all analytical HPLC columns with 116rdquo fittings
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom2 3
Compounds of interestChemical structures of selected mycotoxins
Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin M1
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OH
Aflatoxin G1 Aflatoxin G2 Aflatoxin M2
OCH3
O O
O O
OO OCH3
O O
O O
OO OCH3
O
O
OO
O
OH
Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Zearalenone
CH3
OOHO OH
OO
NH
ClCH3
OOHO OH
OO
NH
H
O
OOH CH3H
HOO
Nivalenol HT-2-Toxin T-2-Toxin
H3C
O HO
H
OH
OHHO
O
H3COH
H3C
H3C
H3C
O
O
HO
H
OO
OHHO
O
H3C
CH3
OH
H3C
H3C
H3C
O
O
HO
H
OO
OHHO
O
H3C
CH3
O ndash CO ndash CH3
Patulin Fumonisins B1 R = OH B2 R = H
OHH
OO
O COOHCOOH
COOHCOOH
OH OHO
O
OR
O
NH2
CH3
CH3 CH3
H3C
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Typical samples preparation T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin from oat products in accordance with sect 64 LFGB (German Regulation for Food Analysis)Sample pretreatment25 plusmn 01 g of a ground homogenized sample (particle size lt 1 mm) are weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask or centrifuge tube 100 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) is added The sample is mixed in a laboratory mixer (1 h RT) After ex-traction 10 mL of solution is filtered through a folded filter or centrifuged (2500 g RT)
Solid phase extractionMN AAp MNo 305560
c Column type CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg REF 730584 (on request) No conditioning or equilibration of the SPE column is necessary
Sample aspiration 5 mL of prepared sample is passed through the column by slight vacuum (1ndash2 dropss) into a silanized glass vialWashing 2 x 5 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) these eluates are passed into the same silanized vial ie all eluates are com-bined
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns REF 730150
Transfer into a sample vial eg 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber flat bottom label and scale wide opening REF 702284 (silanized version REF 702079) and ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum silicone PTFE REF 7022871
116
x 3
2 m
m
It is recommended to filter the prepared sample through dis-posable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 REF 729219
For other applications see wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCMycotoxin exposure in Germany
MN AAp MNo 127240Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm
REF 76026120
PeaksDON DeoxynivalenolDON-GlcA Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide
Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronideT-2 T-2 toxinHT-2 HT-2 toxinHT-2-GlcA HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronideFB1 Fumonisin B1FB2 Fumonisin B2AFB1 Aflatoxin B1AFB2 Aflatoxin B2AFG2 Aflatoxin G2AFM1 Aflatoxin M1ZAN ZearalanoneZEN Zearalenoneα-ZEL α-Zearalenolβ-ZEL β-ZearalenolZEN-14-GlcA Zearalenone-14-O-glucuronideZAN-14-GlcA Zearalanone-14-O-glucuronideα-ZEL-14-GlcA α-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideβ-ZEL-14-GlcA β-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideOTA Ochratoxin AOTα Ochratoxin alphaEnB Enniatin BDH-CIT Dihydrocitrinone
Patulin and hydroxymethylfurfural from apple juiceMN AAp MNo 121800
Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm REF 76010140
0 2 4 6 8 min
1
2
standard
juice
Peaks1 Hydroxymethylfurfural2 Patulin
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCFast separation of aflatoxins
MN AAp MNo 125600Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm
REF 76353220
10 2 3 min
1
2
3
4
Peaks1 Aflatoxin G22 Aflatoxin G13 Aflatoxin B24 Aflatoxin B1
MN suggests using guard columns to protect your main column and significantly increase column life
The Column Protection System (REF 718966) is suitable for all analytical HPLC columns with 116rdquo fittings
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Typical samples preparation T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin from oat products in accordance with sect 64 LFGB (German Regulation for Food Analysis)Sample pretreatment25 plusmn 01 g of a ground homogenized sample (particle size lt 1 mm) are weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask or centrifuge tube 100 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) is added The sample is mixed in a laboratory mixer (1 h RT) After ex-traction 10 mL of solution is filtered through a folded filter or centrifuged (2500 g RT)
Solid phase extractionMN AAp MNo 305560
c Column type CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg REF 730584 (on request) No conditioning or equilibration of the SPE column is necessary
Sample aspiration 5 mL of prepared sample is passed through the column by slight vacuum (1ndash2 dropss) into a silanized glass vialWashing 2 x 5 mL acetonitrile ndash water (8416 vv) these eluates are passed into the same silanized vial ie all eluates are com-bined
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns REF 730150
Transfer into a sample vial eg 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber flat bottom label and scale wide opening REF 702284 (silanized version REF 702079) and ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum silicone PTFE REF 7022871
116
x 3
2 m
m
It is recommended to filter the prepared sample through dis-posable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 REF 729219
For other applications see wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCMycotoxin exposure in Germany
MN AAp MNo 127240Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm
REF 76026120
PeaksDON DeoxynivalenolDON-GlcA Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide
Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronideT-2 T-2 toxinHT-2 HT-2 toxinHT-2-GlcA HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronideFB1 Fumonisin B1FB2 Fumonisin B2AFB1 Aflatoxin B1AFB2 Aflatoxin B2AFG2 Aflatoxin G2AFM1 Aflatoxin M1ZAN ZearalanoneZEN Zearalenoneα-ZEL α-Zearalenolβ-ZEL β-ZearalenolZEN-14-GlcA Zearalenone-14-O-glucuronideZAN-14-GlcA Zearalanone-14-O-glucuronideα-ZEL-14-GlcA α-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideβ-ZEL-14-GlcA β-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideOTA Ochratoxin AOTα Ochratoxin alphaEnB Enniatin BDH-CIT Dihydrocitrinone
Patulin and hydroxymethylfurfural from apple juiceMN AAp MNo 121800
Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm REF 76010140
0 2 4 6 8 min
1
2
standard
juice
Peaks1 Hydroxymethylfurfural2 Patulin
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCFast separation of aflatoxins
MN AAp MNo 125600Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm
REF 76353220
10 2 3 min
1
2
3
4
Peaks1 Aflatoxin G22 Aflatoxin G13 Aflatoxin B24 Aflatoxin B1
MN suggests using guard columns to protect your main column and significantly increase column life
The Column Protection System (REF 718966) is suitable for all analytical HPLC columns with 116rdquo fittings
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom4 5
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCMycotoxin exposure in Germany
MN AAp MNo 127240Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm
REF 76026120
PeaksDON DeoxynivalenolDON-GlcA Deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide
Deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronideT-2 T-2 toxinHT-2 HT-2 toxinHT-2-GlcA HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronideFB1 Fumonisin B1FB2 Fumonisin B2AFB1 Aflatoxin B1AFB2 Aflatoxin B2AFG2 Aflatoxin G2AFM1 Aflatoxin M1ZAN ZearalanoneZEN Zearalenoneα-ZEL α-Zearalenolβ-ZEL β-ZearalenolZEN-14-GlcA Zearalenone-14-O-glucuronideZAN-14-GlcA Zearalanone-14-O-glucuronideα-ZEL-14-GlcA α-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideβ-ZEL-14-GlcA β-Zearalenol-14-O-glucuronideOTA Ochratoxin AOTα Ochratoxin alphaEnB Enniatin BDH-CIT Dihydrocitrinone
Patulin and hydroxymethylfurfural from apple juiceMN AAp MNo 121800
Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm REF 76010140
0 2 4 6 8 min
1
2
standard
juice
Peaks1 Hydroxymethylfurfural2 Patulin
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCFast separation of aflatoxins
MN AAp MNo 125600Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm
REF 76353220
10 2 3 min
1
2
3
4
Peaks1 Aflatoxin G22 Aflatoxin G13 Aflatoxin B24 Aflatoxin B1
MN suggests using guard columns to protect your main column and significantly increase column life
The Column Protection System (REF 718966) is suitable for all analytical HPLC columns with 116rdquo fittings
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Analysis Subsequent analysis HPLCFast separation of aflatoxins
MN AAp MNo 125600Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm
REF 76353220
10 2 3 min
1
2
3
4
Peaks1 Aflatoxin G22 Aflatoxin G13 Aflatoxin B24 Aflatoxin B1
MN suggests using guard columns to protect your main column and significantly increase column life
The Column Protection System (REF 718966) is suitable for all analytical HPLC columns with 116rdquo fittings
Detailed conditions are available online at wwwmn-netcomaAAs
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
infomn-netcom wwwmn-netcom6 7
Product information Ordering informationStep Product Pack of REFSPE CHROMABONDreg CarbonAloxCelitereg 6 mL 500 mg (on request) 30 730584
CHROMABONDreg vacuum manifold for 12 columns 1 730150Filtration Disposable filters CHROMAFILreg Xtra PVDF-4525 100 729219Vials and caps 15 mL screw neck vials N 9 amber label and scale 100 702284
Vials N 9 as before silanized version 100 702079Ready assembled screw closures N 9 blue center hole with septum Silicone white PTFE red
100 7022871
HPLC 1Column EC 1502 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 1 76026120Guard column EC 42 NUCLEODURreg C18 Pyramid 3 μm 3 76191620Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 2Column EC 2504 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 1 76010140Guard column EC 43 NUCLEODURreg C18 Gravity 5 μm 3 76190330Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966HPLC 3Column EC 502 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 1 76353220Guard column EC 42 NUCLEOSHELLreg PFP 27 μm 3 76353820Guard column holder Column Protection System 1 718966
Visit us at wwwmn-netcomchroma to get more helpful information
Selection tools for
Vials and caps
Syringe filters
Troubleshooting guidesGC and HPLC
Detailed product information
hellipand much more
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com
wwwmn-netcom
wwwmn-netcomMACHEREY-NAGEL GmbH amp Co KG middot Neumann-Neander-Str 6ndash8 middot 52355 Duumlren middot GermanyFranceMACHEREY-NAGEL EURLTel +33 388 68 22 68Fax +33 388 51 76 88E-mail sales-frmn-netcom
SwitzerlandMACHEREY-NAGEL AGTel +41 62 388 55 00Fax +41 62 388 55 05E-mail sales-chmn-netcom
Germanyand internationalTel +49 24 21 969-0Fax +49 24 21 969-199E-mail infomn-netcom
MACHEREY-NAGEL
EN ISO 9001 2008CERTIFIED
USAMACHEREY-NAGEL IncTel +1 484 821 0984Fax +1 484 821 1272E-mail sales-usmn-netcom
Food safety made easy with products from
MACHEREY-NAGEL
Vol 8
Additives
Vol 6
Mycotoxins
Vol 2
Vitamins
Vol 4
Acrylamide
Vol 1
Melamine
Vol 5
Sugars Sweeteners
Vol 3
AntibioticsVol 7
Pesticides
local distributor
KATE
N20
0122
Foc
us F
lyer
Foo
d Vo
l 6
en1
10
031
5 PD
Pr
inte
d in
Ger
man
yIm
age
cred
its copy
Tija
na o
lga
dem
schi
shin
a P
ierre
bril
lot
Pete
r Her
mes
Fur
ian
ar
enaf
otou
k fo
vito
nic
eday
rr1
45 a
irbor
ne77
ve
nusa
ngel
ndash fo
tolia
com