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Invasive plants are one of the most serious environmental issues facing
California. They disrupt ecosystems by altering physical processes, displacing native plants, and degrading wildlife habitat. The California Invasive Plant Inventory is a vital resource for those working to protect the state’s natural areas. The Inventory summarizes the impacts, potential for spread, and distri-bution of more than 200 non-native plants that invade wildlands in California. The Inventory represents the best available knowledge of the state’s invasive plant experts. It is designed to prioritize plants for control at the state and local levels, to provide key information to those working in habitat restoration, to show areas where research is needed. to aid those preparing or commenting on envi-ronmental planning documents, and to educate public policy makers. Detailed assessments for each plant, with docu-mented sources, are available online at www.cal-ipc.org.
Front cover photo credits: Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) left, and Eichornia crassipes (water hyacinth) bottom right, by Bob Case. Cynara cardunculus (artichoke thistle) center right, by Jason and Jesse Giessow, Dendra, Inc.Delairea odorata (Cape-ivy) top right, by Carolyn Martus, California Native Plant Society.
California Invasive Plant CouncilProtecting California’s wildlands from invasive plants
through research, restoration, and education.www.cal-ipc.org
Pampasgrass (Cortaderia selloana) displaces native plant communities in coastal habitats. (Photo by Bob Case, California Native Plant Society).
CA
LIF
OR
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INV
AS
IVE
PL
AN
T IN
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NT
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Y C
aliforn
ia Invasive P
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ncil
Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02, California Invasive Plant Council: Berkeley, CA.
Published by the California Invasive Plant Council
CALIFORNIA I n v a s i v e P l a n t
INVENTORY
PCcil
February 2006
February 2006
Published by the California Invasive Plant Council
CALIFORNIA I n v a s i v e P l a n t
INVENTORY
The California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) formed as a non-profit organiza-tion in 1992 to address the growing ecological and economic impacts caused by invasive plants in California’s wildlands. We promote research, restoration, and education in pursuit of this goal. Formerly known as the California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Cal-IPC is a member-driven organization with land managers, re-searchers, policy makers, and concerned citizens working together to protect the state’s natural areas from invasive plants. For more information, visit our website at www.cal-ipc.org.
PROVIDING INPUT FOR FUTURE REVISIONSIf you have additional information to add to a plant assessment, please submit it to [email protected]. The Inventory Review Committee will meet periodically to consider additions and modifications to the Inventory.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe gratefully acknowledge the effort of all those who volunteered their time to write plant assessment forms, provide comments on assessments, or add observa-tions to fill gaps in information. Too many people contributed information for us to list them individually, but each assessment contains the name of its author and those who provided information on that species. In particular, we thank those who helped develop the criteria, including John Hall of The Nature Conservancy in Arizona, Ann Howald of Garcia and Associates, and Maria Ryan of University of Nevada Cooperative Extension. We also wish to thank Kristin Dzurella of UC Davis and John Knapp of the Catalina Island Conservancy for their contributions of time and data.
RECOMMENDED CITATIONCal-IPC. 2006. California Invasive Plant Inventory. Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02. California Invasive Plant Council: Berkeley, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.
WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROMThe Center for Invasive Plant Management and the Exotic/Invasive Pests and Diseases Research Program of the UC Statewide IPM Program and UC Riverside Center for Invasive Species Research, funded by USDA/CREES Special Research Grant Exotic Pests and Diseases (CA). General operating sup-port provided by the San Francisco Foundation, the Switzer Foundation, and the True North Foundation.
INVENTORY REVIEW COMMITTEE
Dr. Carla BossardProfessorSt. Mary’s College of CaliforniaMoraga, CA
Dr. Matt BrooksResearch BotanistUS Geological SurveyHenderson, NV
Dr. Joseph DiTomasoExtension Non-Crop Weed EcologistUniversity of California-DavisDavis, CA
Dr. John RandallDirector, Invasive Species InitiativeThe Nature ConservancyDavis, CA
Cynthia RoyeEnvironmental ScientistCalifornia State Parks Sacramento, CA
Jake SiggCalifornia Native Plant SocietySan Francisco, CA
Alison StantonResearch BotanistBMP EcosciencesSouth Lake Tahoe, CA
Peter WarnerEnvironmental ScientistCalifornia State ParksMendocino, CA
CAL-IPC STAFF
Dr. Elizabeth Brusati Project Manager
Doug Johnson Executive Director
Brianna Richardson
Gina Skurka Designed by Melanie Haage
Copyright © 2006 by California Invasive Plant Council
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Criteria for Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 1. The Criteria System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Inventory Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Reading the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 2. Jepson Geographic Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Uses and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
TABLES
Table 1. Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 2. Species Native to Part of California, but Invasive in Other Parts of the State. . . . 20
Table 3. Species Evaluated But Not Listed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 4. Species Nominated but Not Reviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Listed Species by Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix 2. Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Ratings Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix 3. Examples of Ecological Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix 4. Species by Common Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Invasive plants damage ecosystems around the world. They displace native species, change
plant community structure, and reduce the value of habitat for wildlife.1 Invasive plants may disrupt physical ecosystem processes, such as fire regimes, sedimentation and erosion, light availability, and nu-trient cycling. In aquatic ecosystems, invasive plants clog lakes, streams, and waterways, reducing oxygen levels for fish and degrading habitat for waterbirds. The impact is especially severe in California, with its rich diversity of natural resources. The California Invasive Plant Inventory cat-egorizes non-native invasive plants that threaten the state’s wildlands. Categorization is based on an assessment of the ecological impacts of each plant. The Inventory represents the best available knowl-edge of invasive plant experts in the state. However, it has no regulatory authority, and should be used with full understanding of the limitations described later in this Introduction. California is home to 4,200 native plant species, and is recognized internationally as a “biodiversity hotspot.” Approximately 1,800 non-native plants also grow in the wild in the state. A small number of these, approximately 200, are the ones that this Inventory considers invasive. Improved understand-ing of their impacts will help those working to proj-ect California’s treasured biodiversity.
The InventoryThe Inventory categorizes plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species’ nega-tive ecological impact in California. Other factors, such as economic impact or difficulty of manage-ment, are not included in this assessment. It is important to note that every species listed in Table 1 is invasive, regardless of its overall rating, and should be of concern to land managers. Although the impact of each plant varies regionally, its rating represents cumulative impacts statewide. Therefore, a plant whose statewide impacts are categorized as Limited may have more severe impacts in a particu-
Introduction
lar region. Conversely, a plant categorized as having a High cumulative impact across California may have very little impact in some regions. Members of the Inventory Review Committee, Cal-IPC staff, and volunteers drafted assessments for each plant based on the formal criteria system described below. The committee solicited informa-tion from land managers across the state to comple-ment the available literature. Assessments were released for public review before the committee finalized them. All plant assessments that form the basis for this summary document are available at www.cal-ipc.org. The final list includes 39 High spe-cies, 65 Moderate species, and 89 Limited species. Additional information, including updated observa-tions, will be added to the Cal-IPC website periodi-cally, with revisions tracked and dated.
DefinitionsThe Inventory categorizes “invasive non-native plants that threaten wildlands” according to the definitions below. Plants were evaluated only if they invade
In the past 15 years, approximately $15 million has been spent statewide to control Arundo donax (giant reed) in California. (Photo by David Chang, Santa Barbara County Agricultural Commissioner’s office)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 1
2 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
California wildlands with native habitat values. The Inventory does not include plants found solely in ar-eas of human-caused disturbance such as roadsides and cultivated agricultural fields.
• Wildlands are public and private lands that sup-port native ecosystems, including some working landscapes such as grazed rangeland and active timberland.
• Non-native plants are species introduced to California after European contact and as a direct or indirect result of human activity.
• Invasive non-native plants that threaten wildlands are plants that 1) are not native to, yet can spread into, wildland ecosystems, and that also 2) displace native species, hybridize with native species, alter biological communi-ties, or alter ecosystem processes.
Criteria for ListingThe California Invasive Plant Inventory updates the 1999 “Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California.”2 Cal-IPC’s Inventory Review Committee met regularly between 2002 and 2005 to review 238 non-native species with known or sus-pected impacts in California wildlands. These assess-ments are based on the “Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands”3 which were developed in collaboration with the Southwestern Vegetation Management Association in Arizona (www.swvma.org) and the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (www.unce.unr.
Dense mats formed by aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) reduce habitat for waterfowl and fish. (Photo by Bob Case, California Native Plant Society)
Figure 1. The Criteria System
Section 1. Ecological Impact 1.1 Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes
(e.g. hydrology, fire, nutrient cycling)1.2 Impact on native plant community
composition, structure, and interactions1.3 Impact on higher trophic levels,
including vertebrates and invertebrates1.4 Impact on genetic integrity of native
species (i.e. potential for hybridization)
Section 2. Invasive Potential 2.1 Ability to establish without
anthropogenic or natural disturbance 2.2 Local rate of spread with no
management2.3 Recent trend in total area infested
within state2.4 Innate reproductive potential (based on
multiple characteristics)2.5 Potential for human-caused dispersal2.6 Potential for natural long-distance (>1
km) dispersal2.7 Other regions invaded worldwide that
are similar to California
Section 3. Distribution 3.1 Ecological amplitude (ecological types
invaded in California)3.2 Ecological intensity (highest extent of
infestation in any one ecological type)
Documentation Levels Assessed as highest level of documentation for each criterion.
4 = Reviewed scientific publications3 = Other published material (reports or other
non-peer-reviewed documents)2 = Observational (unpublished information
confirmed by a professional in the field)1 = Anecdotal (unconfirmed information)0 = No information
Complete description of criteria system and detailed plant assessments available at www.cal-ipc.org.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 3
edu) so that ratings could be applied across political boundaries and adjusted for regional variation. The goals of the criteria system and the Inventory are to:
• Provide a uniform methodology for categorizing non-native invasive plants that threaten wild-lands;
• Provide a clear explanation of the process used to evaluate and categorize plants;
• Provide flexibility so the criteria can be adapted to the particular needs of different regions and states;
• Encourage contributions of data and documen-tation on evaluated species;
• Educate policy makers, land managers, and the public about the biology, ecological impacts, and distribution of invasive non-native plants.
The criteria system generates a plant’s overall rating based on an evaluation of 13 criteria, which are divid-ed into three sections assessing Ecological Impacts, Invasive Potential, and Ecological Distribution (Fig. 1). Evaluators assign a score of A (severe) to D (no im-pact) for each criterion, with U indicating unknown.The scoring scheme is arranged in a tiered format, with individual criteria contributing to section scores that in turn generate an overall rating for the plant. Detailed plant assessment forms list the ratio-nale and applicable references used to arrive at each criterion’s score. The level of documentation for each question is also rated, and translated into a numeri-cal score for averaging (Fig. 1). The documentation score presented in the tables is a numeric average of the documentation levels for all 13 criteria.
Inventory CategoriesEach plant in Table 1 has received an overall rating of High, Moderate or Limited based on evaluation us-ing the criteria system. The meaning of these overall ratings is described below. In addition to the over-all ratings, specific combinations of section scores that indicate significant potential for invading new ecosystems triggers an Alert designation so that land managers may watch for range expansions. Table 3 lists plants categorized as Evaluated But Not Listed because either we lack sufficient information to as-sign a rating or the available information indicates that the species does not have significant impacts at the present time.
• High – These species have severe ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal and establishment. Most are widely distributed ecologically.
• Moderate – These species have substantial and apparent—but generally not severe—ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal, though establishment is generally dependent upon ecological disturbance. Ecological ampli-tude and distribution may range from limited to widespread.
• Limited – These species are invasive but their ecological impacts are minor on a statewide level or there was not enough information to justify a higher score. Their reproductive biology and other attributes result in low to moderate rates of invasiveness. Ecological amplitude and distribu-tion are generally limited, but these species may be locally persistent and problematic.
Reading the TablesThe core of the Inventory is Table 1, which lists those plants we have categorized as invasive plants that threaten California wildlands.. The types of in-formation contained in Table 1 is described below.
When Bromus tectorum (downy brome or cheatgrass) replaces native perennial grasses, the frequency of wildfires shortens from 60-100 years to 3-5 years. (Photo by Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis)
4 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Table 2 contains four plants that are native to spe-cific regions of California but have become invasive in other regions of the state to which humans have moved them. Table 3 lists those plant species that were evaluated but did not meet the threshold for listing. Finally, Table 4 contains plants that were nominated for review but dismissed without a formal assessment because either they do not invade wild-lands (except for isolated instances) or the Inventory Review Committee lacked adequate information to answer the criteria questions. Table 1 summarizes rating information for all plant species categorized as invasive by this Inventory. The columns contain the following information: • A diamond (◆) in the first column designates an
Alert status for that species. • Scientific nomenclature for most species follows
The Jepson Manual.4
• For each species, the first common name is based on the Weed Science Society of America,5 followed by other names commonly used in California. (Appendix 4 provides an index of common names.)
• The overall rating for the plant (High, Moderate,
or Limited) is listed next. (Because Table 1 is or-ganized alphabetically, we have included a listing organized by rating level in Appendix 1.)
• Section scores are shown for Ecological Impact, Invasive Potential, and Distribution. These can typically be interpreted as A=high, B=moderate, C=limited, D=none, U=unknown.
• Documentation Level presents the average level of the references used to evaluate that species, from 0 (no information) to 4 (all information based on peer-reviewed scientific publications).
• Ecological Types Invaded and Other Comments provides additional information of interest. The classification of ecological types is adapted from a system developed by the California Department of Fish and Game.6 (Appendix 3 provides detailed examples of ecological types.)
• Regions Invaded are based on floristic regions de-scribed in The Jepson Manual4 (Fig. 2) and indi-cate heavily impacted areas. This information is incomplete for many species, so regions listed in this column should be considered the minimum area invaded.
Figure 2. Jepson Geographic Regions
Mojave Desert (DMoj)
Sierra Nevada (SN)
Eastern Sierra Nevada (SNE)
Modoc Plateau (MP)Northwest (NW)
Cascade Range (CaR)
Central West (CW)
Great Valley (GV)
Southwest (SW)
Sonoran Desert (DSon)
CA = all of California
CA-FP = California Floristic Province (NW, CaR, SN, GV, CW, SW)
GB = Great Basin Province (MP, SNE)
D = Desert Province (DMoj, DSon)
Reprinted from The Jepson Manual, J. Hickman, Ed., 1993, with permission from the Jepson Herbarium. © Regents of the University of California.
CA-FP GB
CA-FP
GB
D
D
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 5
Uses and LimitationsThe California Invasive Plant Inventory serves as a scientific and educational report. It is designed to prioritize plants for control, to provide information to those working on habitat restoration, to show areas where research is needed, to aid those who prepare or comment on environmental planning documents, and to educate public policy makers. Plants that lack published information may be good starting points for student research projects. The Inventory cannot address, and is not in-tended to address, the range of geographic variation in California, nor the inherently regional nature of invasive species impacts. While we have noted where each plant is invasive, only the cumulative statewide impacts of the species have been considered in the evaluation. The impact of these plants in specific geographic regions or habitats within California may be greater or lesser than their statewide rating indi-cates. Management actions for a species should be considered on a local and site-specific basis, as the
inventory does not attempt to suggest management needs for specific sites or regions. The criteria sys-tem was designed to be adapted at multiple scales, and local groups are encouraged to use the criteria for rating plants in their particular area.
REFERENCES1. Bossard, C. C., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California’s Wildlands. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
2. Cal-EPPC. 1999. The Cal-EPPC List: Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California. California Exotic Pest Plant Council: San Juan Capistrano, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.
3. Warner, P.J., C. C. Bossard, M.L. Brooks, J. M. DiTomaso, J. A. Hall, A. M. Howald, D. W. Johnson, J. M. Randall, C. L. Roye, and A. E. Stanton. 2003. Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-native Plants that Threaten Wildlands. California Exotic Pest Plant Council and Southwest Vegetation Management Association. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.
4. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
5. WSSA. 2005. Composite List of Weeds. Weed Science Society of America. Available: www.wssa.net.
6. Holland, R. F. 1986. Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California. Unpublished report. California Department of Fish and Game: Sacramento, CA.
Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle) is spreading at high elevations, such as in Yosemite National Park. (Photo by Bob Case, California Native Plant Society)
Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed or tall whitetop) concentrates salt in marsh soils, threatening several rare plant species. (Photo by Bob Case)
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California
6 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
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CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 7
Alert ◆
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Com
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Impacts
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Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
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Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
◆A
spar
agus
asp
arag
oide
sbr
idal
cre
eper
Mod
erat
eB
BD
2.6
Rip
aria
n w
oodl
and
CW
, SW
◆A
spho
delu
s fistu
losu
son
ionw
eed
Mod
erat
eB
AC
2.9
Coa
stal
dun
es, p
rairi
e, g
rass
land
s. In
vasi
ve in
Aus
tral
ia.
Hig
h in
vasi
vene
ss b
ut li
mite
d di
strib
utio
n in
CA
.G
V, S
W
Atri
plex
sem
ibac
cata
A
ustr
alia
n
saltb
ush
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.9
Coa
stal
gra
ssla
nds,
scr
ub, u
pper
sal
t mar
sh. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n, b
ut c
an b
e ve
ry in
vasi
ve re
gion
ally.
CA
exc
ept C
aR a
nd S
N
Av
ena
barb
ata
slen
der w
ild o
atM
oder
ate
BB
A3.
5C
oast
al s
crub
, gra
ssla
nds,
oak
woo
dlan
d, fo
rest
. Ver
y w
ides
prea
d, b
ut im
pact
s m
ore
seve
re in
des
ert r
egio
ns.
CA
-FP,
MP,
DM
oj
Aven
a fa
tua
wild
oat
Mod
erat
eB
BA
3.2
Coa
stal
scr
ub, c
hapa
rral
, gra
ssla
nds,
woo
dlan
d, fo
rest
. Ve
ry w
ides
prea
d, b
ut im
pact
s m
ore
seve
re in
des
ert
regi
ons.
CA
-FP,
MP,
DM
oj
Bassi
a hy
ssopi
folia
fiv
ehoo
k ba
ssia
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
7A
lkal
ine
habi
tats
. Wee
d of
agr
icul
ture
or d
istu
rbed
site
s.
Impa
cts
min
or in
wild
land
s.C
A e
xcep
t NW
Bel
lard
ia tr
ixag
o be
llard
iaLi
mite
dC
CC
1.9
Gra
ssla
nds,
incl
udin
g se
rpen
tine.
Impa
cts
and
inva
sive
-ne
ss a
ppea
r to
be m
inor
. N
W, C
W
◆B
rach
ypod
ium
sy
lvat
icum
pere
nnia
l fa
lse-
brom
eM
oder
ate
BA
D2.
5R
edw
oods
and
mix
ed e
verg
reen
fore
st in
San
ta C
ruz
Mtn
s. E
xpan
ding
rang
e ra
pidl
y in
OR
, pot
entia
lly v
ery
inva
sive
.
CW
Bra
ssic
a ni
gra
blac
k m
usta
rdM
oder
ate
BB
A2.
0W
ides
prea
d. P
rimar
ily a
wee
d of
dis
turb
ed s
ites,
but
ca
n be
loca
lly a
mor
e si
gnifi
cant
pro
blem
in w
ildla
nds.
CA
-FP
Bra
ssic
a ra
pa
bird
srap
e m
usta
rd,
field
mus
tard
Lim
ited
CB
B1.
8C
oast
al s
crub
, gra
ssla
nds
mea
dow
s, ri
paria
n. P
rimar
ily
in d
istu
rbed
are
as. I
mpa
cts
appe
ar to
be
min
or o
r un
know
n in
wild
land
s.
CA
-FP
Bra
ssic
a to
urne
fort
ii Sa
hara
n m
usta
rd,
Afr
ican
mus
tard
Hig
hA
AB
2.3
Des
ert d
unes
, des
ert a
nd c
oast
al s
crub
SW, D
Bri
za m
axim
abi
g qu
akin
ggra
ss,
rattl
esna
kegr
ass
Lim
ited
BC
B2.
3G
rass
land
s. W
ides
prea
d in
coa
st ra
nge.
Impa
cts
gene
r-al
ly m
inor
, but
loca
lly c
an b
e hi
gher
.N
W, S
N, C
W, S
W
Bro
mus
dia
ndru
srip
gut b
rom
eM
oder
ate
BB
A3.
3D
unes
, scr
ub, g
rass
land
, woo
dlan
d, fo
rest
. Ver
y w
ide-
spre
ad, b
ut m
onot
ypic
sta
nds
unco
mm
on.
CA
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
8 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Bro
mus
hor
deac
eus
soft
brom
eLi
mite
dB
CA
2.8
Gra
ssla
nds,
sag
ebru
sh, s
erpe
ntin
e so
ils, m
any
othe
r ha
bita
ts. V
ery
wid
espr
ead,
but
prim
arily
in c
onve
rted
an
nual
gra
ssla
nds.
CA
Brom
us m
adrit
ensis
ssp
. ru
bens
(=B.
rube
ns)
red
brom
eH
igh
AB
A3.
0Sc
rub,
gra
ssla
nd, d
eser
t was
hes,
woo
dlan
ds. I
mpa
cts
mos
t sig
nific
ant i
n de
sert
are
as.
CA
Brom
us te
ctor
umdo
wny
bro
me,
ch
eatg
rass
Hig
hA
BA
3.1
Inte
rior s
crub
, woo
dlan
ds, g
rass
land
s. M
ost w
idel
y di
strib
uted
inva
sive
pla
nt in
the
US.
SN, G
B, D
Cak
ile m
ariti
ma
Eur
opea
n
sea-
rock
etLi
mite
dC
BB
3.6
Coa
stal
dun
es. W
ides
prea
d, b
ut im
pact
s ap
pear
to b
e m
inor
.N
W, C
W, S
W
◆C
arda
ria c
hale
pens
is (=
C.
drab
a ss
p. c
hale
pens
is)le
ns-p
odde
d w
hite
top
Mod
erat
eB
BC
3.2
Cen
tral
Val
ley
wet
land
s. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n in
CA
. M
ay n
ot b
e as
inva
sive
as
C. d
raba
.C
A-F
P, G
B
Car
daria
dra
baho
ary
cres
sM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
6R
ipar
ian
area
s, m
arsh
es o
f cen
tral
coa
st. M
ore
seve
re
inva
sive
in n
orth
ern
CA
.C
W, S
W
Car
daria
pub
esce
nsha
iry w
hite
top
Lim
ited
CB
C2.
5G
rass
land
s an
d m
eado
ws.
Impa
cts
unkn
own
but m
ay b
e si
gnifi
cant
in m
eado
ws
of C
asca
de R
ange
.G
V, S
W
Car
duus
aca
ntho
ides
plum
eles
s th
istle
Lim
ited
BC
C3.
0Va
lley
and
foot
hill
gras
slan
ds. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n in
C
A, i
mpa
cts
high
er lo
cally
.N
W, S
N, C
W
Car
duus
nut
ans
mus
k th
istle
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.1
Gra
ssla
nds.
Mor
e in
vasi
ve in
oth
er w
este
rn s
tate
s.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
in C
A.
NW
, CaR
, SN
Car
duus
pyc
noce
phal
usIt
alia
n th
istle
Mod
erat
eB
BA
2.9
Fore
st, s
crub
, gra
ssla
nds,
woo
dlan
d. V
ery
wid
espr
ead.
Im
pact
s m
ay b
e va
riabl
e re
gion
ally.
NW
, SN
, CW
, SW
Car
duus
tenu
iflor
us
slen
derfl
ower
th
istle
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
8Va
lley
and
foot
hill
gras
slan
ds. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n.
Impa
cts
appe
ar to
be
min
or.
NW
, SN
, CW
, SW
Car
pobr
otus
chi
lens
is (a
nd C
. edu
lis x
chi
lens
is hy
brid
s)
sea-
fig,
icep
lant
Mod
erat
eB
BA
1.8
Coa
stal
dun
es, s
crub
, pra
irie.
Litt
le in
form
atio
n on
sp
ecie
s, m
ost i
nfer
red
from
C. e
dulis
.N
W, C
W, S
W
Car
pobr
otus
edu
lisH
otte
ntot
-fig,
ic
epla
ntH
igh
AB
A3.
3C
oast
al h
abita
ts, e
spec
ially
dun
esN
W, C
W, S
W
◆C
arth
amus
lana
tus
woo
lly d
ista
ff th
istle
Mod
erat
eA
BC
2.8
Gra
ssla
nds.
Exp
andi
ng in
coa
st ra
nges
, may
bec
ome
mor
e se
vere
. Cur
rent
dis
trib
utio
n lim
ited.
NW
, SN
, CW
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 9
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Cen
taur
ea c
alci
trapa
purp
le s
tart
hist
leM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
7G
rass
land
s. Im
pact
s re
gion
ally
var
iabl
e. R
elat
ivel
y lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
N
W, S
N, G
V, C
W, S
W
◆C
enta
urea
deb
eaux
ii (=
C. j
acea
x C
. nig
ra,
C. x
pra
tens
is)
mea
dow
kna
pwee
dM
oder
ate
BB
C2.
7G
rass
land
s. S
prea
ding
rapi
dly
in N
W C
A, b
ut li
mite
d di
strib
utio
n el
sew
here
. Litt
le k
now
n of
impa
cts.
NW
, CW
Cen
taur
ea d
iffus
adi
ffuse
kna
pwee
dM
oder
ate
BB
B3.
3G
reat
Bas
in s
crub
, coa
stal
pra
irie.
Sev
ere
impa
cts
in
othe
r wes
tern
sta
tes.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
in C
A w
ith
impa
cts
high
er in
som
e lo
catio
ns.
Ca-
R, C
W, N
W, S
N
Cen
taur
ea m
acul
osa
(=C
. bib
erste
inii)
spot
ted
knap
wee
dH
igh
AB
B3.
4R
ipar
ian,
gra
ssla
nds,
wet
mea
dow
s, fo
rest
s. M
ore
wid
ely
dist
ribut
ed in
oth
er w
este
rn s
tate
s.C
A-F
P, G
B
Cen
taur
ea m
elite
nsis
Mal
ta s
tart
hist
le,
toca
lote
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.6
Gra
ssla
nds,
oak
woo
dlan
d. S
omet
imes
mis
iden
tified
as
C. s
olsti
tialis
. Im
pact
s va
ry re
gion
ally.
CW
, SW
, D
Cen
taur
ea so
lstiti
alis
yello
w s
tart
hist
leH
igh
AB
A3.
0G
rass
land
s, w
oodl
ands
, occ
asio
nally
ripa
rian
CA
-FP
Cen
taur
ea v
irgat
a
var.
squa
rros
a
(=C
. squ
arro
sa)
squa
rros
e kn
apw
eed
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.8
Scru
b, g
rass
land
, pin
yon-
juni
per w
oodl
and.
Hig
hly
inva
sive
in U
tah
and
othe
r wes
tern
sta
tes.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
in C
A.
NW
, CaR
, MP
Cho
ndril
la ju
ncea
ru
sh s
kele
tonw
eed
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.1
Gra
ssla
nds.
Ver
y in
vasi
ve in
oth
er w
este
rn s
tate
s, b
ut
curr
ently
lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
in C
A.
NW
, CaR
, SN
, GV,
CW
,
Chr
ysan
them
um
coro
nariu
mcr
own
dais
yM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
0C
oast
al p
rairi
e, d
unes
, and
scr
ub. I
mpa
cts
gene
rally
low
to
mod
erat
e, b
ut c
an v
ary
regi
onal
ly.
CW
, SW
Cirs
ium
arv
ense
Can
ada
this
tleM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
8G
rass
land
s, ri
paria
n ar
eas,
fore
sts.
Sev
ere
impa
cts
in
othe
r wes
tern
sta
tes.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
in C
A.
CA
-FP,
DM
oj
Cirs
ium
vul
gare
bu
ll th
istle
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.3
Rip
aria
n ar
eas,
mar
shes
, mea
dow
s. W
ides
prea
d, c
an b
e ve
ry p
robl
emat
ic re
gion
ally.
CA
-FP,
GB
Con
icos
ia p
ugio
nifo
rmis
narr
owle
af
icep
lant
Lim
ited
CB
C2.
1C
oast
al d
unes
, scr
ub, g
rass
land
. Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Im
pact
s ge
nera
lly m
inor
but
can
be
high
er lo
cally
.C
W
Con
ium
mac
ulat
um
pois
on-h
emlo
ckM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
8R
ipar
ian
woo
dlan
d, g
rass
land
. Wid
espr
ead
in d
istu
rbed
ar
eas.
Abi
otic
impa
cts
unkn
own.
Impa
cts
can
vary
lo-
cally
.
CA
-FP
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
10 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Cor
dylin
e au
stral
isgi
ant d
raca
ena,
N
ew Z
eala
nd-
cabb
age
tree
Lim
ited
CC
C2.
0C
onife
rous
fore
st. T
wo
repo
rts
of h
ortic
ultu
ral e
scap
e in
to w
ildla
nds.
App
ears
bes
t sui
ted
to m
oist
, coo
l cl
imat
es.
NW
, CW
Cor
tade
ria ju
bata
juba
tagr
ass
Hig
hA
AA
3.1
Man
y co
asta
l and
inte
rior h
abita
ts
NW
, CW
, SW
Cor
tade
ria se
lloan
apa
mpa
sgra
ssH
igh
AA
B3.
2C
oast
al d
unes
, coa
stal
scr
ub, M
onte
rey
pine
, rip
aria
n,
gras
slan
ds, w
etla
nds,
ser
pent
ine
soils
. Stil
l spr
eadi
ng
both
coa
stal
and
inla
nd.
CW
, SW
Cot
onea
ster f
ranc
hetii
oran
ge c
oton
east
erM
oder
ate
BA
B2.
6C
onife
rous
fore
st. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n. A
biot
ic im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n.N
W, C
W
Cot
onea
ster l
acte
usPa
rney
’s co
tone
aste
rM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
1M
any
coas
tal h
abita
ts, m
ainl
y a
prob
lem
from
SF
Bay
Are
a no
rth
alon
g co
ast.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Abi
otic
im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n.
NW
, CW
Cot
onea
ster p
anno
sus
silv
erle
af
coto
neas
ter
Mod
erat
eB
AB
2.5
Man
y co
asta
l hab
itats
, mai
nly
a pr
oble
m fr
om S
F Ba
y A
rea
nort
h al
ong
coas
t. Li
mite
d di
strib
utio
n. A
biot
ic
impa
cts
larg
ely
unkn
own.
NW
, CW
Cot
ula
coro
nopi
folia
bras
sbut
tons
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
2Sa
lt an
d fr
eshw
ater
mar
shes
. Im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n,
but a
ppea
r to
be m
inor
.N
W, C
W, S
W
Cra
taeg
us m
onog
yna
Eng
lish
haw
thor
nLi
mite
dC
BC
3.4
Rip
aria
n ha
bita
ts, w
oodl
and.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Im
pact
s ap
pear
to b
e m
inor
.N
W, C
W, S
W
Cro
cosm
ia x
cr
ocos
miifl
ora
mon
tbre
tiaLi
mite
dC
BB
2.6
Coa
stal
scr
ub a
nd p
rairi
e, n
orth
coa
st fo
rest
s. A
biot
ic
impa
cts
unkn
own.
Hig
her i
nvas
iven
ess
in s
ome
area
s.N
W, C
W
Cru
pina
vul
garis
com
mon
cru
pina
, be
arde
d cr
eepe
rLi
mite
dB
CB
3.2
Fore
st, w
oodl
and,
gra
ssla
nd. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n. M
ore
inva
sive
in o
ther
wes
tern
sta
tes.
NW
, MP
Cyn
ara
card
uncu
lus
artic
hoke
this
tleM
oder
ate
BB
B4.
0C
oast
al g
rass
land
s. Im
pact
s m
ore
seve
re in
sou
ther
n C
A
whe
re m
onot
ypic
sta
nds
are
mor
e co
mm
on.
CW
, SW
Cyn
odon
dac
tylo
nbe
rmud
agra
ssM
oder
ate
BB
B3.
3R
ipar
ian
scru
b in
sou
ther
n C
A. C
omm
on la
ndsc
ape
wee
d, b
ut c
an b
e ve
ry in
vasi
ve in
des
ert w
ashe
s.SW
, DSo
n
Cyn
oglo
ssum
offi
cina
le
houn
dsto
ngue
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.5
Woo
dlan
d, fo
rest
, int
erio
r dun
es. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
-kn
own.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Can
hav
e im
pact
s in
oth
er
wes
tern
sta
tes.
CaR
, SN
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 11
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Cyn
osur
us e
chin
atus
he
dgeh
og
dogt
ailg
rass
Mod
erat
eB
BA
2.5
Oak
woo
dlan
d, g
rass
land
. Wid
espr
ead,
impa
cts
vary
re
gion
ally,
but
typi
cally
not
in m
onot
ypic
sta
nds.
NW
, SN
, GV,
CW
, SW
Cyt
isus s
copa
rius
Scot
ch b
room
Hig
hA
BA
3.2
Coa
stal
scr
ub, o
ak w
oodl
and,
hor
ticul
tura
l var
ietie
s m
ay
also
be
inva
sive
.C
A-F
P
Cyt
isus s
triat
usPo
rtug
uese
bro
omM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
7C
oast
al s
crub
, gra
ssla
nds.
Ofte
n co
nfus
ed w
ith
C. s
copa
rius.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
NW
, CW
, SW
Dac
tylis
glo
mer
ata
orch
ardg
rass
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
9G
rass
land
s, b
road
leav
ed fo
rest
, woo
dlan
ds. C
omm
on
fora
ge s
peci
es. I
mpa
cts
appe
ar to
be
min
or.
CA
-FP
Del
aire
a od
orat
a (=
Sene
cio
mik
anio
ides
)C
ape-
ivy,
G
erm
an-iv
yH
igh
AA
B3.
1C
oast
al, o
ccas
iona
lly o
ther
ripa
rian
area
s.
CW
, SW
Des
cura
inia
soph
iafli
xwee
d,
tans
y m
usta
rdLi
mite
dC
BB
1.9
Scru
b, g
rass
land
, woo
dlan
d. Im
pact
s ap
pear
to b
e m
inor
, but
loca
lly m
ore
inva
sive
in N
E C
A.
CA
Dig
italis
pur
pure
afo
xglo
veLi
mite
dC
BB
2.4
Fore
st, w
oodl
and.
Wid
ely
esca
ped
orna
men
tal.
Impa
cts
larg
ely
unkn
own
or a
ppea
r to
be m
inor
.N
W, S
N, C
W
Dip
sacu
s ful
lonu
mco
mm
on te
asel
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.8
Gra
ssla
nds,
see
p, ri
paria
n sc
rub.
Impa
cts
regi
onal
ly
varia
ble,
form
s de
nse
stan
ds o
n oc
casi
on.
NW
, CW
, SN
Dip
sacu
s sat
ivus
fulle
r’s te
asel
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.8
Gra
ssla
nds,
see
p, b
ogs.
Impa
cts
regi
onal
ly v
aria
ble,
fo
rms
dens
e st
ands
on
occa
sion
.N
W, C
W, S
W
◆D
ittric
hia
grav
eole
nsst
inkw
ort
Mod
erat
eB
AC
3.0
Gra
ssla
nds,
ripa
rian
scru
b. S
prea
ding
rapi
dly,
impa
cts
may
bec
ome
mor
e im
port
ant i
n fu
ture
.N
W, S
N, C
W, G
V, S
W
Ech
ium
can
dica
nspr
ide-
of-M
adei
raLi
mite
dC
BB
1.5
Two
esca
ped
popu
latio
ns n
ear B
ig S
ur a
nd S
an E
lijo
Lago
on. L
ittle
info
rmat
ion
on im
pact
s.C
W, N
W, S
W
Ege
ria d
ensa
Braz
ilian
ege
riaH
igh
AA
B3.
1St
ream
s, p
onds
, slo
ughs
, lak
es, S
acra
men
to-S
an
Joaq
uin
Del
taSN
, GV,
SW
Ehr
harta
cal
ycin
apu
rple
vel
dtgr
ass
Hig
hA
AB
3.4
Sand
y so
ils, e
spec
ially
dun
es. R
apid
ly s
prea
ding
on
cent
ral c
oast
.C
W, S
W
Ehr
harta
ere
cta
erec
t vel
dtgr
ass
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.2
Scru
b, g
rass
land
s, w
oodl
and,
fore
st. S
prea
ding
rapi
dly.
Impa
cts
may
bec
ome
mor
e im
port
ant i
n fu
ture
.C
W, S
W
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
12 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
◆E
hrha
rta lo
ngifl
ora
long
-flow
ered
ve
ldtg
rass
Mod
erat
eB
BC
2.8
Coa
stal
scr
ub. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n, b
ut s
prea
ding
rap-
idly
in s
outh
ern
CA
. Im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n.SW
◆E
ichh
orni
a cr
assip
esw
ater
hya
cint
hH
igh
AA
C3.
2A
quat
ic s
yste
ms
in S
acra
men
to-S
an Jo
aqui
n D
elta
G
V, C
W, S
W
Ela
eagn
us a
ngus
tifol
iaR
ussi
an-o
live
Mod
erat
eB
AB
3.3
Inte
rior r
ipar
ian.
Impa
cts
mor
e se
vere
in o
ther
wes
tern
st
ates
. Cur
rent
dis
trib
utio
n lim
ited
in C
A.
GV,
CW
, DM
oj
◆E
mex
spin
osa
spin
y em
ex,
devi
l’s-th
orn
Mod
erat
eB
BD
1.6
Edg
es o
f bea
ches
, oth
er c
oast
al h
abita
ts. I
nvas
ive
in
othe
r sta
tes
and
coun
trie
s. S
prea
ding
rapi
dly
in s
outh
-er
n C
A. I
mpa
cts
not w
ell k
now
n.
SW
Ere
chtit
es g
lom
erat
a,
E. m
inim
a A
ustr
alia
n fir
ewee
d,
Aus
tral
ian
burn
wee
d
Mod
erat
eC
BA
3.2
Coa
stal
woo
dlan
d, s
crub
, for
ests
. Wid
espr
ead
on c
oast
, bu
t im
pact
s lo
w o
vera
ll. M
ay v
ary
loca
lly.
NW
, CW
Ero
dium
cic
utar
ium
reds
tem
fila
ree
Lim
ited
CC
A3.
1M
any
habi
tats
. Wid
espr
ead.
Impa
cts
min
or in
wild
-la
nds.
Hig
h-de
nsity
pop
ulat
ions
are
tran
sien
t.C
A
Euc
alyp
tus c
amal
dule
nsis
red
gum
Lim
ited
CC
C2.
2M
ainl
y so
uthe
rn C
A u
rban
are
as. I
mpa
cts,
inva
sive
ness
an
d di
strib
utio
n al
l min
or.
NW
, GV,
CW
, SW
Euc
alyp
tus g
lobu
lus
Tasm
ania
n bl
ue
gum
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.8
Rip
aria
n ar
eas,
coa
stal
gra
ssla
nds,
scr
ub. I
mpa
cts
can
be m
uch
high
er in
coa
stal
are
as.
NW
, GV,
CW
, SW
◆E
upho
rbia
esu
lale
afy
spur
geH
igh
AA
C3.
5Fo
rest
s, w
oodl
ands
, jun
iper
fore
st. M
ore
wid
espr
ead
inva
sive
in n
orth
ern
stat
es.
NW
, CaR
, MP
Eup
horb
ia o
blon
gata
ob
long
spu
rge
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
0M
eado
ws,
woo
dlan
ds. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n. Im
pact
s un
know
n. L
ocal
ly in
den
se s
tand
s.G
V, C
W
◆E
upho
rbia
terr
acin
aca
rnat
ion
spur
geM
oder
ate
BB
C1.
7C
oast
al s
crub
. Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Spr
eadi
ng in
sou
th-
ern
CA
. Im
pact
s un
know
n.SW
Festu
ca a
rund
inac
ea
tall
fesc
ueM
oder
ate
BB
A2.
9C
oast
al s
crub
, gra
ssla
nds;
com
mon
fora
ge g
rass
. W
ides
prea
d, a
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n.C
A-F
P
Ficu
s car
ica
edib
le fi
gM
oder
ate
BA
B2.
6R
ipar
ian
woo
dlan
d. C
an s
prea
d ra
pidl
y. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n. C
an b
e lo
cally
ver
y pr
oble
mat
ic.
CW
, SW
, GV
Foen
icul
um v
ulga
re
fenn
elH
igh
AB
A3.
0G
rass
land
s, s
crub
. C
A-F
P
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 13
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Gen
ista
mon
spes
sula
naFr
ench
bro
omH
igh
AA
B3.
2C
oast
al s
crub
, oak
woo
dlan
d, g
rass
land
s. H
ortic
ultu
ral
sele
ctio
ns m
ay a
lso
be in
vasi
ve.
NW
, CW
, SW
Ger
aniu
m d
issec
tum
cu
tleaf
ger
aniu
mLi
mite
dC
BA
1.7
Num
erou
s ha
bita
ts b
ut im
pact
s ap
pear
min
or.
CA
-FP
Gly
ceria
dec
linat
aw
axy
man
nagr
ass
Mod
erat
eB
BB
1.9
Vern
al p
ools
, moi
st g
rass
land
s. O
ften
conf
used
with
na
tive
Gly
ceria
. Im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n, b
ut m
ay b
e si
gnifi
cant
in v
erna
l poo
ls.
GV
Hal
oget
on g
lom
erat
usha
loge
ton
Mod
erat
eB
AB
3.0
Scru
b, g
rass
land
s, p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r woo
dlan
d. L
arge
r pr
oble
m in
NV.
Mon
otyp
ic s
tand
s ar
e ra
re.
CaR
, DM
oj, G
B
Hed
era
helix
, H
. can
arie
nsis
Eng
lish
ivy,
Alg
eria
n iv
yH
igh
AA
A2.
7C
oast
al fo
rest
s, ri
paria
n ar
eas.
Spe
cies
com
bine
d
due
to g
enet
ics
ques
tions
.C
A-F
P
Hel
ichr
ysum
pet
iola
relic
oric
epla
ntLi
mite
dC
BC
2.0
Nor
th c
oast
al s
crub
. Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Impa
cts
unkn
own,
but
can
form
den
se s
tand
s.N
W, C
W
Hirs
chfe
ldia
inca
nash
ortp
od m
usta
rd,
sum
mer
mus
tard
Mod
erat
eB
BA
1.9
Scru
b, g
rass
land
s, ri
paria
n ar
eas.
Impa
cts
not w
ell u
n-de
rsto
od, b
ut a
ppea
r to
be g
reat
er in
sou
ther
n C
A.
CW
, GV,
NW
, SN
, SW
Hol
cus l
anat
us
com
mon
vel
vet-
gras
sM
oder
ate
BB
A2.
9C
oast
al g
rass
land
s, w
etla
nds.
Impa
cts
can
be m
ore
seve
re lo
cally
, esp
ecia
lly in
wet
land
are
as.
CA
-FP,
DM
oj, G
B
Hor
deum
mar
inum
, H
. mur
inum
Med
iterr
anea
n ba
rley,
hare
bar
ley,
wal
l bar
ley
Mod
erat
eB
BA
2.8
Gra
ssla
nds.
H. m
arin
um in
vade
s dr
ier h
abita
ts, w
hile
H.
mur
inum
inva
des
wet
land
s. W
ides
prea
d, b
ut g
ener
ally
do
not
form
dom
inan
t sta
nds.
CA
◆H
ydril
la v
ertic
illat
ahy
drill
aH
igh
AB
C3.
2Fr
eshw
ater
aqu
atic
sys
tem
s. T
he m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t sub
-m
erge
d aq
uatic
inva
sive
in s
outh
ern
stat
es.
NW
, SN
, GV,
SW
, D
◆H
yper
icum
can
arie
nse
Can
ary
Isla
nd
hype
ricum
Mod
erat
eB
BC
1.2
Coa
stal
scr
ub, p
rairi
e. Im
pact
s un
know
n. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n. S
prea
ding
rapi
dly
on c
entr
al c
oast
.SW
, CW
Hyp
eric
um p
erfo
ratu
mco
mm
on S
t.
John
swor
t,
klam
athw
eed
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.7
Man
y no
rthe
rn C
A h
abita
ts. A
biot
ic im
pact
s lo
w.
Biol
ogic
al c
ontr
ol a
gent
s ha
ve re
duce
d ov
eral
l im
pact
.SN
, CW
, GV,
NW
, SW
Hyp
ocha
eris
glab
ra
smoo
th c
atse
arLi
mite
dC
BB
3.1
Scru
b an
d w
oodl
ands
. Wid
espr
ead.
Impa
cts
appe
ar to
be
min
or. S
ome
loca
l var
iabi
lity.
CA
-FP
Hyp
ocha
eris
radi
cata
roug
h ca
tsea
r, ha
iry d
ande
lion
Mod
erat
eC
BA
2.2
Coa
stal
dun
es, s
crub
, and
pra
irie,
woo
dlan
d, fo
rest
. W
ides
prea
d. Im
pact
s un
know
n or
app
ear t
o be
min
or.
CA
-FP
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
14 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
◆Ile
x aq
uifo
lium
E
nglis
h ho
llyM
oder
ate
BB
C2.
7N
orth
coa
st fo
rest
s. E
xpan
ding
rang
e so
uth
from
O
rego
n.C
W, N
W
Iris
pseu
daco
rus
yello
wfla
g iri
sLi
mite
dC
BC
2.3
Rip
aria
n, w
etla
nd a
reas
, esp
ecia
lly s
outh
ern
CA
. Li
mite
d di
strib
utio
n. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n.SN
, GV,
CW
, SW
Isat
is tin
ctor
ia
dyer
’s w
oad
Mod
erat
eB
BA
3.0
Gre
at B
asin
scr
ub a
nd g
rass
land
s, c
onife
rous
fore
st.
Mor
e se
vere
impa
cts
in o
ther
wes
tern
sta
tes,
but
can
be
loca
lly v
ery
inva
sive
in n
orth
ern
CA
.
CaR
, NW
, SN
, MP
Koc
hia
scop
aria
ko
chia
Lim
ited
BC
B3.
2Sc
rub,
cha
parr
al, g
rass
land
s. P
rimar
ily a
wee
d of
dis
-tu
rbed
site
s.C
W, G
V, D
, GB
Lepi
dium
latif
oliu
mpe
renn
ial p
eppe
r-w
eed,
tall
whi
teto
pH
igh
AA
A3.
1C
oast
al a
nd in
land
mar
shes
, rip
aria
n ar
eas,
wet
land
s,
gras
slan
ds. H
as p
oten
tial t
o in
vade
mon
tane
wet
land
s.C
A-F
P, G
B
Leuc
anth
emum
vul
gare
ox
eye
dais
yM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
5M
onta
ne m
eado
ws,
coa
stal
gra
ssla
nds,
coa
stal
scr
ub.
Exp
andi
ng ra
nge,
inva
sive
ness
var
ies
loca
lly.
CW
, NW
, SN
, SW
Lina
ria g
enist
ifolia
ssp
. da
lmat
ica
(=L.
dal
mat
ica)
Dal
mat
ion
toad
flax
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.8
Gra
ssla
nds,
fore
st c
lear
ings
. Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Mor
e se
vere
impa
cts
in o
ther
wes
tern
sta
tes.
CA
-FP
Lobu
laria
mar
itim
asw
eet a
lyss
umLi
mite
dC
BB
2.4
Coa
stal
dun
e, c
oast
al s
crub
, coa
stal
pra
irie,
ripa
rian.
NW
, CW
, SW
Loliu
m m
ultifl
orum
Ital
ian
ryeg
rass
Mod
erat
eB
BA
2.6
Gra
ssla
nds,
oak
woo
dlan
d, p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r woo
dlan
d;
wid
ely
used
for p
ost-fi
re e
rosi
on c
ontr
ol. W
ides
prea
d.
Impa
cts
can
vary
with
regi
on.
CA
-FP
Ludw
igia
pep
loid
es s
sp.
mon
tevi
dens
iscr
eepi
ng
wat
er-p
rimro
seH
igh
AB
B2.
5Fr
eshw
ater
aqu
atic
sys
tem
s. C
larifi
catio
n ne
eded
on
taxo
nom
ic id
entifi
catio
n.N
W, S
N, G
V, C
W, S
W,
DM
oj
◆Lu
dwig
ia h
exap
etal
a (=
L. u
rugu
ayen
sis)
Uru
guay
w
ater
-prim
rose
Hig
hA
BC
2.6
Fres
hwat
er a
quat
ic s
yste
ms.
Cla
rifica
tion
need
ed o
n ta
xono
mic
iden
tifica
tion.
NW
, CW
, SW
Lyth
rum
hys
sopi
foliu
mhy
ssop
loos
estr
ifeLi
mite
dC
BB
3.0
Gra
ssla
nds,
wet
land
s, v
erna
l poo
ls. W
ides
prea
d.
Impa
cts
unkn
own,
but
app
ear t
o be
min
or.
CA
-FP
Lyth
rum
salic
aria
purp
le lo
oses
trife
Hig
hA
AB
3.8
Wet
land
s, m
arsh
es, r
ipar
ian
area
sN
W, G
V, M
P
Mar
rubi
um v
ulga
re
whi
te h
oreh
ound
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
8G
rass
land
s sc
rub,
ripa
rian
area
s. W
ides
prea
d. R
arel
y in
de
nse
stan
ds. I
mpa
cts
rela
tivel
y m
inor
.C
A-F
P, D
Moj
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 15
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Med
icag
o po
lym
orph
aC
alifo
rnia
bu
rclo
ver
Lim
ited
CC
A2.
8G
rass
land
s. W
ides
prea
d w
eed
of a
gric
ultu
re a
nd d
is-
turb
ed a
reas
. Im
pact
s in
wild
land
s m
inor
.C
A-F
P
Men
tha
pule
gium
penn
yroy
alM
oder
ate
CA
A2.
7Ve
rnal
poo
ls, w
etla
nds.
Poi
sono
us to
live
stoc
k.
Spre
adin
g ra
pidl
y. Im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n.C
W, G
V, N
W, S
W
◆M
esem
brya
nthe
mum
cr
ysta
llinu
mcr
ysta
lline
icep
lant
Mod
erat
eB
BC
3.7
Coa
stal
blu
ffs, d
unes
, scr
ubs,
gra
ssla
nds.
Lim
ited
dist
ri-bu
tion.
Loc
ally
pro
blem
atic
, esp
ecia
lly in
sou
ther
n C
A.
CW
, NW
, SW
Myo
poru
m la
etum
myo
poru
mM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
6C
oast
al h
abita
ts, r
ipar
ian
area
s. M
ostly
alo
ng th
e so
uth-
ern
coas
t. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n.C
W, S
W
Myo
sotis
latif
olia
com
mon
fo
rget
-me-
not
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
2C
onife
rous
fore
st, r
ipar
ian.
Litt
le in
form
atio
n on
impa
cts.
CA
-FP
◆M
yrio
phyl
lum
aqu
atic
umpa
rrot
feat
her
Hig
hA
BC
2.8
Fres
hwat
er a
quat
ic s
yste
ms
NW
, CaR
, CW
, SW
Myr
ioph
yllu
m sp
icat
umE
uras
ian
w
ater
milf
oil
Hig
hA
AB
2.8
Fres
hwat
er a
quat
ic s
yste
ms
SN, G
V, C
W
Nic
otia
na g
lauc
atr
ee to
bacc
oM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
5C
oast
al s
crub
, gra
ssla
nds,
ripa
rian
woo
dlan
d. A
biot
ic
impa
cts
unkn
own.
Impa
cts
vary
loca
lly. R
arel
y in
den
se
stan
ds.
NW
, SN
, GV,
SW
, D
Ole
a eu
ropa
eaol
ive
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
5A
pro
blem
in A
ustr
alia
. Rar
ely
esca
pes
in C
A b
ut is
a
conc
ern
due
to th
e po
ssib
ility
of s
prea
d fr
om p
lant
ed
grov
es.
CW
, GV,
NW
, SW
Ono
nis a
lope
curo
ides
foxt
ail r
esth
arro
wLi
mite
dC
BC
2.2
Gra
ssla
nds,
oak
woo
dlan
d. H
ighl
y in
vasi
ve b
ut im
pact
s un
know
n. N
early
era
dica
ted.
CW
Ono
pord
um a
cant
hium
Scot
ch th
istle
Hig
hA
BB
2.9
Wet
mea
dow
s, s
age
brus
h, ri
paria
n ar
eas
CA
-FP,
MP
Oxa
lis p
es-c
apra
ebu
tterc
up o
xalis
, Be
rmud
a bu
tter-
cup,
yel
low
oxa
lis
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.9
Coa
stal
dun
es, s
crub
, oak
woo
dlan
d. Im
pact
s in
coa
stal
ar
eas
may
pro
ve m
ore
seve
re in
tim
e.C
W, N
W, S
W
Pare
ntuc
ellia
visc
osa
yello
w g
land
wee
d,
stic
ky p
aren
tu-
celli
a
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
5C
oast
al p
rairi
e, g
rass
land
, and
dun
es. I
mpa
cts
un-
know
n, b
ut c
an b
e lo
cally
sig
nific
ant.
NW
, CaR
, SN
, CW
, SW
Penn
isetu
m c
land
estin
umki
kuyu
gras
sLi
mite
dC
CB
2.3
Pres
ent a
t low
leve
ls in
num
erou
s w
ildla
nd h
abita
ts.
Impa
cts
unkn
own.
Com
mon
turf
wee
d.N
W, C
W, S
W
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
16 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Penn
isetu
m se
tace
um
crim
son
foun
tain
gras
sM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
9C
oast
al d
unes
and
scr
ub, c
hapa
rral
, gra
ssla
nds.
Som
e ho
rtic
ultu
ral c
ultiv
ars
ster
ile. V
ery
inva
sive
in H
awai
i.C
W, N
W, S
N, S
W
Phal
aris
aqua
tica
hard
ingg
rass
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.6
Coa
stal
site
s, e
spec
ially
moi
st s
oils
. Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Can
be
high
ly in
vasi
ve lo
cally
.C
W, N
W, S
N, S
W
Phoe
nix
cana
riens
isC
anar
y Is
land
da
te p
alm
Lim
ited
CB
D2.
3D
eser
t was
hes;
agr
icul
tura
l cro
p pl
ant.
Lim
ited
dist
ribu-
tion
in s
outh
ern
CA
. Im
pact
s ca
n be
hig
her l
ocal
ly.C
W, S
W
Picr
is ec
hioi
des
bris
tly o
xton
gue
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
4C
oast
al p
rairi
e, s
crub
, rip
aria
n w
oodl
and.
Wid
espr
ead
loca
lly. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n.C
A-F
P
Pipt
athe
rum
mili
aceu
msm
ilogr
ass
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
4C
oast
al d
unes
, scr
ub, r
ipar
ian,
gra
ssla
nd. E
xpan
ding
ra
nge.
Impa
cts
larg
ely
unkn
own.
GV,
CW
, SW
Plan
tago
lanc
eola
tabu
ckho
rn p
lant
ain,
E
nglis
h pl
anta
inLi
mite
dC
CB
2.1
Man
y ha
bita
ts. T
urf w
eed
prim
arily
. Low
den
sity
and
im
pact
in w
ildla
nds.
CA
-FP
Poa
prat
ensis
Ken
tuck
y bl
uegr
ass
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
7G
rass
land
s sc
rub,
ripa
rian
area
s. W
ides
prea
d tu
rf p
lant
. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n.C
A
◆Po
lygo
num
cus
pida
tum
(=
Fallo
pia
japo
nica
)Ja
pane
se
knot
wee
dM
oder
ate
BB
D2.
7R
ipar
ian
area
s, w
etla
nds,
fore
st e
dges
. Mor
e se
vere
im
pact
s in
NW
wet
land
s. D
istr
ibut
ion
limite
d in
CA
.N
W, C
aR, S
N, G
V,
CW
◆Po
lygo
num
sach
alin
ense
Sakh
alin
kno
twee
dM
oder
ate
BA
D2.
5R
ipar
ian
area
s. M
ore
seve
re im
pact
s in
NW
wet
land
s.
Dis
trib
utio
n lim
ited
in C
A.
NW
, CaR
, SN
, GV,
C
W
Poly
pogo
n m
onsp
elie
nsis
and
subs
pp.
rabb
itfoo
t po
lypo
gon,
ra
bbitg
oot g
rass
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
3M
argi
ns o
f pon
ds a
nd s
trea
ms,
sea
sona
lly w
et p
lace
s,
edge
of c
oast
al d
unes
. Wid
espr
ead.
Impa
cts
appe
ar to
be
min
or.
CA
Pota
mog
eton
cris
pus
curly
leaf
po
ndw
eed
Mod
erat
eB
BB
3.2
Fres
hwat
er a
quat
ic sy
stem
s. C
an b
e ve
ry in
vasiv
e lo
cally
.N
W, G
V, C
W, S
W,
DM
oj
Prun
us c
eras
ifera
cher
ry p
lum
, w
ild p
lum
Lim
ited
CB
B1.
8R
ipar
ian
habi
tats
, cha
parr
al, w
oodl
and.
Lim
ited
dist
ri-bu
tion.
Abi
otic
impa
cts
unkn
own.
NW
, CW
Pyra
cant
ha a
ngus
tifol
ia,
P. c
renu
lata
, P. c
occi
nea
pyra
cant
ha,
firet
horn
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
8C
oast
al s
crub
and
pra
irie,
ripa
rian
area
s. H
ortic
ultu
ral
esca
pe. I
mpa
cts
unkn
own
or m
inor
.N
W, C
W, S
W
Ranu
ncul
us re
pens
cree
ping
but
terc
upLi
mite
dC
CB
2.9
Rip
aria
n ar
eas,
con
ifero
us fo
rest
. Im
pact
s ap
pear
to b
e m
inor
to n
eglig
ible
in m
ost a
reas
.N
W, C
aR, S
N, C
W,
SW
Raph
anus
sativ
usra
dish
Lim
ited
CC
B2.
5Pr
esen
t at l
ow le
vels
in n
umer
ous
habi
tats
. Wid
espr
ead
in d
istu
rbed
site
s.C
A-F
P
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 17
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
◆Re
tam
a m
onos
perm
abr
idal
bro
omM
oder
ate
BB
C1.
8C
oast
al s
crub
. Can
spr
ead
rapi
dly
but l
arge
ly if
unc
on-
trol
led.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
in C
A.
SW
Rici
nus c
omm
unis
cast
orbe
anLi
mite
dC
BB
2.5
Coa
stal
scr
ub a
nd p
rairi
e, ri
paria
n ar
eas.
Wid
espr
ead
in
sout
hern
CA
. Im
pact
s lo
cally
var
iabl
e.G
V, C
W, S
W
Robi
nia
pseu
doac
acia
blac
k lo
cust
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
8R
ipar
ian
area
s, c
anyo
ns. S
ever
e im
pact
s in
sou
ther
n st
ates
. Im
pact
s m
inor
in C
A.
CA
-FP,
GB
Rubu
s arm
enia
cus
(= R
. disc
olor
)H
imal
aya
bl
ackb
erry
Hig
hA
AA
3.0
Rip
aria
n ar
eas,
mar
shes
, oak
woo
dlan
dsC
A-F
P
Rum
ex a
ceto
sella
red
sorr
el,
shee
p so
rrel
Mod
erat
eB
BA
2.3
Man
y ha
bita
ts, r
ipar
ian
area
s, fo
rest
, wet
land
s. W
ides
prea
d.
Abio
tic im
pact
s unk
now
n. Im
pact
s can
var
y lo
cally
.C
A-F
P
Rum
ex c
rispu
s cu
rly d
ock
Lim
ited
CC
A2.
7G
rass
land
s, v
erna
l poo
l, m
eado
ws,
ripa
rian.
W
ides
prea
d. Im
pact
s ap
pear
to b
e m
inor
.C
A
Salso
la p
aulse
nii
barb
wire
R
ussi
an-th
istle
Lim
ited
CC
C2.
9D
eser
t and
Gre
at B
asin
scr
ub. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n.
Impa
cts
in d
eser
t app
ear t
o be
min
or.
SW, S
NE
, DM
oj
Salso
la tr
agus
(=S.
kal
i)R
ussi
an-th
istle
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
8D
eser
t dun
es a
nd s
crub
, alk
ali p
laya
. Wid
espr
ead.
Im
pact
s m
inor
in w
ildla
nds.
CA
Salv
ia a
ethi
opis
Med
iterr
anea
n sa
geLi
mite
dC
BB
2.5
Sage
brus
h, ju
nipe
r, bu
nchg
rass
. Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Im
pact
s m
inor
but
can
be
loca
lly h
ighe
r.M
P
◆Sa
lvin
ia m
oles
tagi
ant s
alvi
nia
Hig
hA
AC
2.9
Fres
hwat
er a
quat
ic s
yste
ms
CW
, DSo
n
◆Sa
pium
sebi
feru
m(=
Tria
dica
sebi
fera
)C
hine
se ta
llow
tree
Mod
erat
eB
BC
3.2
Rip
aria
n ar
eas.
Impa
cts
seve
re in
sou
thea
st U
S. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n, b
ut s
prea
ding
rapi
dly
regi
onal
ly.G
V
Sapo
naria
offi
cina
lis
boun
cing
bet
Lim
ited
CB
C2.
5R
ipar
ian
scru
b an
d w
oodl
and.
Impa
cts
unkn
own
or
min
or, b
ut a
ppea
r to
be lo
cally
var
iabl
e.N
W, G
V, C
W, S
W, G
B
Schi
nus m
olle
Pe
ruvi
an
pepp
ertr
eeLi
mite
dC
BB
2.5
Rip
aria
n. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n. Im
pact
s la
rgel
y un
know
n in
CA
.G
V, S
N, C
W, S
W
Schi
nus t
ereb
inth
ifoliu
s Br
azili
an
pepp
ertr
eeLi
mite
dC
BC
2.6
Rip
aria
n. V
ery
inva
sive
in tr
opic
s. A
biot
ic im
pact
s un
know
n, b
ut a
ppea
r sig
nific
ant l
ocal
ly.SW
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
18 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Schi
smus
ara
bicu
s,
S. b
arba
tus
med
iterr
anea
n-gr
ass
Lim
ited
BC
A2.
3Sc
rub,
thor
n w
oodl
and.
Wid
espr
ead
in d
eser
ts. I
mpa
cts
can
be m
ore
impo
rtan
t loc
ally.
GV,
CW
, SW
, D
Sene
cio
jaco
baea
ta
nsy
ragw
ort
Lim
ited
CB
B2.
8G
rass
land
s, ri
paria
n. Im
pact
s ge
nera
lly m
inor
. Can
be
loca
lly im
port
ant i
n N
W C
A.
CA
-FP
◆Se
sban
ia p
unic
eare
d se
sban
ia,
scar
let w
iste
riaH
igh
AB
C3.
2R
ipar
ian
area
sG
V
Sily
bum
mar
ianu
mbl
esse
d m
ilkth
istle
Lim
ited
CC
A3.
5G
rass
land
s, ri
paria
n. W
ides
prea
d, p
rimar
ily in
dis
turb
ed
area
s. Im
pact
s ca
n be
hig
her l
ocal
lyN
W, G
V, C
W, S
W
Sina
pis a
rven
sis
wild
mus
tard
, ch
arlo
ckLi
mite
dC
CC
2.9
Gra
ssla
nds.
Prim
arily
in d
istu
rbed
site
s. Im
pact
s m
inor
or
unk
now
n in
wild
land
s.C
A-F
P
Sisy
mbr
ium
irio
Lo
ndon
rock
etM
oder
ate
BB
A1.
9Sc
rub,
gra
ssla
nds.
Wid
espr
ead.
Prim
arily
in d
istu
rbed
si
tes.
Impa
cts
vary
loca
lly.
GV,
SW
◆Sp
artin
a al
tern
iflor
a (a
nd S
. alte
rnifl
ora
x fo
liosa
hyb
rids)
smoo
th c
ordg
rass
&
hyb
rids,
Atla
ntic
co
rdgr
ass
Hig
hA
AC
3.5
San
Fran
cisc
o Ba
y sa
lt m
arsh
es a
nd m
udfla
ts.
Hyb
ridiz
es w
ith n
ativ
e S.
folio
sa.
CW
◆Sp
artin
a an
glic
aco
mm
on c
ordg
rass
Mod
erat
eB
BD
3.4
San
Fran
cisc
o Ba
y sa
lt m
arsh
es. V
ery
seve
re im
pact
in
othe
r cou
ntrie
s. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n in
CA
.C
W
◆Sp
artin
a de
nsifl
ora
dens
e-flo
wer
ed
cord
gras
sH
igh
AB
C3.
3Sa
n Fr
anci
sco
and
Hum
bold
t Bay
sal
t mar
shes
NW
, CW
Spar
tina
pate
nssa
ltmea
dow
co
rdgr
ass
Lim
ited
CC
D2.
9Sa
n Fr
anci
sco
Bay
salt
mar
shes
. Ver
y lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Impa
cts
curr
ently
min
or in
CA
, but
hig
h in
ot
her c
ount
ries.
CW
Spar
tium
junc
eum
Span
ish
broo
mH
igh
AB
B3.
2C
oast
al sc
rub,
gra
ssla
nds,
wet
land
s, oa
k w
oodl
and,
fore
sts
NW
, CW
, SW
◆St
ipa
cape
nsis
Med
iterr
anea
n st
eppe
gras
s,
twis
ted-
awne
d sp
earg
rass
Mod
erat
eB
BD
1.9
Des
ert s
crub
. Firs
t rec
orde
d in
CA
199
5. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n, b
ut s
prea
ding
rapi
dly
in C
A d
eser
ts.
DSo
n
Taen
iath
erum
ca
put-m
edus
aem
edus
ahea
dH
igh
AA
A3.
4G
rass
land
s, s
crub
, woo
dlan
dC
aR, N
W, S
N, G
V, S
W
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 19
Alert ◆
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
Nam
eRa
ting
Impacts
Invasiveness
Distribution
Doc. Level
Ecol
ogic
al Ty
pes
Inva
ded
and
Oth
er C
omm
ents
Regi
ons
Inva
ded
Tam
arix
aph
ylla
athe
l tam
aris
kLi
mite
dC
BB
3.5
Des
ert w
ashe
s, ri
paria
n ar
eas.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion.
Im
pact
s m
inor
, but
can
be
loca
lly h
ighe
r.G
V, S
W, D
Tam
arix
par
viflo
rasm
allfl
ower
ta
mar
isk
Hig
hA
AB
3.1
Rip
aria
n ar
eas,
des
ert w
ashe
s, c
oast
al s
crub
NW
, GV,
CW
, Dm
oj
Tam
arix
ram
osiss
ima
saltc
edar
, tam
aris
kH
igh
AA
A3.
3D
eser
t was
hes,
ripa
rian
area
s, s
eeps
and
spr
ings
SN, G
V, C
W, S
W, D
, SN
E
Tana
cetu
m v
ulga
reco
mm
on ta
nsy
Mod
erat
eB
BB
2.3
Rip
aria
n ar
eas,
fore
st. L
imite
d di
strib
utio
n. S
ever
e pr
oble
m in
oth
er w
este
rn s
tate
s.N
W, C
aR,
Toril
is ar
vens
ishe
dgep
arsl
eyM
oder
ate
CB
A2.
3E
xpan
ding
rang
e. A
ppea
rs to
hav
e on
ly m
oder
ate
eco-
logi
cal i
mpa
cts.
CA
-FP,
esp
ecia
lly C
W,
NW
Trifo
lium
hirt
um
rose
clo
ver
Mod
erat
eC
BB
2.8
Gra
ssla
nds,
oak
woo
dlan
d. W
idel
y pl
ante
d in
CA
. Im
pact
s re
lativ
ely
min
or in
mos
t are
as.
CA
-FP
Ule
x eu
ropa
eus
gors
eH
igh
AB
B2.
9Sc
rub,
woo
dlan
d, fo
rest
, coa
stal
gra
ssla
ndN
W, C
aR, S
N, C
W
Und
aria
pin
natifi
daw
akam
eLi
mite
dC
BC
3.3
Alg
ae o
f est
uarie
s. F
irst r
ecor
ded
in C
A in
200
0.
Impa
cts
unkn
own,
but
do
not a
ppea
r to
be s
igni
fican
tC
W, S
W
Verb
ascu
m th
apsu
s co
mm
on m
ulle
in,
woo
lly m
ulle
inLi
mite
dC
BB
3.8
Mea
dow
s, ri
paria
n, s
ageb
rush
, pin
yon-
juni
per w
ood-
land
s. W
ides
prea
d. Im
pact
s m
inor
.N
W, C
aR, S
N
Vinc
a m
ajor
big
periw
inkl
eM
oder
ate
BB
B2.
8R
ipar
ian,
oak
woo
dlan
ds, c
oast
al s
crub
. Dis
trib
utio
n cu
rren
tly li
mite
d bu
t spr
eadi
ng in
ripa
rian
area
s.
Impa
cts
can
be h
ighe
r loc
ally.
CaR
, SW
, SN
, GV
Vulp
ia m
yuro
s ra
ttail
fesc
ueM
oder
ate
BB
A3.
0C
oast
al s
age
scru
b, c
hapa
rral
. Wid
espr
ead.
Rar
ely
form
s m
onot
ypic
sta
nds,
but
loca
lly p
robl
emat
ic.
CA
-FP,
D
◆W
ashi
ngto
nia
robu
staM
exic
an fa
n pa
lmM
oder
ate
BB
C2.
7D
eser
t was
hes.
Lim
ited
dist
ribut
ion
but s
prea
ding
in
sout
hern
CA
. Im
pact
s ca
n be
hig
her l
ocal
ly.SW
Wat
soni
a m
eria
nabu
lbil
wat
soni
aLi
mite
dC
BC
2.3
Coa
stal
pra
irie,
con
ifero
us fo
rest
. Abi
otic
impa
cts
unkn
own,
but
may
be
loca
lly d
ense
.N
W
Zant
esde
schi
a ae
thio
pica
calla
lily
Lim
ited
CB
C2.
1C
oast
al p
rairi
e, w
etla
nds.
Impa
cts
high
in o
ther
cou
n-tr
ies
and
loca
l im
pact
s m
ay b
e hi
gh in
CA
.N
W, C
W, S
W
TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)
Scie
ntifi
c na
mes
bas
ed o
n T
he Je
pson
Man
ual.
For
each
spe
cies
, the
firs
t com
mon
nam
e is
bas
ed o
n th
e W
eed
Scie
nce
Soci
ety
of A
mer
ica’s
“C
ompo
site
Lis
t of W
eeds
” (w
ww
.wss
a.ne
t), f
ollo
wed
by
othe
r na
mes
use
d in
Cal
iforn
ia. S
core
s: A
= S
ever
e, B
= M
oder
ate,
C =
Lim
ited,
D =
Non
e, U
= U
nkno
wn.
Doc
umen
tatio
n le
vel a
vera
ged.
Reg
ions
inva
ded
base
d on
Jep
son
geog
raph
ic r
egio
ns. P
lant
ass
essm
ent f
orm
s, li
tera
ture
cita
tions
, and
full
ratin
g cr
iteri
a av
aila
ble
at w
ww
.cal
-ipc.
org.
20 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
A few native species have become invasive in regions outside their natural range. This table lists those species that cause negative impacts in their introduced range. No overall rating is provided, since impacts are not statewide, but the section scores for each of the three plants assessed would result in Moderate ratings for the areas in which they are invasive.
Scientific Name
Common Name
Impa
cts
Inva
sive
ness
Dist
ribut
ion
Doc.
Leve
l
Ecological Types Invaded and Other Comments
Native Range
Invasive Range
Cupressus macrocarpa
Monterey cypress B B B 2.3 Native to Monterey area. Invades coastal prairie, desert scrub, riparian areas.
CW NW
Lupinus arboreus yellow bush lupine B B B 3.5 Native south of Point Reyes. Invasive in north coast dunes.
SW, CW Bay Area
NW
Phragmites australis
common reed Unable to score.
Genetic issues make it unclear which strains are native to CA.
Uncertain
Pinus radiata cultivars
Monterey pine B B B 2.6 Five populations native to CA. Invades coastal scrub, prairie, and chaparral.
CW NW
TABLE 2: Species Native to Part of California, but Invasive in Other Parts of the State
Scientific names based on The Jepson Manual. For each species, the first common name is based on the Weed Science Society of America’s “Composite List of Weeds” (www.wssa.net), followed by other names used in California. Scores: A = Severe, B = Moderate, C = Limited, D = None, U = Unknown. Documentation level averaged. Regions invaded based on Jepson geographic regions. Plant assessment forms, literature citations, and full rating criteria available at www.cal-ipc.org.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 21
In general, this designation is for species for which information is currently inadequate to respond with cer-tainty to the minimum number of criteria questions (i.e., too many “U” responses), or for which the sum effects of Ecological Impacts, Invasive Potential, and Ecological Amplitude and Distribution fall below the threshold for ranking (i.e. the overall score falls below Limited). Many such species are widespread but are not known to have substantial ecological impacts (though such evidence may appear in the future). All species receiving a D score for Ecological Impacts, regardless of other section scores, are by default placed into this category.
Scientific Name Common Name
Impa
cts
Inva
sive
ness
Dist
ribut
ion
Doc.
Leve
l
Comments
Acacia paradoxa kangaroothorn D C C 2.5 Does not spread in wildlands.
Aeschynomene rudis rough jointvetch D C D 3.2 Serious agricultural weed, but not known to have impacts in wildlands.
Aira caryophyllea silver hairgrass D C A 2.6 Widespread in grasslands, but impacts appear negligible.
Aira praecox European hairgrass D C C 2.8 Appears to be spreading locally, but impacts unknown.
Albizia lophantha plume acacia U B C 1.5 Present in Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Need more information
Allium triquetrum three-cornered leak U C C 1.6 Impacts unknown.
Anthemis cotula mayweed chamomile, dog fennel
D B B 2.4 Abiotic and wildife impacts unknown
Bellis perennis English daisy D C C 2.8 Present along trails, not known to spread into undisturbed areas.
Berberis darwinii Darwin barberry U B D 2.1 Impacts unknown.
Buddleja davidii butterflybush D B D 2.5 Not known to be invasive in CA, although it is a problem in Oregon.
Cestrum parqui willow jessamine U B C 2.0 Impacts unknown.
Chorispora tenella blue mustard U C C 1.5 Impacts unknown.
Cistus ladanifer gum rockrose D C C 3.3 Negligible known impacts in wildlands.
Convolvulus arvensis
field bindweed D B B 3.5 Only known as agricultural weed.
Daucus carota wild carrot, Queen Anne’s lace
D C B 2.7 Very widespread, but primarily in disturbed sites, particularly roadsides.
Dimorphotheca sinuata
African daisy D C B 1.8 Impacts to abiotic processes and plant communities unknown.
Erigeron karvinskianus
Mexican daisy U B C 1.9 Impacts unknown, but appears to be expanding. May become more problematic in future.
Erodium botrys broadleaf filaree D C A 2.8 Present in wildlands but known impacts are negligible. Often transient.
Erodium brachycarpum
short-fruited filaree D C A 2.6 Present in wildlands but known impacts are negligible. Often transient.
Erodium moschatum
whitestem filaree D C A 2.7 Primarily an agricultural weed, little impact in wildlands.
Euphorbia lathyris caper spurge D C B 2.2 Abiotic impacts unknown.
Fumaria officinalis fumitory D C D 2.3 Abiotic impacts unknown.
Geranium molle dovefoot geranium D B A 1.7 Present in wildlands, but known impacts are negligible.
TABLE 3: Species Evaluated But Not Listed
22 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Scientific Name Common Name
Impa
cts
Inva
sive
ness
Dist
ribut
ion
Doc.
Leve
l
Comments
Geranium retrorsum New Zealand geranium D B B 1.9 Present in wildlands, but known impacts are negligible.
Geranium robertianum
herb-robert, Robert geranium
D B C 2.8 Present in wildlands, but known impacts are negligible.
Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust D B C 3.3 Very limited distribution.
Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce D C B 3.1 Primarily an agricultural and roadside weed.
Leptospermum laevigatum
Australian tea tree D C D 2.2 Very limited distribution.
Ligustrum lucidum glossy privet D B C 3.1 May prove problematic in riparian areas.
Lotus corniculatus birdsfoot trefoil D B B 2.8 Primarily a turf or agricultural weed in CA.
Malephora crocea coppery mesembryan-themum
D C C 2.0 A problem on southern CA islands, but statewide impacts are limited.
Maytenus boaria mayten D C D 2.4 Infestation on Angel Island, San Francisco Bay.
Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover D C C 3.3 Present in human-disturbed habitats only.
Nerium oleander oleander D B D 2.6 Not known to be invasive, although reported from riparian areas in Central Valley and San Bernardino Mtns.
Nothoscordum gracile
false garlic D B D 2.1 Mainly an urban garden weed.
Nymphaea odorata fragrant waterlily D B C 2.3 Present only at one site.
Oxalis corniculata creeping woodsorrel D C C 2.2 Primarily a turf weed in CA.
Parkinsonia aculeata
Mexican palo-verde D B D 2.2 Has not escaped into wildlands enough to cause impacts.
Pistachia chinensis Chinese pistache U C D 0.9 Impacts unknown.
Pittosporum undulatum
Victorian box D C D 2.7 Infestations in CA are small. More problematic on north coast.
Plantago coronopus cutleaf plaintain U C B 1.7 Impacts unknown. Common on north coast.
Solanum elaeagnifolium
silverleaf nightshade D B B 2.8 Primarily an agricultural weed, but escaping to wildlands in other countries. May prove to be more important in future.
Sonchus asper spiny sowthistle D B B 3.1 Primarily an agricultural weed.
Taraxacum officinale common dandelion D B B 2.8 Primarily a turf weed in CA.
Tragopogon dubius yellow salsify D C B 3.2 Generally a minor component of disturbed areas.
Tropaeolum majus garden nasturtium D C C 1.4 Impacts on abiotic processes and native plants unknown.
Ulmus pumila Siberian elm D B B 2.5 Impacts unknown.
Verbena bonariensis, V. litoralis
tall vervain, seashore vervain
D B C 2.1 Often in disturbed areas of irrigation canals.
Vicia villosa hairy vetch D C B 2.8 Primarily an agricultural weed. Widespread but impacts minor in wildlands.
Vulpia bromoides squirreltail fescue D C B 2.9 Less common than V. myuros.
TABLE 3: Species Evaluated But Not Listed (continued)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 23
The following species were nominated for review, but not evaluated because either they are not known to escape into wildlands or we lacked sufficient information to complete an assessment.
Scientific Name Common Name Comments
Aptenia cordifolia baby sun rose, heartleaf iceplant
Occasional ornamental escape.
Araujia sericifera bladderflower Need more information.
Brassica oleracea cabbage Disturbed areas along north and central coast.
Catalpa bignonioides southern catalpa Reported from Sacramento/San Joaquin Valley riparian corridors. Need more information.
Chrysanthemum segetum corn daisy Disturbed areas only.
Coprosma repens creeping mirrorplant 1999 Cal-EPPC list indicated no evidence of wildland threat.
Crepis capillaris smooth hawksbeard Primarily in pastures and roadsides in coastal areas of northwest CA.
Erica lusitanica Spanish heath Reported from Humboldt and Del Norte Cos. Need more information.
Eriogonum fasciculatum California buckwheat Invades along roadsides and other areas of human disturbance. Not known to threaten wildlands.
Gazania linearis gazania Reported to invade in San Francisco Bay Area. Need more information.
Grindelia squarrosa curlycup gumweed, gumplant
Mainly along roadsides. More a problem in Nevada.
Kniphofia uvaria redhot poker Primarily along roadsides.
Lathyrus latifolius perennial sweetpea Reported from the north coast. Need more information.
Lathyrus tingitanus Tangier pea Along roadsides. Need more information.
Limonium ramosissimum ssp. provinciale
sea-lavender Present in salt marshes. Need more information.
Melilotus indicus Indian sweetclover Reported from disturbed sites. Need more information.
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum slenderleaf iceplant Common in San Diego area along coast. Need more information on impacts.
Osteospermum fruticosum shrubby daisybush Occasional ornamental escape in southern CA. Does not appear to be invasive.
Passiflora caerulea blue passionflower Not known to invade wildlands.
Phalaris arundinacea reed canarygrass Jepson Manual lists it as native in CA. Acts like a native in most areas of the state. A problem in NW states.
Phoenix dactylifera date palm Reported from southern CA deserts. Need more information.
Phytolacca americana pokeweed Reported invading riparian areas in northern Sacramento Valley. Need more information.
Salsola soda glasswort Reported from San Francisco Bay shorelines and creek mouths. Need more information.
Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Present in disturbed areas or old homesites only.
Watsonia borbonica watsonia May be confused with W. meriana, which is invasive in Mendocino Co.
Zoysia spp. zoysiagrass Does not appear to have escaped from turf.
TABLE 4: Species Nominated but Not Reviewed
24 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
APPENDIX 1. Species Listed by Category
◆ = Alert
High
Aegilops triuncialis (barb goatgrass)
◆ Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed)
Ammophila arenaria (European beachgrass)
Arundo donax (giant reed)
Brassica tournefortii (Saharan mustard, African mustard)
Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (=B. rubens) (red brome)
Bromus tectorum (downy brome, cheatgrass)
Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot-fig, iceplant)
Centaurea maculosa (=C. bibersteinii) (spotted knapweed)
Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle)
Cortaderia jubata (jubatagrass)
Cortaderia selloana (pampasgrass)
Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom)
Delairea odorata (=Senecio mikanioides) (Cape-ivy, German-ivy)
Egeria densa (Brazilian egeria)
Ehrharta calycina (purple veldtgrass)
◆ Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)
◆ Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
Genista monspessulana (French broom)
Hedera helix, H. canariensis (English ivy, Algerian ivy)
◆ Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla)
Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed, tall whitetop)
◆ Ludwigia hexapetala (=L. uruguayensis) (Uruguay water-primrose)
Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis (creeping water-primrose)
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife)
◆ Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrotfeather)
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil)
Onopordum acanthium (Scotch thistle)
Rubus armeniacus (=R. discolor) (Himalaya blackberry, Armenian blackberry)
◆ Salvinia molesta (giant salvinia)
◆ Sesbania punicea (red sesbania, scarlet wisteria)
◆ Spartina alterniflora hybrids (smooth cordgrass, Atlantic cordgrass)
◆ Spartina densiflora (dense-flowered cordgrass)
Spartium junceum (Spanish broom)
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead)
Tamarix parviflora (smallflower tamarisk)
Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar, tamarisk)
Ulex europaeus (gorse)
Moderate
Ageratina adenophora (croftonweed, eupatorium)
Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven)
Alhagi maurorum (=A. pseudalhagi) (camelthorn)
Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernalgrass)
◆ Arctotheca calendula (fertile) (fertile capeweed)
Arctotheca calendula (sterile) (sterile capeweed)
◆ Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper, smilax asparagus)
◆ Asphodelus fistulosus (onionweed)
Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush)
Avena barbata (slender wild oat)
Avena fatua (wild oat)
◆ Brachypodium sylvaticum (perennial false-brome)
Brassica nigra (black mustard)
Bromus diandrus (ripgut brome)
◆ Cardaria chalepensis (=C. draba ssp. chalepensis) (lens-podded whitetop)
Cardaria draba (hoary cress)
Carduus nutans (musk thistle)
Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle)
Carpobrotus chilensis (sea-fig, iceplant)
◆ Carthamus lanatus (woolly distaff thistle)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 25
Moderate (continued)
Centaurea calcitrapa (purple starthistle)
◆ Centaurea debeauxii (=C. x pratensis) (meadow knapweed)
Centaurea melitensis (Malta starthistle, tocalote)
Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa (=C. squarrosa) (squarrose knapweed)
Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed)
Chrysanthemum coronarium (crown daisy)
Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle)
Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle)
Conium maculatum (poison-hemlock)
Cotoneaster franchetii (orange cotoneaster)
Cotoneaster lacteus (Parney’s cotoneaster)
Cotoneaster pannosus (silverleaf cotoneaster)
Cynara cardunculus (artichoke thistle)
Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass)
Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue)
Cynosurus echinatus (hedgehog dogtailgrass)
Cytisus striatus (Portuguese broom, striated broom)
Dipsacus fullonum (wild teasel)
Dipsacus sativus (fuller’s teasel)
◆ Dittrichia graveolens (stinkwort)
Ehrharta erecta (erect veldtgrass)
◆ Ehrharta longiflora (long-flowered veldtgrass)
Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian-olive)
◆ Emex spinosa (spiny emex, devil’s thorn)
Erechtites glomerata, E. minima (Australian fireweed, Australian burnweed)
Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum)
◆ Euphorbia terracina (carnation spurge)
Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue)
Ficus carica (edible fig)
Geranium dissectum (cutleaf geranium)
Glyceria declinata (waxy mannagrass)
Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton)
Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard, summer mustard)
Holcus lanatus (common velvetgrass)
Hordeum marinum, H. murinum (Mediterranean barley, hare barley, wall barley)
◆ Hypericum canariense (Canary Island hypericum)
Hypericum perforatum (common St. Johnswort, klamathweed)
Hypochaeris radicata (rough catsear, hairy dandelion)
◆ Ilex aquifolium (English holly)
Isatis tinctoria (dyer’s woad)
Kochia scoparia (kochia)
Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy)
Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (=L. dalmatica) (Dalmation toadflax)
Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)
Lythrum hyssopifolium (hyssop loosestrife)
Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal)
◆ Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (crystalline iceplant)
Myoporum laetum (myoporum)
Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco)
Oxalis pes-caprae (buttercup oxalis, yellow oxalis, Bermuda buttercup)
Pennisetum setaceum (crimson fountaingrass)
Phalaris aquatica (hardinggrass)
◆ Polygonum cuspidatum (=Fallopia japonica) (Japanese knotweed)
◆ Polygonum sachalinense (Sakhalin knotweed, giant knotweed)
Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed)
◆ Retama monosperma (bridal broom)
Rumex acetosella (red sorrel, sheep sorrel)
◆ Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallowtree)
Sisymbrium irio (London rocket)
◆ Spartina anglica (common cordgrass)
◆ Stipa capensis (Mediterranean steppegrass, twisted-awned speargrass)
Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy)
Torilis arvensis (hedgeparsley)
Trifolium hirtum (rose clover)
Vinca major (big periwinkle)
Vulpia myuros (rattail fescue)
◆ Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm, Washington palm)
APPENDIX 1: Species Listed by Category (continued)
26 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Limited
Acacia melanoxylon (black acacia, blackwood acacia)
Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bentgrass)
Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bentgrass)
Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia)
Bellardia trixago (bellardia)
Brassica rapa (birdsrape mustard, field mustard)
Briza maxima (big quackinggrass, rattlesnakegrass)
Bromus hordeaceus (soft brome)
Cakile maritima (European sea-rocket)
Cardaria pubescens (hairy whitetop)
Carduus acanthoides (plumeless thistle)
Carduus tenuifolius (slenderflower thistle)
Conicosia pugioniformis (narrowleaf iceplant)
Cordyline australis (giant dracaena, New Zealand-cabbage tree)
Cotula coronopifolia (brassbuttons)
Crataegus monogyna (English hawthorn)
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia)
Crupina vulgaris (common crupina, bearded creeper)
Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass)
Descurainia sophia (flixweed, tansy mustard)
Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
Echium candicans (pride-of-Madeira)
Erodium cicutarium (redstem filaree)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum)
Euphorbia oblongata (oblong spurge)
Helichrysum petiolare (licoriceplant)
Hypochaeris glabra (smooth catsear)
Iris pseudacorus (yellowflag iris)
Lobularia maritima (sweet alyssum)
Marrubium vulgare (white horehound)
Medicago polymorpha (California burclover)
Myosotis latifolia (common forget-me-not)
Olea europaea (olive)
Ononis alopecuroides (foxtail restharrow)
Parentucellia viscosa (yellow glandweed, sticky parentucellia)
Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass)
Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm)
Picris echioides (bristly oxtongue)
Piptatherum miliaceum (smilograss)
Plantago lanceolata (buckhorn plantain, English plantain)
Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass)
Polypogon monspeliensis and subspp. (rabbitfoot polypogon, annual beardgrass, rabbitfoot grass)
Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum, wild plum)
Pyracantha angustifolia, P. crenulata, P. coccinea, etc. (pyracantha, firethorn)
Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercup)
Raphanus sativus (radish)
Ricinus communis (castorbean)
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
Rumex crispus (curly dock)
Salsola paulsenii (barbwire Russian-thistle)
Salsola tragus (Russian-thistle)
Salvia aethiopis (Mediterranean sage)
Saponaria officinalis (bouncingbet)
Schinus molle (Peruvian peppertree)
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian peppertree)
Schismus arabicus, S. barbatus (mediterraneangrass)
Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort)
Silybum marianum (blessed milkthistle)
Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard, charlock)
Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)
Tamarix aphylla (athel tamarisk)
Undaria pinnatifida (wakame)
Verbascum thapsus (common mullein, woolly mullein)
Watsonia meriana (bulbil watsonia)
Zantesdeschia aethiopica (calla lily)
APPENDIX 1: Species Listed by Category (continued)
This table is provided so that those familiar with other commonly-used ratings systems may compare those lists to the 2006 Cal-IPC ratings. See the cited websites for explanations of rating systems. Species not included in this appendix do not appear on any of these lists.
Cal-EPPC 1999 – Cal-EPPC. 1999. The Cal-EPPC List: Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California. California Exotic Pest Plant Council: San Juan Capistrano, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.
CDFA – CDFA. 2005. EncycloWeedia: Notes on Identification, Biology, and Management of Plants Defined as Noxious Weeds by California Law. California Department of Food and Agriculture: Sacramento, CA. Available: www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome.
USDA – Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2002. Federal Noxious Weed List. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. US Department of Agriculture: Washington, D.C. Available: plants.usda.gov.
AZ – Arizona Invasive Plant Working Group. 2005. Invasive Non-native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in Arizona. Southwest Vegetation Management Association. Available: www.swvma.org.
NatureServe – NatureServe. 2005. Invasive Species Impact Ranks for the United States: Summary of Results as of January 10, 2005. NatureServe: Arlington, VA. Available: www.natureserve.org.
Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe
Acacia melanoxylon Need More Info Medium/Insignificant
Acacia paradoxa B
Acroptilon repens B High High/Medium
Aegilops triuncialis Annual Grasses B
Aeschynomene rudis Need More Info A
Ageratina adenophora B ✔
Agrostis avenacea Need More Info
Ailanthus altissima A-2 * Medium/Low
Aira caryophyllea Medium/Insignificant
Albizia lophantha Considered, not listed
Alhagi maurorum (=A. pseudalhagi) Red Alert A Medium Medium/Low
Alternanthera philoxeroides A Medium
Ammophila arenaria A-1 High/Medium
Anthemis cotula Medium/Insignificant
Anthoxanthum odoratum Considered, not listed
Aptenia cordifolia Need More Info
Araujia sericifera B
Arctotheca calendula (fertile strains) Red Alert A
27 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
APPENDIX 2. Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Ratings Systems
28 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe
Arundo donax A-1 * High High
Asparagus asparagoides Low/Insignificant
Asphodelus fistulosus Need More Info ✔ Low
Atriplex semibaccata A-2 High/Low
Avena barbata Annual Grasses
Avena fatua Annual Grasses Medium High/Low
Bassia hyssopifolia B Low/Insignificant
Bellardia trixago B Medium/Insignificant
Brachypodium sylvaticum High/Low
Brassica nigra B
Brassica tournefortii A-2 Medium High/Low
Bromus diandrus Annual Grasses Medium-Alert
Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (=B. rubens) A-2 High
Bromus tectorum A-1 High High
Buddleja davidii High/Low
Cardaria chalepensis (=C. draba ssp. chalepensis) B B Medium-Alert
Cardaria draba A-2 B Medium-Alert
Cardaria pubescens B Medium-Alert
Carduus acanthoides Need More Info A Medium/Low
Carduus nutans A Medium High/Low
Carduus pycnocephalus B C Medium
Carduus tenuifolius C Unknown
Carpobrotus chilensis Considered, not listed Medium
Carpobrotus edulis A-1 High
Carthamus lanatus B
Centaurea debeauxii (=C. x pratensis) A
Centaurea diffusa A Medium
Centaurea maculosa (=C. bibersteinii) Red Alert A Medium
Centaurea melitensis B C Medium Medium/Low
Centaurea solstitialis A-1 C High High/Medium
Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa (=C. squarrosa) A
Chondrilla juncea A Medium-Alert Medium/Insignificant
Chorispora tenella B Insignificant
Cirsium arvense B B Medium
Cirsium vulgare B * Low
Cistus ladanifer Need More Info
Conicosia pugioniformis A-2
APPENDIX 2: Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Rating Systems (continued)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 28
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 29
Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe
Conium maculatum B Medium-Alert Medium/Low
Convolvulus arvensis Considered, not listed C Medium Medium/Low
Coprosma repens Considered, not listed
Cordyline australis Need More Info
Cortaderia jubata A-1 * Medium
Cortaderia selloana A-1 Medium Medium/Low
Cotoneaster franchetii Need More Info
Cotoneaster lacteus A-2
Cotoneaster pannosus A-2 Medium
Crataegus monogyna B
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Considered, not listed
Crupina vulgaris Red Alert A ✔ Medium/Low
Cupressus macrocarpa Need More Info
Cynara cardunculus A-1 B Medium
Cynodon dactylon C Medium Medium/Low
Cynoglossum officinale Low Medium/Low
Cytisus scoparius A-1 C High/Medium
Cytisus striatus A-2
Dactylis glomerata Medium/Insig
Daucus carota Low
Delairea odorata A-1 * Medium
Descurainia sophia Need More Info Medium/Low
Digitalis purpurea Considered, not listed Medium/Insignificant
Dimorphotheca sinuata Need More Info
Dipsacus fullonum Considered, not listed High/Low
Dipsacus sativus Considered, not listed
Echium candicans Need More Info
Egeria densa A-2 C High/Medium
Ehrharta calycina A-2 Medium/Low
Ehrharta erecta B Medium/Insignificant
Ehrharta longiflora Need More Info
Eichhornia crassipes A-2 High-Alert High
Elaeagnus angustifolia A-2 High High
Emex spinosa ✔ Insignificant
Erechtites glomerata, E. minima B Medium/Insignificant
Erica lusitanica Need More Info
Erodium brachycarpum Insignificant
APPENDIX 2: Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Rating Systems (continued)
30 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe
Erodium cicutarium Medium Medium/Low
Eucalyptus globulus A-1 Medium
Euphorbia esula A-2 A High-Alert High/Medium
Euphorbia lathyris Need More Info
Euphorbia oblongata B
Festuca arundinacea B
Ficus carica A-2 Medium
Foeniculum vulgare A-1 Medium/Low
Fumaria officinalis Considered, not listed
Gazania linearis Need More Info
Genista monspessulana A-1 C Medium
Glyceria declinata Need More Info
Halogeton glomeratus Red Alert A High/Medium
Hedera helix B High/Medium
Hedera canariensis Need More Info
Helichrysum petiolare Red Alert
Hirschfeldia incana Need More Info High/Low
Holcus lanatus B
Hordeum marinum, H. murinum Medium High/Low
Hydrilla verticillata Red Alert A ✔ Not listed High/Medium
Hypericum canariense Need More Info Low
Hypericum perforatum B C High/Medium
Hypochaeris radicata Need More Info High/Low
Ilex aquifolium B High/Low
Iris pseudacorus B
Isatis tinctoria Need More Info B High/Low
Lactuca serriola Low/Insignificant
Lepidium latifolium A-1 B High-Alert High
Leucanthemum vulgare B Low Medium/Low
Ligustrum lucidum Need More Info
Limonium ramosissimum ssp. provincale Need More Info
Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (=L. dalmatica) A Medium-Alert
Lolium multiflorum Annual Grasses
Lotus corniculatus Medium/Low
Ludwigia hexapetala (=L. uruguayensis) Need More Info
Lupinus arboreus A-2
Lythrum salicaria Red Alert B
APPENDIX 2: Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Rating Systems (continued)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 31
Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe
Malephora crocea Need More Info
Marrubium vulgare Medium/Low
Maytenus boaria Need More Info
Medicago polymorpha Considered, not listed
Melilotus officinalis Considered, not listed Medium Medium/Low
Mentha pulegium A-2
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum B Low
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Need More Info Medium-Alert
Myoporum laetum A-2
Myriophyllum aquaticum B High-Alert High/Medium
Myriophyllum spicatum A-1 High-Alert High
Nerium oleander Considered, not listed Low/Insignificant
Nicotiana glauca Need More Info High/Low
Olea europaea B
Ononis alopecuroides Red Alert Q
Onopordum acanthium A Low
Oxalis pes-caprae Need More Info
Parentucellia viscosa Need More Info
Passiflora caerulea Need More Info
Pennisetum clandestinum Need More Info C ✔
Pennisetum setaceum A-1 High High/Medium
Phalaris aquatica B
Picris echioides Considered, not listed
Pinus radiata cultivars Need More Info
Piptatherum miliaceum Need More Info
Pistachia chinensis Need More Info
Pittosporum undulatum High/Low
Plantago lanceolata High/Low
Polygonum cuspidatum (=Fallopia japonica) B
Polygonum sachalinense High/Medium
Polypogon monspeliensis and subspp. High/Low
Potamogeton crispus B Medium
Prunus cerasifera Need More Info Medium/Insignificant
Pyracantha angustifolia, crenulata, coccinea, etc. Need More Info Hi/Low, Low/Insig
Ranunculus repens High/Medium
Retama monosperma Red Alert
Ricinus communis B
APPENDIX 2: Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Rating Systems (continued)
32 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe
Robinia pseudoacacia B
Rubus armeniacus (=R. discolor) A-1 Medium-Alert Medium/Insignificant
Salsola paulsenii C Medium Low
Salsola soda Need More Info
Salsola tragus (=S. kali) Need More Info C Medium
Salvia aethiopis Need More Info B Low
Salvinia molesta Red Alert ✔ High-Alert Medium
Sapium sebiferum Red Alert
Saponaria officinalis A-2 Low/Insignificant
Schinus molle B Medium/Low
Schinus terebinthifolius B
Schismus arabicus, S. barbatus Annual Grasses Medium Medium, Hi/Medium
Senecio jacobaea B B Low
Sesbania punicea Red Alert
Silybum marianum Considered, not listed Medium/Low
Sisymbrium irio Medium/Insignificant
Solanum elaeagnifolium B
Sonchus asper Medium
Spartina alterniflora hybrids A-2
Spartina anglica Red Alert
Spartina densiflora Red Alert High/Medium
Spartina patens Red Alert
Spartium junceum B *
Stipa capensis Need More Info
Taeniatherum caput-medusae A-1 C High
Tamarix aphylla Need More Info Low
Tamarix parviflora A-1 *
Tamarix ramosissima A-1 * High High
Tanacetum vulgare Need More Info Low
Ulex europaeus A-1 B
Ulmus pumila Medium Medium/Low
Verbascum thapsus B Not listed Medium
Verbena bonariensis, V. litoralis Need More Info
Vinca major B Medium-Alert
Zantesdeschia aethiopica Considered, not listed Medium/Low
Zoysia spp. Considered, not listed
APPENDIX 2: Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Rating Systems (continued)
*Under consideration. Not yet rated.
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 33
APPENDIX 3. Examples of Ecological Types
These ecological types were used to score the Distribution section of plant assessment forms. Adapted from “Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California” drafted by R. F. Holland for the California Department of Fish and Game (1986). Communities within minor ecotypes include all those listed in Holland (1986). Additional information from Sawyer, J. O., and T. Keeler-Wolf. 1995. A Manual of California Vegetation. California Native Plant Society: Sacramento, CA.
Major Ecological Types
Minor Ecological Types Communities within Minor Ecotypes
Marine Systems marine systems kelp and other macroalgae
Freshwater and Estuarine Aquatic Systems
lakes, ponds, reservoirs submergent and emergent vegetation in standing water
rivers, streams, canals submergent and emergent vegetation in moving ephemeral, intermittent or perennial water
estuaries submergent vegetation in estuaries (seagrass beds)
Dunes
coastal foredunes, dune scrub
desert desert dunes and sand fields
interior interior and relictual dunes, primarily in the Great Valley
Scrub and Chaparral
coastal bluff scrub northern and southern coastal bluff scrub
coastal scrub coyote bush, salal, silk-tassel, coastal sage, maritime succulent, Diegan coastal, Diablan, and Riversidian sage scrubs
Sonoran desert scrub Sonoran creosote bush, Sonoran mixed woody and succulent scrubs
Mojavean desert scrub Mojave creosote bush, blackbush, Mojave mixed woody, Mojave mixed steppe, and Mojave wash scrubs; Joshua tree woodland
Great Basin scrub big sagebrush and rabbitbrush scrubs; sagebrush steppe
chenopod scrub desert saltbush, desert sink, desert greasewood, shadscale, valley sink, and valley saltbush scrubs
montane dwarf scrub low sagebrush series
Upper Sonoran subshrub scrub bladderpod-California ephedra-narrowleaf goldenbush series
chaparral mixed, redshank, semi-desert, and montane (mixed, ceanothus, manzanita) chaparrals; chamise
Grasslands, Vernal Pools, Meadows, and other Herb Communities
coastal prairie coastal terrace and bald hills prairies
valley and foothill grassland valley needlegrass, valley sacaton, serpentine bunchgrass, valley wildrye and, pine bluegrass grasslands
Great Basin grassland open, steppe-like vegetation of perennial bunchgrasses
vernal pool hardpan, claypan, basalt flow, and San Diego mesa vernal pools
meadow and seep wet or dry montane meadows; wet or dry subalpine or alpine meadows; alkali meadows and seeps; freshwater seep
alkali playa low, grayish, microphyllous, and succulent shrubs primarily in transmontane deserts
pebble plain dense clay soils with quartzite pebbles
34 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
Major Ecological Types
Minor Ecological Types Communities within Minor Ecotypes
Bog and Marshbog and fen sphagnum bog, Darlingtonia bog, fen
marsh and swamp salt, brackish, freshwater, transmontane alkali, and vernal marshes; freshwater swamp
Riparian and Bottomland
riparian forest cottonwood, cottonwood-sycamore, red alder, white alder, aspen, willow, live oak, valley oak, Mojave, and mixed riparian forests; mesquite bosque
riparian woodland sycamore, sycamore-alder, desert dry wash, and fan palm oasis woodlands
riparian scrub riparian, mulefat, willow, mesquite, and buttonbush, desert wash, tamarisk and arrowweed scrubs; elderberry savanna; desert washes
Woodland
cismontane blue oak, coast live oak, interior live oak, valley oak, island oak, California walnut, and foothill pine woodlands
piñon and juniper juniper woodland and scrub, pinon woodland
Sonoran thorn crucifixion thorn and Arizona woodlands
Forest
broadleaved upland mixed evergreen, California bay, coast live oak, black oak, tan oak, red alder, and aspen forests
North Coast coniferous redwood , Sitka spruce-grand fir, western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Port Orford Cedar forests
closed cone coniferous beach pine, bishop pine, Monterey pine, Torrey pine, Monterey cypress, pygmy cypress, interior cypress, knobcone pine forests
lower montane coniferous Coast Range coniferous, Klamath coniferous, ponderosa pine, Coulter pine, white pine, white fir, and big tree forests
upper montane coniferous Jeffrey pine, upper montane mixed coniferous, upper montane fir, and Klamath enriched coniferous forests
subalpine coniferous lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, foxtail pine, bristlecone pine, and limber pine forests
Alpine Habitats
alpine boulder and rock field
fell-field, talus and scree slope, snow margin
alpine dwarf scrub shrub dominated communities above the treeline
APPENDIX 3: Examples of Ecological Types (continued)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 35
APPENDIX 4. Species by Common NameIncludes Species from Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4.
acacia, blackwood Acacia melanoxylon acacia, plume Albizia lophanthaalligatorweed Alternanthera philoxeroides alyssum, sweet Lobularia maritimaasparagus, smilax Asparagus asparagoidesbarberry, Darwin Berberis darwiniibarbwire Russian-thistle Salsola paulseniibarley, Mediterranean Hordeum marinum, barley, wall Hordeum murinumbeachgrass, European Ammophila arenaria beardgrass, annual Polypogon monspeliensis
and subspp.bellardia Bellardia trixago bentgrass, creeping Agrostis stoloniferabentgrass, Pacific Agrostis avenaceabermudagrass Cynodon dactylonbindweed, field Convolvulus arvensisbirdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatusblackberry, Armenian Rubus armeniacus
(=R. discolor)blackberry, Himalaya Rubus armeniacus
(=R. discolor)bladderflower Araujia sericiferabluegrass, Kentucky Poa pratensisblue gum, Tasmanian Eucalyptus globulus bouncingbet Saponaria officinalis brassbuttons Cotula coronopifoliabrome, downy Bromus tectorum brome, red Bromus madritensis ssp.
rubens (=B. rubens)brome, ripgut Bromus diandrusbrome, soft Bromus hordeaceus broom, bridal Retama monospermabroom, French Genista monspessulanabroom, Portuguese Cytisus striatusbroom, Scotch Cytisus scopariusbroom, Spanish Spartium junceum broom, striated Cytisus striatusbuckwheat, California Eriogonum fasciculatumburclover, California Medicago polymorphaburnweed, Australian Erechtites glomerata, E. minima buttercup, Bermuda Oxalis pes-capraebuttercup, creeping Ranunculus repensbutterflybush Buddleja davidiicabbage Brassica oleraceacabbage tree, New Zealand Cordyline australis calla lily Zantesdeschia aethiopica
camelthorn Alhagi maurorum (=A. pseudalhagi)
canarygrass, reed Phalaris arundinaceaCape-ivy Delairea odorata
(=Senecio mikanioides)capeweed, fertile Arctotheca calendula (fertile)capeweed, sterile Arctotheca calendula (sterile)carrot, wild Daucus carotacastorbean Ricinus communiscatalpa, southern Catalpa bignonioidescatsear, rough Hypochaeris radicatacatsear, smooth Hypochaeris glabrachamomile, mayweed Anthemis cotula charlock Sinapis arvensischeatgrass Bromus tectorum cherry plum Prunus cerasiferaChinese tallowtree Sapium sebiferumclover, California bur Medicago polymorphaclover, rose Trifolium hirtum cordgrass, Atlantic Spartina alterniflora cordgrass, common Spartina anglicacordgrass, dense-flowered Spartina densifloracordgrass, saltmeadow Spartina patenscordgrass, smooth Spartina alterniflora hybridscotoneaster, orange Cotoneaster franchetiicotoneaster, Parney’s Cotoneaster lacteuscotoneaster, silverleaf Cotoneaster pannosuscreeper, Australian bluebell Sollya heterophyllacreeper, bearded Crupina vulgariscreeper, bridal Asparagus asparagoidescress, hoary Cardaria drabacroftonweed Ageratina adenophoracrupina, common Crupina vulgariscypress, Monterey Cupressus macrocarpadaisy, African Dimorphotheca sinuatadaisy, corn Chrysanthemum segetumdaisy, crown Chrysanthemum coronariumdaisy, English Bellis perennisdaisy, Mexican Erigeron karvinskianusdaisy, oxeye Leucanthemum vulgare daisybush, shrubby Osteospermum fruticosumdandelion, common Taraxacum officinaledandelion, hairy Hypochaeris radicata devil’s thorn Emex spinosadock, curly Rumex crispus dogtailgrass, hedgehog Cynosurus echinatus dracaena, giant Cordyline australisdyer’s woad Isatis tinctoria egeria, Brazilian Egeria densa
36 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
elm, Chinese Ulmus parvifoliaelm, Siberian Ulmus pumilaemex, spiny Emex spinosaeupatorium Ageratina adenophorafalse-brome, perennial Brachypodium sylvaticumfennel Foeniculum vulgare fennel, dog Anthemis cotulafescue, rattail Vulpia myuros fescue, squirreltail Vulpia bromoidesfescue, tall Festuca arundinacea fig, edible Ficus caricafilaree, broadleaf Erodium botrysfilaree, redstem Erodium cicutariumfilaree, shortfruited Erodium brachycarpumfilaree, whitestem Erodium moschatumfirethorn Pyracantha spp.fireweed, Australian Erechtites glomerata, E. minima fivehook bassia Bassia hyssopifolia flixweed Descurainia sophiaforget-me-not, common Myosotis latifoliafountaingrass, crimson Pennisetum setaceum foxglove Digitalis purpureafoxtail restharrow Ononis alopecuroidesfumitory Fumaria officinalisgarlic, false Nothoscordum gracilegazania Gazania linearisgeranium, cutleaf Geranium dissectum geranium, dovefoot Geranium molle geranium, New Zealand Geranium retrorsumgeranium, Robert Geranium robertianumGerman-ivy Delairea odorata glandweed, yellow Parentucellia viscosaglasswort Salsola sodagoatgrass, barb Aegilops triuncialis gorse Ulex europaeusgrass, rabbitfoot Polypogon monspeliensis gumweed, curlycup Grindelia squarrosahairgrass, European Aira praecoxhairgrass, silver Aira caryophylleahalogeton Halogeton glomeratushardinggrass Phalaris aquatica hawksbeard, smooth Crepis capillarishawthorn, English Crataegus monogyna heath, Spanish Erica lusitanicahedgeparsley Torilis arvensisherb-robert Geranium robertianumholly, English Ilex aquifolium horehound, white Marrubium vulgare Hottentot-fig Carpobrotus edulis
houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale hydrilla Hydrilla verticillatahypericum, Canary Island Hypericum canarienseiceplant Carpobrotus chilensis iceplant Carpobrotus edulisiceplant, crystalline Mesembryanthemum
crystallinumiceplant, heartleaf Aptenia cordifoliaiceplant, narrowleaf Conicosia pugioniformis iceplant, slenderleaf Mesembryanthemum nodiflorumiris, yellowflag Iris pseudacorus ivy, Algerian Hedera canariensisivy, English Hedera helixjessamine, willow Cestrum parquijointvetch, rough Aeschynomene rudisjubatagrass Cortaderia jubata kangaroothorn Acacia paradoxa kikuyugrass Pennisetum clandestinumklamathweed Hypericum perforatum knapweed, diffuse Centaurea diffusaknapweed, meadow Centaurea debeauxii
(=C. x pratensis) knapweed, Russian Acroptilon repens knapweed, spotted Centaurea maculosa
(=C. bibersteinii)knapweed, squarrose Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa
(=C. squarrosa)knotweed, Japanese Polygonum cuspidatum
(=Fallopia japonica)knotweed, Sakhalin Polygonum sachalinensekochia Kochia scoparia leek, three-cornered Allium triquetrumlettuce, prickly Lactuca serriolalicoriceplant Helichrysum petiolarelocust, black Robinia pseudoacacialocust, honey Gleditsia triacanthosLondon rocket Sisymbrium irio loosestrife, hyssop Lythrum hyssopifoliumloosestrife, purple Lythrum salicarialupine, yellow bush Lupinus arboreusmannagrass, waxy Glyceria declinatamayten Maytenus boariaMediterraneangrass Schismus arabicus, S. barbatusMediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis medusahead Taeniatherum caput- medusaemesembryanthemum,
coppery Malephora croceamilkthistle, blessed Silybum marianummirrorplant, creeping Coprosma repens
APPENDIX 4: Species by Common Name (continued)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 37
montbretia Crocosmia x crocosmiifloramullein, common Verbascum thapsus mullein, woolly Verbascum thapsus mustard, birdsrape Brassica rapa mustard, black Brassica nigramustard, blue Chorispora tenellamustard, field Brassica rapa mustard, Saharan Brassica tournefortii mustard, shortpod Hirschfeldia incanamustard, summer Hirschfeldia incana mustard, tansy Descurainia sophiamustard, wild Sinapis arvensis myoporum Myoporum laetumnasturtium, garden Tropaeolum majusnightshade, silverleaf Solanum elaeagnifolium oat, slender wild Avena barbataoat, wild Avena fatuaoleander Nerium oleanderolive, Russian- Elaeagnus angustifoliaolive Olea europaeaonionweed Asphodelus fistulosusorchardgrass Dactylis glomerataoxalis, buttercup Oxalis pes-capraeoxalis, yellow Oxalis pes-caprae oxtongue, bristly Picris echioidespalm, Canary Island date Phoenix canariensispalm, date Phoenix dactyliferapalm, Mexican fan Washingtonia robustapalm, Washington Washingtonia robustapaloverde, Mexican Parkinsonia aculeatapampasgrass Cortaderia selloana parentucellia, sticky Parentucellia viscosaparrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum passionflower, blue Passiflora caeruleapea, perennial sweet Lathyrus latifoliuspea, Tangier Lathyrus tingitanuspennyroyal Mentha pulegiumpeppertree, Brazilian Schinus terebinthifolius peppertree, Peruvian Schinus molle pepperweed, perennial Lepidium latifoliumperiwinkle, big Vinca majorpine, Monterey Pinus radiata cultivarspistache, Chinese Pistachia chinensisplantain, buckhorn Plantago lanceolataplantain, cutleaf Plantago coronopusplantain, English Plantago lanceolata plum, wild Prunus cerasifera poison-hemlock Conium maculatum pokeweed Phytolacca americana
polypogon, rabbitfoot Polypogon monspeliensis and subspp.
pondweed, curlyleaf Potamogeton crispuspride-of-Madeira Echium candicansprivet, glossy Ligustrum lucidumpyracantha Pyracantha spp. quackinggrass, big Briza maximaQueen Anne’s lace Daucus carotaradish Raphanus sativusragwort, tansy Senecio jacobaearattlesnakegrass Briza maximared gum Eucalyptus camaldulensisredhot poker Kniphofia uvariareed, common Phragmites australisreed, giant Arundo donax rockrose, gum Cistus ladaniferrose, baby sun Aptenia cordifoliaRussian-thistle Salsola tragusryegrass, Italian Lolium multiflorumsalsify, yellow Tragopogon dubiussaltbush, Australian Atriplex semibaccata saltcedar Tamarix ramosissimasalvinia, giant Salvinia molestasea-fig Carpobrotus chilensissea-lavender Limonium ramoissimum
ssp. provincalesea-rocket, European Cakile maritimasesbania, red Sesbania punicea skeletonweed, rush Chondrilla juncea smilograss Piptatherum miliaceumsorrel, red Rumex acetosellasorrel, sheep Rumex acetosellasowthistle, spiny Sonchus asper speargrass, twisted-awned Stipa capensisspiny emex Emex spinosaspurge, caper Euphorbia lathyrisspurge, carnation Euphorbia terracinaspurge, leafy Euphorbia esulaspurge, oblong Euphorbia oblongata St. Johnswort, common Hypericum perforatumstarthistle, Malta Centaurea melitensis starthistle, purple Centaurea calcitrapastarthistle, yellow Centaurea solstitialissteppegrass, Mediterranean Stipa capensisstinkwort Dittrichia graveolenssweetclover, Indian Melilotus indicussweetclover, yellow Melilotus officinalissweetpea, perennial Lathyrus latifoliustallowtree, Chinese Sapium sebiferum
APPENDIX 4: Species by Common Name (continued)
38 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY
tamarisk Tamarix ramosissimatamarisk, athel Tamarix aphyllatamarisk, smallflower Tamarix parvifloratansy, common Tanacetum vulgaretea tree, Australian Leptospermum laevigatumteasel, fuller’s Dipsacus sativusteasel, wild Dipsacus fullonumthistle, artichoke Cynara cardunculusthistle, bull Cirsium vulgare thistle, Canada Cirsium arvensethistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalusthistle, musk Carduus nutansthistle, plumeless Carduus acanthoidesthistle, Scotch Onopordum acanthium thistle, slenderflower Carduus tenuifolius thistle, woolly distaff Carthamus lanatus toadflax, Dalmatian Linaria genistifolia ssp.
dalmatica (=L. dalmatica)tobacco, tree Nicotiana glaucatocalote Centaurea melitensistree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima veldtgrass, erect Ehrharta erecta veldtgrass, long-flowered Ehrharta longifloraveldtgrass, purple Ehrharta calycina
velvetgrass, common Holcus lanatus vernalgrass, sweet Anthoxanthum odoratumvervain, seashore Verbena litoralisvervain, tall Verbena bonariensisvetch, hairy Vicia villosaVictorian box Pittosporum undulatumwakame Undaria pinnatifidawater hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes waterlily, fragrant Nymphaea odoratawatermilfoil, Eurasian Myriophyllum spicatum water-primrose, creeping Ludwigia peploides ssp.
montevidensiswater-primrose, Uruguay Ludwigia hexapetala
(=L. uruguayensis) watsonia Watsonia borbonicawatsonia, bulbil Watsonia merianawhitetop, hairy Cardaria pubescenswhitetop, lens-podded Cardaria chalepensis
(=C. draba ssp. chalepensis)whitetop, tall Lepidium latifolium wisteria, scarlet Sesbania puniceawoodsorrel, creeping Oxalis corniculatazoysiagrass Zoysia spp.
APPENDIX 4: Species by Common Name (continued)
The Nation Park Service’s Exotic Plant Management Team removes satellite infestations of Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) to prevent the plant’s spread. (Photo by Bobbi Simpson, Point Reyes National Seashore)
CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 39
California Invasive Plant Council 2006 Board of Directors
Dan Gluesenkamp, PresidentAudubon Canyon Ranch
Mark Newhouser, Vice PresidentSonoma Ecology Center
Jennifer Erskine Ogden, TreasurerUniversity of California-Davis
Wendy West, SecretaryUniversity of California Cooperative Extension, El Dorado County
Steve Schoenig, Past PresidentCalifornia Department of Food & Agriculture
Christy BrighamNational Park Service, Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
Bob CaseCalifornia Native Plant Society
David ChangSanta Barbara Agricultural Commissioner’s office
Chris ChristoffersonU.S. Forest Service, Plumas National Forest
Joanna ClinesU.S. Forest Service, Sierra National Forest
Jennifer DrewitzYolo County Resource Conservation District
Jason GiessowSanta Margarita/San Luis Rey Weed Management Area
John KnappCatalina Island Conservancy
Marla KnightU.S. Forest Service, Klamath National Forest
Brianna RichardsonMontgomery Law Group, LLP
(Affiliations for identification purposes only)
Circular clones of Spartina alterniflora x foliosa (smooth cordgrass hybrid) spread in San Francisco Bay. (Photo by Stephen Joseph, Invasive Spartina Project)