Chromosomal abnormalities Chromosomal abnormalities and tumorsand tumors

SeminarSeminar

No 524, course: Cells and tissues developmentNo 524, course: Cells and tissues development

Key words: chromosomal aberrations, translocation, amplification,double minutes,

HSR (homogenously staining regions), genotoxicity, DSB (double strand breaks), fused gene, LOH („loss of heterozygosity“), LOI („loss of imprinting“), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), retinoblastoma (RB), Wilms tumour (WT), syndromes with increase chromosome breakage = chromosomal instability syndromes: Bloom syndrome (BS), Fanconi anemia (FA), Ataxia teleangiectasia (AT), Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), syndromes of prematury ageing: Werner syndrome, Cockayne syndrome

Structural chromosomal aberrations (CHA) =

result of unrepaired or misrepaired DNA damage =

early biological effect of genotoxicity

Late biological effect of genotoxicity = tumors

Primary event leading to CHA origin are double-strand breaks (DSB)

Primary changes connected with initiation of malignant process:

Rearrangement changing position of protooncogenes:

- abnormal activity of product

- abnormal gene expression

rearrangement only in tumor cells (chronic myelogenous

leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma)

Deletion of tumor suppressor genes

in tumor cells or constitutional aberrations (heterozygosity)

Primary changes connected with initiation of malignant process:

Translocations – 2 types of translocations

1. Translocations leading to fused genes (genes with function in cell

division regulation or differentiation)

Ph1 chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

= reciprocal translocation 46,XX or XY,t(9;22)(q34;q11)

protooncogen abl is transfered from 9q to 22q near the gene bcr fused

gene bcr/abl abnormal product=chimeric protein with

increased tyrosinkinase activity

Ph1 in CML good prognosis

during blastic crisis - other chromosome changes

In B-ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) other site of break in bcr

Ph1 in ALL = bad prognosis

Wysis katalog 1996/97

Fused gene brc/abldetected by FISH method in interphase cell

t 9/22

2. Translocation of protooncogenes to the position, where they

are abnormally stimulated to transcription

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) –B lymphocytes

t(8;14)(q24;q32) also in other lymphomas

protooncogen myc transfered from 8q to 14q – near genes for heavy

chains of immunoglobulins abnormal stimulation of gene activity

abnormal amount of normal product

Other translocations: t(8;22) or t (2;8) – to neighbourhood of light

chains of immunoglobulins

T-lympho malignancies - breaks near genes for T-cells receptors

Translocation produces premalignant clone – probably other genetic

changes (mutations, epigenetic changes..) are necessary for full

malignancy

This changes (translocations, inversions

involving protooncogenes) are present only in

malignant or premalignant cells, it is not

constitutional change (present in all cells) !!!

Primary events:

Deletions of tumor suppressor genes

Retinoblastoma (Rb) – eye cancer of children

heritable type (familiar or „de novo“ origin) - AD (with reduced penetrance)

sporadic type – nonheritable

• familiar Rb – 1st step - germinal mutation or deletion in all cells of body =

heterozygote (constitutional abnormality)

2nd step : mutation in one cell of retina = loss of heterozygosity (LOH)

del(13)(q141-142)

• sporadic Rb – both mutations in one cell of retina

heterozygosity for mutation or deletion = predisposition to tumor

Retinoblastoma

heritable

sporadic

heterozygote

Mutation of second allele in one somatic cell = loss of heterozygosity

Mutation of both alleles consecutively in one somatic cell

→

→ →

Interstitial deletion 11p

Wilms tumor = nephroblastoma

WT1 locus on 11p13 mutation or deletion

isolated or a part of syndrome WAGR

association (Wilms, aniridia, urogenital

anomaly, mental retardation)

Deletion of one allele of tumor suppressor gene

can be constitutional aberration, present in alll

cells of body - heterozygote

Gain of material

Amplification of oncogenes:

„double minutes“ = amplified circular oncogenes (in solidtumors)

HSR (homogenously stainin regions) = amplification and recombination of oncogenes into

chromosome tandemly or into different sites

Amplification especially in solid tumors

Targeted therapy: Herceptin =monoclonal antibody against ERBB2 oncogene (=Her2/Neu= tyrosin-kinase receptor) in women with breast cancer and amplification of oncogene

Oncogene Her-2/neu amplification in breast cancer – FISH method

Tetraploid nucleus with amplification of Her2/neu

Trisomy and tetrasomy in cells of breast tumor

Chromosome loss in cells of breast tumor

Secondary changes – consequences of malignancy (genome instability in tumor cell):

Losses or gains of whole chromosomes, structural chromosomal rearrangements

UroVysionBladder Cancer FISH Probe Panel CEP 3 (spektrum red) CEP 7 (spektrum green) CEP 17 (spektrum aqua) LSI p16 (spektrum gold) = 9p21- tumor suppressor gene (p16)

Chromosomal changes in bladder cancer cells – FISH method

(a) normal cell

(c) Homozygous 9p21 loss

(b) Trisomy 7

Karyotype of breast cancer cells from tissue culture – G-bands

Karyotype of breast cancer cells from tissue culture – G-bands

Chromosomal changes after radiotherapy, chemotherapy:

Breaks and rearrangements – detected in peripheral lymphocytes

Aberrations after irradiation - chromosome: dicentrics, tricentrics, chromosome breaks (on both chromatids), ring chromosomes

Aberrations after chemicals: – chromatid: chromatid breaks, chromatid exchanges

Dicentric chromosome + difragment

Aberrations after irradiation

Dicentric chromosome

Aberrations after irradiation

Ring chromosomes and difragments

Aberrations after irradiation

Aberrations after bleomycine (BLM) in vitro

BLM was added for the last 5 hours of cultivation

Chromatid breaks

Chromatid break

Multiple breaks

Chromatid exchange

Chromatid exchangeand breaks

Chromatid exchangeand breaks

Irradiated mouse cells in tissue culture

Questions:• Explain why translocations in somatic cells sometimes lead to cancer? • What is Ph 1 chromosome?  • Can you describe cytogenetic manifestation of oncogene amplification?• Which chromosomal aberrations are primary events in malignancy?• Explain mechanisms of activation of protooncogene to oncogene. • Explain mechanisms of inactivation of alleles of tumor supressor gene. • Describe origin of heritable and sporadic retinoblastoma.• State expamples of malignancy connected with deletion of tumor suppressor gene.• Describe chromosomal abnormalities secondary to malignant process. • Describe translocation leading to origin of fused gene.• Describe translocation leading to abnormally increased synthesis of product.

 

• What is the cause of Li Fraumeni syndrome?

• Describe chromosomal aberrations followed in peripheral lymphocytes of patients after chemotherapy, radiotherapy.

• What is the role of viruses in tumor origin?

• Describe difference between oncogene of DNA tumor viruses and RNA tumor viruses.