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Churchill FellowshipLisa Brown
Impact Environmental Consulting
Churchill FellowshipApproximately 100 awarded to
Australians each yearUnited Kingdom, Norway, Canada and
USAEight week study tourMet 55 waste professionals and visited:
ProcessorsCommercial collectionMunicipalitiesRegulators HaulersSchools
Report available
Food Waste Diversion - It Matters!Large proportion of waste stream
23% of all waste to landfill in NZ is organic53% of this organic waste is food/kitchen wasteRecent audit of fourteen Councils in Sydney showed
food comprises 42.7% by weight
Role in Climate Change:Direct emissions - 3% of GlobalIndirect emissions:
Approximately 25% of TOTAL NATIONAL emissions arise from food production and distribution;
Potential as source of renewable energy which will in turn displace use of fossil fuels (U.K. est. up to 2% of renewable electricity may arise from waste)
United KingdomVery high profile issue in UKGordon Brown commented on importance
of reducing food wasteMayor of London announced ‘Foodwaste
to Fuel Alliance’ – 10 June 09Deliver 5 new bio-fuel plants in London by 2012;£84 million over next 3 years for waste reduction,
over 1/3 is for waste to energy projects;BAA (8,000 tonnes – AD), Sainsbury (AD in London)
and Keystone have joined Alliance
United KingdomEU Directive “Council Directive on the
landfill of waste (European Union, the Council 1999) driving diversion of organics / biodegradable waste
Mandates a stepwise reduction to: 75% of 1995 level by 16 July 201050% of 1995 level 16 July 201335% of 1995 level by 2020
United KingdomTax for each tonne of biodegradable waste will
be equal to NZ$145.00 / tonne by 2010. Level of fine the EU might impose on the UK
unknownCentral government involved:
New Technologies Demonstrator programPrivate Finance Initiatives (PFI)
Approximately NZ$7,620,000 allocated Currently forty (40) projects being investigated. Capital costs of a new processing facilities,
utilising a ‘proven’ technology is annualised - capital cost covered by the central government.
United KingdomRenewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs)
Each MWh of electricity from Advanced Conversion Technologies (AD, Gasification and Pyrolysis) for organic component of waste stream eligible for one ROC
Proposal for ROC eligibility for AD to double to two ROCs and landfill gas extraction eligibility to reduce to one quarter of one ROC
ROCs traded - in July 08 average value was AUD $135.25
United KingdomWRAP
Love Food Hate Waste ProgramRaise profile of food waste One third of all food purchased is wasted
Studies into best way to collect and processRecommend use of AD over compostingFood should be collected weekly with
garbage fortnightlyFood collected without garden organics
Draft Quality Protocol for Digestate
Norway01 July 2009 – New Regulation prohibiting
disposal of biodegradable wasteBan on disposal of easy degradable organic waste
introduced in 2001.61% of the population or 2.2 million people have
access to source separated food collection. 14,000 tonnes in 02
Only 25% of population have a collection service for garden waste
Driven by view that diverting organics from disposal is ‘low hanging fruit’ for GHG reductions
Norway - Municipality Of OsloPopulation: 1,283,533Proposes to introduce SSO this yearOne bin with three streamsWhite bags for garbage, blue bags for
plastic and green bags for organicsOptically sorted Processed in AD with biogas upgraded for
use in city busesWill also process sewage through AD and
use biogas in city buses.
Norway Sewage Treatment WorksCommenced accepting food waste when regulations
changed to prevent food waste being fed to pigsFeedstock:
148 cubic metres of sewage (at 1-2% dry solids);14 cubic metres of food scraps 36 litres methanol With introduction of food waste, biogas production
increased from 850,000 Nm3 at 60-65% to 2,100,000 Nm3
Only plant in Norway with biogas upgrading system. Gas upgraded for use in local vehicles.
Produces 165,000 Nm3 of upgraded gas (this requires 218,000 Nm3 of raw biogas)
Toronto510,000 Single Dwellings and 500,000 Multi
Unit DwellingsIntroduced food collection in 2002 - 2005Driven by landfill closureProcessed in AD with digestate compostedResidents allowed to use plastic bags to wrap
organics - old bread bags etcTotal diversion rate from single dwellings is
59%, 15.5% of which is food wasteAllow all organics, including nappies, kitty
litter and hairOver 90% participation rates
TorontoBags ???
20%, by weight, of feedstock is plastic bags (9% of which is water)
Bags removed in wet pretreatment system by rake after pulping and prior to AD
Less than 0.5% plastic is left in the digestateComposting processor has no problem with removing
bagsContamination
1.5% heavies (Knives and bones)1.5% grit20% bags (half of which is water)
United StatesNo equivalent regulation to EU Landfill Directive
Very inexpensive landfillingSmall number of programs driven by progressive waste managers and green communities
InnovationsTrial to use clear plastic bags in Durham
Region, with garbage containing recycling left at kerbside.
Two AD facilities accepted commercial food waste with packaging.
Upgrading biogas for use in vehicles.
Sewage treatment works accepting food organics.
Innovations - Offsets for Composting21 April 2009 the ‘Avoided Emissions from
Organic Waste Disposal’ protocol was approved by the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX).
Eligible projects diverting food and other organic waste from landfill and thereby mitigating greenhouse gas emissions will be eligible for carbon credits or offsets under the CCX.
One dry tonne of food waste = 4.94 tonnes of CO2
At NZ$5.13/credit, Composter receives $25.35 per tonne of dry food waste diverted.
SummaryRegulation driven in Europe and UK. Link to GHG driver.
Canada and U.S.A. grass roots - driven by Municipality or County
Provision of bench top bin and liners achieves greatest participation
Composting has & remains most widespread processing choice but anaerobic digestion set to grow
Optimum collection is weekly organics and fortnightly garbage
Diversion 4.5 - 5.5kg/hh/wk
Participation 40-60%, Toronto > 90%
