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CI-3 Dependency and Interdependency Considerations for Critical Infrastructure Prepared for: GovSec West 2011 Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets Protection & Response November 15, 2011 Lori Eaton Infrastructure Analyst Associate Infrastructure Assurance Center Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL

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Page 1: CI-2 Dependency and Interdependency Considerations for ...download.101com.com/gig/pdf/govsec2012sessions/CI-3_Eaton.pdf · Risk and resilience methodology development and assessment

CI-3 Dependency and Interdependency Considerations for Critical Infrastructure

Prepared for:

GovSec West 2011

Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets Protection & Response

November 15, 2011

Lori EatonInfrastructure Analyst Associate

Infrastructure Assurance Center

Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne, IL

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Argonne National Laboratory

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Multi‐program science and research center 

managed by The University of Chicago for the 

U.S. Department of Energy

Located 25 miles southwest of                       

Chicago 

Staff of about 4,000 (1,800 scientists and 

engineers)

Active infrastructure assurance  programs for 15 

years

Infrastructure Assurance Center helps to protect 

and assure critical  infrastructures and key 

resources

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Argonne Infrastructure Assurance Center (IAC)

Goal – to provide methodologies, 

information, analyses, tools, and 

technologies to inform decisions about 

infrastructure protection and resilience

Capabilities built on 20+ years of critical 

infrastructure protection support to 

DOE, DoD, President’s Commission on 

Critical Infrastructure Protection 

(PCCIP), EMP Commission, DHS, and 

other organizations

Part of Transition Team to standup DHS

Large interdisciplinary staff to support 

infrastructure assurance work

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Information

Tools

Methodologies

Analyses

Technologies

InfrastructureProtection andResilience

■ Engineers

■ Computer scientists

■ Information and cyber security specialists 

■ Geospatial analysts

■ Economists 

■ Social scientists 

■ Lawyers

■ Regulatory analysts and public policy experts

■ Risk management professionals

■ Decision analysts

■ Educators

Argonne Staff, Other National Labs, Academia, Research Centers, Private Sector, …

■ Engineers

■ Computer scientists

■ Information and cyber security specialists 

■ Geospatial analysts

■ Economists 

■ Social scientists 

■ Lawyers

■ Regulatory analysts and public policy experts

■ Risk management professionals

■ Decision analysts

■ Educators

Argonne Staff, Other National Labs, Academia, Research Centers, Private Sector, …

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Core Capabilities and Expertise Applied to Infrastructure Protection

Risk and resilience methodology 

development and assessment 

Metrics development and analysis

Infrastructure and 

interdependencies modeling & 

analysis

GIS/visualization tools

Decision support systems

Training (e.g., risk analysis)

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NAVAL SUBMARINE BASEKINGS BAY

Substation

230-kV Transmission Line

115-kV Tranmission Line

LEGEND

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

CROOKED-RIVER-115

ST.-MARYS-115

US-NAVAL-SUB-SUPPLY-#2-230

US-NAVAL-SUB-SUPPLY-#1-230

KINGSLAND-230/115

COLERAIN-SWITCH-STN.-230

National

LocalRegional

NAVAL SUBMARINE BASEKINGS BAY

Substation

230-kV Transmission Line

115-kV Tranmission Line

LEGEND

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

CROOKED-RIVER-115

ST.-MARYS-115

US-NAVAL-SUB-SUPPLY-#2-230

US-NAVAL-SUB-SUPPLY-#1-230

KINGSLAND-230/115

COLERAIN-SWITCH-STN.-230

National

LocalRegional

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Presentation Outline

Definition of Dependencies and Interdependencies

Importance to Risk

Interdependencies are Complex

Types of Interdependencies

Effects of Interdependencies

Illustrative Infrastructure Interdependencies

Interdependencies Lessons  Learned

Current Interdependencies Research

GIS demo

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Infrastructure Outages Have Caused  “Interdependence”

Problems

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The Interdependencies Concern …

Intentional exploitation of these 

new vulnerabilities could have 

severe consequences for our 

economy, security,                 and 

way of life

A series of incidents could 

interact (cascade) across critical 

infrastructures to degrade the 

service upon which all depend

Interdependencies lead to the 

possibility that our 

infrastructures may be 

vulnerable in ways they never 

have been before

Threats Complexity

Physical Cyber

Interdependencies

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Infrastructure Interdependencies

Dependency

and Interdependency

are related “Dependency”

refer to the a linkage or connection between two infrastructures

through which the state of one influences the state of the other

“Interdependencies”

refers to a bidirectional relationship between 

infrastructures dependent on the other—creating a “systems of systems”

Infrastructure linkages vary significantly in scale and complexity 

The “new economy”

(Internet, e‐commerce) has important interdependence 

implications

Understanding interdependencies requires identifying how each infrastructure 

depends on, or is supported by, each of the other infrastructures

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Definition of Interdependencies

The multi‐

or bi‐directional reliance of an asset, system, 

network, or collection thereof, within or across sectors, on 

input, interaction, or other requirement from other sources in 

order to function properly*

Infrastructure j Infrastructure k

Goods/Services

Goods/Services

*United States Department of Homeland Security National Infrastructure Protection Plan

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Dependencies vs. Interdependencies 

Interdependencies – Bidirectional

Dependencies— Unidirectional

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Synergies emerge when large sets of components interact with one

another

Complexity makes prediction of what will happen difficult to predict

Interdependencies Are Complex

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Normal

Stressed/

Disrupted

Repair/

Restoration

State of 

Operation

Types of 

InterdependenciesEnvironment

Social/

Political

Business

Legal/

Regulatory

TechnicalHealth/Safety

Security

Coupling 

and

Response 

Behavior

Type of Failure

Inflexible

Linear/

Complex

Loose/

Tight

Adaptive

Physical

Cyber

Logical

Geographi

c

PublicPolicyCascading

InfrastructureCharacteristics

SpatialTemporal

Operational

Organizational

Common

Cause

Economic

Escalatin

g

Dimensions of Interdependencies

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Types of Infrastructure Interdependencies

Physical

(e.g., output of one infrastructure used 

by another)

Cyber

(e.g., electronic, informational linkages)

Geographic

(e.g., common corridor)

Logical

(e.g., dependency through financial 

markets)

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Physical Interdependencies

14

Coal Power Plant

Railroads

Coal for fuel

Delivers repair parts

Electricity –

signals, 

switches, control centers

Locomotives    

(electrified rail)

Physical Linkage 

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Cyber Interdependency

Computerized Systems

Monitors

Collects Data

Controls

SCADA ‐

Supervisory Control And Data 

Acquisition system 

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Geographic Interdependency (Common Corridor)

16

Close spatial proximityPipeline & Electric 

Transmission Lines

Pipeline & Highway

Rail & 

Transmission 

Lines

Airport

Tank 

Farms

Telecom & Sewer

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Logical Interdependency

17

No direct physical, cyber or geographic connection

Seasonal weather conditions

Human decisions/habitual 

behaviors 

Public Policy  (i.e. environmental 

regulations)

Economic Impacts:

Government Regulations

• consumer prices 

• utility companies

External market prices

Lack of investments to meet 

growing demand

(i.e. 2001 California 

Energy Crisis)

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Illustrative Petroleum Dependencies

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Three Effects of Interdependency Failures

Common cause failure

– A disruption of two or more 

infrastructures at the same time because of a common 

cause

Cascading failure

– A disruption in one infrastructure 

causes a disruption in a second infrastructure   

Escalating failure

– A disruption in one infrastructure 

exacerbates a disruption of a  second infrastructure

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Private 

Microwave 

Network

Generating 

Plant

Transmission 

Substation

Distribution 

Substation

Commercial 

Loads

Industrial 

Loads

Control 

Center

Transportation 

Loads

Disruptions Could CASCADECASCADE

Through the Electric Infrastructure

12

3

Public Networks

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Private 

Microwave 

Network

Generating 

Plant

Transmission 

Substation

Distribution 

Substation

Commercial 

Loads

Industrial 

Loads

Control Center

Transportation 

Loads

Disruptions Could ESCALATEESCALATE

(Increase) Repair and  Restoration Times

3

Repair Crews

DELAY

Public Networks

1

2

1

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Agriculture/Food

Water

Public Health

Emergency Services

Defence Industrial Base

Information Technology

Telecommunications

Critical Infrastructure Sectors

Energy

Transportation Systems

Banking and Finance

Chemical

Postal and Shipping

National Monuments and Icons

Key Resources

Commercial Nuclear Reactors

Dams

Government Facilities

Commercial Facilities

Multiple Infrastructures Need to be Considered*

*Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7

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Significant Electric Power  Interdependencies

Nuclear Power Plants

Cooling Water –

controlled shutdown within one 

day

Transmission

sudden loss of transmission 

capacity can cause plant shutdown

Process Control ‐

will shut down (if possible)

Fossil‐Fuel Power Stations

Fuel Supply – may reduce or shut down power 

plant

Cooling Water, Transmission , Process Control –

as above

Transmission 

Telecommunication – important for substation 

and dispatch center

operations

Distribution

Similar to Transmission

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Significant Commercial Building Interdependencies

Utilities

Electric Power – most large commercial 

buildings have single distribution circuit 

from single utility substation

Potable Water – many buildings have only 

one source of potable water, typically 

supplied by municipality, inadequate on‐

site water storage

Sewer – may require building evacuation 

if shut down

Telecommunications ‐

only if no 

redundant external sources are 

unavailable

Check for redundancy and emergency backup 

capability

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Interdependencies Can be Considered at Multiple Levels

Facilities/Assets End‐to‐End Systems

Regions

Networks

Communities

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26

A “Systems”

Representation is Used to Understand   Interdependencies

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27

Pre‐Event Trans‐Event Post‐Event

Projected Storm Track

Natural Gas

OilProjected Im

pacts

Refinery Impacts

New Orleans Flooding

Days After Landfall

Damaged Storage Facility

Natural Gas 

Prod

uctio

n

Interdependencies Change during Events

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EnteringHILLSVILLE

FOUNDEDOUNDED

18021802ALTITUDEALTITUDE

620620POPULATIONPOPULATION

37003700

TOTALTOTAL

61226122

A Defendable Process is Essential for Making  Infrastructure Decisions

Page 29: CI-2 Dependency and Interdependency Considerations for ...download.101com.com/gig/pdf/govsec2012sessions/CI-3_Eaton.pdf · Risk and resilience methodology development and assessment

Modeling/Visualization Tools Improve  Understanding of Interdependencies 

CAS Visualization

Page 30: CI-2 Dependency and Interdependency Considerations for ...download.101com.com/gig/pdf/govsec2012sessions/CI-3_Eaton.pdf · Risk and resilience methodology development and assessment

Service Restoration Is an Important Aspect of  Interdependencies Analysis

Tool developed: Restore©*

Purpose: estimate service restoration time (i.e., 

the amount of time required to restore a system 

to an operational state)

Motivation:

Impacts of disruptions vary as a function of 

the outage duration

Duration of outages is uncertain

Estimates of outage duration are important 

in making decisions about system 

operations and strategies for mitigating 

vulnerabilities

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Restore Provides a Framework for Examining Interdependencies and Restoration Uncertainty

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0 12 24 36 48

Total Outage Time (hr)

Prob

ability Den

sity

Critical OutageTime

Critical OutageTime

Range and Likelihoodof Outage Time 

(Probability Density)

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Additional 

Accessibility Time 

for Crew

Replacement of Damaged Pipelinenew pipeline segment

Time Until Area Is Safe

Inert gas

Hydrostatic Testing

Blowdown of pipe contents 

NaturalGas

Service Restored

Purging of PipelineInert gas & air

Inert gas

Initiating Event Occurs

Location (urban, rural, remote)

affects access time.

Repeat repair iftest fails.

0 5t1 (hrs)

Prob

ability

Den

sity

0 5t2(hrs)

Prob

ability

Den

sity

0 30

Prob

ability

Den

sity

0 10t6 (hrs)

Prob

ability

Den

sity

t5 (hrs)+ t

5+

Probability Distribution over 

Restoration Time

0 3t3(hrs)

Prob

ability

Den

sity

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0 10 20 30 40

Hours

Prob

abili

ty D

ensi

ty

Restore Example: Repair and Restoration of a Ruptured  Natural Gas Pipe

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Repair and Restoration of a Ruptured Gas Pipe – A  Restore Transition Diagram (portion)

Dependence on 

Transportation (Road)

Dependence on 

Telecommunications

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Results for Repair and Restoration of a Damaged NG  Pipeline ––

Telecom Operational

This graph tells us that:

Outage duration range is 

about 60‐140 hrs

Most likely value is about 90 

hrs

Probability that duration     >

115 hours is ~5%

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Previous graph said:

Outage duration range is 

about 60‐140 hrs

Most likely value is about 90 

hrs

Probability that duration     >

115 hours is ~5%

This graph tells us that:

Outage duration range is 

about 90‐240 hrs

Most likely value is about 150 

hrs

Probability that duration     >

200 hours is ~5%

Results for Repair and Restoration of a Damaged NG  Pipeline ––

Telecom Disrupted

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Over the Past Several Years, Argonne Staff Have Developed the Following Restore Models

Natural Gas Pipelines–

Diameters: 12”, 16”, 36”

Pressures:  ≤250 psig, >250 psig–

Variable repair lengths

Fail & foul weather

Time of day, day of week

Type of terrain

Location:  urban, suburban, rural

Natural Gas Pipelines–

Diameters: 12”, 16”, 36”

Pressures:  ≤250 psig, >250 psig–

Variable repair lengths

Fail & foul weather

Time of day, day of week

Type of terrain

Location:  urban, suburban, rural

City Gate

POL Pumping Station

Compressor Station

Propane Air Peaking Station

NG Separator

Underground Storage Facility

Large substation transformer

City Gate

POL Pumping Station

Compressor Station

Propane Air Peaking Station

NG Separator

Underground Storage Facility

Large substation transformer

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GIS Demo

Julie Muzzareli’s GIS piece

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37

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Benefits of Interdependencies Analysis Tools

Facilitate understanding of how disruptions:

- Propagate (cascade) among infrastructures

- Exacerbate repair and restoration problems

Identify critical components and vulnerabilities from 

interdependencies perspective (transcends single 

infrastructure perspective of asset criticality)

Determine consequences of disruptions                           

(e.g., economic impacts)

Allow “what if”

analyses

Support exercises, training, and education

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Infrastructure Interdependencies Present Challenges  for Security and Reliability

Need to identify infrastructure assets that, if lost or degraded, could 

adversely affect the performance of other infrastructures –

Normal and stressed operations

Disruptions (including coincident events)

Repair and restoration

Need to identify how interdependencies change as a function of 

outage duration, frequency, and other factors

Need to identify how backup systems or other mitigation 

mechanisms can reduce interdependence problems

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Interdependencies-related Lessons Learned

Vulnerabilities resulting from infrastructure interdependencies are 

generally not as well understood as other vulnerabilities 

Single‐point failures (due to interdependencies) can lead to multiple 

infrastructure disruptions

Interdependencies can exacerbate repair and restoration problems

Facilities that have experience with natural disasters typically

have a 

better understanding of infrastructure interdependencies ‐‐

more likely 

to have contingency plans to deal with outages

You are only as secure as your suppliers and distributors

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Moving Toward Cascading Failure Solutions

Identify internal and external infrastructure

assets, systems, and 

networks that, if lost or degraded, could adversely affect performance

Study natural disasters and incidents to gain insight into 

interdependencies problems and solutions

Develop contingency plans to deal with cascading outages

Identify how backup systems and other mitigation mechanisms can 

reduce interdependencies problems –

implement as appropriate

Address security in contractual arrangements 

Collaborate, cooperate, participate

Avoid “failure of imagination”

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Risk

Threats

VulnerabilitiesConsequences

Interdependencies Influence all Components of Risk

Risk = f(Threat, Vulnerability, Consequence) 

Innovative Targeting to 

Exploit 

Interdependencies

T = f(Capability, Intent)

Expanded Set of 

Vulnerabilities Due to 

Interdependencies

V = f(Physical, Cyber, Human)

Cascading and 

Escalating 

Interdependent 

Consequences

C = f(Deaths, Economic Losses, 

Strategic Mission Impacts, 

Psychological Impacts, …)

Interdependencies: “Risk Multiplier”

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Summary

Interdependencies are complex and multi‐dimensional 

There is no one solution to analyzing interdependencies

Infrastructure dependencies and interdependencies should 

be factored into risk decisions

Interdependencies is a growing research area with great 

need for enhanced capability and innovation 

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Lori EatonInfrastructure Analyst Associate

Infrastructure Assurance Center

Argonne National Laboratory

[email protected]

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