CIBSE TM 46 Energy Benchmarks

Energy benchmarks

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1 Introduction

This document describes the statutory building energybenchmarks prepared to complement the OperationalRating procedure developed by the Department forCommunities and Local Government (CLG) for DisplayEnergy Certificates for use in England, Wales andNorthern Ireland under the The Energy Performance ofBuildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England andWales) Regulations 2007 (as amended)tand the TheEnergy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland)(5’6).

It describes the benchmarks and explains the approach totheir development and use. The principles of OperationalRatings, Display Energy Certificates and the advisoryreports that accompany them are set out in CIBSETM477.

Display Energy Certificates show a grade on an A to Gscale, based on the operational rating. This is the ratio ofactual building carbon dioxide emissions based on realenergy consumption data to benchmark emissions for atypical building of that category. These certificates mustbe displayed at all times, in a prominent position, bylarger public buildings over 1000 m2, after 1st October2008 in England and Wales, and from 31st December 2008in Northern Ireland*.

Display Energy Certificates are required for buildingswith a total useful floor area greater than 1000 in2, that areoccupied by a public authority or an institution providinga public service to a large number of people, and arefrequently visited by members of the public. They arevalid for one year. They must be accompanied by anadvisory report, setting out advice on measures that couldbe taken to improve the energy performance of thebuilding, which is valid for 7 years. Display EnergyCertificates must be produced by accredited EnergyAssessors who are members of a scheme approved by theDepartment of Communities and Local Government.

CIBSE developed initial proposals for the benchmarksbased on chapter 20 of CIBSE Guide F: Energy efficiency inbuildings(8) and Energy Consumption Guide ECG19:Energy efficiency in offices(9). These were presented anddiscussed at a specially convened workshop at the end ofJuly 2007. Following responses at that meeting a revisedbenchmark set was circulated in September 2007 forcomment to 80 individuals in 40 public and private sectororganisations with an interest in Display EnergyCertificate bench marking. As a result of this consultationfurther discussions were held and refinements made to thebenchmark set.

2 Benchmarking approach

The following principles set down by the CLG steeringcommittee for Operational Ratings, and adopted by theCIBSE Benchmarking Steering Group, form the basis forthe statutory operational rating and benchmarkingprocedures developed to implement the EnergyPerformance Regulations.

— Benchmark categories: There are currently 29benchmark categories, as set out in Table 1. Eachcategory represents a major functional group ofbuildings, so the benchmarks provide anindication of how a bii1ding is performing inrelation to the wider group. An example is offices,where there is no differentiation for servicingstrategy, so that a fully air conditioned officeshares the same benchmark as a naturallyventilated office. Other sectors follow thisapproach. Table 2 sets out how buildings areallocated to the 29 benchmark categories. Thecategories and classifications will be kept underreview as statistical data from DECs are collected.

Benchmark values: The benchmarks are expressedin terms of delivered energy used per unit of floorarea (kWh/m2),for both electrical and fossil fuelenergy use, as set out in Table 1. For operationalrating purposes they are converted to carbondioxide emissions per unit area (kgCO2/m2)usingdefined CO2 intensity factors for electricity and(where present) fossil-thermal energy, which istaken to be gas. The conversion factors are definedseparately by CLG and applied by the software andare therefore not part of this benchmark set(because the benchmarks are specified in energyterms) although illustrative values are provided inTable 3.

2.1 Annual consumption periods

The energy use of the building is ideally measured over aperiod of exactly 365 days. The actual metered consumption is adjusted to 365 days if the actual period betweenreadings differs slightly, with a maximum variation of plusor minus 31 days permitted. This adjustment is not abenchmark issue but is part of the calculation procedure.

Where the energy is not directly metered, e.g. fuel oil, coalor wood, then the assessor will need to review deliveryrecords and check inventory levels to calculate annualconsumption figures.

* In Scotland larger public buildings wiil be required to pub. ‘cydisplay an Energy Performance Certificate from 4th January 2009

2Energy benchmarks

2.2 Separable energy uses

The annual metered consumption data for the building

can also be reduced if there is validated metered energy

consumption for one or more of the allowed separable

energy uses. These are listed in Appendix A2, Table A2.1.

This appendix provides further information on separable

energy uses. The actual energy use of the building is not

adjusted other than for the consumption period (see

section 2.1) and for any separable energy uses).

2.3 Adustments to benchmarks

Two adjustments to the benchmark may be made:

— Weather adjustment: to improve the accuracy ofoperational ratings the benchmark is adjusted for

weather. The weather adjustment is automaticallycarried out within the approved software, using

the relevant degree-day data for the assessment

period.

— Occupancy adjustment: buildings which are

occupied for long periods are likely to use moreenergy than those occupied for shorted periods.

Where valid and verifiable data for occupancy

duration is available, the benchmark may be

adjusted. The occupancy adjustment is carried outwithin the software if the assessor entersconfirmed annual occupied hours greater than the

standard values for the benchmark building as set

out in Table 1.

2.4 Mixed use buildings

Mixed use buildings may be split into their component

uses for separate assessment of each type of use.

Otherwise, a composite benchmark based on the relative

percentage of total usable floor area allocated to each use

may be calculated. For example, for a building having

1200 m2 of general retail and 1800 m2 of hotel, the retail

element comprises 40% of the total floor area and the hotel

60%. A composite benchmark will therefore be calculated

by adding 40% of the retail benchmark to 60% of the hotel

benchmark. This approach also applies where buildings

include conditioned car parks, restaurants, or swimming

pools which can be specified by floor area.

3 Description of thebenchmarks table

Table 1 is the main benchmark table. For each of the 29

benchmark categories, the table contains the following

data:

— Column A: category number

— Colunrns B—C: category name and description

— Columns D—F (Table 1(a)): allocation guides,which show how a building may be allocated tothe sector, under headings of space usage,operating schedule and distinguishing features.

— Columns G—J (Table 1(a)): further details of the

category including:

— building services included in the energybenchmarks (the list is not exhaustive)

— other benchmark categories which may be

found in combination with the current

category; e.g. ‘dry sports’ and ‘swimming

pool’ categories may be present in the samesports complex; also office space and

covered car parking often co-exist withinone metered building

— separable energy uses which may bededucted (if separately metered) in thebenchmark comparison for this category,e.g. sports floodlighting

— representative buildings: examples ofbuildings which fall in this category

-

- Columns K—L (Table 1(b)): the energy bench

marks expressed as kWh/m2for electricity and for

fossil-thermal energy

Columns M—O (Table 1(b)): CO2 benchmarks

obtained from the energy benchmarks, expressed

as kgCOfm2for the two fuels and the total. These

are calculated from the energy benchmarks with

the CO2 intensity factors shown in Table 3 and are

illustrative and not to be considered as funda

mental benchmark data.

— Columns P—R (Table 1(b)): the building size

measurement or metric; generally the building is

to be measured as gross floor area (the gross

internal area (GIA) as defined by the Royal

Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RJCS)), but in

some sectors other ‘alternate’ metrics are also

allowed such as net lettable area for offices. In

these cases a default factor to convert to the GIA is

provided for use by the software if the user has

only the alternate data.

Columns S—T (Table 1(c)): the weather adjustment

data comprises a stated percentage, for electricity

and for fossil-thermal, indicating what fraction of

that energy source is to be scaled by the degree-day

value. See Appendix Al for further information on

weather adjustment and degree-days.

— Column U (Table 1(c)): the list of separable energyuses allowed for each category; no other energy

uses can be subtracted from the metered energy

use. Further conditions must be satisfied before

these separable energy uses can be subtracted, as

specified in Appendix A2, Table A2.l. See

Appendix A2 for further information on separable

energy use.

— Columns V—Z (Table 1(c)): occupancy adjustment

is handled by defining an annual total of occupiedhours for the building and comparing this to theexpected value as stated in the benchmark table(‘benchmark hours per year’) for the category. Any

increase in hours leads to an increase in thebenchmark values up to the maximum increasespecified in the tables - intermediate values areprorated. See Appendix A3 for further informationon occupancy adjustment.

C)

References

Table 1 follows on pages 4 to 9. Table 2, see pages 10 to 12,provides a list of building types showing their allocationto the proposed benchmark categories.

ReferencesThe Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and

Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 Statutory

Instruments 2007 No. 991 (London: The Stationery Office)

(2007)

2 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and

Inspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations

2007 Statutory Instruments 2007 No. 1669 (London: The

Stationery Office) (2007)

3 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and

Inspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment No. 2)

Regulations 2007 Statutory Instruments 2007 No. 3302

(London: The Stationery Office) (2007)

4

3

The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations2008 Statutory Instruments 2008 No. 647 (London: TheStationery Office) (2008)

5 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008 Statutory

Rules of Northern Ireland 2008 No. 170 (London: The

Stationery Office) (2008)

6

7

The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and

Inspections) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland)

2008 Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 2008 No. 241

(London: The Stationery Office) (2008)

Operational ratings for Display Energy Certificates CIBSE TM47

(London: Chartered Institution of Building Services

Engineers) (2008)

8 Energy efficiency in buildings CIBSE Guide F (London:

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2004)

9 Energy efficiency in offices Energy Consumption Guide ECG 19

(The Carbon Trust) (2003) (available at http://www.carbontrust.

cook/Publications) (accessed August 2008)

C

Table 1 is on pages 4 to 9

Table 2 is on pages 10 to 12

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____________ _____Energy

benchmarks

No. Building type

2345678910111213141516171819202122

Adult education centreAir traffic controlBank officeBuilding society officeBusiness unitsCall centreCentral government officeCommercial ofliceConference centreCourtsCrown and county courtsCrown courtFinancial service officeflight crew facilityGuardroomLaw facilitiesLegal/financial servicesLocal government officeOffice showroomOffice with industryOfficesOffices, ce11ulai naturallyventilated

23 Offices, mechanically ventilated 1

and/or air conditioned24 Offices, open plan, naturally I

ventilated25 Professional/design 1

26 Professional services, off-street I

27 Public sector offices 1

28 Simulator29 Studio office 1

30 Town hall 1

31 Warehouse office

32 Bank or building society 2

33 Betting shop 2

34 Estate agents 2

35 Insurance brokers 2

36 Legal/insurance/accountants 2

high street premises37 Post Office 2

38 Public services 2

39 Travel agent 2

40 Undertakers 2

41 Amusement arcade42 Beauty salon43 Confectioners, tobaccooists,

newsagents, off licences

44 Dry cleaner45 Garden centres46 Hairdressing salon47 Indoor markets48 Laundrette49 Personal services50 Pet shops51 Petrol filling stations

General office

General office

General officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral office

High street agencyHigh street agencyHigh street agencyHigh street agencyHigh Street agency

High street agencyHigh street agencyHigh street agencyHigh street agency

General retailGeneral retailGeneral retail

3 General retail3 General retail3 General retail3 General retail3 General retail3 General retail3 General retail3 General retail

Large non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shopLarge non-food shop

4 Large non-food shop

82 Night club

83 Public house

84 Wine bar

85 Hotel

86 Art gallery87 Arts centre88 Library89 Museum

90 Auditorium91 Binge hall92 Casino93 Cinema94 Concert hail95 Dancing school96 Entertainment hall97 Theatre

98 Swimming pool

99 Fitness centre

100 Gymnasium

101 Healtb club

102 Ice skating rinks

Large food Store

RestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurant

RestaurantRestaurantRestaurant

RestaurantRestaurantRestaurantRestaurantBar, pub orlicensed club

8 Bar, pub orlicensed club

8 Bar,puborlicensed club

8 Bar, pub orlicensed club

Hotel

Cultural activitiesCulrura.l activitiesCultural activitiesCultural activities

12 Swimming poolcentre

13 Fitness and healthcentre



14 Dry sports andleisure facility

14 Drysports and

Thble 2 Allocation of building types to benchmark categories

Benchmark Category name No. Building type Benchmark Category name

_______ _______

category

64 Warehouse shop 4 Large non-food shop

65 Warehouse showroom 4 Large non-food shop

66 Corner food shops, butchers 5 Small food store

67 Corner food shops, greengrocers 5 Small food store

and delicatessens

category

General officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral officeGeneral office

68 Supermarket 6

69 Cafe 7

70 Canteen 7

71 Eating place 7

72 Food courts 7

73 Mess, junior ranks 7

(accommodation only)74 Mess, junior ranks (catering only) 7

75 Mess, officers (catering only) 7

76 Mess, warrant officers and 7

sergeants (catering only)

77 Motorway service areas 7

78 NAAFI 7

79 Restaurant 7

80 Takeaway restaurant 7

81 Discotheque 8

9

10101010

IIII111111111111

333

Entertainment hallsEntertainment hallsEntertainment hallsEntertainment hallsEntertainment hallsEntertainment hallsEntertainment hallsEntertainment halls

52 Department store 4

53 Departmental and general stores 4

54 Factory shop 4

55 Factory showroom 4

56 Hypermarket 457 Largesbop 4

58 Retail showroom 459 Retail warehouse 4

60 Shop with industry 461 Showroom 462 Superstore 463 Vehicle showroom

103 Indoor bowling

104 Leisure centre

105 Pavilion/sports clubhouse

106 Racecourse

107 Roller skating rinks

108 Snooker club

109 Sports centre wüh pool

leisure facility

14 Drysporisandleisure facility


14 Drysportsandleisure facility


14 Drysports and

leisure facility

14 Drysports and

leisure faciity

Thbk conunucs

Dry sports andleisure facility

14 Drysports andleisure facility




15 Covered car park

16 Public buildingswith light usage











17 Schools andseasonal publicbuildings











149 State school

150 State secondary school

151 Unlicensed club

132 Village hall

153 Classroom154 Lecture hall155 Sixth form college156 University

157 Clinic or health centre158 Dentists surgery159 DoctoPs surgery160 Health Centres and Clinics161 Medical and dental centre

(combined)162 Medical centre163 Mortuary164 Occupational health centre165 Out patient treatment area166 Primary health care buildings167 Surgery or clinic168 Veterinary surgery

169 General acute hospital

170 Teaching/Specialist Hospital

171 Cotnmunity and mental health

Schools andseasonal publicbuildings















University campusUniversity campusUniversity campusUniversity campus

ClinicClinicClinicClinicClinic

Hospital (clinicaland research)

20 Hospital (clinicaland research)

21 Long termresidential

ALlocation of building types

‘Jhble 2 Allocation of building types to benchmark categories - continued

No. Building type Benchmark Category name No. Building type Benchmark Category name

category category

110 Sports ground 14 138 Pre-school facility 17

11

139 Primary and secondaryteaching establishments

140 Primary school

141 Private school

142 Reserves centre

143 School

144 Secondary school

145 Social clubs

146 Special school

147 Speedway

145 State primary school

111 Sports ground buildings

112 Sports hail

113 Squash club

114 Tennis courts etc

115 Covered parking

116 Beach huts

II? Bus depot

118 Cemetery

119 Church

120 Church with cemetery

121 Parking building

122 Place of worship

123 Places of religious worship

124 Public lavatory

125 Sacred place

126 Scout or Guide hut

127 Clubhouse

128 Community centre

129 Community facilities

130 Community meeting place

131 Creche

132 Crechelchildcare facility

133 Day centre

134 Dogs racecourse

135 Hunting and fishing

18181818

1919191919

136 Marina or sailing club

137 Nursery or kindergarten

19191919191919

20

ClinicClinicClinicClinicClinicClinicClinic

hospitals

Table continues

12 Energy benchmarks

181 Young offenders institution

182 Boarding/guesthouse

183 Cadet hut

184 Holiday accommodation

185 Holiday centre

186 Holiday let

187 Junior ranks accoromodanon

188 Mess, officers (accommodationonly)

189 Mess, officers (catering andaccommodation)

190 Mess, warrant officers andsergeants (accommodation only)

191 Mess, warrant officers andsergeants (catering andaccommodation

192 MoD civilian accommodation 22

193 Official service residence

194 School boarding house

195 Service families accommodation 22(officers, type I)

196 Transient accommodation fl(other ranks)

Generalaccommodation

22 Generalaccommodation

22 GeneralaccommodationGeneralaccommodationGeneralaccommodation

No. Building type

197 Ambulance station198 Emergency services199 Fire station200 Lifeboat station201 Police station202 Police station (MoD police)

203 Laboratory

204 Shopping centre mall

206 Dock, wharf

207 Railway premise

208 Railway station

209 Airport terminals210 Armoury211 Railway mixed use

212 Communications facility213 Contractors sheds etc.214 Crematorium215 Fixed wing aircraft, repair216 Garage217 Gas/decontamination chamber218 Selicopters, repair219 Manufacturing premises

(excluding process energy use)220 Observatories221 Petrol filling station222 Railway engine shed223 Recording studios224 Ship/submarine repair/refit225 Sorting office226 Telephone exchange227 Vehicle repair workshop228 Vehicle services229 Workshop230 Workshops/maintenance depot

231 Fixed wing aircraft, storage232 Garages233 Helicopters, storage234 Road haulage depot235 Storage depot236 Vehicle storage237 Cold store

Benchmark Category namecategory

_________________

23 Emergency services23 Emergency services23 Emergency services23 Emergency services23 Emergency services23 Emergency services

24 Laboratory oroperating theatre

25 Public waiting orcirculationPublic waiting orcirculation

25 Public waiting orcirculation



262626

2727272727272727

WorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshopWorkshop

Storage facilityStorage facilityStorage facilityStorage facilityStorage facilityStorage facilityCold storage

Table 3 Data common to all benchmark categories

Item Notes

CO2 emission factors used tocalculate CO2 benchmarks*:-

- electricity 0.550 kgCO2/kWh— fossil-thermal 0.190 kgCO2/kW-h

Degree-days:type: Heating degree-days with 15.5°C base

and threshold temperature

—-- reference value 2021 degree-days

* Factors used to derive the illustrative benchmark CO2 emissions fromthe energy benchmarks; the Operation Rating procedure will use agreedCO2 factors (which may differ from those in this table) to calculate CO2benchmarks

No. Building type

Table 2 Allocation of building types to benchmark categories contrnued

Benchmark Category name

180 Remand centre

205 Bus station/train stat ion/seaport 25terminal

__________

category

172 Detention 21 Long ternsresidential

173 Detention centre 21 Long termresidential

174 Home 21 Long termresidential

175 Hospital 21 Long termresidential

176 Hostel 21 Long termresidential

177 Nursing home 21 Long termresidential

178 Nursing residential homes 21 Long termand hostels residential

179 Prison 21 Long termtesidential












22 Genera]accommodation

TerminalTerminalTerminal

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2727272727272727272727

28282828282829

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Appendix Al: Weather adjustment

Appendix Al: Weather adjustment

13

Weather adjustment is a standard part of the operationalrating procedure which is automatically implemented inthe approved software with no requirement for assessorinput. It increases the relevance of an operational ratingby adjusting the benchmark consumption according to theweather for the region and year of the assessment.

For this weather adjustment, twelve month heatingdegree-days with a base temperature of 15.5 °C are useddue to their relevance, availability and body of experience.These degree-days have been used successfully overdecades in a wide range of sectors and are currently usedby the Carbon Trust.

As agreed by the CLG benchmark project steeringcommittee, cooling degree-days are not included in thecalculation procedure. Their applicability to differentbuildings is highly variable and their sectoral use is notconsidered to be well established.

Benchmark energy consumption values in the main tablesare associated with a reference national annual 15.5 °Cdegree-day value against which the actual degree-dayvalue (for the region and year of the operational rating) iscompared, to provide a ratio which scales the weather-dependent part of the benchmark energy.

The 15.5 C degree-days are used in all sectors. Thisincludes office buildings, where a lower base temperaturemight have been considered as many buildings have lowbalance-point temperatures. Hospitals have traditionallyhave used a base temperature of 18.5 °C.

However, the 15.5 °C degree-days produce an appropriateadjustment, especially for the annual calculationsrequired for the Operational Rating, because the ratio ofthe actual annual degree-days to the reference value doesnot change greatly if the degree-day base is changed.

Figure A1.1 Degree-thy regions

If monthly calculations including summer months wererequired it would be helpful to optimise the degree-daybase temperature to a value such as the balance temperature of the building, but for annual Operational Ratingscalculations sensitivity analysis confirms that this is asecond-order effect.

Jkble A1.1 12-month 15.5 ‘C degree-day data over 14 regions for calendar years 1998—2007 (source: The Carbon Trust/Vilnis Vesma)

Year Degree-day region Ave. DifL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 17

1998 1747 2007 1924 1729 1627 2142 2032 2236 2293 2269 2142 2129 1975 2145 2029 0%

1999 1681 ]976 1901 1651 1597 2030 1939 2218 2265 2180 2031 2070 1912 2144 1971 —2%

2000 1732 2042 1988 1720 1675 2154 2048 2394 2339 2292 2125 2101 2082 2268 2968 2%

2001 1880 2201 2165 1753 1844 2234 2220 2620 2416 2457 2281 2260 2100 2308 2196 9%

2002 157 1876 1745 1569 1780 2001 1914 2374 2234 2229 1995 1974 1917 2077 1947 —4%

2003 1733 2111 1820 1671 1920 2086 2034 2297 2198 2298 2076 2121 1987 2186 2038 1%

2004 1719 2054 1796 1669 1853 2028 2002 219! 2178 2185 2009 2100 1984 2197 1998 —1%

2005 1759 2075 2004 1713 1889 2047 2205 2211 2212 2189 2081 2148 1928 2160 2044 1%

2006 1679 1929 1977 1691 1839 2044 1940 2188 2249 2173 2023 2046 1966 2179 1995 —1%

2007 1591 1940 1893 1496 1774 2026 2033 2156 2185 2098 1925 1987 1844 2019 1926 —5%

Aye: 1709 2021 1921 1666 1780 2080 2037 2289 2257 2237 2069 2094 1970 2168 0%

Duff. -15% 0% -5% 18% -12% 3% 1% 13% 12% 11% 2% 4% -3% 7% 0% —

Diff:2001 —7% 9% 7% —13% —9% 11% 10% 30% 20% 22% 13% 12% 4% 14% 2196 9%

2003 —14% 4% —10% —17% —5% 3% 1% 14% 9% 14% 3% 5% —2% 8% 2038 1%

2007-2] -4% 6% -26% -12% 0% 1% 7% 8% 4% -5% -2% -9% 0% 1926 -5%

Key to degree-day regions: (I) 1 hames Valley, (2) South Eastern, (3) Southern, (4) South Western, (5) Severn Valley, (6) Midland, (7) West Pennines,

(8) North Western, (9) Borders, 10) North Easern, (11) East Pennines, (12) East Anglia, (16) Wales, (17) Northern Ireland.

1 Thames Valley2 South-eastern3 Southern4 South-western5 Severn Valley6 Midland7 West PenninesS North-western9 Borders

10 North-eastern11 East Pennines12 East Anglia13 WScotland14 EScotland15 NE Scotland

A 16 WalesF ) 17 N Ireland

18 NW 5cotland(

J

14 Energy benchmarks

Buildings with high balance temperatures are now lesscommon because elevated internal temperatures areincreasingly offset by higher internal gains, betterstandards of insulation, building air leakage preventionand heat recovery.

Degree-days for the entire 12-month year are used becauseselecting certain months as a ‘heating season’ may not beappropriate for all regions, and varying the heating seasonby region is complex and to some extent arbitrary.

Summer degree-days are relatively low and so have littleeffect on the ratio of actual annual degree-days to thereference value.

The reference degree-day value given in this benchmarkset is 2021 degree-days and is common to all sectorsbecause the degree-day base temperature (15.5 °C) iscommon to all sectors. The reference value is a ten-yearsimple average to December 2007 across all regions ofEngland, Wales and Northern Ireland, see Table A1.1. Thereference value is 18% lower than a previous referencevalue (2462), but it is closer to likely current values and

produces smaller adjustments.

The difference (‘Diff.’) values are calculated with respect

to the reference value (2021) and illustrate the likelyvariation between different regions and years.

Appendix A2: Separable energy uses

Some activities within buildings use significant amountsof energy, including catering facilities and server rooms.These high usage areas may only occupy a smallpercentage of the useful floor area, and their use may behighly variable, and so they can have a significant effect

on the overall Operational Rating of the building. Therelevance, accuracy and value of the Operational Ratingmay be improved by separating out such energy use.

Separating out particular energy uses is an optional part ofthe Operational Rating procedure. It increases therelevance of an Operational Rating where a building hasspecific ‘process’ energy uses which cannot meaningfullybe included in the benchmark comparison exercise.

Separable energy uses are those energy uses within abuilding’s overall metered energy consumption which theOperational Rating procedure allows to be reportedseparately from the main energy rating of the building.Where the separable energy use is deducted from the totalmetered consumption, the floor area associated with theseparable use is also deducted.

This part of the procedure is simply omitted if thebuilding has no metered separable energy use, in whichcase all the building’s energy is counted in the mainassessment. If there are un-metered separable energy uses,this provides an incentive to meter them for futureassessments.

Table A2.l sets down the complete list of separable energyuses which can, if all the relevant criteria are satisfied, besubtracted from the metered energy use of building in thespecified categories. The table provides information onthe separable energy uses as follows:

— Columns A—C: name and description of theseparable energy use.

— Column D (Table A2.1(a)): benchmark categorieswithin which the separable energy uses can beused.

— Column E (Table A2.1(a)): measurement procedures(area) — the floor area associated with a separableenergy use must be measured as it is subtractedfrom the building total floor area.

— Column F (Table A2.l(a)): measurement procedures(energy) — the metering requirement is describedwhich must be carried out before the energy usedcan be claimed as separable.

Column G (Table A2.1(a)): quantitative evidence— description of the quantitative evidencerequired to support entry of a separable energy use.

Column H (Table A2.l(b)): validation evidence I— there must be confirmation from the buildingmanager or assessor that the energy is indeed usedfor the purpose which justifies its subtraction fromthe building energy use.

Column I (Table A2.1(b)): validation evidence 2 —

vidence must be presented that the excludedenergy use has been assessed in the last two years;this is to reduce the possibility that a high energyusing application is kept going indefinitely even ifhighly inefficient.

— Column J (Table A2.1(b)): sign off— evidence tobe collated into a report and signed off by theoccupant’s property manager.

In order to be separated, the energy use must:

— be one of the listed separable energy uses in Table 2

be for one of the benchmarks for which thisseparable energy applies (Table 2)

comply with the criteria defining the separableenergy use

— have permanently metered energy use

have meter readings and analysis for the ratingperiod

have associated floor area measured and recorded

— have a documented review of energy use andefficiency with improvement proposals

have a collated Separable Energy Recordsummarising all the above and signed off by theoccupant’s property manager.

No other energy uses may be separated from a building’sassessment.

The Operational Rating procedure requires the energy

consumption (by supply type) and floor area of anyseparable energy use. Assessors have the option to enterthis information only if they have completed a SeparableEnergy Record.

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AppendixA3: Occupancy adjustment17

Appendix A3: Occupancy adjustment

Occupancy adjustment is an optional part of the

Operational Rating procedure. It increases the relevance of

an Operational Rating in buildings whose occupancy is

different to the benchmark occupancy value, by adjusting

the listed energy consumption benchmarks according to

the actual occupancy of a building.

If suitably documented occupancy of the building is not

available or is the same as the benchmark occupancy, the

occupancy adjustment is simply omitted and the listed

(unadjusted) energy benchmarks are then used. If actual

occupancy is higher this approach provides an incentive toobtain the required occupancy data for future assessments.

The information required from the assessor for occupancy

adjustment is a valid assessment and record of the

occupancy of the building. The annual occupancy hours

must be assessed according to the approved procedure and

measurements described below.

The Operational Rating procedure has the following

benchmark data available from Table 1 for each

benchmark category:

— listed energy consumption benchmarks

— reference occupancy hours for the listedbenchmarks

— maximum (limiting) occupancy hours

— maximum percentage increase in energy consurnption at the limiting occupancy hours for bothelectricity and fossil thermal fuel use.

The Operational Rating procedure then adjusts the

benchmark as follows:

— If the building occupancy is less than or equal to

the reference occupancy in Table 1, the benchmark

listed in the table is used with no adjustment.

— If the building occupancy is equal to or higherthan the limiting occupancy in Table I the

benchmark is adjusted by applying the limiting

percentage increase in the table.

— For occupancy values in between these two

extremes the percentage increase is interpolated on

a pro-rain basis to obtain the adjusted benchmark;

there is a linear dependence of the adjusted

benchmark on the occupancy.

To obtain the annual occupancy hours the assessor must

use the appropriate occupancy measurement systems as

allocated for each benchmark category in Table 1. The two

definitions of annual occupancy hours are:

(a) the number of hours per year that the number ofrecorded occupants exceeds 25% of the nominalmaximum occupancy

(b) the number of hours per year that the premises are

fully open to the public according to publishedopening hours.

The assessor must obtain attendance records, survey

results or published opening hours and calculate the

annual occupancy hours. ThIs information is to be

collated into an annual occupancy hours record and

signed off by the building or premises manager before the

assessor uses the occupancy data in the Operational Rating

procedure.

Where different parts of the building (falling within the

same benchmark category) have different occupancies the

lowest occupancy must be used, unless an assessment of

occupancy in each part is made and the occupancies

combined using the percentages of overall floor areas, i.e.

using an area-weighted average.

For occupancy adjustment of a multi-use building

assessmenL (employing more than one benchmark

category), the annual occupancy hours must be calculated

as above for each category for which an occupancy

adjustment is relevant.

Appendix A4: Notes on specific building types

Energy benchmarks

A4.1 Data centres

Data centres have substantial unoccupied process areas

and their energy consumption is dominated by process

equipment. They are therefore classified as industrial

buildings for which an Operational Rating is not required

and so benchmark data are not provided.

A building is classified as a data centre for Operational

Rating benchmark purposes if it has been designed or

altered primarily to provide data processing services and if

less than a total of 10% of its gross internal floor area

consists of activities covered by one or more of the

benchmark categories in Table 1.

For office buildings with substantial data centre/server

provision, the data centre energy can be measured and

treated as a separable energy use.

A4.2 Retail premises and malls

Individual retail premises, including outward-facing units

associated with retail centres, are to be assessed individ

ually using the appropriate retail benchmark from Table 1.

If they have any services energy such as heating or cooling

from shopping centre services, their energy allocation for

these services should be included.

Shopping centre malls, if required to be assessed

separately, should use the public circulation benchmark

category 25.

Inward-facing units in a shopping centre can be assessed

exactly as the individual units described above. In some

circumstances it may also be appropriate to assess a whole

centre, or part of the centre comprising the malls and

inward facing units, in which case the total energy

including tenants’ supplies and the appropriate allocation

of landlords energy for the tenants and malls should be

compared with a composite, multi-use benchmark derived

from the total area of each category of retail included and

the malls.

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Documents

CIBSE TM 46 Energy Benchmarks