CHURCH HISTORY FROM THE 16 TH TO THE 20 TH CENTURIES

CHURCH HISTORY CHURCH HISTORY FROM THE 16FROM THE 16THTH TO THE TO THE

2020THTH CENTURIES CENTURIES

BI 3322BI 3322

A House DividedA House Divided

Disruption and Decline Disruption and Decline (1305-1517)(1305-1517)

B. The Nationalist B. The Nationalist MovementMovement

1. The Clash Between Church and 1. The Clash Between Church and CrownCrown

Middle Ages: Nations of Europe Middle Ages: Nations of Europe bound to two great universal powersbound to two great universal powers—empire and church.—empire and church.

Emerging national consciousness Emerging national consciousness consolidated respective lands in consolidated respective lands in common traditions, language, common traditions, language, centralized government & naturally centralized government & naturally defensible borders.defensible borders.


1. The Clash Between Church and 1. The Clash Between Church and CrownCrown 3 most powerful monarchies evolved 3 most powerful monarchies evolved

similarly, solidified by end of 15similarly, solidified by end of 15thth c. c. England—1485England—1485 France—1491France—1491 Spain—1492Spain—1492

Kings took roles of emperors Kings took roles of emperors andand sought to control the church in their sought to control the church in their territories.territories.



EnglandEngland 1351—Statute of Provisors—denied 1351—Statute of Provisors—denied

papacy right to fill English seespapacy right to fill English sees 1353—Statute of Praemunire—1353—Statute of Praemunire—

forbade appeals to courts of Romeforbade appeals to courts of Rome 1366—parliament declared king could 1366—parliament declared king could

not give kingdom to pope as a fief.not give kingdom to pope as a fief.



FranceFrance King Philip levied taxes on French King Philip levied taxes on French

clergy for ½ annual incomeclergy for ½ annual income 1296 Pope Boniface VIII replied with 1296 Pope Boniface VIII replied with

Clericis LaicosClericis Laicos—forbade clergy to pay —forbade clergy to pay taxes to secular powerstaxes to secular powers



Boniface 1302—Boniface 1302—Unam SanctamUnam Sanctam, most , most extravagant claim to temporal extravagant claim to temporal sovereignty of Middle Agessovereignty of Middle Ages

Christ (king & priest) gave two keys & Christ (king & priest) gave two keys & two swords to Petertwo swords to Peter

““We therefore declare, say, and We therefore declare, say, and affirm that submission on the part of affirm that submission on the part of every person to the bishop of Rome is every person to the bishop of Rome is altogether necessary for salvation.”altogether necessary for salvation.”


1. The Clash Between Church and 1. The Clash Between Church and CrownCrown Philip—summoned an assembly which Philip—summoned an assembly which

condemned Boniface and called for a condemned Boniface and called for a general council to try him for heresy general council to try him for heresy and immorality.and immorality.

Boniface--prepared bull of Boniface--prepared bull of excommunication.excommunication.

Philip had Boniface captured and Philip had Boniface captured and tortured.tortured.

Boniface freed, but died month laterBoniface freed, but died month later


2. The Babylonian Captivity2. The Babylonian Captivity Benedict XI (Boniface’s successor) died Benedict XI (Boniface’s successor) died

soon under mysterious circumstancessoon under mysterious circumstances Clement V chosen 11 months later—Clement V chosen 11 months later—

elected by cardinals at Rome, but elected by cardinals at Rome, but crowned at Lyon and never returned to crowned at Lyon and never returned to Italy.Italy.

1309 seat of papacy moved to Avignon1309 seat of papacy moved to Avignon Avignon the city of papacy for almost Avignon the city of papacy for almost

70 years, hence, Babylonian Captivity70 years, hence, Babylonian Captivity


2. The Babylonian Captivity2. The Babylonian Captivity Clement V led papacy in Clement V led papacy in

becoming a French institutionbecoming a French institution All 7 Avignon popes were FrenchAll 7 Avignon popes were French Clement assisted Philip in using Clement assisted Philip in using

the Inquisition as a tool of the the Inquisition as a tool of the state; tried the Knights Templars state; tried the Knights Templars in France for heresy; executed in France for heresy; executed 69 of them.69 of them.


2. The Babylonian Captivity2. The Babylonian Captivity Church continued to decline morally Church continued to decline morally

and general unrest abounded.and general unrest abounded. Many clergy practiced Many clergy practiced pluralismpluralism

(holding two paying offices at once) (holding two paying offices at once) and and absenteeismabsenteeism (not living in the (not living in the post from which income came).post from which income came).

Urban V went to Rome 1367; returned Urban V went to Rome 1367; returned in less than 3 years.in less than 3 years.

Gregory XI moved back in 1377.Gregory XI moved back in 1377.


3. The Papal Schism3. The Papal Schism Began soon after death of Gregory XI Began soon after death of Gregory XI

13781378 French cardinals elected Urban VI French cardinals elected Urban VI

under pressure, soon became unhappy under pressure, soon became unhappy with choice, and returned to Avignonwith choice, and returned to Avignon

In Avignon they elected Clement VII, a In Avignon they elected Clement VII, a prince related to the king of Franceprince related to the king of France

Urban appointed a new group of Urban appointed a new group of cardinalscardinals


3. The Papal Schism3. The Papal Schism Nations forced to decide Nations forced to decide

betweenbetween Avignon—Spain, France, Avignon—Spain, France,

Scotland, part of GermanyScotland, part of Germany Rome—Italy, most of Germany, Rome—Italy, most of Germany,

Scandinavia, Bohemia, Poland, Scandinavia, Bohemia, Poland, Flanders and PortugalFlanders and Portugal


3. The Papal Schism3. The Papal Schism When Urban VI died, another When Urban VI died, another

Roman chosenRoman chosen Clement VII continued in Avignon Clement VII continued in Avignon

16 yrs.16 yrs. Clement succeeded by Benedict Clement succeeded by Benedict

XIII, who served for 23 yearsXIII, who served for 23 years


3. The Papal Schism3. The Papal Schism Many efforts to get both popes to Many efforts to get both popes to

resign and elect a newresign and elect a new Both eventually agreed, but Both eventually agreed, but

neither followed throughneither followed through 1409 cardinals from both Rome 1409 cardinals from both Rome

and Avignon met in a council at and Avignon met in a council at Pisa—deposed both and elected Pisa—deposed both and elected a newa new


3. The Papal Schism3. The Papal Schism To Pisa’s surprise, neither pope To Pisa’s surprise, neither pope

would recognize their actionwould recognize their action Thus 3 popes ruled concurrently, Thus 3 popes ruled concurrently,

each supported by the different each supported by the different states of Europestates of Europe

Intolerable situation created an Intolerable situation created an uproar among intellectuals and uproar among intellectuals and grass roots populacegrass roots populace

C. The Conciliar MovementC. The Conciliar Movement

Nicaea 325 1Nicaea 325 1stst ecumenical ecumenical Acts 15 the precedent?Acts 15 the precedent? Council of Pisa the forerunnerCouncil of Pisa the forerunner

But was not summoned by a popeBut was not summoned by a pope Widened schism rather than healingWidened schism rather than healing

An authoritative council would An authoritative council would need to be convened by both a need to be convened by both a pope and an emperorpope and an emperor


1. The Council of Constance1. The Council of Constance John XXIII & Emperor Sigismund John XXIII & Emperor Sigismund

managed a dual summonsmanaged a dual summons Constance 1414-1418—RCC 16Constance 1414-1418—RCC 16thth official official

c.c. Purposes:Purposes:

End papal schismEnd papal schism Reform churchReform church Deal with various heresiesDeal with various heresies


At outset c. called fro abdication of At outset c. called fro abdication of all 3 popesall 3 popes

Without a pope Emperor Sigismund Without a pope Emperor Sigismund forced its continunaceforced its continunace

C. issued “Articles of Constance”—C. issued “Articles of Constance”—declared a c. derived its authority declared a c. derived its authority directly from God and everyone, directly from God and everyone, even the pope, had to obey its even the pope, had to obey its decisions.decisions.


Imp. of rise of nationalism clearly Imp. of rise of nationalism clearly manifested at Constance.manifested at Constance.

With problems at the beg., the c. With problems at the beg., the c. changed the vote from personal changed the vote from personal vote to vote by nations.vote to vote by nations.

Deputies from 5 nations joined Deputies from 5 nations joined with the cardinals in electing Pope with the cardinals in electing Pope Martin V.Martin V.


2. The Council of Basel2. The Council of Basel Declaring itself the supreme Declaring itself the supreme

governing body, Constance had governing body, Constance had changed the papacy from an changed the papacy from an absolute to a constitutional absolute to a constitutional monarchy.monarchy.

Didn’t last long, but set a Didn’t last long, but set a precedent for Vatican IIprecedent for Vatican II


2. The Council of Basel2. The Council of Basel Constance called for a council in 5 Constance called for a council in 5

yr, another in 7, and one every 10 yr, another in 7, and one every 10 “forever after”“forever after”

Martin V called a c. in 1423 at Martin V called a c. in 1423 at Pavia, but was terminated by Pavia, but was terminated by plagueplague

7 yr later called Council of Basel7 yr later called Council of Basel


2. The Council of Basel2. The Council of Basel New Pope Eugenius IV ordered the New Pope Eugenius IV ordered the

c. dissolved, but Emperor c. dissolved, but Emperor Sigismund ordered it to continueSigismund ordered it to continue

Eugenius was forced to flee RomeEugenius was forced to flee Rome Papal prestige dealt a new blow by Papal prestige dealt a new blow by

Nicholas of Cusa & Lorenzo Valla—Nicholas of Cusa & Lorenzo Valla—demonstrated Donation of demonstrated Donation of Constantine to be a forgeryConstantine to be a forgery


2. The Council of Basel2. The Council of Basel Nicholas of Cusa gave strong Nicholas of Cusa gave strong

support for conciliar authority over support for conciliar authority over papal authority—papal authority— Pope just one member of the churchPope just one member of the church Church (not pope) infallible and can Church (not pope) infallible and can

transfer that infallibility to a general transfer that infallibility to a general c.c.

C. superior to a pope and could C. superior to a pope and could despose himdespose him


2. The Council of Basel2. The Council of Basel Armed with antipapal support Basel Armed with antipapal support Basel

made sweeping declarations—made sweeping declarations— Abolishing man papal sources of Abolishing man papal sources of

revenuerevenue Filling high posts by election, not papalFilling high posts by election, not papal Regulating age & number of cardinalsRegulating age & number of cardinals Claiming right to grant indulgences.Claiming right to grant indulgences.

Basel had gone too far & many Basel had gone too far & many supporters began to swing back supporters began to swing back


2. The Council of Basel2. The Council of Basel C. deposed Eugenius as a heretic and C. deposed Eugenius as a heretic and

elected Felix V in his place; Eugenius elected Felix V in his place; Eugenius refused to step down.refused to step down.

1448 c. driven from Basel to 1448 c. driven from Basel to Lausanne where Felix abdicated.Lausanne where Felix abdicated.

Shortly after Eugenius died and was Shortly after Eugenius died and was followed by Nicholas V.followed by Nicholas V.

C. recognized Nicholas; conciliar C. recognized Nicholas; conciliar movement effectively ended.movement effectively ended.

D. The Critical-Reform D. The Critical-Reform MovementMovement

Other purposes of the councils-Other purposes of the councils- Attempt reform within churchAttempt reform within church

Weak and ineffectiveWeak and ineffective Deal with heresy and dissentDeal with heresy and dissent

Severe and definitiveSevere and definitive Church was being further divided by Church was being further divided by

deep theological and moral issues.deep theological and moral issues. Forerunners of Protestant Forerunners of Protestant

Reformation desperately trying to Reformation desperately trying to save it.save it.


1. John Wycliffe (1328-84)1. John Wycliffe (1328-84) ““The Morning Star of the The Morning Star of the

Reformation”Reformation” Friend of John of GauntFriend of John of Gaunt Supported British crown in dispute Supported British crown in dispute

with pope over ownership and with pope over ownership and stewardship of property.stewardship of property.

1375—1375—On Divine LordshipOn Divine Lordship 1376—1376—On Civil LorshipOn Civil Lorship


Righteous StewardshipRighteous Stewardship Everything belongs to GodEverything belongs to God Every creature is His servantEvery creature is His servant No man has permanent or unlimited No man has permanent or unlimited

lordshiplordship Lordship is by the grace of GodLordship is by the grace of God If any person, esp. a priest, is immoral If any person, esp. a priest, is immoral

or unfit, should be replacedor unfit, should be replaced Kings & princes servants too, Kings & princes servants too,

replaced if unfitreplaced if unfit


During scandal of papal schism, W. During scandal of papal schism, W. argued the true Church invisible—argued the true Church invisible— Salvation does not depend on Salvation does not depend on

membership in visible church or membership in visible church or mediation by priest—upon election by mediation by priest—upon election by GodGod

Everyone truly elected of God a priestEveryone truly elected of God a priest But, true and pure priests should be But, true and pure priests should be

honoredhonored Condemned cult of saints, relics, Condemned cult of saints, relics,

pilgrimagespilgrimages


Transubstantiation—Transubstantiation— Rejected in favor of remanence Rejected in favor of remanence

(Christ is in the sacrament, along (Christ is in the sacrament, along with bread & wine, just as king is with bread & wine, just as king is everywhere present in his everywhere present in his kingdom)kingdom)

In this, though he appealed to In this, though he appealed to Ambrose, Augustine, Anselm, Ambrose, Augustine, Anselm, Nicholas II, cause many of his Nicholas II, cause many of his friends to reject him.friends to reject him.


Repudiated indulgences & masses Repudiated indulgences & masses for the dead; believed in purgatoryfor the dead; believed in purgatory

Bible should be available for all Bible should be available for all men to read; translated from men to read; translated from Vulgate to English vernacularVulgate to English vernacular

To distribute Bibles and preach, To distribute Bibles and preach, sent out traveling preachers sent out traveling preachers (Lollards=“mumblers”)(Lollards=“mumblers”)

Peasant’s Revolt 1381 blamed on Peasant’s Revolt 1381 blamed on LollardsLollards


1. John Wycliffe (1328-84)1. John Wycliffe (1328-84) Though some of W’s teachings Though some of W’s teachings

created a stir and some condemned, created a stir and some condemned, he remained a devout Catholic and he remained a devout Catholic and died in peace, 1384.died in peace, 1384.

1401 strong act against heretics, 1401 strong act against heretics, aimed at Lollards.aimed at Lollards.

1406 clear anti-Lollard measure.1406 clear anti-Lollard measure. 1407 Archbishop of Canterbury 1407 Archbishop of Canterbury

condemned them.condemned them.


1. John Wycliffe (1328-84)1. John Wycliffe (1328-84) 1409 synod in London condemned 1409 synod in London condemned

doctrines of W.doctrines of W. Unauthorized translation of BibleUnauthorized translation of Bible Unlicensed preachersUnlicensed preachers Some L. burned at stakeSome L. burned at stake

Henry V tried to exterminate LollardsHenry V tried to exterminate Lollards


1. John Wycliffe (1328-84)1. John Wycliffe (1328-84) Council of ConstanceCouncil of Constance

Condemned W. on 260 countsCondemned W. on 260 counts Ordered writings burnedOrdered writings burned Bones exhumed & cast out of Bones exhumed & cast out of

consecrated groundconsecrated ground Papal command, bones dug up, Papal command, bones dug up,

burned and ashes thrown into nearby burned and ashes thrown into nearby stream, 1428.stream, 1428.

Lollardy continuedLollardy continued


2. John Hus (1369-1415)2. John Hus (1369-1415) While Lollards being suppressed in Eng., While Lollards being suppressed in Eng.,

a reformer directly influenced by life a reformer directly influenced by life and writings of W. was emerging in and writings of W. was emerging in Bohemia.Bohemia.

By 1409 H. rector of the U. of PragueBy 1409 H. rector of the U. of Prague Popular preacher at Bethlehem Chapel Popular preacher at Bethlehem Chapel H. translated many of W’s writings into H. translated many of W’s writings into

CzechCzech This, and persistent sermons on morals This, and persistent sermons on morals

of clergy provoked hostility.of clergy provoked hostility.


2. John Hus (1369-1415)2. John Hus (1369-1415) Advocated:Advocated:

NT as law of the churchNT as law of the church Christlike poverty as Christian idealChristlike poverty as Christian ideal Reform of abuses like pilgrimagesReform of abuses like pilgrimages Christ as head of church, not the Christ as head of church, not the

popepope A predestined church of the electA predestined church of the elect Didn’t agree with W. on remanence; Didn’t agree with W. on remanence;

did champion Czech demand that did champion Czech demand that laity have the cup—chalice became laity have the cup—chalice became sybol of Hussite movementsybol of Hussite movement


2. John Hus (1369-1415)2. John Hus (1369-1415) 1407 H. refused to be quiet, 1407 H. refused to be quiet,

excommunicated by Archbishop of excommunicated by Archbishop of PraguePrague

1409 C. of Pisa elected 31409 C. of Pisa elected 3rdrd pope; H. pope; H. supported Pisan pope, but he also supported Pisan pope, but he also ordered H. to cease preachingordered H. to cease preaching

H. appealed to the successor, John H. appealed to the successor, John XXIII, but John excommunicated H. XXIII, but John excommunicated H. and placed Prague under the interdictand placed Prague under the interdict


2. John Hus (1369-1415)2. John Hus (1369-1415) Emperor Sigismund sought remedy by Emperor Sigismund sought remedy by

having H. present case to C. of having H. present case to C. of ConstanceConstance

H. went under imperial “safe H. went under imperial “safe conduct,” but was arrested, conduct,” but was arrested, imprisoned, convicted as “a manifest imprisoned, convicted as “a manifest heretic” and sentenced to burn.heretic” and sentenced to burn.

Burned at stake July 6, 1415.Burned at stake July 6, 1415. When news reached Prague country When news reached Prague country

erupted in revolt.erupted in revolt.


2. John Hus (1369-1415)2. John Hus (1369-1415) Czech & Moravian nobles pledged to Czech & Moravian nobles pledged to

defend reforms for which H. dieddefend reforms for which H. died Common people attacked Common people attacked

monasteries and churchesmonasteries and churches By Feb. 1416 all Prague chs in hands By Feb. 1416 all Prague chs in hands

of reform clergyof reform clergy Revolt abetted the rising nationalism Revolt abetted the rising nationalism

challenging the papacychallenging the papacy


2. John Hus (1369-1415)2. John Hus (1369-1415) Four Prague ArticlesFour Prague Articles

Freedom of preachingFreedom of preachingSacrament in both kinds to all Sacrament in both kinds to all ChristiansChristians

Exemplary living and no Exemplary living and no secular power for priestssecular power for priests

Punishment of all mortal sinsPunishment of all mortal sins


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Less drastic and thoroughly Less drastic and thoroughly

nonpolitical, but still created problems nonpolitical, but still created problems for church unityfor church unity

Mystics did not directly challenge Mystics did not directly challenge papacy and priesthood; did weaken papacy and priesthood; did weaken ecclesiastical power by advocating ecclesiastical power by advocating direct contact with Goddirect contact with God

If man can have direct unification and If man can have direct unification and identification with God, then clergy, identification with God, then clergy, sacraments, etc., even prayer, sacraments, etc., even prayer, unnecessaryunnecessary


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Meister Eckhart (1260-1327)—most Meister Eckhart (1260-1327)—most

dynamic force in religious life of dynamic force in religious life of Germany before ReformationGermany before Reformation

Held—Held— Only reality in man & nature is the Only reality in man & nature is the

divine spark of God, which is in divine spark of God, which is in everythingeverything

Often accused of PantheismOften accused of Pantheism


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Insisted he was striving for Insisted he was striving for

individual’s immersion and individual’s immersion and identification with Godidentification with God

““Feet and hands, and mouth and Feet and hands, and mouth and eyes, the heart, and all a man is and eyes, the heart, and all a man is and has, become God’s own.”has, become God’s own.”

1326 Eckhart accused but died before 1326 Eckhart accused but died before the proceedingsthe proceedings

Believed to have influenced Luther on Believed to have influenced Luther on faith, Kant’s critical idealism, Hegel’s faith, Kant’s critical idealism, Hegel’s pantheism.pantheism.


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Eckhart disciples: Johann Tauler and Eckhart disciples: Johann Tauler and

Henry Suso.Henry Suso. Tauler noted for preaching skill and Tauler noted for preaching skill and

devoted care of sick during Black devoted care of sick during Black Death of 1348.Death of 1348.

Stressed union with God, but not for Stressed union with God, but not for its own sake, but to produce its own sake, but to produce benevolent and charitable servicebenevolent and charitable service

The Mystic Way—virtues of humility The Mystic Way—virtues of humility and abandonment to will of Godand abandonment to will of God


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Henry SusoHenry Suso Extolled suffering as the way to the Extolled suffering as the way to the

exquisite love of Godexquisite love of God

John Ruysbroeck, Flemish priest John Ruysbroeck, Flemish priest popularized mystic contemplationpopularized mystic contemplation

Gerhard Groot founded Brethren of Gerhard Groot founded Brethren of the Common Life—semimonastic the Common Life—semimonastic groups which emphasized poverty, groups which emphasized poverty, chastity, obediencechastity, obedience


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Brethren…did not beg like mendicant Brethren…did not beg like mendicant

friars and were free to quit and return friars and were free to quit and return to secular lifeto secular life

Groot also helped develop Groot also helped develop Devotio Devotio ModernaModerna (the modern way of serving (the modern way of serving God)—this was a spiritual revival in God)—this was a spiritual revival in Catholic churchCatholic church

Many Brethren left mark—Nicholas of Many Brethren left mark—Nicholas of Cusa, ErasmusCusa, Erasmus


3. Mysticism3. Mysticism Man who best sums up faith of Man who best sums up faith of

Devotio ModernaDevotio Moderna is Thomas a Kempis, is Thomas a Kempis, author of author of Imitation of ChristImitation of Christ (trans. (trans. into more languages than any book into more languages than any book but Bible)but Bible)

Imitation of ChristImitation of Christ—to teach the way —to teach the way of perfection through following of perfection through following Christ’s example.Christ’s example.

Is only toward the end that it even Is only toward the end that it even mentions the sacrament-based mentions the sacrament-based Catholicism from which it came.Catholicism from which it came.

E. The Renaissance E. The Renaissance MovementMovement

Ca. 1300-1600Ca. 1300-1600 ““Renaissance”=“rebirth” revivalRenaissance”=“rebirth” revival Revival of values of classical Greek Revival of values of classical Greek

and Roman civilization in arts, and Roman civilization in arts, literature, and politicsliterature, and politics

Imp. Motifs—individualism, Imp. Motifs—individualism, secularism, rationalismsecularism, rationalism


1. Humanism in Literature1. Humanism in Literature R. began with revival of classical R. began with revival of classical

learning by scholars known as learning by scholars known as “humanists.”“humanists.”

Originally, someone who taught Latin Originally, someone who taught Latin grammar; then, someone who studied grammar; then, someone who studied classical writings and molded life on classical writings and molded life on what he read.what he read.

Most (early) were Christian & called Most (early) were Christian & called for reform of education and morality.for reform of education and morality.


1. Humanism in Literature1. Humanism in Literature a. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) a. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

Spanned transition from theological to Spanned transition from theological to secularsecular

Divine ComedyDivine Comedy—imaginary, allegorical trip —imaginary, allegorical trip through hell, purgatory, and paradisethrough hell, purgatory, and paradise

b. Francesco Petrarchb. Francesco Petrarch (1304-74) (1304-74) c. Lorenzo Valla (1406-57)c. Lorenzo Valla (1406-57)

Believed all literature was subject to Believed all literature was subject to scholarly investigation, including Jerome’s scholarly investigation, including Jerome’s Vulgate.Vulgate.

Father of historical criticism.Father of historical criticism.


1. Humanism in Literature1. Humanism in Literature d. Nicholas of Cusa (1400-64)d. Nicholas of Cusa (1400-64)

Worked within church to reformWorked within church to reform Along with Lorenzo Valla demonstrated Along with Lorenzo Valla demonstrated

the falsity of the the falsity of the Donation of ConstantineDonation of Constantine e. Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522)e. Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522)

In time of anti-Jewish feelings promoted In time of anti-Jewish feelings promoted the study of Hebrewthe study of Hebrew

The great uncle of Philip MelanchthonThe great uncle of Philip Melanchthon


1. Humanism in Literature1. Humanism in Literature f. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)f. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

Prince of humanistsPrince of humanists Educated by Brethren of the Common LifeEducated by Brethren of the Common Life Never broke with the church but spoke Never broke with the church but spoke

against monasticism, Scholasticism and against monasticism, Scholasticism and formalism.formalism.

Wanted to purge the church of superstition Wanted to purge the church of superstition through intelligence and ethical teachings through intelligence and ethical teachings of Christ.of Christ.

Endeavored to fuse culture with piety.Endeavored to fuse culture with piety.



1503 1503 Handbook of the Christian Handbook of the Christian SoldierSoldier—guide to Christian living—guide to Christian living

1509 1509 In Praise of FollyIn Praise of Folly—revealed —revealed hypocrisy, greed, ignorance in hypocrisy, greed, ignorance in popes, cardinals, kings, nobles……popes, cardinals, kings, nobles……

1516 1516 Greek New TestamentGreek New Testament



1516 1516 On the Education of a On the Education of a Christian PrinceChristian Prince—lauded biblical —lauded biblical and classical education for rulersand classical education for rulers

Familiar ColloquiesFamiliar Colloquies—ridiculed the —ridiculed the corruptions of church and corruptions of church and monastery and helped prepare for monastery and helped prepare for ReformationReformation



At times approved of Luther’s workAt times approved of Luther’s work Clashed sharply over free willClashed sharply over free will Believed reform from within possible Believed reform from within possible

and his method would work if and his method would work if alllowed to alllowed to

““While I was fighting a fairly equal While I was fighting a fairly equal battle, lo! suddenly Luther arose and battle, lo! suddenly Luther arose and threw the apple of discord into the threw the apple of discord into the world.”world.”


2. Realism in Culture2. Realism in Culture Renaissance generally understood to be Renaissance generally understood to be

that period of time when the church that period of time when the church began to lose control over society. began to lose control over society. Earth came to be more valued than Earth came to be more valued than heaven, fame was more important than heaven, fame was more important than immortality of the soul, self-cultivation immortality of the soul, self-cultivation more to be sought than self-denial, the more to be sought than self-denial, the delights of the flesh attracted more delights of the flesh attracted more attention than asceticism, and attention than asceticism, and intellectual freedom was more sacred intellectual freedom was more sacred than orthodox authority.than orthodox authority.


2. Realism in Culture2. Realism in Culture a. Renaissance Art.a. Renaissance Art.

Realism appealed to and promoted Realism appealed to and promoted the human urge to fulfillment and the human urge to fulfillment and expression. Great artists of the expression. Great artists of the period reflected that urge.period reflected that urge.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.Raphael.

Renaissance art threatened Renaissance art threatened medieval authoritarianism and medieval authoritarianism and cultural solidarity.cultural solidarity.


2. Realism in Culture2. Realism in Culture b. Renaissance Architecture.b. Renaissance Architecture.

Gothic style of pointed arch and Gothic style of pointed arch and soaring vault had expressed medieval soaring vault had expressed medieval man’s aspiration of turning from the man’s aspiration of turning from the laborious soil to the exalted sky.laborious soil to the exalted sky.

In R. men sought to beautify life, not In R. men sought to beautify life, not to escape it, and earth was to be to escape it, and earth was to be embellished as though it were embellished as though it were heaven.heaven.



Gothic church was cruciform; the R. Gothic church was cruciform; the R. church was circular.church was circular.

Gothic church used the spire; the R. Gothic church used the spire; the R. featured the dome.featured the dome.

Basilica of St. Peter, cornerstone Basilica of St. Peter, cornerstone laid 1506.laid 1506.



Gothic church was cruciform; the R. Gothic church was cruciform; the R. church was circular.church was circular.

Gothic church used the spire; the R. Gothic church used the spire; the R. featured the dome.featured the dome.

Basilica of St. Peter, cornerstone Basilica of St. Peter, cornerstone laid 1506.laid 1506.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion Medieval Xtianity had become a Medieval Xtianity had become a

kingdom in this world; many pagan & kingdom in this world; many pagan & worldly elements influenced the church.worldly elements influenced the church.

When R. opened new doors, the ch. When R. opened new doors, the ch. retreated into an already divided house.retreated into an already divided house.

Some R. popes were great patrons of Some R. popes were great patrons of the arts, but often benefits of the R. the arts, but often benefits of the R. were used to buttress the antiquated were used to buttress the antiquated systems of the church.systems of the church.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion a. Pope Nicholas V (1397-1455)a. Pope Nicholas V (1397-1455)

Maybe the best of R. popesMaybe the best of R. popes Laid plans for rebuilding Vatican and Laid plans for rebuilding Vatican and

St. Peter’s and founded the Vatican St. Peter’s and founded the Vatican library.library.

Lived a blameless personal life, Lived a blameless personal life, avoided nepotism, and was eager to avoided nepotism, and was eager to reconcile religion with the new R. reconcile religion with the new R. spirit.spirit.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion b. Pope Sixtus IV (1471-84)b. Pope Sixtus IV (1471-84)

A new low for the papacy; devoted A new low for the papacy; devoted to politics and self-interestto politics and self-interest

Elevated 6 nephews to Cardinals Elevated 6 nephews to Cardinals (one Pope Julius II)(one Pope Julius II)

Was implicated in the murder of Was implicated in the murder of two de Medicistwo de Medicis

But, founded Sistine Choir, built But, founded Sistine Choir, built Sistine Chapel, enriched Vatican Sistine Chapel, enriched Vatican library.library.

Personally moral.Personally moral.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion c. Pope Innocent VIII (1484-92)c. Pope Innocent VIII (1484-92)

A weak worldling with several children A weak worldling with several children that he openly sought to advance.that he openly sought to advance.

Elaborate building program at a time Elaborate building program at a time when were calls for reform.when were calls for reform.

Superficial theologically—1484 bull Superficial theologically—1484 bull declared Germany to be full of witches.declared Germany to be full of witches.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion d. Pope Alexcander VI (1492-1503)d. Pope Alexcander VI (1492-1503)

““Most notoriously immoral pope of all Most notoriously immoral pope of all time”time”

Had many children supported by church Had many children supported by church revenues, e.g., Lucrezia Borgia and revenues, e.g., Lucrezia Borgia and Cesare Borgia.Cesare Borgia.

Skillful administrator who advanced Skillful administrator who advanced education, patronized the arts, beautified education, patronized the arts, beautified Rome, and showed kindness to the Jews.Rome, and showed kindness to the Jews.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion d. Pope Alexcander VI (1492-1503)d. Pope Alexcander VI (1492-1503)

Prosecuted Girolamo Savonarola, who Prosecuted Girolamo Savonarola, who denounced the immorality of Florence denounced the immorality of Florence and the clergy.and the clergy.

Alexander excommunicated him; S. Alexander excommunicated him; S. demanded a general council to depose A.demanded a general council to depose A.

S. was finally imprisoned and then S. was finally imprisoned and then hanged in marketplace of Florence, 1498.hanged in marketplace of Florence, 1498.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion e. Pope Julius II (1503-13)e. Pope Julius II (1503-13)

Most warlike pope; Erasmus more Most warlike pope; Erasmus more shocked by the vulgarity of a pope in shocked by the vulgarity of a pope in armor than by the carnality of the Borgia.armor than by the carnality of the Borgia.

Restored and enlarged temporal power of Restored and enlarged temporal power of papacy.papacy.

Essentially a statesman and military Essentially a statesman and military leader, but made possible M’s Moses, M’s leader, but made possible M’s Moses, M’s paintings in Sistine C. & Raphael’s paintings in Sistine C. & Raphael’s paintings in Vatican.paintings in Vatican.

Sale of indulgences sparked the P. Sale of indulgences sparked the P. Reformation.Reformation.


3. Monopolism in Religion3. Monopolism in Religion f. Pope Leo X (1513-21)f. Pope Leo X (1513-21)

Wealthy, pleasure-loving member of de Wealthy, pleasure-loving member of de MediciMedici

““Now we have the papacy; let us enjoy Now we have the papacy; let us enjoy it.”it.”

Spent more on gambling than artists.Spent more on gambling than artists. Within 2 years squandered the fortune Within 2 years squandered the fortune

left by Julius II.left by Julius II. Never understood Martin Luther, whom Never understood Martin Luther, whom

he excommunicated in 1520.he excommunicated in 1520.

Cleansing The Cleansing The Temple:Temple:

The Reform CrisisThe Reform Crisis

(1517-1648)(1517-1648)

A. Prelude To ReformA. Prelude To Reform

1. Political Conditions1. Political Conditions Struggle between crown & papacy Struggle between crown & papacy

increased as rising national states increased as rising national states demanded more control of ch. demanded more control of ch. GovernmentGovernment

Kings involved not concerned with Kings involved not concerned with reforming the church, only controlling it.reforming the church, only controlling it.

Their efforts curbed the power of the Their efforts curbed the power of the pope and weakened his ability to crush pope and weakened his ability to crush the Reformation.the Reformation.


1. Political Conditions1. Political Conditions EnglandEngland Since 1066 Eng. King had been head of Since 1066 Eng. King had been head of

Eng. Ch.Eng. Ch. 1265 House of Commons formed, giving 1265 House of Commons formed, giving

king additional support of middle classking additional support of middle class On eve of Reformation, Eng. recognized On eve of Reformation, Eng. recognized

pope as head of the Ch. of Eng. only pope as head of the Ch. of Eng. only “insofar as the laws of the land “insofar as the laws of the land permitted.”permitted.”


1. Political Conditions1. Political Conditions FranceFrance 100 Years’ War (1338-1453) 100 Years’ War (1338-1453)

consolidated royal powerconsolidated royal power 1516 Francis I and Pope Leo X drew 1516 Francis I and Pope Leo X drew

up Concordat of Bologna, which made up Concordat of Bologna, which made the king the virtual head of the the king the virtual head of the church in France.church in France.


1. Political Conditions1. Political Conditions Spain Spain 1469, monarchy born with marriage 1469, monarchy born with marriage

of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, who sought to reform of ch. Castile, who sought to reform of ch. and to bring it in submission to crown.and to bring it in submission to crown.

1482 they forced Sixtus IV to sign 1482 they forced Sixtus IV to sign concordat placing nominations to concordat placing nominations to higher ch. posts under royal control.higher ch. posts under royal control.


1. Political Conditions1. Political Conditions GermanyGermany Ca. 300 states organized under Ca. 300 states organized under

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation Since Otto the Great (962), head of Since Otto the Great (962), head of

Germanic states also emperor of the Germanic states also emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, but consolidation Holy Roman Empire, but consolidation provided opportunity for national provided opportunity for national church under state control.church under state control.


2. Ximenes in Spain2. Ximenes in Spain Archbishop of Toledo and personal Archbishop of Toledo and personal

confessor to Queen Isabellaconfessor to Queen Isabella As head of ch., had burning desire to As head of ch., had burning desire to

purge ch. of unworthy and purge ch. of unworthy and undisciplined clergy and monks.undisciplined clergy and monks.

Unleashed remarkable revival of piety Unleashed remarkable revival of piety and learning, setting example himself and learning, setting example himself in an austere life-style of discipline in an austere life-style of discipline and devotion.and devotion.


2. Ximenes in Spain2. Ximenes in Spain Eliminated many monastic abuses, Eliminated many monastic abuses,

stopped clerical irregularities, and stopped clerical irregularities, and fought heresy with great passion.fought heresy with great passion.

Promoted biblical and medical studies Promoted biblical and medical studies and founded U. of Alcala.and founded U. of Alcala.

Published Published Complutensian PolyglotComplutensian Polyglot (Hebrew, Latin and Greek)(Hebrew, Latin and Greek)


2. Ximenes in Spain2. Ximenes in Spain Pub. 1Pub. 1stst NT in Greek 1514 NT in Greek 1514 Increasingly directed energies to Increasingly directed energies to

stamping out heresy; launched crusades stamping out heresy; launched crusades of preaching and violence against infidels of preaching and violence against infidels and deviators from the faith.and deviators from the faith.

1507 head of Spanish Inquisition—1507 head of Spanish Inquisition—executed 2,500; imprisoned and tortured executed 2,500; imprisoned and tortured more than 40,000; burned in effigy 1,300.more than 40,000; burned in effigy 1,300.

Set pace for inner reform later.Set pace for inner reform later.


3.Indulgence Controversy3.Indulgence Controversy Central Europe seething for revoltCentral Europe seething for revolt Causes: political, social, economic, as Causes: political, social, economic, as

well as religiouswell as religious Practical issue which brought these Practical issue which brought these

issues together and into clear focus issues together and into clear focus was the profligate sale of indulgences was the profligate sale of indulgences by church officials.by church officials.


3.Indulgence Controversy3.Indulgence Controversy Indulgence—the means by which the Indulgence—the means by which the

ch. alleviated an individual’s temporal ch. alleviated an individual’s temporal penalties in purgatory because of penalties in purgatory because of special merit earned or exceptional special merit earned or exceptional contributions made.contributions made.

1111thth & 12 & 12thth cent., popes promised cent., popes promised soldiers indulgences for fighting soldiers indulgences for fighting against Moslems in the crusades.against Moslems in the crusades.

Then, was extended to those who Then, was extended to those who could not go, but financially sponsored could not go, but financially sponsored someone who could.someone who could.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy Practice broadened to include many Practice broadened to include many

specified good works.specified good works. To under gird practice, there developed To under gird practice, there developed

the theological principle of the the theological principle of the “treasury of the church,” supported by “treasury of the church,” supported by Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, Alexander of Hales.Alexander of Hales.

““Treasury”—apostles & saints had Treasury”—apostles & saints had done far more than necessary, so a done far more than necessary, so a surplus of merit. surplus of merit.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy Surplus, added to the great work Surplus, added to the great work

accomplished by Christ, gave church a accomplished by Christ, gave church a rich treasury of merit which could be rich treasury of merit which could be transferred to penitent sinners in transferred to penitent sinners in satisfaction for their offenses.satisfaction for their offenses.

1343 Clement VI gave official papal 1343 Clement VI gave official papal endorsement.endorsement.

Trade increased dramatically; Trade increased dramatically; developed into a business to raise developed into a business to raise money for papacy.money for papacy.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy 1476 Sixtus IV permitted living to buy 1476 Sixtus IV permitted living to buy

indulgences for those already dead indulgences for those already dead and in purgatory.and in purgatory.

1517 Johann Tetzel was literally 1517 Johann Tetzel was literally hawking indulgences through much of hawking indulgences through much of Germany by clever promotional Germany by clever promotional methods, promising as soon as the methods, promising as soon as the money fell into the coffer, a soul was money fell into the coffer, a soul was released from purgatory.released from purgatory.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy Only ½ went to the pope; other went to Only ½ went to the pope; other went to

pay off an ecclesiastical debt.pay off an ecclesiastical debt. Albert of Brandenburg, a prince-bishop, Albert of Brandenburg, a prince-bishop,

coveted the archbishopric of Mainz, but coveted the archbishopric of Mainz, but he already held two bishoprics; it was he already held two bishoprics; it was against canon law to hold more than against canon law to hold more than one and he was too young to have any.one and he was too young to have any.

To circumvent canon law required To circumvent canon law required large bribes and fees.large bribes and fees.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy Albert borrowed the needed money Albert borrowed the needed money

from the Fugger bankers, using as from the Fugger bankers, using as security the promise of an indulgence security the promise of an indulgence campaign in his territory, ½ going to campaign in his territory, ½ going to the Fuggers and ½ to the pope.the Fuggers and ½ to the pope.

Luther at first ignorant of the Luther at first ignorant of the arrangement; his attack on arrangement; his attack on indulgences had been made on indulgences had been made on theological grounds.theological grounds.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy 1516 L. in several sermons openly 1516 L. in several sermons openly

questioned the effectiveness and questioned the effectiveness and ethics of indulgences, declaring that ethics of indulgences, declaring that pope had no power to release souls pope had no power to release souls from purgatory.from purgatory.

L. later pointed out that while others L. later pointed out that while others had merely attacked papal morals, he had merely attacked papal morals, he had gone to theological roots of had gone to theological roots of problem—perversion of grace, problem—perversion of grace, externalizing sacrament of penance, externalizing sacrament of penance, legalism contrary to gospel of Christ. legalism contrary to gospel of Christ.


3. Indulgence Controversy3. Indulgence Controversy I. Controversy provided the tangible I. Controversy provided the tangible

expression of the intangible issues.expression of the intangible issues. When L. posted his Ninety-Five When L. posted his Ninety-Five

Theses calling for a theological Theses calling for a theological discussion on the efficacy of discussion on the efficacy of indulgences, he literally threw open indulgences, he literally threw open the gate which had been straining for the gate which had been straining for centuries against ecclesiastical centuries against ecclesiastical abuses and theological heresies.abuses and theological heresies.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany

People of Germany had begun to resent People of Germany had begun to resent papal efforts to drain the wealth of papal efforts to drain the wealth of Germany’s developing mines.Germany’s developing mines.

Christian humanists in Germany also Christian humanists in Germany also helped to stir the fires of reform.helped to stir the fires of reform.

Germans’ spiritual nature & strong Germans’ spiritual nature & strong nationalism prepared them to readily nationalism prepared them to readily accept Luther as their champion and accept Luther as their champion and spokesman.spokesman.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Born Eisleben 11/10/1483, oldest of Born Eisleben 11/10/1483, oldest of

77 Father a miner who eventually Father a miner who eventually

gained considerable wealth, but gained considerable wealth, but peasant traits of spirituality and peasant traits of spirituality and superstition remained in family.superstition remained in family.

L. attended school of Brethren of L. attended school of Brethren of the Common Life in Magdeburgthe Common Life in Magdeburg


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Later school in Eisenach in Later school in Eisenach in

preparation in Latin for university preparation in Latin for university 1502 U. of Erfurt, bachelor’s degree1502 U. of Erfurt, bachelor’s degree Planned to study law; plans abruptly Planned to study law; plans abruptly

changed by religious crisischanged by religious crisis July 2, 1505 L. almost struck by July 2, 1505 L. almost struck by

lightening; vowed to St. Anne if lightening; vowed to St. Anne if spared from death would become a spared from death would become a monk.monk.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Father called it a “trick of the Father called it a “trick of the

devil,” but L. entered Augustinian devil,” but L. entered Augustinian monastery at Erfurt.monastery at Erfurt.

Always in background for the Always in background for the Medieval Catholic hovered specter Medieval Catholic hovered specter of purgatory and wrath of God, of purgatory and wrath of God, with escape from such wrath best with escape from such wrath best found in the monasteries.found in the monasteries.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Monastery life and training did not Monastery life and training did not

bring the peace he sought.bring the peace he sought. 11stst Mass, May 1507—overwhelmed Mass, May 1507—overwhelmed

with his unworthiness and fear of God.with his unworthiness and fear of God. Sought relief through good works and Sought relief through good works and

self-denial.self-denial. Engaged in excessive confession of Engaged in excessive confession of

every type of sin. every type of sin.



bring the peace he sought.bring the peace he sought. On visit to Rome 1510-11 hoped to find On visit to Rome 1510-11 hoped to find

forgiveness and release from despair.forgiveness and release from despair. Deeply shocked and disappointed by Deeply shocked and disappointed by

superficial and worldly leaders in Rome.superficial and worldly leaders in Rome. Said he had carried onions to Rome and Said he had carried onions to Rome and

brought back garlic.brought back garlic.



bring the peace he sought.bring the peace he sought. Began preparing for appointment as Began preparing for appointment as

professor of theology at new U. of professor of theology at new U. of Wittenberg.Wittenberg.

Received doctorate 10/19/1512 and Received doctorate 10/19/1512 and became professor—held position until became professor—held position until his death.his death.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Began to lecture on various books of Began to lecture on various books of

the Bible.the Bible. 1513-16 lectured on Psalms, Romans, 1513-16 lectured on Psalms, Romans,

Galatians, Hebrews, studying from Galatians, Hebrews, studying from original languages.original languages.

From study developed concept of From study developed concept of sola sola scripturascriptura—the scriptures the only —the scriptures the only authority for sinful man in seeking authority for sinful man in seeking salvation.salvation.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Sola scripturaSola scriptura formed one of the two formed one of the two

main themes of his system—the other main themes of his system—the other was was sola fidesola fide, justification by faith , justification by faith alonealone Arrived at latter theme through “tower Arrived at latter theme through “tower

experience,” studying the book of experience,” studying the book of Romans in tower room of Augustinian Romans in tower room of Augustinian friary at Wittenberg.friary at Wittenberg.

Rom. 1:17 “The just shall live by faith”Rom. 1:17 “The just shall live by faith”


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Words seemed to literally leap out at Words seemed to literally leap out at

him; the watchword of Protestant him; the watchword of Protestant Reformation was born.Reformation was born.

““Thereupon I felt as if I had been born Thereupon I felt as if I had been born again and had entered Paradise through again and had entered Paradise through wide-open gates. Immediately the whole wide-open gates. Immediately the whole of Scripture took on a new meaning for of Scripture took on a new meaning for me. I raced through the Scriptures, so me. I raced through the Scriptures, so far as my memory went, and found far as my memory went, and found analogies in other expressions.”analogies in other expressions.”


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) L. had discovered a merciful God.L. had discovered a merciful God. He encountered the forgiveness of He encountered the forgiveness of

a God of grace.a God of grace. Man justified before God by Man justified before God by

accepting God’s forgiveness in accepting God’s forgiveness in faith, not by achieving acceptance faith, not by achieving acceptance through good works.through good works.

Difference between receiving and Difference between receiving and achieving.achieving.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Man does good works not to earn Man does good works not to earn

way to heaven but to express joy way to heaven but to express joy and gratitude for what God has and gratitude for what God has already done.already done.

His twin themes His twin themes sola scripturasola scriptura and and sola fidesola fide led to clear and led to clear and distinctive affirmations which distinctive affirmations which rocked the Catholic world.rocked the Catholic world.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Affirmations:Affirmations:

1) Salvation is by faith alone, not by 1) Salvation is by faith alone, not by works.works.

2) God is accessible to every Christian 2) God is accessible to every Christian without the mediation of priest or without the mediation of priest or church, hence priesthood of all church, hence priesthood of all believers.believers.

3) Bible only standard for faith and life.3) Bible only standard for faith and life. 4) Bible must be interpreted by the aid 4) Bible must be interpreted by the aid

of the Holy Spirit. (Individual man with of the Holy Spirit. (Individual man with his Bible=the Protestant Christian)his Bible=the Protestant Christian)


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) L. undercut the dominant claims and L. undercut the dominant claims and

practices of RCC for previous 1000 yrs.practices of RCC for previous 1000 yrs. L. still a pious Catholic & did not feel he L. still a pious Catholic & did not feel he

was in opposition to the true doctrine; was in opposition to the true doctrine; he attacked only the evils and abuses.he attacked only the evils and abuses.

One who helped L. in arriving at the One who helped L. in arriving at the certainty of his salvation was his mentor certainty of his salvation was his mentor and predecessor, Johann von Staupitz.and predecessor, Johann von Staupitz.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) S. had encouraged L. as early as 1505; S. had encouraged L. as early as 1505;

his insights into the gospel means love his insights into the gospel means love & laughter as well as learning.& laughter as well as learning.

S. was faithful to medieval theology and S. was faithful to medieval theology and the mystical piety of the middle ages.the mystical piety of the middle ages.

Was little wonder that L. thought he was Was little wonder that L. thought he was still in the mainstream of Catholicism.still in the mainstream of Catholicism.


1. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Martin Luther (1483-1546) At outset appeared that L’s reforms At outset appeared that L’s reforms

would be confined to theological would be confined to theological curriculum.curriculum.

But L. was a parish priest too; when But L. was a parish priest too; when current abuses threatened to current abuses threatened to imperil the souls of his parishioners, imperil the souls of his parishioners, he was compelled to speak out.he was compelled to speak out.

When the indulgence controversy When the indulgence controversy reached Wittenberg……reached Wittenberg……


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses October 31, 1517=birth date of October 31, 1517=birth date of

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation L. posted Ninety-Five Theses on L. posted Ninety-Five Theses on

door of Wittenberg Castle Church door of Wittenberg Castle Church in protest of flagrant hawking of in protest of flagrant hawking of indulgences by Johann Tetzel.indulgences by Johann Tetzel.

T. offered full pardon for all sins, T. offered full pardon for all sins, even for dead in purgatory, even if even for dead in purgatory, even if had violated the Virgin Mary.had violated the Virgin Mary.


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses Castle Church (the university chapel) Castle Church (the university chapel)

housed almost 18,000 relics collected housed almost 18,000 relics collected by Elector Frederick of Saxony.by Elector Frederick of Saxony.

Offerings from those who viewed the Offerings from those who viewed the relics were used as revenue for the relics were used as revenue for the university.university.

Bones from saints, twig from M’s Bones from saints, twig from M’s burning bush, a tear shed by Jesus…..burning bush, a tear shed by Jesus…..


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses Payment to see the relics also Payment to see the relics also

served as indulgences; was possible served as indulgences; was possible to purchase as much as 2,000,000 to purchase as much as 2,000,000 years of release from purgatory.years of release from purgatory.

As early as 1516 L. had spoken out; As early as 1516 L. had spoken out; was professionally courageous since was professionally courageous since his salary depended in part on this.his salary depended in part on this.


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses Frederick forbade Tetzel to enter Frederick forbade Tetzel to enter

Saxony for fear T. would detract Saxony for fear T. would detract from his own income.from his own income.

When the people poured across When the people poured across the nearby border to buy from T., the nearby border to buy from T., L. decided was time to debate the L. decided was time to debate the issue openly.issue openly.


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses Door of Castle Church served as a Door of Castle Church served as a

sort of university bulletin board.sort of university bulletin board. Normal procedure in academic Normal procedure in academic

circles for calling for debate or circles for calling for debate or discussion on controversial issues.discussion on controversial issues.

L. accordingly expected to have a L. accordingly expected to have a normal academic and theological normal academic and theological debate on the issue.debate on the issue.


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses 95 Theses invited debate on 3 95 Theses invited debate on 3

general subjects:general subjects: 1) The traffic in indulgences (L. said 1) The traffic in indulgences (L. said

unscriptural, ineffective, dangerous).unscriptural, ineffective, dangerous). 2) The power of the pope in 2) The power of the pope in

forgiveness of sins (L. rejected).forgiveness of sins (L. rejected). 3) The treasury of the church (L. said 3) The treasury of the church (L. said

was the gospel, not merits of Christ was the gospel, not merits of Christ and saints).and saints).


2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses (5) The pope has neither the will nor (5) The pope has neither the will nor

the power to remit any penalties…the power to remit any penalties… (6) The pope has no power to remit (6) The pope has no power to remit

any guilt, except declaring and any guilt, except declaring and warranting it to have been remitted warranting it to have been remitted by God….by God….

(27) They preach man, who say that (27) They preach man, who say that the soul flies out of purgatory as soon the soul flies out of purgatory as soon as the money thrown into the chest as the money thrown into the chest rattles.rattles.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses (28) It is certain that, when the (28) It is certain that, when the

money rattles in the chest, avarice money rattles in the chest, avarice and gain may be increased, but and gain may be increased, but the suffrage of the church depends the suffrage of the church depends on the will of God alone….on the will of God alone….

(86) Why does snot the pope, (86) Why does snot the pope, whose riches are at this day more whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the one of the wealthy, build the one Basilica of St. Peter with his own Basilica of St. Peter with his own money, ….money, ….

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses L. had struck at the very nerves of L. had struck at the very nerves of

the Catholic system.the Catholic system. He had called the whole indulgence He had called the whole indulgence

business a fraud and that was the business a fraud and that was the church’s best means of acquiring church’s best means of acquiring funds.funds.

Had declared gospel itself Had declared gospel itself supersedes the claims of the pope.supersedes the claims of the pope.

Had impugned integrity and Had impugned integrity and authority of pope.authority of pope.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses Theses translated from Latin into Theses translated from Latin into

vernacular German & circulated vernacular German & circulated widely.widely.

L. a national hero overnight; opened L. a national hero overnight; opened the floodgates of pent-up the floodgates of pent-up resentments.resentments.

Tetzel & Dominicans did accept Tetzel & Dominicans did accept challenge to debate and countered challenge to debate and countered with own set of theses upholding with own set of theses upholding hard-line Catholicism.hard-line Catholicism.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 2. The Ninety-Five Theses2. The Ninety-Five Theses L. didn’t bother to debate, but sent L. didn’t bother to debate, but sent

copy of his theses to Archbishop copy of his theses to Archbishop Albert of Mainz, who sent it to the Albert of Mainz, who sent it to the pope.pope.

Leo X took only casual notice; did Leo X took only casual notice; did order the Augustinians to quiet noisy order the Augustinians to quiet noisy L.L.

At a chapter meeting of Augustinians At a chapter meeting of Augustinians in April, 1518, L. received substantial in April, 1518, L. received substantial support from his peers.support from his peers.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm July 1518 the Papal Inquisitor July 1518 the Papal Inquisitor

persuaded pope to summon L. to persuaded pope to summon L. to Rome; Frederick able to have Rome; Frederick able to have summons changed to a summons changed to a consultation at Augsburg with consultation at Augsburg with Cardinal Cajetan, Oct. 1518.Cardinal Cajetan, Oct. 1518.

L. soon discovered C. wanted an L. soon discovered C. wanted an immediate retraction & immediate retraction & submission, not a discussion.submission, not a discussion.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm L. replied that he could not submit L. replied that he could not submit

without being shown error by without being shown error by scripture or reason.scripture or reason.

To both Prierias (Inquisitor) and To both Prierias (Inquisitor) and Cajetan L. stressed authority of Cajetan L. stressed authority of scripture, shifting the controversy scripture, shifting the controversy from indulgences to issue of from indulgences to issue of authority.authority.

Fearing arrest, L. appealed to a Fearing arrest, L. appealed to a general council.general council.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm HRE died in 1519; pope wanted a HRE died in 1519; pope wanted a

lesser figure (like Frederick) elected lesser figure (like Frederick) elected new HRE.new HRE.

Not politically wise for the pope to Not politically wise for the pope to press actions against Frederick’s press actions against Frederick’s most famous professor, L.most famous professor, L.

Karl von Miltitz (papal rep.) sent to Karl von Miltitz (papal rep.) sent to conciliate L.; got L. to promise he conciliate L.; got L. to promise he would refrain from debate if his would refrain from debate if his opponents would do likewise.opponents would do likewise.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm L. refrained until provoked by attacks L. refrained until provoked by attacks

from Johann Eck, U. of Ingolstadt.from Johann Eck, U. of Ingolstadt. E’s attacks provoked public demand E’s attacks provoked public demand

for a formal debate between the two.for a formal debate between the two. Held in Leipzig, July, 1519—Leipzig Held in Leipzig, July, 1519—Leipzig

Disputation.Disputation. Elaborate affair—3 weeks.Elaborate affair—3 weeks. E. able to draw L. out to definitive E. able to draw L. out to definitive

positions.positions.


3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm Positions included:Positions included:

1)L’s support of ideas of John Hus.1)L’s support of ideas of John Hus. 2) L’s belief that general councils are 2) L’s belief that general councils are

fallible.fallible. 3) L’s affirmation that articles of faith 3) L’s affirmation that articles of faith

must come from Scripture.must come from Scripture. E. jubilant; had forced L’s hand.E. jubilant; had forced L’s hand. Was indeed an open revelation of Was indeed an open revelation of

what L. believed.what L. believed.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm Positions included:Positions included:

1)L’s support of ideas of John Hus.1)L’s support of ideas of John Hus. 2) L’s belief that general councils are 2) L’s belief that general councils are

fallible.fallible. 3) L’s affirmation that articles of faith 3) L’s affirmation that articles of faith

must come from Scripture.must come from Scripture. E. jubilant; had forced L’s hand.E. jubilant; had forced L’s hand. Was indeed an open revelation of Was indeed an open revelation of

what L. believed.what L. believed.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 3. The Gathering Storm3. The Gathering Storm L. had clearly denied authority of L. had clearly denied authority of

RCC, insisting ultimate authority RCC, insisting ultimate authority rest in the Bible as interpreted by rest in the Bible as interpreted by the individual.the individual.

E. & orthodox churchmen branded E. & orthodox churchmen branded L. a heretic.L. a heretic.

Many humanists & nearly all his Many humanists & nearly all his colleagues at Wittenberg stood colleagues at Wittenberg stood with him.with him.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome 1520 a year of prolific writing for 1520 a year of prolific writing for

L.; writings took form of essays L.; writings took form of essays known as tracts.known as tracts. May—May—Sermon on Good WorksSermon on Good Works June—June—The Papacy at RomeThe Papacy at Rome August—August—The Address to the German The Address to the German

NobilityNobility September—September—The Babylonian Captivity The Babylonian Captivity

of the of the ChurchChurch

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome 1520 a year of prolific writing for 1520 a year of prolific writing for

L.; writings took form of essays L.; writings took form of essays known as tracts.known as tracts. November—November—The Freedom of the The Freedom of the

Christian ManChristian Man All written in terse German All written in terse German

vernacular; read widely through vernacular; read widely through Europe.Europe.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome Sermon on Good Works—Sermon on Good Works—

““noblest of all good works is to noblest of all good works is to believe in Christ.”believe in Christ.”

Good works to be done gladly Good works to be done gladly and freely, not to attain and freely, not to attain salvation, but to please God.salvation, but to please God.

Good works also include the Good works also include the normal activities of daily life.normal activities of daily life.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome The Address to the German NobilityThe Address to the German Nobility

—— Attacked 3 “walls” Roman church had Attacked 3 “walls” Roman church had

built to protect itself.built to protect itself. 1) superiority of popes, bishops, 1) superiority of popes, bishops,

priests over laity.priests over laity. 2) papal claim to the exclusive right to 2) papal claim to the exclusive right to

interpret Scripture.interpret Scripture. 3) claim that only a pope could 3) claim that only a pope could

summon a council and confirm its acts.summon a council and confirm its acts.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome The Babylonian Captivity of the The Babylonian Captivity of the

ChurchChurch Sacraments—drastically departed from Sacraments—drastically departed from

Catholic doctrine.Catholic doctrine. Papacy the kingdom of Babylon that Papacy the kingdom of Babylon that

had carried the church into captivity.had carried the church into captivity. E.g. of the captivity—denial of cup to E.g. of the captivity—denial of cup to

the laity—should be “in both kinds”the laity—should be “in both kinds” Another—transubstantiation rejected, Another—transubstantiation rejected,

but did believe consubstantiation (real but did believe consubstantiation (real presence).presence).


ChurchChurch L. also denied mass is a good work L. also denied mass is a good work

and a sacrifice.and a sacrifice. Expressed high regard for baptism.Expressed high regard for baptism. Except for penance, L. saw no Except for penance, L. saw no

scriptural grounds for the other scriptural grounds for the other sacraments; saw value of confession, sacraments; saw value of confession, but it need not be to an ordained but it need not be to an ordained priest.priest.


ChurchChurch No grounds for regarding No grounds for regarding

confirmation as a sacrament.confirmation as a sacrament. No scriptural basis for making No scriptural basis for making

matrimony a sacrament. matrimony a sacrament. Since all believers priests, ordination Since all believers priests, ordination

designates a leader, but has no designates a leader, but has no sacramental value.sacramental value.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome The Freedom of the Christian Man—The Freedom of the Christian Man— ““A Christian man is the most free A Christian man is the most free

lord of all, and subject to none; a lord of all, and subject to none; a Christian man is the most dutiful Christian man is the most dutiful servant of all and subject to servant of all and subject to everyone.”everyone.”

His definitive essay on justification His definitive essay on justification by faith alone and the servanthood by faith alone and the servanthood of the believer.of the believer.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome The Freedom of the Christian Man—The Freedom of the Christian Man— Took care to explain that his doctrine Took care to explain that his doctrine

of salvation by faith did not permit of salvation by faith did not permit immorality, but promoted morality immorality, but promoted morality and good works.and good works.

““It is not from works that we are set It is not from works that we are set free by the faith of Christ but from free by the faith of Christ but from foolishly presuming to seek foolishly presuming to seek justification through works.”justification through works.”

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 4. The Break With Rome4. The Break With Rome The Freedom…The Freedom… was addressed to was addressed to

the pope after the latter had the pope after the latter had already issued his primary bull already issued his primary bull against L.against L.

Many disparate groups were Many disparate groups were finding a common champion in the finding a common champion in the bold German.bold German. Biblical reformers saw him as a Biblical reformers saw him as a

scholar who intended to fashion his scholar who intended to fashion his reform around the Bible.reform around the Bible.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany Many disparate groups were Many disparate groups were

finding a common champion in the finding a common champion in the bold German.bold German. Mystics who insisted man could Mystics who insisted man could

approach God without priest or church approach God without priest or church heard L. speaking their language.heard L. speaking their language.

Humanists looking for intellectual Humanists looking for intellectual reform welcomed the open & erudite reform welcomed the open & erudite L.L.

Patriotic Germans who dreamed of Patriotic Germans who dreamed of reform to restore their land to the reform to restore their land to the people took L. to heart.people took L. to heart.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 11stst step of separation taken by Leo X— step of separation taken by Leo X—

June 15, 1520, June 15, 1520, Exsurge DomineExsurge Domine, which , which began, “Arise, Lord, and judge thy began, “Arise, Lord, and judge thy cause. . . .A wild boar has invaded thy cause. . . .A wild boar has invaded thy vineyard.”vineyard.”

Widespread opposition to the bull cause Widespread opposition to the bull cause 3 months to elapse before was delivered 3 months to elapse before was delivered to L. on Oct. 10, 1520.to L. on Oct. 10, 1520.

Dec. 10, 1520 before assembled Dec. 10, 1520 before assembled students & faculty, L. burned the bull, students & faculty, L. burned the bull, along with works supporting the papacy.along with works supporting the papacy.

Excommunication January 3, 1521.Excommunication January 3, 1521.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Ch. wanted L. publicly Ch. wanted L. publicly

excommunicated and turned over excommunicated and turned over to secular powers for burning at the to secular powers for burning at the stake.stake.

Newly elected HRE was Charles V of Newly elected HRE was Charles V of Spain, grandson of Ferdinand & Spain, grandson of Ferdinand & IsabellaIsabella

Shared his grandmother’s desire for Shared his grandmother’s desire for reforming the church, but also a reforming the church, but also a loyal Catholic.loyal Catholic.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Charles probably would have Charles probably would have

proceeded with L’s execution had proceeded with L’s execution had it not been for his own novice it not been for his own novice status and the sensitive political status and the sensitive political situation in Germany.situation in Germany.

He called imperial and He called imperial and ecclesiastical dignitaries to the ecclesiastical dignitaries to the Diet of Worms April 18, 1521 and Diet of Worms April 18, 1521 and called L. for a hearing.called L. for a hearing.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Erasmus and his followers wanted Erasmus and his followers wanted

to avoid schism and possible war to avoid schism and possible war that would erupt if L. were burned.that would erupt if L. were burned.

They tried to get L. to compromise They tried to get L. to compromise on the question of the sacraments; on the question of the sacraments; could then negotiate on other could then negotiate on other points.points.

But L. acknowledged his writings But L. acknowledged his writings including the critical essay on including the critical essay on sacraments.sacraments.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Asked if he stood by the writings, Asked if he stood by the writings,

L. asked for time and the next day L. asked for time and the next day strongly affirmed that he did.strongly affirmed that he did.

““Unless I am convicted by the Unless I am convicted by the Scriptures and plain reason—I do Scriptures and plain reason—I do not accept the authority of popes not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I willof God. I cannot and I will

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Not recant anything, for to go Not recant anything, for to go

against conscience is neither right against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.”otherwise. God help me. Amen.”

L. then called before a committee L. then called before a committee which asked for compromise. L. which asked for compromise. L. replied that truth was not open to replied that truth was not open to negotiation.negotiation.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Still under the safe-conduct order Still under the safe-conduct order

L. left Worms.L. left Worms. Kidnapped by supporters & taken, Kidnapped by supporters & taken,

by Frederick’s order to Wartburg by Frederick’s order to Wartburg Castle.Castle.

Remained there in disguise and Remained there in disguise and under an assumed name for 11 under an assumed name for 11 months.months.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms When Charles V realized L. would not When Charles V realized L. would not

negotiate, had to act; did a month negotiate, had to act; did a month later.later.

May, 1521, Edict of Worms declared L. May, 1521, Edict of Worms declared L. to be “a limb cut off from the Church to be “a limb cut off from the Church of God, an obstinate schismatic and of God, an obstinate schismatic and manifest heretic.”manifest heretic.”

All subjects of empire to refuse L. All subjects of empire to refuse L. lodging, food, drink; to take him lodging, food, drink; to take him prisoner and give him to the prisoner and give him to the authorities.authorities.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 5. The Diet of Worms5. The Diet of Worms Edict also prohibited the printing, Edict also prohibited the printing,

buying, or selling of L’s works.buying, or selling of L’s works. Called for arrest of L’s friends and Called for arrest of L’s friends and

the confiscation of their property.the confiscation of their property. Although never enforced, L. lived Although never enforced, L. lived

his life under the cloud of this edict.his life under the cloud of this edict. By mid. 1521 L. excommunicated By mid. 1521 L. excommunicated

and banned as an outlaw.and banned as an outlaw.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle Though safe at Wartburg, L. Though safe at Wartburg, L.

troubled with depression, insomnia troubled with depression, insomnia & other physical ailments.& other physical ailments.

In 9 mo. wrote a dozen books and In 9 mo. wrote a dozen books and translated NT from Gk to German.translated NT from Gk to German.

His NT made the Bible a dominant His NT made the Bible a dominant influence in German life & helped influence in German life & helped the formation of modern German the formation of modern German language.language.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle While at Wartburg, 2 colleagues While at Wartburg, 2 colleagues

assumed leadership.assumed leadership. Philipp Melanchthon, 25 yr old Philipp Melanchthon, 25 yr old

grand-nephew of humanist grand-nephew of humanist Reuchlin, put the fundamental Reuchlin, put the fundamental concepts and Biblical doctrines into concepts and Biblical doctrines into the the Loci CommunesLoci Communes—the first —the first systematic theology of the systematic theology of the movement.movement.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle While at Wartburg, 2 colleagues While at Wartburg, 2 colleagues

assumed leadership.assumed leadership. The 2The 2ndnd, Andreas Carlstadt, an erratic , Andreas Carlstadt, an erratic

and radical professor tried to turn L’s and radical professor tried to turn L’s reform into a full-scale revolution.reform into a full-scale revolution.

Advocated abolition of confession, Advocated abolition of confession, priestly garb, clerical celibacy.priestly garb, clerical celibacy.

Used German rather than Latin in Used German rather than Latin in the Mass, gave both bread & wine to the Mass, gave both bread & wine to laity.laity.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle C. also denounced the use of C. also denounced the use of

pictures and images.pictures and images. Under his influence, riots broke out Under his influence, riots broke out

against the Mass, resulting in a lot against the Mass, resulting in a lot of destruction of church art and of destruction of church art and property.property.

Appealing to “priesthood of all Appealing to “priesthood of all believers” C. dressed like a peasant believers” C. dressed like a peasant and insisted on being called Brother and insisted on being called Brother Andreas rather than Doctor.Andreas rather than Doctor.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle C. also denounced use of music C. also denounced use of music

and musical instruments in church and musical instruments in church services.services.

When L. returned to Wittenberg, When L. returned to Wittenberg, he rejected C’s radicalism and C. he rejected C’s radicalism and C. left in disgrace.left in disgrace.

Town council of W., alarmed at Town council of W., alarmed at radicalism, appealed to L. to return radicalism, appealed to L. to return and resume leadershipand resume leadership

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle L. did so at grave risk and advocated L. did so at grave risk and advocated

moderation rather than extremism, moderation rather than extremism, urged love and freedom of choice on urged love and freedom of choice on controversial issues.controversial issues.

L’s firm control and forthright L’s firm control and forthright sermons soon suppressed the sermons soon suppressed the radicals such as the “Zwickau radicals such as the “Zwickau prophets” who espoused most of the prophets” who espoused most of the views of the Anabaptists plus views of the Anabaptists plus teaching the literal coming of teaching the literal coming of kingdom of God on earth.kingdom of God on earth.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle While L’s return was dangerous, While L’s return was dangerous,

the danger never materialized.the danger never materialized. For 25 yrs he lived and worked For 25 yrs he lived and worked

untouched, mainly because untouched, mainly because Charles V was constantly fighting Charles V was constantly fighting with the French, the Turks, etc.with the French, the Turks, etc.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle One of his first breaks was with One of his first breaks was with

Erasmus, the humanist.Erasmus, the humanist. Early, their thoughts and even Early, their thoughts and even

their writings on ch. reform were their writings on ch. reform were much alike.much alike.

But while E. worked for moral But while E. worked for moral reform within the ch., he was reform within the ch., he was passionately loyal to the structure passionately loyal to the structure and unity of ch.and unity of ch.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle Was inevitable that L & E would Was inevitable that L & E would

clash over doctrine of salvation as clash over doctrine of salvation as it touched on the free will of man.it touched on the free will of man.

L held that man is absolutely L held that man is absolutely corrupt, incapable of earning corrupt, incapable of earning anything from God and can be anything from God and can be saved only by the undeserved saved only by the undeserved grace of God.grace of God.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle E staunchly upheld the ability and E staunchly upheld the ability and

responsibility of man to participate responsibility of man to participate in affecting his own salvation.in affecting his own salvation.

1524 & 1526 L & E aired their 1524 & 1526 L & E aired their differences in a series of differences in a series of pamphlets.pamphlets.

In “On the Freedom of the Will” E In “On the Freedom of the Will” E said he could not accept L’s view said he could not accept L’s view of the impotence of human will and of the impotence of human will and worthlessness of human works.worthlessness of human works.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle L replied with “On the Bound Will,” L replied with “On the Bound Will,”

in which he developed the theme of in which he developed the theme of justification by faith alone & strongly justification by faith alone & strongly attacked Erasmus’ moralism.attacked Erasmus’ moralism.

Controversy raged until many Controversy raged until many humanists, like E, withdrew humanists, like E, withdrew completely from the movement, completely from the movement, fearing L was leading it toward fearing L was leading it toward social barbarism.social barbarism.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 6. The Continuing Struggle6. The Continuing Struggle L felt the humanists had placed L felt the humanists had placed

their trust in education and reason their trust in education and reason and did not even understand what and did not even understand what the message of the Reformation the message of the Reformation was all about.was all about.

Philipp Melanchthon was one of the Philipp Melanchthon was one of the young humanists who remained young humanists who remained loyal to L and active in the loyal to L and active in the Reformation.Reformation.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism L now faced with providing order and L now faced with providing order and

organization to the new movement.organization to the new movement. L held that everyone had direct L held that everyone had direct

access to God through Christ without access to God through Christ without the mediation of priests.the mediation of priests.

But he did not advocate abolition of But he did not advocate abolition of the priesthood—it was necessary for the priesthood—it was necessary for the equipping of the saints.the equipping of the saints.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism L held the sermon in highest esteem, L held the sermon in highest esteem,

elevating it to unprecedented elevating it to unprecedented prominence in worship.prominence in worship.

Congregational singing was also one Congregational singing was also one of his great joys; he used a hymnal of his great joys; he used a hymnal and wrote some of the hymns and wrote some of the hymns himself.himself.

Most famous, “A Mighty Fortress Is Most famous, “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” 1528 when Charles V was Our God” 1528 when Charles V was threatening.threatening.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism Education another of L’s major Education another of L’s major

concerns; he sought the education concerns; he sought the education of all with teaching of Scriptures of all with teaching of Scriptures given prominence.given prominence.

Stimulated pub. of religious Stimulated pub. of religious literature, himself writing a Small literature, himself writing a Small Catechism for children and a Large Catechism for children and a Large Catechism for adults.Catechism for adults.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism L abolished monastic vows and L abolished monastic vows and

obligatory clerical celibacy.obligatory clerical celibacy. City ordinances forbade begging City ordinances forbade begging

and monks & nuns who could were and monks & nuns who could were required to work.required to work.

As they left monasteries in large As they left monasteries in large numbers, L told them they were numbers, L told them they were free to marry.free to marry.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism 1525 nuns escaped to Wittenberg; 1525 nuns escaped to Wittenberg;

L placed them all, but the last, L placed them all, but the last, Katharine von Bora, would be Katharine von Bora, would be satisfied only with Lsatisfied only with L

L said his marriage would please L said his marriage would please his father and displease the pope.his father and displease the pope.

He and “Herr Kathe” (Lord Katie) He and “Herr Kathe” (Lord Katie) became parents of 6 children and became parents of 6 children and established a model Protestant established a model Protestant parsonage.parsonage.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism Civil government should not impede Civil government should not impede

the gospel; rather, was responsible the gospel; rather, was responsible for the maintenance of the true faith.for the maintenance of the true faith.

Proposed a system of “visitors” Proposed a system of “visitors” appointed by the Elector who would appointed by the Elector who would investigate all the parishes in investigate all the parishes in Saxony.Saxony.

Immoral and ignorant priests would Immoral and ignorant priests would be deposed.be deposed.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 7. Developing Lutheranism7. Developing Lutheranism Those moral but loyal to the old Those moral but loyal to the old

faith were given instruction in the faith were given instruction in the new faith.new faith.

Gradually, the territory became Gradually, the territory became uniformly Protestant and ministers uniformly Protestant and ministers became dependent on the state for became dependent on the state for their salaries paid from the income their salaries paid from the income of the confiscated properties of the of the confiscated properties of the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt As Lutheranism developed and As Lutheranism developed and

spread, it lost many of the class from spread, it lost many of the class from which it had sprung, the peasants.which it had sprung, the peasants.

For centuries peasants had For centuries peasants had complained of burdensome taxes, complained of burdensome taxes, tithes, rents, labor services and tithes, rents, labor services and flagrant violations of their privileges.flagrant violations of their privileges.

Issues not at first religious, but Issues not at first religious, but realized that L provided theological realized that L provided theological bases for their demands.bases for their demands.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt Peasants published Peasants published Twelve ArticlesTwelve Articles

1525—said since people are free to 1525—said since people are free to be Christians, they should also be be Christians, they should also be free from serfdom.free from serfdom.

L’s priesthood of all believers L’s priesthood of all believers provided ground for a society of provided ground for a society of equality, and his denunciation of equality, and his denunciation of corruption in monasticism gave corruption in monasticism gave them excuse to confiscate and them excuse to confiscate and plunder monasteries.plunder monasteries.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt In In Twelve ArticlesTwelve Articles claimed right to claimed right to

choose and depose their own choose and depose their own pastors, hunting and fishing right, pastors, hunting and fishing right, communal ownership of forests and communal ownership of forests and meadows.meadows.

Demanded withdrawal of the cattle Demanded withdrawal of the cattle tax and the hated death tax.tax and the hated death tax.

Swore to obey Scripture & believed Swore to obey Scripture & believed their demands were in accord with their demands were in accord with God’s word.God’s word.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt At first, L sympathetic with At first, L sympathetic with

demands & some Catholics demands & some Catholics accused him of starting revolt.accused him of starting revolt.

April 1525 wrote pamphlet, April 1525 wrote pamphlet, Admonition to Peace: A Reply to Admonition to Peace: A Reply to the Twelve Articles of the the Twelve Articles of the PeasantsPeasants, in which sought to act as , in which sought to act as conciliator between princes and conciliator between princes and peasants.peasants.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt L admonished the princes for their L admonished the princes for their

tyranny, intolerance, cruelty and tyranny, intolerance, cruelty and unjust demands.unjust demands.

Agreed peasants should be able to Agreed peasants should be able to choose own pastors & that their choose own pastors & that their social demands were just.social demands were just.

At same time, rebuked peasants At same time, rebuked peasants for misinterpreting the gospel and for misinterpreting the gospel and using its message of spiritual using its message of spiritual freedom for all social conditions.freedom for all social conditions.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt Instead of heeding L’s advice, Instead of heeding L’s advice,

peasants erupted in violence.peasants erupted in violence. April 16 stormed Weinsberg, April 16 stormed Weinsberg,

massacring inhabitants and massacring inhabitants and burning castles and cloisters.burning castles and cloisters.

At Muhlhausen, Thomas Muntzer, At Muhlhausen, Thomas Muntzer, led other fiery preachers in calling led other fiery preachers in calling for the slaughter of oppressors in for the slaughter of oppressors in the name of God.the name of God.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt L was appalled; wrote L was appalled; wrote Against the Against the

Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Robbing and Murdering Hordes of PeasantsPeasants.

L called on the princes to use any means to suppress the rebels: “Smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly…as if among madedogs, les the whole land be ruined.”

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt L contended that the peasants L contended that the peasants

deserved death since they had deserved death since they had broken their oaths, had become broken their oaths, had become robbers and murderers, and had robbers and murderers, and had done it all in the name of the done it all in the name of the gospel.gospel.

L’s exhortation was not needed; the L’s exhortation was not needed; the German nobility, both Lutheran and German nobility, both Lutheran and Catholic, had united to crush the Catholic, had united to crush the uprising.uprising.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt On May 15, at Frankenhausen, 50,00 On May 15, at Frankenhausen, 50,00

peasants armed with clubs and peasants armed with clubs and pitchforks were overwhelmed and pitchforks were overwhelmed and butchered.butchered.

Estimated 100,000 killed and many Estimated 100,000 killed and many more severely wounded and mangled.more severely wounded and mangled.

This time L was horrified by the This time L was horrified by the brutality of the princes, and came out brutality of the princes, and came out with a third pamphlet asking for with a third pamphlet asking for mercy.mercy.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt He declared that the devils, having He declared that the devils, having

left the peasants, had not returned to left the peasants, had not returned to hell, but instead had entered the hell, but instead had entered the nobles.nobles.

Nonetheless, the peasant revolt was Nonetheless, the peasant revolt was crushed and the territorial princes crushed and the territorial princes had increased their power in all areas, had increased their power in all areas, including the affairs of the church.including the affairs of the church.

L had opted for the ruling powers and L had opted for the ruling powers and had committed to the sovereignty of had committed to the sovereignty of the state.the state.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 8. The Peasant’s Revolt8. The Peasant’s Revolt The peasants in s. Germany, where The peasants in s. Germany, where

the uprising had centered, felt that the uprising had centered, felt that L had betrayed them; on his part, L L had betrayed them; on his part, L henceforth had a deep distrust of henceforth had a deep distrust of the common man and a growing the common man and a growing fear of chaos.fear of chaos.

L severed relations with more L severed relations with more radical reformers, esp. Carlstadt radical reformers, esp. Carlstadt and Muntzer.and Muntzer.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg The imperial Edict of Worms 1521 The imperial Edict of Worms 1521

was still in effect.was still in effect. Charles V had been too occupied Charles V had been too occupied

to enforce it, but now he began to to enforce it, but now he began to move in that direction.move in that direction.

Princes in s. Germany had Princes in s. Germany had remained loyal to Rome; in n. remained loyal to Rome; in n. Germany they were lining up with Germany they were lining up with L.L.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Diet of Speyer was convened in Diet of Speyer was convened in

1526 to consider emperor’s 1526 to consider emperor’s demand that the Edict of Worms be demand that the Edict of Worms be enforced.enforced.

North won a temporary victory; was North won a temporary victory; was decreed that each of the princes decreed that each of the princes was “so to live, govern, and crry was “so to live, govern, and crry himself as he hopes and trusts to himself as he hopes and trusts to answer it to God and his imperial answer it to God and his imperial majesty.”majesty.”

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg This appeared to be a suspension This appeared to be a suspension

of the Edict of Worms and the of the Edict of Worms and the reformers felt free to regulate their reformers felt free to regulate their religious affairs as they pleased.religious affairs as they pleased.

Diet met again in Speyer 1529, Diet met again in Speyer 1529, this time with a Catholic majority this time with a Catholic majority and ordered that no further and ordered that no further changes in religion be made.changes in religion be made.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg It also decreed that Catholic It also decreed that Catholic

minorities must be allowed in minorities must be allowed in Lutheran areas, but that Lutheran Lutheran areas, but that Lutheran minorities would not be tolerated minorities would not be tolerated in Catholic areas.in Catholic areas.

Lutherans in the diet entered a Lutherans in the diet entered a formal protest against this decree; formal protest against this decree; is from this protest that the term is from this protest that the term ProtestantProtestant is derived. is derived.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg At first the term was limited to At first the term was limited to

Lutherans, but was eventually Lutherans, but was eventually applied to all those movements applied to all those movements which broke from Catholicism in the which broke from Catholicism in the 1616thth cent. cent.

By 1530 Charles V had repulsed the By 1530 Charles V had repulsed the Turk invasion and could turn to Turk invasion and could turn to religious issue.religious issue.

Called meeting of Diet at Augsburg.Called meeting of Diet at Augsburg.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Augsburg—all parties to present beliefs.Augsburg—all parties to present beliefs. Melanchthon commissioned to draw up Melanchthon commissioned to draw up

Lutheran beliefs; in consultation with L. Lutheran beliefs; in consultation with L. produced the produced the Augsburg Confession.Augsburg Confession. Regarded as official Lutheran statement.Regarded as official Lutheran statement. Justification by faith and authority of Word Justification by faith and authority of Word

of God as interpreted by conscience.of God as interpreted by conscience. Rejected transubstantiation, propitiatory Rejected transubstantiation, propitiatory

Mass & invocation of the saints.Mass & invocation of the saints.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Augsburg Confession—Augsburg Confession—

Upheld civil government and duty of Upheld civil government and duty of Christians to hold office.Christians to hold office.

But, 1But, 1stst part enumerated ways in which part enumerated ways in which Lutheran position was in harmony with Lutheran position was in harmony with universal ch., and even Ch. of Rome, universal ch., and even Ch. of Rome, insofar as it had not strayed from early insofar as it had not strayed from early fathers.fathers.

June 25, 1530 L. representatives stood June 25, 1530 L. representatives stood for two hours while confession read to for two hours while confession read to Diet.Diet.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Augsburg Confession—Augsburg Confession—

All Reformers present, however, did not All Reformers present, however, did not subscribe; divisions had been growing subscribe; divisions had been growing on theological issues, esp. Lord’s on theological issues, esp. Lord’s Supper.Supper.

Zwingli saw LS basically as a memorial.Zwingli saw LS basically as a memorial. Strassburg Reformers held a position Strassburg Reformers held a position

between Zwingli and Luther.between Zwingli and Luther. L. still held consubstantiation (the real L. still held consubstantiation (the real

presence of Christ was in the Supper).presence of Christ was in the Supper).

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Marburg Colloquy—Marburg Colloquy—

Oct. 1529 Philip of Hesse, a Oct. 1529 Philip of Hesse, a Reformation prince, got L., Z., Reformation prince, got L., Z., Melanchthon and Martin Bucer Melanchthon and Martin Bucer (Reformer of Strassburg) to come (Reformer of Strassburg) to come together at his castle at Marburg to together at his castle at Marburg to resolve differences.resolve differences.

Meeting extended over several days Meeting extended over several days and at times appeared profitable, but and at times appeared profitable, but they parted still divided on basic they parted still divided on basic issues.issues.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg So, a year later (1530) at Augsburg, So, a year later (1530) at Augsburg,

Z. and the Strassburgers refused to Z. and the Strassburgers refused to sign the L. confession and each sign the L. confession and each presented his position in a separate presented his position in a separate document on July 3 & 11.document on July 3 & 11.

Roman Catholic Roman Catholic ConfutationConfutation was was presented July 13.presented July 13.

Emperor tried to reconcile Emperor tried to reconcile differences through committee differences through committee unsuccessfully.unsuccessfully.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Catholics held a majority and Catholics held a majority and

insisted Protestants should recant.insisted Protestants should recant. Charles V gave Protestants until Charles V gave Protestants until

April 1531 to submit to authority of April 1531 to submit to authority of Roman church.Roman church.

Fearing military action, Protestant Fearing military action, Protestant princes met in Schmalkalden and princes met in Schmalkalden and formed defensive coalition called formed defensive coalition called the Schmalkaldic (Smalcald) the Schmalkaldic (Smalcald) League.League.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 9. From Speyer To Augsburg9. From Speyer To Augsburg Strassburgers also accepted the Strassburgers also accepted the

Augsburg Confession and joined Augsburg Confession and joined the league.the league.

Turks entered picture again; Turks entered picture again; emperor and S. League agreed emperor and S. League agreed upon a truce while united against upon a truce while united against the Turkish invasion; truce lasted the Turkish invasion; truce lasted 16 yrs.16 yrs.

Repeated conferences in 1540-41 Repeated conferences in 1540-41 failed to bring accord.failed to bring accord.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 10. Death of Luther & Survival of 10. Death of Luther & Survival of

LutheranismLutheranism L’s later yrs marked by L’s later yrs marked by

complications, some physical complications, some physical illnesses and some emotional illnesses and some emotional distresses.distresses.

To end L. kept busy preaching, To end L. kept busy preaching, teaching, and revising his teaching, and revising his translation of the Bible.translation of the Bible.

Altogether produced over 400 works Altogether produced over 400 works and 125 hymns.and 125 hymns.


LutheranismLutheranism Toward end L. majored on spiritual Toward end L. majored on spiritual

counseling, giving guidance to counseling, giving guidance to Melanch. who took up leadership of Melanch. who took up leadership of Lutheranism.Lutheranism.

Feb. 18, 1546 L. died in Eisleben Feb. 18, 1546 L. died in Eisleben where he had been born 63 yrs earlier.where he had been born 63 yrs earlier.

L. had been spared pain of hostilities, L. had been spared pain of hostilities, but the next year, April 1547, but the next year, April 1547, hostilities began.hostilities began.


LutheranismLutheranism Lutherans suffered the initial Lutherans suffered the initial

defeat; Philip of Hesse and Elector defeat; Philip of Hesse and Elector John Frederick of Saxony were John Frederick of Saxony were defeated and imprisoned.defeated and imprisoned.

But general populace refused to be But general populace refused to be suppressed, and war broke out suppressed, and war broke out again, with king of France coming again, with king of France coming to aid of Protestants.to aid of Protestants.


LutheranismLutheranism Settlement on principle of Settlement on principle of cujus cujus

regio, ejus religioregio, ejus religio (whose region, his (whose region, his religion).religion).

Each prince determined kind of Each prince determined kind of religion for his territory.religion for his territory.

L. princes could remain so; C. princes L. princes could remain so; C. princes could remain so.could remain so.

Neither group was to disturb the Neither group was to disturb the other.other.

B. Reform in GermanyB. Reform in Germany 11. Lutheranism Beyond Germany11. Lutheranism Beyond Germany Most significant converts to L. were Most significant converts to L. were

the Scandinavian countries.the Scandinavian countries. L. also spread eastward toward L. also spread eastward toward

central Europe; by end of 16central Europe; by end of 16thth c., c., Bohemia was 9/10 Protestant—an Bohemia was 9/10 Protestant—an unusual confederation of unusual confederation of Lutherans and Calvinists.Lutherans and Calvinists.

C. Reform In SwitzerlandC. Reform In Switzerland

1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich 1/1/1484 at Wildhaus (6 wk. after L.)1/1/1484 at Wildhaus (6 wk. after L.) Brilliant student sponsored by his Brilliant student sponsored by his

uncle, a parish priest.uncle, a parish priest. Specially influenced by Augustine Specially influenced by Augustine

and Erasmus.and Erasmus. 1506 parish priest at Glarus.1506 parish priest at Glarus.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Pastorate was terminated when he Pastorate was terminated when he

began to preach unpopular sermons began to preach unpopular sermons against mercenary service.against mercenary service.

1516 priest at Einsiedeln.1516 priest at Einsiedeln. Became known as a strong preacher Became known as a strong preacher

and was made priest of the Great and was made priest of the Great Minster in Zurich.Minster in Zurich.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Z. already acquainted with L’s Z. already acquainted with L’s

writings, but Z. denied dependence; writings, but Z. denied dependence; was an individualist, in his thinking, was an individualist, in his thinking, preaching, and reforming.preaching, and reforming.

His religious experience different His religious experience different from L’s.from L’s.

Z’s decisive commitment came as Z’s decisive commitment came as gratitude for providential mercy.gratitude for providential mercy.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Zurich ravaged by the plague in Zurich ravaged by the plague in

1519 and Z. stricken and almost 1519 and Z. stricken and almost died.died.

Promised God if spared would Promised God if spared would consecrate his life fully to Christ.consecrate his life fully to Christ.

Both Z. & L. arrived at same Both Z. & L. arrived at same theological positions of theological positions of sola fidesola fide and and sola scripturasola scriptura..


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Authority of scripture became Authority of scripture became

increasingly imp. to Z.; he led civil increasingly imp. to Z.; he led civil rulers to decree that priests should rulers to decree that priests should be free to preach directly from be free to preach directly from scriptures according to their scriptures according to their consciences.consciences.

Demonstrated preaching and Demonstrated preaching and exegetical skills in series of exegetical skills in series of sermons from Gospel of Matthew.sermons from Gospel of Matthew.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich From that time on began to From that time on began to

expound on NT verse by verse, expound on NT verse by verse, book by book; by 1525 had book by book; by 1525 had preached through NT.preached through NT.

Great crowds came; to reach more, Great crowds came; to reach more, he preached in the markets.he preached in the markets.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich 1522 Z. initiated critical encounter 1522 Z. initiated critical encounter

with bishop of Constance by with bishop of Constance by preaching against Lenten fasts and preaching against Lenten fasts and rules.rules.

City council backed Z. and ruled City council backed Z. and ruled that all religious customs be based that all religious customs be based on the pure Word of God.on the pure Word of God.

*Authority now civil rule in *Authority now civil rule in accordance with the Word.accordance with the Word.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Open conflict with RC authorities Open conflict with RC authorities

brought a series of public debates.brought a series of public debates. 11stst, Jan. 1523, Town Hall, Zurich; Z. , Jan. 1523, Town Hall, Zurich; Z.

presented his famous presented his famous Sixty-seven Sixty-seven ArticlesArticles, in which he—, in which he— Substituted authority of Scriptures for Substituted authority of Scriptures for

the authority of the ch.the authority of the ch. Attacked primacy of the pope, Attacked primacy of the pope,

worship of saints…worship of saints…


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Sixty-seven Articles--Sixty-seven Articles--

Attacked merit of good works, fasts, Attacked merit of good works, fasts, festivals, pilgirmages, monastic festivals, pilgirmages, monastic orders, celibacy of clergy, auricular orders, celibacy of clergy, auricular confession, absolution, indulgences, confession, absolution, indulgences, penances, and purgatory.penances, and purgatory.

All were of human invention with no All were of human invention with no foundation in Scripture.foundation in Scripture.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich City council of Z. endorsed Z’s City council of Z. endorsed Z’s

ideas and promptly set up new ideas and promptly set up new regulations to enforce them.regulations to enforce them.

Priests & nuns began to leave Priests & nuns began to leave monasteries and marry.monasteries and marry.

Z. married Anna Reinhart, a Z. married Anna Reinhart, a wealthy widow, in April 1524.wealthy widow, in April 1524.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich 22ndnd public debate, Oct. 1523— public debate, Oct. 1523—

discussed use of images in chs and discussed use of images in chs and doctrine of the Mass.doctrine of the Mass.

Z. called for removal of all statues Z. called for removal of all statues and pictures; soon done.and pictures; soon done.

He eventually removed all He eventually removed all ornaments, clerical robes, ornaments, clerical robes, tapestries, frescoes, relics, tapestries, frescoes, relics, crucifixes, candles, and images.crucifixes, candles, and images.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Bell-ringing, chanting and organ-Bell-ringing, chanting and organ-

playing ceased; great organ playing ceased; great organ dismantled.dismantled.

Mass declared to be a memorial of Mass declared to be a memorial of death of Christ, not a sacrifice; thus Z. death of Christ, not a sacrifice; thus Z. rejected transubstantiation in favor of rejected transubstantiation in favor of a symbolic and commemorative view.a symbolic and commemorative view.

Mass abolished; 1Mass abolished; 1stst evangelical evangelical communion service 4/13/1525.communion service 4/13/1525.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Complete break with RCC; Z. Complete break with RCC; Z.

began process of building a new began process of building a new church.church.

1525, 1525, Commentary on True and Commentary on True and False ReligionFalse Religion. Contented that…. Contented that… Bible alone authoritative.Bible alone authoritative. Christians should reject anything not Christians should reject anything not

expressly given in Scripture.expressly given in Scripture.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich L. & Z. differed on several major L. & Z. differed on several major

points and finally came to an points and finally came to an irreparable break over LS.irreparable break over LS. L. said Christ actually present in L. said Christ actually present in

consecrated elements; never able to consecrated elements; never able to explain how.explain how.

Z. regarded it primarily as a Z. regarded it primarily as a memorial; accused L. of perpetuating memorial; accused L. of perpetuating RC superstition.RC superstition.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Lord’s Supper—Lord’s Supper—

Martin Bucer tried repeatedly to unite Martin Bucer tried repeatedly to unite L & ZL & Z

Was instrumental in setting up the Was instrumental in setting up the Marburg Colloquy 1529.Marburg Colloquy 1529.

Hosted by Philip of Hesse, met at Hosted by Philip of Hesse, met at Marburg Castle 10/1-3/1529.Marburg Castle 10/1-3/1529.

L. & Melanchthon rep. the Saxons.L. & Melanchthon rep. the Saxons. Z., Martin Bucer Johann Z., Martin Bucer Johann

Oecolampadius, the Swiss.Oecolampadius, the Swiss.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Marburg—Marburg—

Agreement on 14 of 15 “Marburg Agreement on 14 of 15 “Marburg Articles.”Articles.”

But conference failed with Z’s refusal to But conference failed with Z’s refusal to accept L’s consubstantiation.accept L’s consubstantiation.

Articles became the first of the Lutheran Articles became the first of the Lutheran Symbolical Books and incorporated into Symbolical Books and incorporated into the Augsburg Confession of 1530, against the Augsburg Confession of 1530, against which Z. presented a separate confession which Z. presented a separate confession of faith.of faith.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Z. also had trouble with Anabaptists Z. also had trouble with Anabaptists

over infant baptism.over infant baptism. Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz and other Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz and other

early supporters began to insist Z. early supporters began to insist Z. abolish infant baptism; were several abolish infant baptism; were several indications he leaned in that indications he leaned in that direction.direction.

That he refused to do on political That he refused to do on political basis.basis.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Z. knew he would “unchurch” the Z. knew he would “unchurch” the

whole Zurich city council, the very whole Zurich city council, the very council that had put through his council that had put through his reform measures.reform measures.

Retained, but carefully explained Retained, but carefully explained that he did not consider it necessary that he did not consider it necessary for salvation but only as a means of for salvation but only as a means of identifying the child with the identifying the child with the Christian covenant.Christian covenant.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich This not good enough for the This not good enough for the

Anabaptists.Anabaptists. They began to go their own way.They began to go their own way. Z. also had his troubles with Z. also had his troubles with

surrounding cantons in surrounding cantons in Switzerland, troubles which ended Switzerland, troubles which ended in his death.in his death.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich For 300 years Swiss republic had For 300 years Swiss republic had

been organized around independent been organized around independent small country-like states called small country-like states called cantons.cantons.

Each canton had one vote in the diet Each canton had one vote in the diet or congress.or congress.

Z. had been successful in bringing Z. had been successful in bringing several strong city cantons into the several strong city cantons into the Reform movement.Reform movement.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Most rural cantons were RC and Most rural cantons were RC and

formed a league with Lucerne to formed a league with Lucerne to resist reform.resist reform.

Z’s efforts to win all 13 cantons Z’s efforts to win all 13 cantons infuriated the 5 Forest Cantons infuriated the 5 Forest Cantons (Catholic), who made a sudden and (Catholic), who made a sudden and unexpected attack on Zurich.unexpected attack on Zurich.

Opposing forces met at Kappel just Opposing forces met at Kappel just outside Zurich.outside Zurich.


1. Zwingli and Zurich1. Zwingli and Zurich Z., as chaplain, carried the banner, Z., as chaplain, carried the banner,

and was killed 10/11/1531.and was killed 10/11/1531. Henry Bullinger succeeded Z.; Henry Bullinger succeeded Z.;

respected the treaty with the respected the treaty with the Catholics and limited his work to his Catholics and limited his work to his own canton.own canton.

In less than a generation Zwinglian In less than a generation Zwinglian movement was swallowed up by movement was swallowed up by larger and more influential larger and more influential movement of John Calvin.movement of John Calvin.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva Has been called…Has been called…

““the greatest theologian and the greatest theologian and disciplinarian of the great race of the disciplinarian of the great race of the Reformers.”Reformers.”

““the only international Reformer.”the only international Reformer.” Born 1509 Noyon, France.Born 1509 Noyon, France. Father intended an ecclesiastical Father intended an ecclesiastical

career and sent C. to study theology career and sent C. to study theology at U. of Paris at age 14.at U. of Paris at age 14.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva C. at U. of P. same time as Francis C. at U. of P. same time as Francis

Xavier and Ignatius Loyola, but no Xavier and Ignatius Loyola, but no evidence that they met.evidence that they met.

C. left Paris in 1527; went to Orleans C. left Paris in 1527; went to Orleans to study law at 19 and was attracted to study law at 19 and was attracted to humanism, Latin, Greek, and to humanism, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.Hebrew.

1532 (age 23) published 1532 (age 23) published Commentary Commentary on Seneca’s Treatise on Clemencyon Seneca’s Treatise on Clemency..


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva 1533 experienced what he called a 1533 experienced what he called a

“sudden conversion.”“sudden conversion.” Did no elaborate; said only that God had Did no elaborate; said only that God had

spoken to him through the Bible and had spoken to him through the Bible and had to be obeyed.to be obeyed.

““God subdued and brought my heart God subdued and brought my heart to docility. It was more hardened to docility. It was more hardened against such matters than was to be against such matters than was to be expected in such a young man.”expected in such a young man.”


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva Later, he adopted as his rest a Later, he adopted as his rest a

flaming heart on an outstretched flaming heart on an outstretched hand with the inscription, “My hand with the inscription, “My heart I give Thee, wholly and heart I give Thee, wholly and freely.”freely.”

Though saw deep need for reform, Though saw deep need for reform, C. had no desire or plans to break C. had no desire or plans to break with the Roman church.with the Roman church.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva Soon after conversion, however, Soon after conversion, however,

became involved in an incident became involved in an incident that brought about the break.that brought about the break.

Nicholas Cop, close friend, was Nicholas Cop, close friend, was installed as rector of U. of Paris; in installed as rector of U. of Paris; in inaugural address Cop called for inaugural address Cop called for ch. reform, stirring up a storm of ch. reform, stirring up a storm of protest.protest.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva C. identified immediately with C. identified immediately with

Cop’s call for reform; C. often Cop’s call for reform; C. often accused of being the ghostwriter accused of being the ghostwriter for Cop’s address.for Cop’s address.

C. & C. forced to flee Paris; were C. & C. forced to flee Paris; were captured & imprisoned briefly at captured & imprisoned briefly at Noyon; fled France for safety in Noyon; fled France for safety in Basel, Switzerland.Basel, Switzerland.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes At 26, in 1536, C. pub. the first first ed. At 26, in 1536, C. pub. the first first ed.

of what would become most influential of what would become most influential single book of Protestant Reformation, single book of Protestant Reformation, The Institutes of the Christian ReligionThe Institutes of the Christian Religion..

11stst in Latin, then trans. into French. in Latin, then trans. into French. C. revised them several time, the last C. revised them several time, the last

time in 1559, few years before his time in 1559, few years before his death.death.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes Was a comprehensive and orderly Was a comprehensive and orderly

summary of Christian Reformed summary of Christian Reformed doctrine—a systematic presentation of doctrine—a systematic presentation of the Protestant position.the Protestant position.

Not particularly original, but was Not particularly original, but was immediately successful and widely immediately successful and widely read because of its clarity, read because of its clarity, comprehensiveness, and orderly comprehensiveness, and orderly arrangement.arrangement.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes In final edition were 4 books In final edition were 4 books

corresponding to the order of the corresponding to the order of the Apostles’ Creed.Apostles’ Creed.

1) God the father as creator, preserver, 1) God the father as creator, preserver, and governor of universe.and governor of universe.

2) Redemption of man by God through 2) Redemption of man by God through Christ.Christ.

3) Work of HS.3) Work of HS. 4) Church & relation to civil 4) Church & relation to civil

governments.governments.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes C’s key thoughts were clearly and C’s key thoughts were clearly and

forcefully spelled out in the forcefully spelled out in the InstitutesInstitutes.. God is absolute sovereign in his God is absolute sovereign in his

creation, and thus foreknows and creation, and thus foreknows and foreordains all things, including man’s foreordains all things, including man’s destiny.destiny.

Although originally pure, man has Although originally pure, man has fallen through Adam’s disobedience fallen through Adam’s disobedience and is sinful.and is sinful.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes Man can be saved only by the Man can be saved only by the

undeserved grace of God, as mediated undeserved grace of God, as mediated through Jesus Christ; man cannot earn through Jesus Christ; man cannot earn his own salvation through good works.his own salvation through good works.

Those predestined to be saved by God Those predestined to be saved by God will not be able to resist his grace.will not be able to resist his grace.

C’s position on predestination was C’s position on predestination was intended as a source of comfort during intended as a source of comfort during persecution.persecution.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes Calvinism produced strong, confident Calvinism produced strong, confident

men by assuring them that God had a men by assuring them that God had a plan of salvation, that he had called plan of salvation, that he had called them to be his fellow workers, that he them to be his fellow workers, that he would stand by them in the midst of would stand by them in the midst of opposition, and that they would opposition, and that they would ultimately prevail.ultimately prevail.

Reform in Switzerland: Reform in Switzerland: TULIPTULIP

T=total depravityT=total depravityU=unconditional electionU=unconditional electionL=limited atonementL=limited atonement I=irresistible graceI=irresistible graceP=perseverance of the P=perseverance of the

saintssaints


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes Election or predestination became the Election or predestination became the

dominant theme of Calvinism, with dominant theme of Calvinism, with God always in the role of sovereign.God always in the role of sovereign.

Why does God elect some to be saved Why does God elect some to be saved and some to be lost? Because it and some to be lost? Because it pleases him so.pleases him so.

God does not have to explain himself God does not have to explain himself to man nor satisfy human rationalism.to man nor satisfy human rationalism.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes Everything is as God ordains: “He Everything is as God ordains: “He

governs heaven and earth by his governs heaven and earth by his providence, and regulates all things in providence, and regulates all things in such a manner that nothing happens such a manner that nothing happens but according to his counsel. . . . Man but according to his counsel. . . . Man falls as God’s providence ordains, but falls as God’s providence ordains, but he falls by his own fault.”he falls by his own fault.”

Men are saved by God’s gratuitous Men are saved by God’s gratuitous mercy, but they are damned by their mercy, but they are damned by their own depravity.own depravity.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva a. Calvin’s a. Calvin’s InstitutesInstitutes Although God’s grace is irresistible, it Although God’s grace is irresistible, it

may also be unknown to the recipient.may also be unknown to the recipient. Those who are elected will manifes Those who are elected will manifes

the presence of the Spirit in the presence of the Spirit in disciplined morality and calling, a disciplined morality and calling, a concept which prompted some later concept which prompted some later Calvinists to do good works to Calvinists to do good works to convince themselves of election, and convince themselves of election, and which made C’s experiment of a which made C’s experiment of a controlled community possible.controlled community possible.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. C. articulated Protestant beliefs so C. articulated Protestant beliefs so

clearly and forcefully, became an clearly and forcefully, became an overnight hero and sought-after overnight hero and sought-after leader.leader.

On way to Strassburg was forced to On way to Strassburg was forced to detour through Geneva; met William detour through Geneva; met William Farel, Reformer from France who had Farel, Reformer from France who had been working to bring Geneva into the been working to bring Geneva into the Protestant camp.Protestant camp.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. Farel convinced C. that it was God’s Farel convinced C. that it was God’s

will for him to remain in Geneva and will for him to remain in Geneva and develop that city into a model develop that city into a model Christian community.Christian community.

C. remained, and except for 3 yrs C. remained, and except for 3 yrs banishment at Strassburg (1538-banishment at Strassburg (1538-1541), spent rest of life there.1541), spent rest of life there.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. Geneva ruled by a bishop and an Geneva ruled by a bishop and an

administrator, both of whom were administrator, both of whom were controlled by the duke of Savoy.controlled by the duke of Savoy.

Citizens shared in local government Citizens shared in local government through a general assembly and an through a general assembly and an elected committee known as the Little elected committee known as the Little Council.Council.

Appeared to be an ideal arrangement Appeared to be an ideal arrangement for the reform that Farel & C. wanted.for the reform that Farel & C. wanted.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. Jan. 1537 C. presented the Little Jan. 1537 C. presented the Little

Council a series of articles calling for Council a series of articles calling for reform.reform.

His ideal was that of a Puritan society His ideal was that of a Puritan society of trained and conscientious of trained and conscientious Christians, needing no restraint by Christians, needing no restraint by civil authorities except for those who civil authorities except for those who abandoned the church.abandoned the church.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. 3 basic steps in organizing model.3 basic steps in organizing model. First, C. proposed LS be observed First, C. proposed LS be observed

monthly, with unworthy being excluded.monthly, with unworthy being excluded. In order to identify and discipline the unworthy, In order to identify and discipline the unworthy,

C. asked the Council to appoint “certain C. asked the Council to appoint “certain persons of upright life and good reputation persons of upright life and good reputation among all the faithful, who being divided and among all the faithful, who being divided and distributed in all quarters of the city, shall have distributed in all quarters of the city, shall have an eye to the life and conduct of each one.”an eye to the life and conduct of each one.”


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. Those who refused to repent of moral Those who refused to repent of moral

infractions were to be excommunicated.infractions were to be excommunicated. 22ndnd step was to impose a confession of step was to impose a confession of

faith on the citizenry.faith on the citizenry. Whole population was required to Whole population was required to

choose between Romanism and choose between Romanism and Protestantism.Protestantism.

The members of the council were asked The members of the council were asked to profess publicly the Reformed faith.to profess publicly the Reformed faith.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. Then, were to appoint representatives Then, were to appoint representatives

who would work with the pastors to who would work with the pastors to receive a profession of faith from all receive a profession of faith from all the persons in Geneva, “that it may the persons in Geneva, “that it may be understood who of them agree be understood who of them agree with the Gospel, and who love to be with the Gospel, and who love to be of the kingdom of the Pope rather of the kingdom of the Pope rather than the kingdom of Jesus Christ.”than the kingdom of Jesus Christ.”


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. 33rdrd step, necessary to facilitate the step, necessary to facilitate the

first two was a systematic program of first two was a systematic program of teaching and training.teaching and training.

For adults, C. prepared a For adults, C. prepared a Confession Confession ofof FaithFaith (1536), and for children a (1536), and for children a CatechismCatechism (1537). (1537).

Each a kind of pocket edition of the Each a kind of pocket edition of the InstitutesInstitutes..


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva b. A Model Christian Community.b. A Model Christian Community. Council was asked to order parents to Council was asked to order parents to

see that children learned the see that children learned the catechism and present themselves to catechism and present themselves to the ministers at appointed times.the ministers at appointed times.

The future of Protestantism in Geneva The future of Protestantism in Geneva would thus be assured.would thus be assured.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. Tension and controversy swirled Tension and controversy swirled

around C’s proposals.around C’s proposals. Little Council adopted the articles with Little Council adopted the articles with

modifications.modifications. Set the observance of LS at only 4 Set the observance of LS at only 4

times per year and expressed times per year and expressed preference for the system of discipline preference for the system of discipline at Bern where the church was under at Bern where the church was under the control of the state.the control of the state.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. While supporting the Confession of While supporting the Confession of

Faith, the Council refused to withhold Faith, the Council refused to withhold the Supper from those who did not.the Supper from those who did not.

F & C were adamant in their demands F & C were adamant in their demands and refused to compromise.and refused to compromise.

Were forbidden to preach and Were forbidden to preach and preached in defiance.preached in defiance.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. Council and General Assembly Council and General Assembly

commanded the two to leave Geneva commanded the two to leave Geneva April, 1538.April, 1538.

They went to Bern and to Zurich, They went to Bern and to Zurich, gaining support for their articles of gaining support for their articles of reform but criticism for their unbending reform but criticism for their unbending rigidity on discipline.rigidity on discipline.

Finally, in Strassburg, Calvin was to Finally, in Strassburg, Calvin was to enjoy 3 happy and productive years.enjoy 3 happy and productive years.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. C became pastor of the French C became pastor of the French

refugees in Strassburg and lectured refugees in Strassburg and lectured to advanced classes in the schools.to advanced classes in the schools.

Began his famous expositions of Began his famous expositions of biblical works and prepared an biblical works and prepared an enlarged version of the enlarged version of the InstitutesInstitutes..


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. Aug. 1540 C. married Idelette de Aug. 1540 C. married Idelette de

Bure, the widow of an Anabaptist Bure, the widow of an Anabaptist convert.convert.

Only child, born 1542, lived only a few Only child, born 1542, lived only a few days and his wife died in 1549.days and his wife died in 1549.

Spoke in highest terms of his wife and Spoke in highest terms of his wife and their happiness.their happiness.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. While C absent from Geneva, Cardinal While C absent from Geneva, Cardinal

Sadoleto appealed to city to return to Sadoleto appealed to city to return to Catholicism.Catholicism.

C’s C’s Reply to SadoletoReply to Sadoleto (1539) justified (1539) justified the Protestant position, enhanced his the Protestant position, enhanced his reputation, and prepared way for reputation, and prepared way for return to Geneva.return to Geneva.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. Party which had opposed C. was Party which had opposed C. was

overthrown in the elections of 1540 & overthrown in the elections of 1540 & C’s friends urged him to return to C’s friends urged him to return to Geneva to stave off the return to Geneva to stave off the return to Rome.Rome.

C. returned with assurance that he be C. returned with assurance that he be allowed to institute his reforms.allowed to institute his reforms.

He insisted the Council adopt his He insisted the Council adopt his OrdonnancesOrdonnances..


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. This was a thorough constitution built This was a thorough constitution built

on the Articles of 1537, which on the Articles of 1537, which completely directed the civil and completely directed the civil and religious affairs of Geneva.religious affairs of Geneva.

For 23 yrs, from 1541 till death, C For 23 yrs, from 1541 till death, C molded Geneva.molded Geneva.

Instrument of control was a Instrument of control was a Consistory of twelve elders.Consistory of twelve elders.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. Elders received and judged reports of Elders received and judged reports of

moral infractions.moral infractions. Penalties included fines, imprisonment, Penalties included fines, imprisonment,

excommunication, banishment, and excommunication, banishment, and death, with adulterers, witches, death, with adulterers, witches, blasphemers, and traitors being blasphemers, and traitors being sentenced to death.sentenced to death.

Practically every human activity was Practically every human activity was branded as either holy or unholy.branded as either holy or unholy.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. Houses were checked without notice Houses were checked without notice

at any time.at any time. C also developed the commercial part C also developed the commercial part

of Geneva into a prosperous of Geneva into a prosperous economy, encouraged education, economy, encouraged education, founding what eventually became the founding what eventually became the University of Geneva.University of Geneva.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. C made Geneva a haven for C made Geneva a haven for

Protestant refugees.Protestant refugees. As many as 5,000 (ca. 30% of the As many as 5,000 (ca. 30% of the

population) sought refuge under C population) sought refuge under C and formed a substantial part of his and formed a substantial part of his power.power.


2. Calvin and Geneva2. Calvin and Geneva c. Opposition and Control.c. Opposition and Control. C. continued to have his dissenters and C. continued to have his dissenters and

enemies.enemies. Many of the old families resented an Many of the old families resented an

outsider controlling their lives.outsider controlling their lives. Many of the younger people chafed Many of the younger people chafed

under the bitter discipline.under the bitter discipline. Some, such as Sebastian Castellio, Some, such as Sebastian Castellio,

parted with him over doctrinal disputes.parted with him over doctrinal disputes.

Documents

CHURCH HISTORY FROM THE 16 TH TO THE 20 TH CENTURIES