Chronic bronchitis.pptx

7/23/2019 Chronic bronchitis.pptx

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Nur shamimi binti othman

Nurdina afni binti izamudin

Chronic bronchitis


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introduction


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Chronic bronchitis is defned as a cough thatoccurs every day with sputum production thatlasts or at least 3 months, 2 years in a row.

Inammation and swelling o the lining o theairways, leading to narrowing and obstructiongenerally resulting in daily cough.

!he inammation stimulates production o mucus,which can cause urther bloc"age o the airways.

#bstruction o the airways, especially with mucus,increases the li"elihood o bacterial lung

inection.

Chronic bronchitis is common in persons who havesmo"ed or e%tended periods.


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Normal bronchi and bronchi with bronchitis


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&etiology


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Cigarette smo"e

'tatistics rom the (' Centers or )isease Control and*revention +C)C-

. /01 o smo"ers develop chronic bronchitis

2. 2/1 develop emphysemaC#*)

3. 'ome researchers suggest that about 01 o cases ochronic bronchitis are directly or indirectly caused bye%posure to tobacco smo"e.

.Inhaled irritants +or e%ample, smog, industrialpollutants, and solvents can also result in chronicbronchitis.

.4iral and bacterial inections that result in acutebronchitis may lead to chronic bronchitis i peoplehave repeated bouts with inectious agents.


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(nderlying disease processes

. asthma

2. cystic fbrosis3. immunodefciency

/. congestive heart ailure

5. amilial genetic predisposition to bronchitis

6. congenital

7. ac8uired dilation o the bronchioles, "nownas bronchiectasis may cause chronic bronchitisto develop

but these are inre8uent causes compared tocigarette smo"ing.


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pathophysiology


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Chronic bronchitis results rom inammation o the bronchi.

Increasing mucus production, chronic cough, and eventualscarring o the bronchial lining.

!he clinical maniestations o chronic bronchitis is continue orat least 3 months o the year or 2 consecutive years.

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by the ollowing-

. &n increase in the size and number o submucus glands inlarge bronchi, which increases mucus production.

2. &n increased number o goblet cells, which also secretemucus.

3. Impaired ciliary unction, which reduces mucus clerance.

. !he lung9s mucociliary deenses are impaired, and there isincreased susceptibility to inection.

. :hen inection occurs, mucus production is greater, and thebronchial walls become inamed and thic"ened.

. Chronic bronchitis initially a;ects only the larger bronchi buteventually all the airways are involved.


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!he thic" mucus and inamed bronchi obstruct the airways,especially during e%piration.

!he airways collapse, and air is trapped in distal portion o

the lung.!his obstruction lead to reduced alveolar ventilation.

&n abnormal ventilation


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'ign and symptoms


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>re8uent ?ac"ing Cough

*roduction o mucus +sputum, which

can be clear, white, yellowishatigue

'light ever and chillsChest discomort


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&s chronic bronchitis progresses-

Cough lasts more than three wee"s and moreunproductive

*revent you rom sleeping

Is accompanied by ever over 3@ C

*roduces discolored mucus early in the morning

*roduces blood +hemoptysis

Is associated with wheezing or shortness o breath

'ome pain below breastbone during deep breathing

Nasal congestion

Auscle aches

?eadaches

'ore throat

Aalaise


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)octor m%.


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o By using a combination o a person9s medical history, physical e%am, anddiagnostic tests

o & history o a daily cough that lasts at least 3 months, especially i has

occurred two years in a row.

o & history o smo"ing wor"ing with no%ious chemicals.

o *hysical e%amination-

. istening or wheezing

2. )etermine i there is a prolongation o e%halation

3. oo"ing or evidence o cyanosis, which are all signs o airow obstruction.

/. & sputum sample showing neutrophil granulocytes +inammatory whiteblood cells

5. & positive culture or pathogenic microorganisms such as'treptococcal species.

6. >or e%pectorated sputum samples to be considered valid, conventionalwisdom is that there should be ewer than s8uamous cells and more

than white blood cells per Dhigh power microscopic feld.

)oc. )iagnosis
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o Chest E


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!wo maFor classes o medications used to threat chronicbronchitis-

Bronchodilators

2 Corticosteroids

.

:heezing and shortness o breath are treated by reducingbronchospasm with bronchodilators such as-

. Inhaled anticholinergics

2. Inhaled beta


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Chronic bronchitis.pptx