CIP Annual Report 1976

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annual

r por t

1976

international potato

center

Apartado Postal 5969 Lima Peru

Cables: C/PAPA





ontents

In t roduc t ion

Board

of

Trustees

5

CIP

Research 1976

Foreword

7

Thrusts

I 11

I I

13

I I I 2

IV

29

v 35

VI 45

VII

5

VIII

6

IX 67

Regional

Research and

Training

79

Communications

117

Publ ica t ions by

CIP

Scien t i s t s 121

Sta f f

125

Financia l

Statements 131

over Photo Native cu l t i va r

from

the

entral

Peruvian

Andes maintained in CIP Germ Plasm Bank;

belongs

to

form coerulea of the subsp

n-

digena

ll



The

International

Potato

Center also known

as Centro

Internacional

de

la apa

GIP),

is

a Scienti f ic

Insti

tution

autonomous and

non-profit

making,

established

by means of an agreement

with

the Government

o

Peru

with the purpose

o

developing and disseminating know-

ledge

for

greater util ization o the potato as a

basic

food. International funding sources

for

technical as

sistance

in agriculture

are

financing the center.



l n t r o u o t l o n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The year 1976 was the

f i f t h

anniversary of CIP ac-

t i v i t i e s .

t

has

included a

f ive

year ex t e r i o r re -

view conducted by the

technica l advisory

committee

of

the Consul t a t ive Group on

In t e rna t iona l

Agricu l -

t u ra l

Research,

who are the sponsors of the cente r

network

of which we are a par t .

There

i s a need

to look back per iod ica l ly

and see

how

f a r we have come in a scan t f ive years and what

has

been accomplished.

Pride

in

what

has

been

done

can be counte r product ive unless it

i s

s t rongly

assoc ia ted

with:

1 an i de n t i f i c a t i on

of

how f a r

we still have

to go to accomplish our

objec t ives

2

an

i de n t i f i c a t i on of the obs tac les ahead,

3

and

a determina t ion of

the s t ra tegy

to a t t a in our

goals .

Our

cons t i tuen t s

are

the

hungry people in develop

ing coun t r i e s . There are

f ive

dimensions

in

the

process of producing technology a t

an In t e rna t iona l

Research

Center

and

reaching

the

consumer: These

are : 1 source research 2 reg iona l

d i s t r i bu t ion

3 country

programs,

4 growers f i e l d s and

5

con

sumers in developing

count r ies .

There i s now a cons tan t flow of technology coming

from CIP

assoc ia ted

research which i s being dis -

t r ibu ted

to the

regions

for eva lua t ion and app l i -

ca t ion in the

surrounding

countr ies . Get t ing t h i s

mate r ia l

through

country programs and

in to growers

f i e lds

has

been

i den t i f i ed

as

a

major

obs tac le dur-

ing the

pas t

f ive years .

I f

our

c re d i b i l i t y i s to

be

determined by increased

produc t iv i ty in growers

f i e lds

due to an s ~ o i -

t i on

with

CIP

technology,

a s t r a t egy must be devel -

oped for the t h i rd dimension-country

program

ap

proach

which wi l l cata lyze na t iona l

i n s t i t u t i ons

to



i n t e r a c t

with

each

other

and

reac t

to

t he i r

most

im

por t an t problems in pota to

improvement.

In the pro-

cess CIP must play minimum poss ib le ro l e and hold

t rue to i t s mandate which i s the product ion o f ap-

p l i cab l e technology and

provid ing t echn ica l a s s i s t -

ance

and t ra in ing

for

developing

coun t r i e s i n t e r -

es ted

in pota to improvement.

e

must

be

wise

in

our

planning

as we look back and

a lso ahead

so

t ha t f ive years

from

now a t the

Tenth

Anniversary

of

CIP

we

wi l l

be

able to

iden t i fy

number of

countr ies

where

the re has• been

increased

produc t iv i ty

and u t i l i za t ion of

the

pota to as

food

due

to an

as soc ia t ion

with CIP.

For t h i s

to

take

place

wi l l

require the bes t e f fo r t s of

every

one assoc ia ted

with

CIP

in

any way.

e

hope everyone rece iv ing and reading t h i s

1976

Annual Report

wi l l

be s t imula ted t o jo in us

in

the

exc i t ing f ive years which l i e ahead as the re su l t s

of

our

e f fo r t s are ca ta lyzed

to

f low

i n to

growers

f i e ld s

and

a f f e c t

hunger and

pover ty

~ t

r e t o r

Geneml

International Potato

enter



IP

uilds

for

the

future

In August

o f 1976

cons t ruc t i on was begun on

a new

u i l ~

ing

a t

CIP headquar te r s in

La Molina. The new bui ld ing ,

scheduled for comple t ion in Apr i l 1977 w i l l provide o-

ver 2 600

m

2

. o f much needed

space inc luding l i v i ng and

s tudy areas for

20

s tudent s or

v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s

and

t r a i nee s ;

conference

a reas fo r s t uden t s and

s t a f f ;

l a -

bora td r ies , inc luding space for an

e lec t ron

microscope;

r e sea rch

l i b r a r y and

communications cen te r ;

in format ion

cen te r and

recept ion

a rea

for

small groups; a

photogra -

ph i c l abora tory ;

and

of f ice s

for

s c i e n t i s t s .

Other f a c i l i t i e s were a lso generously provided to CIP

by

the Peruvian Minis t ry of Alimenta t ion

through

the

dona t ion o f

a neighbor ing

bu i l d i ng

in La Molina which

had been

seve re l y

damaged by

the

1974

ear thquake .

The

bu i ld ing ,

with an a rea o f

630 m

2

was donated under the

cond i t i on

t h a t

t be renova ted

by

CIP and

t ha t

t be

p a r t i a l l y occupied

by

o f f i c e s of the

Peruvian Nat iona l

Pot a t o Program.

The

renovat ion work was completed

and

t he bu i ld ing

occupied

by

December

i976.

3





bo rd l trustees

Dr. MARIANO

SEGURA

Chairman)

Direc tor

o f Research

Minis t ry

o f

Alimentacion

Lima

PERU

Dr. W

GLYNN BURTON

Par i s

House

East

Mall ing

Maidstcfr1e

Kent

ME19

6AU

ENGLAND

Dr. FAUSTO CISNEROS

Head D p t o ~ S a n i d a d

Vegeta l

Universidad Nacional Agrar ia

Apartado 456

La

Molina,

Lima

PERU

Dr.

GERRIT

DE BAKKER

Permanent

Representa t ive

o f

the Kingdom o f the Nether lands

to FAO and WFP

Permanent

Miss ion

of · t he

Kingdom

o f

the

Nether lands

to FAO

and

WFP

Via

de l le

Terme

Deciane

Rome

00153

ITALY

Mr.

CHARLES T.

GREENWOOD

c o

Representac ion

BID

Honduras

Apartado

C-73

Tegucigalpa

HONDURAS



Dr. ERNST KELLER

Prof . o f

Plan t P ro tec t ion

Breeding

Unive rs i t a s t ra s se 2

CH-8006 Zurich

SWITZERLAND

Dr. COLIN MC.CLUNG

Assoc ia te

Direc tor

Agr i cu l tu ra l Sciences

The Rockefe l l e r

Foundat ion

West 50th

S t r ee t

New York New York

10010

US

Mr. JACK RIGNEY

Secre tary)

Dean

o f In t e rn a t i o n a l

Programs

North Carol ina Sta te Univers i ty

Pa t t e r son

Hall

Raleigh North Carol ina 27607

US

Dr. RICHARD

L. S WYER

Di rec t o r General

In t e rn a t i o n a l Pota to

Center

Apartado

5969

Lima

PERU

Dr. CLIBAS VIEIRA

Dept. de

F i to t e c n i a

Univers idad Federa l

de

Viscosa

Viscosa 37.750-M6

BRAZIL



C:IP

research

976

FOREWOR

Since 1972 CIP

research has

been

moving

forward,

s tep by s t ep

to

breed,

t e s t and se lec t

pota toes to

improve the nu t r i t i on of hungry humans in develop

ing

countr ies .

In

t h i s exc i t ing work the vigorous

cont rac t

research

being car r ied

out

by

seventeen

other research teams has provided s t rong

support

to

CIP s

source

research.

s

wel l

publ ished

research

informat ion provides

a wealth of

usefu l

concepts

for adapta t ion to

the

spec ia l needs of

Nat ional Po

t a t o Programs in

developing

countr ies . The

exper t

advice

cont r ibu ted

by nine ty-four par t i c ipan ts from

twenty- three count r ies who

have at tended eleven

Planning Conferences during the

pa s t

f ive years

has

been

di rec t ly he lpfu l in developing CIP s

research

program.

But

a

dynamic,

in tegra ted

source

research

program

i s

useful

insofa r as

it provides

a cont inuing

source

of technology appropr ia te to improving the

produc t iv i ty and

u t i l i za t ion of the po ta to where

the need

for

be t t e r nu t r i t i on i s grea tes t . The re s

ponsiveness of

research

sc i en t i s t s c e n t r a l l y l o

cated

in

each of CIP s seven Regional Centers in

assess ing the

cons t ra in t s

to product ion

in

t he i r

Regions i s essen t ia l

in

guiding source

research e f

fo r t . t i s these

Regional

Research sc i en t i s t s

working

with

pota to

spec ia l i s t s

in

Nat ional Pro

grams who u l t ima te ly evaluate the r e su l t s of labo

r a to ry and f i e ld

research.

The

r e su l t s presented

in t h i s

1976

Annual Report

are i nd ica t ive of the scope of CIP s research pro

gram

in response

to

some

of the needs for

improved

pota to technology in CIP s Regional

Program.

W)ur

i n t e r e s t

i s encouraged as

the

chal lenge i s grea t t o

provide ever

more

food

for the

hungry.



INTRODUCTION

TO RESEARCH

PROGRESS 1976

Signi f i can t research progress cont inued to be

made

throughout

the year . Some

of the

achievements,

in

dica t ive of the scope of CIP's research , are pre

sented below.

Each

i s

a

small

s tep in improving the

y ie ld ing ab i l i t y and

adaptab i l i t y

of the po ta to for

developing

count r ies

in the

t rop ics .

Major co l l ec t ing a c t i v i t i e s for pr imi t ive

cu l

t i va r s have been completed ahead of schedule .

Approximately

t h ree -quar t e r s of over 12,000

accessions

have been c l a s s i f i e d .

A second Planning Conference

on

the Explora-

t i on and Maintenance of Germ Plasm Resources

developed guide l ine

recommendations

to

i n i

t i a t e the sys temat ic co l l ec t i on of wild Sola-

num spec ies and the computer ized

management

o f

CIP's

germ plasm bank.

A popula t ion

approach

to breeding has demons-

t r a t e d

encouraging increases in the

f requency

of r es i s t ance to se lec ted pathogens and

nema-

todes

in

P h u r e j a S ~ e n o t o m w n

d ip lo id

popula-

t i ons .

Improved

f ro s t r e s i s t an t and ba c t e r i a l w i l t

r e s i s t an t clones have cont inued to excel under

severe

f i e l d

t e s t

condi t ions .

The wi l t

r e s i s t

ant

var i e ty

Caxamarca

has

been re leased by

the Peruvian Nat ional Potato Program.

Progress has been

made

in

d isc r imina t ing

be t

ween f i e ld and major gene r es i s t ance to

l a t e bl igh t . The In t e rna t iona l

Late Blight

Test

Program a t Toluca, Mexico, has been up-

graded.

Under experimental condi t ions the surv iva l of

seudomonas solanacearwn

in

so i l has been

co r

re la ted

with the e l e c t r i c conduct iv i ty o f so i l .



In

con t rac t

research

a t the Univers i ty of Wis-

consin promising progress has been made on the

se lec t ive

ro le of po ta to l ec t ins in binding P

solanacear·um

to permit

d i f f e re n t i a t i on of com-

pa t ib l e

and

incompatible

clones .

Breeding l i nes r e s i s t a n t to

v i rus

have

been sen t to nine

t r i e s

for fur ther evaluat ion.

po ta to

l ea f r o l l

developing coun-

Charac te r iza t ion

o f novel

vi ruses

and s t r a in s the reof was con-

t inued to

fur ther define the spectrum o f v i r u

ses

presen t in

the cent re of po ta to evolu t ion .

Immunity to root-knot nematod es and combined

with

high

res is tance to

P solanacearum has

been confirmed in se lec ted

clones

of

Solanum

spm sipi

Zurn

breeding

These clones are being used in

Clones r e s i s t a n t to s ing le races

of

Globodera

Heterodera) pallida have been i de n t i f i e d

in

wide

sca le screening

of germ plasm

In

mul t ip le cropping s tud ies pota to-peanut

systems

more

than

doubled

land

equiva len t us

age over monocultural prac t i ces .

In con t rac t research a t the Univers i ty of Min-

nesota four f ro s t

to le ran t

spec ies of Solanum

were shown

by

NMR spectroscopy to

have

lower

leve ls of

l i qu id water

a t

k i l l i ng

tempera tures

than S. clones

Signi f i can t

cold ac

cl imat ion has been demonstrated in these spe

c ies but

not

in S

High dry matter to 35 per cent and high pro

t e i n to 4 per cent have been i de n t i f i e d

in

rou t ine

nut r i t ion

assays . Signi f i can t losses

o f

p ro te in occur

in reducing

glycoa lka lo ids

dur ing the

process ing of

white

chuno

n

e f fec t ive

well - in tegra ted

t i s sue

cu l t u r e

v i rus

screening and mul t ip l i ca t ion

scheme

for

the product ion of

pathogen-tes ted

seed

was

f i rmly

es tab l ished

in

1976

9





t rust

SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION ND CLASSIFICATION

OF TUBER BEARING SOL NUMS

Following an

i n i t i a l

Planning

Conference on Germ

Plasm

Explora t ion and Taxonomy held

in January ,

1973, CIP

has

sponsored

o r par t i c ipa ted in

more

than twenty co l -

l e c t i ng

expedi t ions

During 1976 co l l ec t ions were made

in the Department

of Cajamarca in nor thern

Peru, nor th-

west Argent ina

and

in

the s t a t e s of Merida and T ru j i l l o

in Venezuela to

complete

the m j o ~ co l l ec t i ng a c t i v i -

t i e s

fo r p r imi t ive

cu l t iva rs in

South

America.

Mexico

remains the

only

major area for extens ive explora t ion

fo r cu l t i va t ed

spec ies

Summary of the Pr imi t ive Cult ivar

Col lec t ion

Country· Accessions

Argent ina

175

Bol iv ia

598

Colombia

568

Chile

152

Ecuador

235

Guatemala

17

Peru

10,246

Venezuela

200

TOTAL:

12,191

At the beginning of 1973 l e s s than f ive per

cen t

o f

more than 3,000

access ions in

the CIP world

co l l ec t ion

had been c l a s s i f i e d

The

fol lowing t ab le

summarizes

the

taxonomic grouping to the presen t

hoto

CIP germ plasm on disp lay a t a farmers f i e ld

day

in

Huancayo,

Peru



Table

1 -

Sununary of

the

C l as s i f i c a t i on

o f

Pr imi t ive

Cul

tivars

Species

2n

Number

s

stenotomum

24

12.8

1 120

s

gonioc lyx

24 2.8 250

s

phurej

24 2.6

230

s

j nhuiri

24 0.6 56

s

x

juzepczukii

= 3 x hybr id

36 1.

7

150

s

x chaucha

= 3 x hybr id 36

6.8

600

s

tuberosum

spp. ndigen 48

70.7 6,200

s

curtilobum

= 5 x

hybrid 60 1.

8 160

100.0

8,766

In March,

1976, a

second Planning Conference on

the

Ex-

p l o r a t i on and Maintenance of Germ

Plasm

Resources was

held

a t

CIP, Lima. In a publ i shed Report recommendations

were presen ted

for :

fu ture exp lora t ions taxonomic

s tud -

i e s

data

management and germ

plasm maintenance.

P r i o r i t i e s were es tab l i shed

in

conformity with F O ca te -

gor i e s

to

i n i t i a t e

the sys temat i c

co l l ec t i on

of wild

spec ies in

13 countr ies . t

was

noted t ha t 54 wild spe-

c ies

are

not

ava i l ab le in

the

l i v i ng s t a t e in

gene

banks

o r

research

i n s t i t u t e s .



t rust

MAINTENANCE AND

UTILIZATION OF TUBER BEARING SOI,ANUMS

Maintenance

Through the

combined

e f fo r t s of the Taxonomy and the

Breeding

and Genet ics Departments the germ plasm co l l ec -

t ion i s being screened

for

the presence of

dupl ica te

ac-

cess ions .

Data were

col lec ted

on near ly 7,000

clones in

1976.

At harves t 667

dupl ica te access ions

of 62 known

na t ive

c u l t i va r s

were el iminated. Before they were d i s -

carded, t rue seed from each access ion

was

obtained by

con t ro l l ed pol l ina t ions using

bulk pol len from acces-

s ions of the same spec ies or

synonym

group.

The

r e su l t -

ing

seed was

a lso bulked for long

term s torage .

Slab e lec t rophore t i c analyses

of about 1,500

access ions

are

being

car r i ed

out

to

augment morphologic

determina

t i ons

of poss ib le dupl ica tes .

A

proposa l for

a

cooperat ive exchange

system

for the

maintenance of wild pota to spec ies between the gene

banks a t

CIP, IR-1

(Wisconsin,

USA

and the

Braunschweig

Genet ic Resource Center (Germany)

has

been prepared .

This i s in accordance with

a recommendation

of the March

1976,

Planning Conference

on Germ

Plasm Explora t ion

and

Maintenance .

From January to September, 1976, the fol lowing mater ia l

was

d i s t r i bu t e d from the CIP

germ

plasm co l l ec t ion

to:

CIP S c ie n t i s t s

Screening for disease

pe s t and

f ro s t re s i s t ance

Nut r i t iona l Qual i ty

Low vi rus

seed product ion

Various

Tuber Samples

4,755

253

15

62

Seed Lots

199

0

0

3

3



14

Other

S c ie n t i s t s from:

Peru

USA

W Germany

The Nether lands

Total :

275

700

7

6,067

14

15

23

A new vers ion of desc r ip to r

def in i t ions

and opt ions fo r

a computerized system fo r the s torage and r e t r i e va l of

da ta

from

the germ plasm

bank

was

completed during the

year

in

coopera t ion wi th the Information Sciences/Genet

ic

Resources Program of the

Unrvers i ty

of Colorado. Data

on

provenance, nat ive

names and taxonomic i de n t i f i c a t i on

of

near ly

8,000

access ions

in

the

co l l ec t i on ,

as

wel l

as

about 10,000

i tems on diseases and

pes t reac t ions

are

being s tored in the

da ta

bank.

Ut i l i z a t i on

of

Diploid Populat ions

As a pa r t of research on the adapta t ion

and

u t i l i za t ion

of

pota to

popula t ions

in breeding, the

valuable a t t r i -

butes

which

may be presen t in Phureja-Stenotomum dip lo id

popula t ions are

being

s tud ied .

With

super ior

mate r ia l s

se lec ted

in

1974

and

1975, a new populat ion has

been

generated . Some of the

po te n t i a l l y

usefu l cha r ac t e r i s -

t i c s

which

have

been

observed are as fo l lows:

Charac te r i s t i c

Diploandroids

2n

pol len

Diplogynoids

2n eggs)

Late b l igh t

f i e l d

r es i s t ance

Bacter ia l wi l t

r es i s t ance ,

Race

Bac te r ia l

wi l t

r es i s t ance ,

Race

3

Root-knot nematode

r es i s t ance

Virus Y r es i s t ance

N° of

fami l ies

t e s ted

53

50

50

51

35

N° of

clones

422

422

2,500

320

320

1,

020

840

Per

cent

of clones

se lec ted

5

2.5

40

49

4

2.7

7



Data ind ica te

t ha t

res is tance to

PVY i s dis t r ibu ted in

a

popula t ion without

following

a family pa t t e r n . Res i s t -

ance i s under three

l eve l s

of genet ic contro l : immunity

i s dominant

over

hype rsens i t iv i ty which i s dominant

over

susc e p t i b i l i t y . Gene frequency

analyses

ind ica te

t ha t

the a l l e l e for immunity i s very low, c ~ g 36. However,

s ince

the

gene t ic cont ro l o f

PVY

r es i s t ance

i s

simply

inhe r i t ed ,

t i s poss ib le to

rap id ly

upgrade

the

leve l

o f r es i s t ance of a dip lo id populat ion Fig. 1) .

The popula t ion

approach

to breeding provides

n i ty

to increase dramat ica l ly the f requency

ance from 7.14 to a t heore t i ca l leve l of 96

r e s i s t an t plan t s in four generat ions .

an

opportu-

of r e s i s t -

per cent o f

90

80

70

n

ll

•of

Q

>

I

50

z

ll

\

:

40

Q

\

\

30

\

20

1

-

....

··-

----·-----·

·

,, •,

•,

• ,

..

·-·-·-·

-·-·

--.

·

-

*--

iNMUNE

- - - - - -HYPERSENSITIVE

· · -

· -SUSCEPTIBLE

..... ___

_

...

·

--

...

_. ._

· · · T . · - . · · ·

r

· · · .:::....:__ ::.::...:..::.

3 4

GENERATION OF SELECTION

Fig . 1 Expected Changes in

the Frequency

of Immune

Phenotypes to

Potato

Virus Y

Through

Matings

of Res is tan t Phenotypes

The program of breeding and adaptat ion of cu l t iva ted

d i-

plo id

spec ies , under a contrac t with the North

Carol ina

State

Univers i ty ,

was

continued dur ing

1976. Two

base

popula t ions

of S

phurej and

S

stenotomum were grown:

17,000 segregat ing seedl ings represen t ing

60

fami l ies

5



6

and 3,500

se lec ted clones

represen t ing

the

same fami

l i e s . Both

popula t ions

are more t o l e r a n t to longer

days and warmer temperatures than

the

na t ive germ plasm

and

wil l

tuber ize under a wide range of

daylengths .

Tu

ber

famil ies from these se l ec t ions

were

d i s t r i bu t e d

to

Canada

for

screening for wart

Synchytriwn

endohioticwn)

re s i s tance

to Egypt for

breeding,

and to

Peru

for

adap

t a t ion to the

lowland

t rop ics and

for d isease r es i s t ance

evaluat ions .

The

study

of

increas ing tuber

dry-mat te r conten t was

c o ~

t inued.

program of

r ecur ren t se l ec t ion for increased

dry-mat ter content i s in

i t s

second

cycle . From

t h i s an

e l i t e high dry-mat te r popula t ion i s being

es tabl i shed.

Ut i l i z a t i on

of Te t rap lo id

Popula t ions

From

an or ig ina l sample o f

16,000

clones from a N e o t u b ~

rosum

popula t ion evaluated

in 1975, 100 clones having

ea r l iness and good yie ld were se l ec ted fo l lowing

evalua

t i on a t four

loca t ions

in

1976.

These

clones

have

been

used to produce

approximately

400 hybrid famil ies . Fur

the r

cross ing i s underway.

Twenty-f ive

per cen t o f

9,000 seed l ings belonging to

70 famil ies derived

from CIP s germ

plasm co l lec t ion

were found to have varying l eve l s o f l a t e bl igh t r e s i s t

ance. In tercrosses are being made between these paren ts

and 800 PVY-resis tant

clones

belonging to

an

or ig ina l

seedling

popula t ion of 5,000.

For ty- s ix hybrid

famil ies from var ious

germ

plasm com

bina t ions

have

been

developed by

cross ing paren ts

se

l ec t ed for adapta t ion to lowland t r op i c a l

condi t ions .

(Tuberosum

x

Phureja)

x

Andigena

appears

to

be

the

bes t

germ plasm

combinat ion

for r es i s t ance to the hot humid

t rop ics .

Botanica l seed

from 30 famil ies and 34 tuber

famil ies have been sen t ou t fo r t r i a l s in the lowland

t rop ics

o f

Costa Rica, Phi l ippines Ecuador and Braz i l .

In

cont rac t

research a t Cornel l Univers i ty 906 se l ec

t ions of Neo-tuberosum mater ia l from the f i f t h cycle o f

r ecur ren t se l ec t ion for adapta t ion and pe s t r es i s t ance

were t e s t ed fo r pota to vi rus X

PVX)

r es i s t ance during



Maintenance

of Wild va r i e t i e s Huancayo, Peru

the win te r

1975-76.

After

fu r the r se l ec t ion

646

clones

were plan ted as

10 h i l l

p lo t s . During the 1976 growing

season in

New York Sta te

clones with

VY

and pota to

l e a f

r o l l

vi rus symptoms or poor

vine types

were e l imina ted

leaving

322

clones . Sixty-seven

per cent

were r e s i s t an t

to

PVX.

These clones have

been exposed

to VY and

now

wi l l

be t e s ted

for t h i s

virus during

the win te r 1976-77.

Open pol l ina ted seeds were harves ted from 300 o f

the

clones .

The same

clones

were

subjec ted

to

a

severe

f i e ld s c a l e

ep iphy to t i c of

l a t e bl igh t .

Most of the clones were much

slower in developing symptoms than

tuberosum va r i e t i e s

and 20 were c l a s s i f i e d as r e s i s t an t .

The

newer andigena

Neo-tuberosum) popula t ion was grown

as seedling h i l l s . There

were

over 13,000

of these

from

426 or ig ina l

access ions . Some

of these were from

bulk

in te rc rosses

with in

t h i s populat ion and

some

were

crosses to VY

r e s i s t a n t

5th

cycle clones . About 1,500

were

saved

to

produce seed

for

the

next

cycle .

7



8

During the 1975-76 winter 50 seedl ings from remnant

seed

of the i n i t i a l base popula t ion , and

four

of the subse

quent

f ive

cycles

of se l ec t ion were

grown

in

the

green

house. These were

in te rc rossed within cyc les and out

crossed to f ive tuberosum clones . This

produced

t rue

seed with essen t i a l ly equal freedom

from inbreeding

to

eva lua te progress

in

the

recurrent

se l ec t ion program and

to observe cor re l a t ed changes. Other

crosses

were

made

to

incorpora te the

r es i s t ance

to race

A

of the golden

nematode (Globodera Y octochiensis)

found i n o f the

2nd cycle access ions i n to se lec ted clones from the 5th

cyc le .

Bacter ia l Wilt

Resis tance

The S. phureja

sources

of r es i s t ance to Pseudomonas

so-

Zanacearum have been

incorpora ted

i n to a wider genetic

base . Screening for bac te r i a l wi l t i s

being

car r i ed out

in

seedl ings derived from crosses between S. phuY cja

and

se lec ted hybrids which have r es i s t ance to l a t e b l i gh t

VY

and roo t -knot nematodes.

Research has been i n i t i a t e d to

cross

the newly i de n t i

f ied

r es i s t ance in

the

wild spec ies 8.

chacoense and S.

s p r s i p i l u m ~

with cu l t iva ted dip lo ids and r e s i s t an t

clones of S.

phureja. Although

both wild

spec ies can

be

crossed with cu l t iva ted d ip lo ids

during

the f i r s t sea

son

only

S. chaaoense

produced f lowers in La

Molina.

Resis tance to spec i f i c i so la t e s of P solanacearum may

be

more

independent than prev ious ly hypothesized. Highly

contro l led

condi t ions

are ind ica ted to eva lua te the in

t e rac t ions

between hos t

genotype,

environment

and

races

of the pathogen.

Various na t iona l programs

are

st ll eva lua t ing mate r ia l

provided pr io r

to

1976. However, in Peru the bac te r i a l

wi l t r e s i s t an t var i e ty Caxamarca was re leased by the

National Program. A

second clone ,

BR63-65 i s

a lso

being

increased

pr io r to naming. A clone se lec ted in F i j i i s

l i ke ly to be re leased. Select ions from

CIP

mater ia l

are

a lso

undergoing t e s t s i n Braz i l Niger ia Indonesia ,

Mauri t ius and Nepal.



Breeding

for

Cold Tolerance

Laboratory

screening

for frost resistance using the cold

temperature bath continues to be a very useful technique

for

in i t ia l

selection for

frost

resistance.

Six

hundred

and

ninety clones involving the species S. ourtiZobum

S. a:ndigena (controls), ourtiZobum x andigena aoauie x

stenotomum megistaaroZobum

x

stenotomum

j nhuiri x

stenotomum and

other

hybrids were f ie ld tested

a t

3,700

rots. Heavy

frosts

(-7° C -5° C

-4°

C ki l led

a l l

plants in the farmer s f ie lds in the region. However 79

t ~ t

clones showed

varying

levels of resistance, some

with

only

approximately of 30 per cene foliage damage.

Some clones

with frost resis tant pedigrees

have

dry mat

t e r

levels

between

27-32

per

cent with

10-15

per cent

protein. In

other

t r i a l s

with

10,080

seedlings, involv

ing

134 families and 9

species,

1,800 survived -3°C in

cold

chamber

screening

tests

Scient is t

records resul ts

of frost resistance t r ia l

These plant le ts were subjected to a temperature

of

-3°C

in

a

growth

chamber

a t

CIP Lima.

9



Botanical

seed

for eva lua t ion

o f f ro s t

r es i s t ance

was

sen t

to the fo l lowing

coun t r i e s

in

1976:

Country

Famil ies

Seeds

Chile

8 1I600

Colombia

10

1, 400

Ecuador

8 1,

700

Mexico

60

3,000

Turkey

60

3,000

Tota l :

146 10,700

The Use

o f Mexican Wild Species in Breeding

High l eve l s o f

f i e ld

re s i s t ance to

hytophthora

infes-

tans were

i de n t i f i e d

in spec ies such as S. vernei_, S.

microdontwn

and S. gourlayi

in

con t rac t research a t the

Agricu l tu ra l Univers i ty Wageningen,

The

Nether lands .

New

bas i c ma te r i a l

was obtained in 1976 from

crosses of

S. acaule

with

the Mexican spec ies S. bulbocastanwn_, S.

pinnatisectwn

and S.

pinnatisectwn x

S. bulbocastanum)

which are highly r e s i s t a n t

to

l a t e b l igh t but not c ros s -

ab l e with

S. tuberosum.

Hexaploid

S.

acaule

x

S.

bulbo-

castanwn)

x

S. phureja and r e s i s t a n t

t e t r a po l id clones

S. verrucosum

x

S. demissum)

x

va r i e t i e s were a l so ob-

t a ined

dur ing the

year .

About 80 monohaploids n=12) from

S. tuberosum

and th ree

from S. verrucosum

have been

obtained

par thenogene t ica l -

ly by

the ~ g e n i n g e n

group.

From pre l iminary experiments

on anther

cu l t u r e

t

appears t ha t

monoploids

can

a lso

be

obtained

androgene t ica l ly from wild Mexican spec ies .

Completely homozygous

clones

are an t ic ipa ted

from a num

ber of monohaploids which have

been doubled

by

co lch i -

c ine t rea tment .





Leaves

o f pota to plan t s a f fec ted

by

Choancnfzora eucuri.Ji-

tarum

in

the

jungle

a t

Yurimaguas Peru

Phytophthora i n f e s t n s ~ the

l a t e

b l igh t

fungus was a

seasona l ly common pathogen a t a l l loca t ions except a t

the hot humid exper imenta l

s i t e

a t Yurimaguas

in

the

Amazon

lowlands. r e l a t i ve l y ser ious l e a f

b l igh t caused

by Choanepho Y a cucu Y bitaFum has been observed a t t ha t

loca t ion. Differences i n a t t ack between clones suggest

dif fe rences i n r es i s t ance and the poss i b i l i t y

of

se l e c t -

ing

r e s i s t a n t

c lones .

Pota to

smut

caused by Thecapho Y a Angiosorus) solani has

been observed on the La Vic to r ia farm in the Mantaro

val ley . This pathogen i s widespread in

the

highlands and

ce r t a i n

coas ta l

areas of Peru .

t

has

a l so

been repor ted

from Chi le

Colombia

Ecuador Mexico

Panama

and Vene-

zue la .

Res is tan t clones

are

known.

Research on

the b io -

logy and contro l o f pota to smut have been i n i t i a t e d .

Screening

for

r es i s t ance to

Synchytrium endobioticum

i s

cont inuing

and

crosses

among

r e s i s t an t

clones

have been

made.

Res is tan t clones

700499

and

700116 are being

f reed

of v i rus

by

t i s sue cu l tu re techniques

for


and fur ther

t e s t i ng .

The pathogen causing a fo l i a r b l i gh t and severe defo l i a -

t ion in the high s i e r r a s has been recen t ly descr ibed

as

homa andinum sp. nov.

Screenhouse

experiments i nd ica te

t ha t

fo l iage damage alone may not e n t i r e ly

account

for

the crop loss due

to

t h i s pathogen.





24

z

c

J

Cl

.

1 0

0.8

)

0.6

ill

z

z

0

0 0 4

::>

0

0

a

Cl

0 2

o o

•

Y=0.24x 0.15

r

2

=0.40

•

• • •

·

2

3

4

RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATION

5

Fig .

2

Yield

of Solanwr tuber>osum

spp.

ndigena

r e l a -

t ive

to l a t e

b l igh t

r e s i s t ance San Ramon 1976

and

the add i t ive nature of

r es i s t ance

genes were

eva-

lua ted

in

5 dip lo id

fami l i e s .

Observations ind ica ted

t ha t

popula t ion improvement

using

ind iv idua l family o r

combined

se l ec t ion methods can

be more

f r u i t f u l than

the

clone

x clone breeding

system. t

permi ts se l ec t ion from

a

popula t ion of ind iv idua ls with

a

wide

gene t ic

base

good

adapta t ion

yie ld po te n t i a l and high l evels of re -

s i s t ance in most o f i t s component individuals .



The In t e rna t iona l Late Blight

Test

Program

was

cont inued

a t

Toluca, Mexico, dur ing 1976. Eight i n s t i t u t e s p a r t i -

c ipa ted :

India , Japan, The Netherlands 2) ,

Sweden,

USA

2) and West

Germany. A t o t a l of 1,659

clones 3,205 tu -

bers

and

6,000 seedl ings were planted .

The design

of

exper iments

was

s tandardized

and

a

new

1-9

sca le ra t ing

l a t e b l igh t was in troduced.

Promising

r e s i s t ance was

ob

served in olanum

bulbocastanum obta ined

through con

t r ac tu a l arrangements with the Plan t

Breeding

Ins t i t u t e

o f the Agr icu l tu ra l Univers i ty ,

Wageningen, The

Nether

l ands .

The CIP

b l i g h t

r e s i s t an t germ plasm

co l l ec t ion a t

Toluca

has

been

reduced

to 150

clones . Documentation

of

ped i -

gree and

gene t ic

background

of

th i s mater i a l wil l be

completed

in

1977. The co l l ec t ion

was o r i g i n a l l y

assem

bled

by

the Rockefe l ler

Foundation Potato Program.

Three

f i e ld

experiments were

conducted

a t Toluca in re -

search

to

dis t inguish between f ie ld and

major

gene re -

s i s t ance .

The exper imental objec t ives

were to :

1)

com

pare the r a t e of

b l igh t

development of R-gene

d i f fe ren-

t i a l s

with tha t on f ie ld

r e s i s t an t

clones ; 2) observe

the r a t e of

b l igh t spread on

low

plan t

popula t ions of

se l ec t ed R-gene

d i f f e r en t i a l s ,

and

3)

to observe

the

r a t e of

development of

complex

races

of

n-

festans

Under

the exper imental condi t ions t was

con

cluded:

1)

Because

of the r e l a t iv e ly l a t e appearance of

races to the l ess common R-genes, R

5

, R3 and

R

10

, clones conta in ing one or more of

these

genes cannot

always

be di s t ingu i shed

from

f i e ld r e s i s t an t ones

Fig.

3 .

2) There

i s an

increase

in the ra te of a t tack by

P infesi;cms with increas ing numbers of R-gene

compatible hosts Fig. 4 .

3) That

the mean

number

of

s ing le

R-gene

d i f f e r -

en t i a l s out of

nine

at tacked by f i e ld i so l a t e s

increased from 2.3

to

5.8 dur ing

the

epidemic.

The f i r s t

i so l a t e compatible to a l l

the

d i f f e£

en t i a l s used,

viz .

Race

1.2 .3 .4 .5 .7 .8 .10 .11

was i d e n t i f i e d

mid-way

through

the

epidemic.

R6 and R

9

d i f f e r en t i a l s

were not

used) .

5



100

90

8

7

I.LI

6

u

I.LI

c

5

I.LI

C

c

;

IL

4

z

'

II

'

3

20

10

24

7

28

7

2

a

5

8

DATE

9

a

2

8

6

8

2

8

25

8

Fig .

3

Percentage

fo l iage

in ju ry caused by

Plzytor htho

r

in est ns on some

R-gene d i f f e r e n t i a l

hos ts

and on

suscep t ib le Bint je)

and

moderate ly

f i e l d r e s i s t a n t va r i e t i e s

Libertas

and Atzimba)

In con t rac t research on l a t e

b l igh t

re s i s t ance a t Sva

lov, Sweden, s tud ie s were cont inued

on

the inher i tance

o f re s i s t ance to

ent rance

and

r es i s t ance

to

invas ion .

This component approach to re s i s t ance

i s being

evalu-

a ted

in f ive

fami l ies o f

dihaplo ids and

f ive

popula t ions

of t e t r ap l o i ds in which

both types

of

r es i s t ance

are in -

her i t ed in

a

polygenic

fashion.

Regression

analyses in -

d ica te

t ha t r es i s t ance to ent rance and

re s i s t ance to

in -

vasion

are no t

i nher i t ed

complete ly

independent ly

o f

each

other

r

2

=

0.33) .



In s tud ies on the inf luence of some growth regula tors

on

f i e l d

r es i s t ance g ibbere l l i c ac id GA

3

) and indole -

a c e t i c

ac id IAA) have been shown

to have

a

s ign i f i c a n t

e f f e c t on growth of germ tube:r:s of P infestans

in

v i t ro

as wel l as to increase

re s i s t ance

to ent rance in vivo.

However excess GA

3

and IAA have a tox ic e f f e c t

on

germ

tube e longa t ion . Abscis ic ac id

ABA)

and

chlorcohl in -

ch lor ide CCC) both i nh i b i t germ tube

growth but in

sp i t e

o f

t ha t

ABA

increases re s i t ance

to

ent rance while

CCC has no s ign i f i c a n t e f f e c t . The r e su l t s support the

hypothesis

t ha t growth s t imula tors

such

as GA

3

are

in -

volved in the mechanism of re s i s t ance by promoting

long

e r

germ tube growth on r e s i s t a n t l e a f surfaces .

Fig .

4 - The r a t e of

in fec t ion caused

by

hytophthora

in-

festans

on small numbers

of R-gene

d i f fe ren t i a l

hos ts expressed in

l og i t

uni t s

7





the

va r i e ty Antarki .

Dry

matter content of tubers de

creased

wi th higher

ni t rogen

f e r t i l i z e r

app l ica t ion in

the highlands

bu t

not in the lowlands. Other re l a t ion

sh ips a re presen ted in the fol lowing t ab le .

Table

16

-

Average response of 10

pota to

clones to in

creas ing

r a t e s of

ni t rogen

f e r t i l i z a t i o n

in

two loca t ions , Huancayo

and

San Ramon.

Nitrogen

Yield

Dry

Matter Crude pro te in

appl ied

Hyo. San.

Hyo.

San. Hyo. San.

Kg

x

Ha

1

M.T.

x Ha

1

of

dry

mat te r

50

20.0

19.

1 24.9 18.4 6.

10.8

100

27.9

20.2

23.6

18.6 7.9

• 5

200 27.7

21. 3

23.6

19.6 9.3 10.8

In t e re s t i ng ly , i n

t r i a l s

with a long season

va r i e t y

(160-180 days)

a t

Huancayo,

t iming

as

wel l as

f rac t ion

a l , sequen t ia l app l ica t ion o f ni t rogen e .g . 1/4 a t

plan t ing , 1/4 a t

h i l l i ng ,

1/4 a t f lowering and 1/4

a

month a f t e r f lowering)

did not r e su l t

in

d i f fe rences

o f

e i t h e r yie ld o r

crude pro te in

in tubers . A

s l i g h t but

non-s ign i f i can t e f f e c t in tuber pro te in conten t

in

fa

vor

of

t rea tments t ha t rece ived

ni t rogen f e r t i l i z e r

a t

h i l l i n g (8.5 ) , versus the other f ive t rea tments (7.8 ,

crude

pro te in ,

dry weight) , was observed.



A t o t a l

of approximate ly 2,800 dupl i ca te po ta to samples

were assayed.

Duplicate

samples

d i f f e r i n g by

more

than

3.0 were reanalyzed. Two hundred and s i x t y - f i v e

(265)

glycoa lka lo id de te rmina t ions on b i t t e r pota toes were

a l so

made

us ing

bromphenol

blue

t i t r a t i o n

fol lowing

a

glycon

hydro lys i s .

In

s tudies

of n i t rogen n u t r i t i o n and envi ronmenta l in

t e rac t ion on the accumulat ion of

n i t rogen

in

tubers

a

s t rong

in te rac t ion

of

l oca t ions on

y i e l d

was

shown. A l

though dry mat te r con ten t was

nega t ive ly

cor re l a t ed to

ni t rogen f e r t i l i z a ton

in a

highland l oca t ion (Huanca

yo)

,

t h i s was

not

observed

a t

the lowland

s i t e

(San Ra

mon) . Crude pro te in

of tubers inc reased

l i n e a r l y in

response

to

inc reased

l eve l s

a t

both

l oca t ions .

Table 15

-

Environmental

e f f e c t

on y ie ld , dry mat te r

and

crude

pro te in

in

tubers

of the

var i e ty

Antark i .

Nitrogen

Yield

a)

Dry Matter

Crude

pro te in

app l ied

Hyo.

San.

Hyo. San.

Hyo.

San.

-1 -1

Kg

x Ha

M.T. x Ha

of dry

weight

0

21. 0

16.4 23.6

17.0 5 .6 8. 1

50

25.4

2 • 3

22.8

16.3

5 .8

8 .8

100

31.

7

20.9 22.3 17 .0 6.7 9.6

200 34.6 19.6

20.7

16.6

8 .0

. 5

LSD=0.05

3.6 4.3

1 . 1 N.S. 1 . 1 1.0

a)

Hyo. =

Huancayo (3,300 meters ; San San

Ramon

(800 m).

Ten (10) pota to c lones , which di f f e red

in

t h e i r

adap ta

b i l i t y

to

two environments,

were evaluated a t

two

l oca

t i ons for

t h e i r

response

to ni t rogen

f e r t i l i z a t i o n . In

genera l , the da ta confirmed the observat ions made on

65



64

Eva lua t ion of nu t r i t i ona l qua l i ty in t he l abora tory

a t

CIP I.ima

The subspec ies

andigena exhib i t ed the

gr ea t e s t range

in

pe r cen t

dry mat te r

17.6 - 34.8 .

Levels

o f crude

pro

t e i n

up

to 14.7 and 14.4

were

recorded for S

stenoto-

nu

and

S

phureja

3

r e spec t ive ly

while samples

o f

a l l

spec ies except S

curtilobum had l e v e l s

above 10 pro

t e i n . A few

samples o f

S

tbr

ssp .

andigena

3

and S

chaucha

had r e l a t i ve nu t r i t i ve va l ues

as

determined

by

microbio logica l assay exceeding egg \= 100) A wide

range i n a v a i l a b l e methionine

was

noted

fo r

a l l

spe

c i e s ; l e v e l s

in

excess o f 2. 25 g/16 g N are i n d i c a t i v e

t h a t methionine need not be a l imi t ing

amino

ac id . In

con t rac t r e sea rch

a t

the

U nive r s i t y

o f Minnesota t

has

been

es tab l i shed t h a t

chemical ana lyses

c f

methionine

based

on

un-ox id ized

po t a t o

samples

may

unders t ima te

methionine l eve l s Am. Pot . J rn l .

51:369-372.

1974).

Albumin

and

globul ins

c o n s t i t u t e

the

major

so l ub l e p ro

t e i n f r a c t i o n s

o f

pota toes .

Per cen t dry ma t te r a f t e r

f reeze

drying mic rokje ldahl

determina t ions of

crude and t r u e p ro t e in and microb io

l og i ca l assays o f

r e l a t i ve

n u t r i t i v e va lues and ava i l

ab l e

methionine

y

treptococcus

zymogenes were rou

t i n e l y c a r r i e d ou t during- the

year .



Pro te in

lo s se s were es t imated a t 79 for white

chuno,

2 3 for b lack chuno and 1496 for "papa seca .

As

pa r t

of

the

general work in pos t -ha rves t

t echnology

two s torages

have

been completed in

Huancayo. Par t of

these

s torages

wi l l be used

for

s to r ing

pota toes for

process ing

s tud ies . The s to rages ,

one

of

wooden

cons

t r uc t i on and the other o f adobe br i cks , have convectio : :_

a l

a i r c i rcu la t ion .

They

are

low

cos t , smal l - farm sca le

pro to types .

Evaluat ion

of

Nut r i t i ona l Qual i ty

Emphasis

was

given

during the

pas t

year

to cha rac te r

i z ing

the nu t r i t i ona l aspec ts of var ious cu l t iva t ed po

t a t o spec ies .

Samples of

the fol lowing spec ies

were se

l ec ted for

ana lyses

from the

CIP

germ plasm co l l ec t ion :

SoLanum tuberosum

ssp. cmdigenaJ

S S

-Peja_

S a;janhuiri J

3 ur t i

S j : A z e ; ; c z u k i i ~

and

S -::haucha as wel l as some advanced c lones

and v a r i e t i

es

of S

t:br

ssp .

andigena

Table 14 Qual i ty ana lyses of se lec ted

Solanwn spec ies .

Mean

l eve l s

Dry Crude Rel.

Methionine

Species Mat ter

Pro te in

Nutr ive

g/16

g N

Value

C

tbr

ssp.

andg

26.9 7.4

78

1.6

Advanced

clones

26.7

7 .

1

79

1 .

7

s. stenotcmwn 28.9

9.9 79 1.4

s. phureja 26.8

9.7 77

1.4

s.

ajanhU1:ri

26.2 8.9

82 1. 3

s. curtilobum

29.2 7 2

66

1.

2

s.

juzepczukii

25.4

11 3 53 1

s

chaucha

26.5 7.6

80

1.6

6



For cen tu r i e s

in

the high Andes types of b i t t e r

pota to

es

have

been spread on the

ground to

f reeze over sever

a l

nigh t s .

Upon

thawing 'dur ing the hea t of the day they

were t rampled to squeeze out water and t hen al lowed to

dry .

The r e s u l t i n g

f reeze-dr ied

produc t , b lack chufio,

i s used fo r long term s torage of pota toes .

A

whi te

form

of

chuno

i s produced

by

a

month-long

wash in

water .

During 1976

a

s c i en t i s t of the .Peruvian

Minis t ry

of

Food.produced

chuno

as

well

as

a new cooked, dehydrated

produc t , papa

seca ,

under l abora to ry cond i t ions

a t

CIP. Following process ing

t o t a l

glycoalkaloid

and

pro

t e i n con ten t were

assayed.

Table 12 Total g lycoalkaloids

in

produc ts

processed

from

the

b i t t e r

pota to ,

olanwn

juzepczukii

Clone

N°

Product

702443 702444 702445

Raw

po t a t o

30.43a)

34.28 30.01

Black chuno

17.97

16.48 14.86

White chuno

4 .

16

4.40

2.48

Papa

sec a

6.04

6.63

6.12

a

Mg.

of

glycoa lka lo ids /100 g of f r esh

po ta to .

Table 13 Per

cen t t o t a l pro te in

in products processed

from

the

i t ~ e r

pota to , olanum

juzepczukii

Clone N°

Product

702443 702444 702445

Raw pota to 13.9

9.8

13.7

Black chuno

11. 2 8. 1

9.5

White chuno

2.8

3. 1

2.4

Papa

seca

11.

9.5

11.

4



thrust

V

Development of Pos t -Harves t Technology and

Improvement

of

Nut r i t iona l Qual i ty

Pos t -harves t technology involves s torage of pota toes as

wel l as preserva t ion of

tubers

by processing.

During

1976, sca le -neu t ra l s t o r a g ~ ·

and

process ing techniques

were

fur ther

developed for use by

low-income

farmers in

developing countr ies .

Varie t ies

of tu erosum pota toes grown in developed couE:_

t r i e s

genera l ly

have re l a t ive ly low pro te in

al though

a

good pro te in-carbohydra te nu t r i t i ona l balance . However,

three-and four- fo ld higher . leve ls of wel l balanced pro

t e i n are

commonly encountered

in

CIP s germ plasm

mate

r i a l .

Iden t i f i ca t ion

of

high

yie id ing ,

high pro te in

c lones for use in breeding i s

a

cont inu ing aspec t o f

research

t o fu r the r

enhance the

exce l l en t nut r i t iona l

qua l i t i e s

o f

the pota to .

Pos t -Harves t Technology

A

pr o j ec t with the objec t ive of developing and evalu

a t ing vi l l age l eve l so la r dehydrat ion of

pota toes

was

i n i t i a t e d in 1976.

Two

black box

uni t s

(0.25m2 and

1.0m2) have been c o n s t r u c t ~ d Measurements of s o l a r e

nergy a t

Huancayo

(3,300 meters) showed

a maximum

of

over

700 cal/cm

2

/day. Li te ra tu re r epor t s

t ha t simple

energy- t rapping black boxes can conver t over

40

of the

impinging

so la r

energy

i n to heat ing a i r o r

other media.

This i s

equiva len t to 3,000

K cal/m

2

/day permi t t ing the

dehydrat ion of

5 ki los

of

pota toes

per square meter

per

day.

t i s

est imated

t ha t

a

th ree

square

meter so la r u

n i t would dehydrate

an

annual

Andean

fami ly s

co:t 3ump-

t i on of

600

Kg in about 45 days. Temperatures

over

90°C

have been

a t t a ined

in t r i a l s a t

Huancayo, adequate to

hea t

water

for enzyme i nac t iva t ion ; enzyme i nac t iva t ion

can a lso

be achieved

by d i r e c t cooking in

a black

box.

6





There was

considerable d i f fe rence

among

va r i e t i e s

in

root system

development

ranging

from

3 to 8 m in

depth of pene t ra t ion

The

exten t o f

root

growth was not

di rec t ly cor re l a t ed with yie ld

In

genera l

the severa l techniques

evaluated

suppor t the

conclusion t h a t

the re a re

s ign i f i can t

dif fe rences

in

drought

to le rance

among genotypes

which have ye t to

be

explo i ted

59



idea l

so lu t ions .

Regression

ana lys i s showed

no cor re la

t i o n

between

the

f ros t

hardiness

of l e a f

t i s s u e s and

t he mel t ing

poin t

depress ion of

c e l l

sap or t i s s u e

wa

t e r

content .

There was a high ly

s ign i f i can t co r re la t ion

between

the

f ros t

hard iness o f

l e a f t i s s u e s

and

the

percen tage

of

unfrozen water a t

the

f ros t k i l l i ng temperature : hardy

species

can

t o l e r a t e more f rozen water

than

tender

ge

notypes (Bot.

Gas.

137:313-317.

1976).

In other

resea rch

a t

the

Laboratory

of Plan t

Hardiness

a t

the Univers i ty o f Minnesota,

cold

accl imat ion of

S.

acaule S. corrrmersoni1: S. multidissectum

and

S. choma-

tophilum

was

achieved. Previously

t

had

been

consider

ed t h a t pota toes could

not

be

accl imated

to

f reez ing

temperatures .

However,

by

s tepwise

shor tening

o f

photo

per iods

and

lowered

day-night

tempera tu res , the hard i

ness of

mature

leaves of these species increased

as

fo l lows: S. multidissectum from -4 .7 to -8 .3 C; S. cho-

matophilum

from -5 .3 to -8 .3 C;

S.

acaule from -6 .0 to

-9 .3 C; and S. commersonii from -5 .3 to -11.7

c.

Cul

t i v a r s

o f

S.

tuberosum

Red Pont iac , Norchip , Ken

nebec

and

Norland apparent ly do not have the physio

l o g i c a l bases for developing

f r o s t

hardiness

(Bot.

Gaz.

137:105-109.

1976).

Drought

Stress

Prel iminary experiments

have

been

undertaken

to

eva l

uate t echn iques useful in

charac ter iz ing

var ious

as

pec t s of drought

s t r e s s .

Three methods have

been

t e s t

ed: the use

of a

di f fus ion

porometer;

i n f i l t r a t i o n

of

l iqu ids

o f d i f fe ren t

viscos i ty ;

and, pressure

chamber

measurements .

Visua l observat ions were a l so made o f the

ex ten t

of

the

rad ia l

spread

of

roots

by

means

of

t an

g e n t i a l t renching.

The

i n f i l t r a t i o n

technique

using a se r i e s

of

o i l s

of

varying v iscos i ty enabled

c l ea r d i f f e r en t i a t io n between

s t r e s s e d

and

uns t ressed

leaves .

However,

the

technique

did not permi t cons i s tent discr iminat ion

of

va r i e t a l

responses to s t r e s s .

The

pressure

chamber

method c lea r

ly

showed the e f f ec t of s t r e s s on plan t

water

po ten t i a l

among

va r i e t i e s .



At a l l t empera tures ,

from

2

to

12 hours ,

as

the

photoper iod was shor tened

a gr e a t e r propor t ion

o f

the

f r e sh

was

a.ccu,.'Tlulated in tubers . Fur ther

of

the

photoper iod to 8

hours

decreased

t h i s

r a t i o because

the l e a f

weight

inc reased f a s t e r than tu

ber ·weight under very shor t

days .

Cold

Tolerance

In con t rac t research a t the U nive r s i ty o f Minnesota

pulsed

nuc lear

magnet ic r?_sonance

spect roscopy

was

used in s tud ies of the f reez ing

process

in

po ta to

leaves .

The

average amount

~ l iqu id water in

f r o s t

t o l e r a n t spec ie s

o f

o

a t k i l l i n g

t empera tures

was:

S. convr:er<So >£

and S. rrm.zt idisseet7 1x1

32

a t

-5°

C;

S.

acaule

and

S

ehomatophilwn

22

a t

-5 .5°

c.

In con t r as t ,

S.

tuberosum

Red

Pont iac and Alaska

Fros t l e s s

had

42. 696 l i qu id water

a t

a

k i l l i n g tempera

t u re of -3° C.

A

l i n e a r

r e l a t i o n

between

l i qu i d

water '

and

the

r ec ip roca l

o f

temperature

fo r s i x

d i f f e r e n t

ge

notypes

{r=.95 to .99) was as expected

fo r

f r eez ing

o f

Cold

to lerant var ie t ies are

of

m jor importance

in

high

mountain regions such as the

Andes

7



6

There i s encouraging evidence of the her i t b i l i ty of

heat tolerance. One hundred {_100) off-spr ing from heat

to le r n t female

parents

on average were substant ia l ly

more

to ler nt

than a

similar

number of off-spr ing from

heat

sensi t ive female

parents. Studies

are

continuing

to

determine whether the

bi l i ty

of fol iage to grow un

der

high temperature

s t ress

i s

a

component

separate

from the bi l i ty of the

fol iage

to produce tuberiza

t ion

stimulus .

Single- leaf cutt ings with

subtended

buds

are

being

eva

luated

as tools to

screen

for

heat tolerance as

well

as

c r i t i c l photoperiod. irhe growth response of

the

bud

i s an indicat ion of the in tens i ty of

the

tuberizat ion

stimulus

in an

in t c t

plant .

Iri a hot greenhouse

expe

riment there was. a highly

s i g n i f ~ a n t corre la tion bet

ween bud

growth

on

cut t ings

and

tuber .yie ld .

Sixteen (16) clones have

been used

to examine

the

in -

te r c t ion

between photoperiod and temperature

response,

on cut t ings

under

controlled environmental

condit ions.

0 6

...:

ll:

..

0 4

C

~

...I

0

...

.......

...

ll:

a:

..

0.2

m

...

.

0

5

a:

·

•

. .·

...•

,

·

·· ..

? · \·············.··

,

· • ••• 111 ·20°c

.......,

. -·

,

8

12

• •

211 so

c

16

20

PHOTOPERIOD

HRS)

Fig.

8

Interact ion of

photoperiod and mean

tuber / fo

l iage weight r t ios





Source Sink Relat ionships: Flower

Remotion

Under the c l ima t ic condi t ions of the high

Andes

po ta to

es

tend to f ru i t

profuse ly . During the

pa s t

two

years

f lower

removal increased tuber yie ld by approximately

50

pe r cen t

in cont ras t t o

con t ro l s .

· o n t r ~ r y

to

expec-

t a t ions plan t s with f lowers

synthes ized more

t o t a l dry

mat te r than

those mech anically deflowered. Neverthe-

l e s s tuber

yie ld was s ign i f ican t ly

higher

in

the l a t -

t e r .

TOTAi..

PLANT•

0

WITH

FL.OWERS ./ @-......_

300 / 0

::i []

FLOWERS REMOVED 0

~ 0

' TUBERS• /

~ 8

WITH Fl.OWERS /

0

.

''' /

/

~ ' ~

fo/ / / .

i'

~ ·

~

95·

110

25

155

170

DAYS OFTER

PLANTING

Fig .

6 - Tota l

plan t

& tuber

dry

mat te r

accumulation

in

p lan t s with f lowers

&

with f lowers removed

Growth r a t e s

and re l a t ive growth r a t e da ta ind ica ted

t h a t the

deflowered plan t s could

have

cont inued growing

beyond

the

170 day

exper imental per iod . Plan ts on

which

flow<:ffs

were re ta ined had ceased growing a t about 160

,

the e f f i c iency

of a plan t to synthesize

was lowered

by deflowering.

The observa-

the view

th;:;.t photosynthesis i s a t lea.st

contro.llr::;;d by the s ink; photosynthate i s d i

verted

from

f ru i t s to tubers .



Rota t ion and res idue management dur ing th ree seasons

suppor ted the expected conclusion

t ha t

f e r t i l i z e r and

res idue incorpora t ion

enhance yie lds .

Of

i n t e r e s t i s

the observa t ion t ha t

a

legume in

ro t a t i on i s

not a l -

ways more bene f i c i a l

than a cerea l crop.

Table

-

The in f luence

o f ro t a t i on and

res idue man

agement systems on pota to

yie lds ,

San Ramon.

Yield

(T/ha)

systems Spr ing 75 Summer 76 Winter 76

Potato

Monoculture

Pota to Po ta to

Residue incorpora ted

• 3

Residue f e r t i l i z e r a

21.0

16.9

32.3

Pota to

16.8

39.9

13.2

34.

1

Without res idue

F e r t i l i z e r

alone

Potato-Bean

Rota t ion

Residue

inco:i;-porated

Residue f e r t i l i z e r

Without

res idue

F e r t i l i z e r

alone

Potato-Rice

Rotat ion

Residue

incorpora ted

Residue

f e r t i l i z e r

Without res idue

F e r t i l i z e r

alone

14.3

20.0

Bean

1.6

1.

3

1.5

1 • 3

Rice

2.9

3.3

1.

7

1.8

13.5

28.9

Pota to

20.8

27.3

16.4

32.0

Pota to

24.3

47.6

18.3

35.7

a)

F e r t i l i z e r :

analyses .

Recommended r a t e as

determined

by so i l

53



52

Multiple

Cropping,

Rotations

and

Residue Management Systems

Multiple

cropping s tudies were continued in San

Ramon

with potatoes being

planted

in

associa t ion

with

pea

nuts, soybeans,

beans

and r ice . Both large

beds

and

row

plant ings were used.

Potatoes

were planted in rows

where

the

associated crop had

been the

season

before.

Therefore,

the

beds had-one-row of potatoes with

two

rows of

the associated

crop. This

resul ted in a

very

low plant ing d en sity - o f

16,000 p6tatoes

plants /ha ;

re -

su l t ing

yie lds

are seemingly low .

... flhe

Land Equivalent ,

CLER),

i s

the sum.of the ra t ios

of

the ·yields

.of

potato

and

the

associated crop to

the i r

respective m o n o c u l t u ~ e

yie lds ,

or the

amount

of

area

needed to obta in

in a

ve

ry

low

plant ing

density of

16,000

potatoes

plants/ha;

resu l t ing yields are seemingly

low. The

Land

Equivalent

Requirement, LER),

i s

the sum

of

the

ra t ios of

the

yie lds

of potato and

the

associated

crop

to t he i r res-

pect ive

monoculture

yie lds ,

or

the

amount of area need

ed to obta in

the same

to ta l product ion of

the

two crops

i planted in m o n o c u l t u r ~

The gross

income for the

di f fe ren t

systems given are:

Table

10

-

Multiple

cropping

yie lds

and income,

San Ra-

mon,

1976.

Systems

Potato(P)

P/Rice

P/Peanut

P/Soybean

P/Bean

Yield

T/ha)

8.6

9.4/2 .2

8.8/2.8

7.5/1 .8

7.4/1.8

LER

1 .0

2. 1 1.

7

Gross

US/ha. 1, 049

1 , 665

2,390

1,

656

1f456

In fur ther

studies a t La Molina involving

loca l

market

vegetables , le t tuce followed by radish were used as as-

socia ted crops

during

the 90 day

growing

season

of po

ta toes . In

a l l

cases yie lds were

approximately doubled

when

each

crop was grown

separately.

.Associated/mono

culture1 T/ha: l e t tuce ,

12,4/23.0;

radish , 2.4/6 .1 ;

and

potatoes {mean

of

two

var ie t ies , 11.8/21.0.





Comparing yields

of

different

var ie t ies

in

the

highlands

of Nepal

Cold res is tant var ie t ies are important for

these

and other farmers in

highland

areas



In t e rac t ion of

Meloidogyne

and

Pseudomonas

Solanura chacoense

PI 197760

and S sp rsipilum

PI 230502

(CIP N° 760147) se l ec t ions from

the

Plan t In t roduc t ion

Sta t ion

a t

Sturgeon Bay,

Wisconsin

were

reeva lua ted .

The

most r e s i s t an t genotypes from

these

two

access ions were

chosen for fu ture use in

the

breeding

program.

S sp r-

sipilum

760147.7

has proven to be

immune to

roo t -knot

nematodes in

severa l

t e s t s ; t h i s clone

was

a lso highly

r e s i s t an t

to

Pseudomonas solanacearum

Clones

r e s i s t an t

to

Meloidogyne

were

r e s i s t an t

to

P

solanacearu m;

the

converse

did

not hold.

Under f i e l d

condi t ions r es i s t ance to P solanacearum in

the w i l t - r e s i s t a n t clones BR 73.40

and BR

63.76 was bro

ken·under heavy i n f e s t a t i on with

roo t -knot

nematodes. p

to 50 of

the

roo ts o f con tro l plan t s were i n fes t ed with

roo t -knot nematodes.

In

both

screenhouse and f i e ld

expe-

r iments a synerg i s t i c i n t e r a c t i on

between

the w i l t bac-

te r ium and

roo t -knot

nematodes w ~ demonstrated. Simi-

l a r l y

a

synerg i s t i c

in te rac t ion

between

Globodera

p -

llid

and P

solanacearum has

been

shown under screen

house

condi t ions .

False

root -knot

nematodes, Nacobbus spp.

Studies are cont inu ing to e s t a b l i s h the d i s t r i bu t ion

and

importance

o f Nacobbus spp.

Of

severa l

hundred

clones from Bol iv ia examined in CIP quaran t ine roo ts

of

17

were

found

to

be

in fec ted

with

f a l s e

roo t -knot

nematodes. Nacobbus has

a l so

been

i de n t i f i e d in

the

f i e l d

in Ecuador and in preserved mater ia l from ~ e x i c o

In

the l a t t e r

country na tura l

occurr ing

i n fec t ions were

found in

the roo ts of tomato and c h i l l i pepper .

In s tu

dies conducted in Mexico, the va r i e t y Alpha was found

to

be severe ly in fec ted

with Nacobbus fo l lowing a r t i f i

c i a l

inocula t ion .

t

i s probable t ha t Nacobbus

in ju ry

has

been

ass igned er roneous ly

to

Meloidogyne

in ju ry in

some

loca t ions .

49



48

and

CIP.

150 clones of d ip lo id and t e t r a p lo id mater ia l from

A 0-4 roo t -knot

index was used

to

eva lua te nema-

tode i n fec t ion

in

both f i e ld and screenhouse

s t ud i e s .

Only

a

few

clones

from

the

CIP

germ

plasm

co l l ec t i on

and breeding

mater ia l exhib i ted an

average

roo t ga l l i ng

o f index 1 t race of roo t ga l l ing o r nematode

reproduc

t ion)

with no apparent tuber i n fec t ion . These clones

aiie

presen t ly

being r e t e s t ed i n the f i e ld .

The

r eac t ion

o f the North

Carol ina

cu l t i va t ed

d ip lo id

mate r ia l

to

roo t -knot

nematodes

i s presen ted

in

Table

8.

The

frequency

of re s i s t ance was widely spread among f a

mi l i e s .

Table 8 - React ion of some d ip lo id o lanion genotypes to

eloidogyne

incognita acrita

Fami l i es

Genotypes

N° Tested

5

1

020

° Res is tan t

21

28

Res i s tan t

41

2.7

In another t r i a l the reac t ion of 62 tuber -bear ing

Sola-

num

spec ie s

to

roo t -knot was inves t iga ted . The r e su l t s

i nd i ca t e t ha t

r es i s t ance

i s r e l a t i ve l y wide spread a

mong

spec ies .

Table

9 - React ion

of some tuber -bear ing

Solanwn spe

c i e s

to eloidogyne incognita acrita

Species

Access ions

Genotypes

N°

Tested

62

220

2 486

°

Res is tan t

25

38

83

Res i s tan t

40.3

17. 3

3.3



During

recen t

progeny screening,

1,728

of 5,838

plan t s

(29.6 )

belonging to 73 famil ies showed a l eve l

of

re

s i s t ance below 5 cys ts by the roo t -ba l l method. These

se l ec t ions a re being re te s ted , increased , and

used

as

the

new paren ta l

popula t ion

in

fu ture

crosses .

The

va

r i a t i on

in numbers

of r e s i s t an t clones der ived from the

same female paren t , but with di f fe ren t male

parents ,

was

very

la rge

in t h i s s e t

of progeny t e s t s .

Ten thousand (10,000)

seed l ings

hybr id between

r e s i s t

an t se l ec t ion from CIP 's germ

plasm

co l l ec t ion

and

in

t roduced r e s i s t an t l ines were

evaluated

a t La Molina in

1976. Although a re l a t ive ly high number of r e s i s t an t

progeny were i de n t i f i e d ,

seed l ing

t e s t s tended to be

unre l i ab le ,

par t i cu la r ly when

subjec ted

to

more

than

one

cys t

populat ion. Five thousand (5,000) seedl ings

from

t h i s

group

are being

checked

under the cool tempe

ra tu re

condi t ions

preva i l ing in

Huancayo (3,300 meters .

In

r e t e s t s o f mate r ia l to four

popula t ions

o f cys t

ne

matodes, r es i s t ance

was confirmed

in s ix

clones aga ins t

the

Huancayo populat ion, four

agains t

the

Otuzco

popu

l a t ion , eleven to the Cuzco populat ion, while only one

clone was r e s i s t an t to a

popula t ion

of nematodes

from

Puno.

The poss i b i l i t y of f ind ing

useful

t o l e r a n t va r i e t i e s

appears promising fo l lowing e ~ l u t i o n

of

45

va r i e t i e s

plan ted in a

heavi ly

i n fes t ed f i e ld during the pas t

growing season. Even though the

f i e ld

popula t ion was

between 700-900

larvae/gm a t plan t ing ,

two groups

were

iden t i f i ed ; Tolerant :

yie ld

reduc t ion l e s s than

35

of

Temik

t rea ted

contro ls ;

In to le ran t : over

65 yie ld

los s . On average, t o l e ran t se l ec t ions yielded 29 low

e r

than

nemat ic ide- t rea ted

cont rols

while

i n to l e ra n t

clones yie lded

77

l e s s than cont ro l s .

Root-Knot Nematode

Studies

Resis tance

to

the roo t -knot nematode,

eloidogyne 1 n -

cognita acrita

was assayed

in

four

sources of

mate r ia l :

1746 clones from the CIP germ plasm co l l ec t ion ; 64

clones from CIP breeding

mate r ia l ; 1020

dip lo id

clones

from

the

North

Carol ina

Univers i ty research

cont rac t ;

47





thrust V

Control of

Important

Nematode Pes ts o f Potatoes

Research

in t h i s Thrust i s

or ien ted toward developing

clones

t o l e r a n t

and/or

r e s i s t an t

to the

pota to cys t ne

matodes,

Globode1?a

HeteI?odei?a) and G rosto-

chiensis,

and the

roo t -knot nematode,

Mel01:dogyne

spp). An

act ive

screening program

to

eva lua te

r e s i s t

ance

in

CIP s germ

plasm

co l l ec t ion was

continued

throughout 1976

for

both species .

During the

year par

t i cu l a r i n t e re s t was focused on the

in te rac t ion

of

the

root -knot

nematode and

the-

bac te r i a l

wi l t

organism,

so

The biology of the

fa l se

root-nematode, spp,

and

the

pathogenic var -

i an t s

of G pal .in the

Andean

region

received

s ign i f idan t

Pota to Cyst Nematodes

The most common cys t

nematode

in the

Andean region i s

Globodera

pallida, which appears to

h ~ e

more

pathogen

i c va r ia t ion than G rostochiensis.

During the

year 56

popula t ions of Globodera

were examined on European

d i f

fe ren t i a l hosts . New

c l a s s i f i c a t i on

schemes

have

been

proposed for each of

the cys t

nematode spec ies . t i s

noteworthy t ha t the di s t r ibu t ion of G I OStochiensis i s

confined pr imar i ly south

of La t i tude

15° S.

Screening

for

cys t nematode r es i s t ance has been car r i ed

out in over

3,000 clones

o f the

CIP

germ plasm co l lec

t ion

using three

popula t ions

of G pallida

and

~ n e

of

G rostochiensis. No clone showed a l eve l of r es i s t ance

below

f ive

cysts

on

the outs ide

root

ba l l or l e s s than

40

new cys ts (European

s tandards . However,

2

clones

have

been

se lec ted

t ha t do s ign i f i c a n t ly reduce cys t

nematode

reproduct ion .

These clones appear to have s in

gle

race

r es i s t ance ; only

one

clone G 701478) appeared

to

a c t aga ins t G

pallida

popula t ions from two loca

t ions , Cuzco and

Otuzco.

45





than were plan t s with

the

more convent ional ) simple

ha i r s terminat ing

in a sharp poin t and

the

presence

of

t h i s s t icky t i p

seems to

provide

mul t ip le r es i s t ance

aga ins t severa l small insec t and mite

pes t s .

Studies of

the inher i tance of t h i s modif icat ion of the simple

ha i r s have been

i n i t i a t e d

with the aim

of

incorpora t ing

t

in to

some fu ture cu l t iva r s .

Photo

Top)

Flea

bee t le

feeding

damage

to

Solanum

ndigen

cu l t iva r ,

Mariva l e f t ) , and

S po-

lyadenium r igh t ) . Mariva shows much higher

suscep t ib i l i ty ;

Bottom)

Wiped l e a f l e t s o f

S poly denium

are much

more suscep t ib le to

f l ea bee t l es than unwiped ones.



4

Host Resistance to

Insects

Glandular ha i r s with

a four- lobed head occur on the

leaves and

stems of Solanum polyadenium_, S. tarijense

and

S.

berthauUii

They

are

known to

t rap

aphids

by

the s t i cky

exudate

they re lease . In

experiments

a t CIP,

p la n t s of th ree species

were

genera l ly

between 10

and

100

t imes l e s s damaged

by

the

f l ea bee t l e

(E pitrix sp .

occurr ing a t Lima

than

c u l t i va r s . Wiping of f the glan-

dula r ha i r s with t i s sue paper made leaves of S. po ya -

deniwn much more suscep t ib le .

wo

kinds

of

t r ichomes with s t i cky t i p s on

Solanwn

berthaultii

n some

S.

tarijense and

S.

berthauUii plan ts , the

simple ha i r s

a lso

had s t icky t i p s . The s t i cky t i p s

of

these ha i r s have previously been

shown to t r a p both the

t e t ranychid

mite Tetranychus urticae

and

aga ins t the

t h r i p s Thrips

tabaci

In experiments

a t CIP,

plan t s

with

these

ha i r s were much more r e s i s t an t

aga ins t

the

tarsonemid mi te

PoZyphagotarsonerrrus = Hemitanonemus

latus

and

to

the l e a f

miner

f ly

Liriomyza

huidobrensis



group

of v i ruses .

t

i s normally symptomless in

po ta -

t oes but

sometimes

causes systemic vein necros is

and

ch loro t i c spo t t ing or blo tch ing symptoms. Phaseolus

vulgaris

cv. Prince and C quinoa are use fu l d iagnot ic

hos t s .

PVT i s

r ead i ly

seed t ransmit ted

in

var ious s o l a -

naceous hos t s . Potato yellow vein

vi rus

from Ecuador i s

a l so under study in Scot land.

New

Insec t Vectors

Prel iminary t e s t s i nd ica te t ha t the

l e a f miner

f ly Ly-

riomyza huidobrensis

Blanchard

can

t ransmit PVT.

The

f l ea

bee t le

spec ies

shown to t ransmit PLV has been

i -

dent i f i ed

as

pitrix

harilana rubia

Bech

Bech.

Potato

f l ea bee t le

pitrix

Harilana

rubia



APLV was t ransmit ted a t

low

ef f i c i ency

by

f l ea

e c ~ t l e s and r ead i ly

by

brushing

APLV-infected aga ins t

hea l thy

plan ts .

A low

l evel

of

t ransmiss ion

of APLV oc

cur red

through botan ica l seed

of

pota to .

Table

5 - Low l evel

pota to

t rue seed

t ransmiss ion

of

Andean pota to l a t e n t vi rus .

Experiment

Seed from

N°

of seedl ings

Total N°

in fec ted of seedlings

Infec ted clone

4 450

Healthy

clone

0 340

2

Infected

clone

1

250

Healthy

clone 0

550

Seedlings backtes ted by combining

in

groups of ten

and inocula t ing to

Zovii plan ts .

A s t r a i n of

TRSV

has been i so l a t ed from Peruvian pota to

cu l t iva r s

showing

yellow symptoms t ha t resembled pota to

ca l i co

disease .

Although

t

produces

typ ica l symptoms

of TRSV

in most indica tor

hos ts

unusual

symptoms for

t h i s

vi rus

are

produced

in ,

henopodiwn

amctY an lor C. and Pe m:o laeeae. In im-

munodif

fus ion

t e s t s the virus and i t s homologous an t i -

serum formed spurs aga ins t TRSV s t ra ins

NC-38,

NC-39,

NC-72

and

NC-87 from tobacco, and aga ins t the

mot t le and Texas s t ra ins ; spurs

were

a lso produced a-

ga ins t

these

s ix

s t ra ins

in

rec iproca l t e s t s . The name

Andean

pota to ca l i co

s t r a i n of TRSV i s

proposed.

Work on the charac te r i za t ion of APMV

APLV

and TRSV was

done in

coopera t ion

with the In s t i t u t e

of

Virus

Serolo

gy,

Braunschweig,

Germany

and the Universidad Nacional

Agrar ia .

In research

a t

the Scot t i sh

Hort icul tura l

Research

Ins-

t i t u t e

a

CIP

s t a f f

member completed the

charac te r i za -

t i on

of

pota to vi rus T PVT) . This seems to be re la ted

to a vi rus from apples

and

belongs

to the

Clos t rav i rus



the Cowpea mosaic

group o f

viruses . The

most common

pr.: :_

mary an¢i secondary symptoms t induces in both wild and

cu l t i va t ed

pota toes

are mild and severe mott le

respec-

t i ve ly . Severe secondary symptoms may inc lude

l e a f

de-

formation, systemic

necros i s

and/or s t rong s tun t ing .

APMV

was

t ransmit ted by

contac t

between

hea l thy

and in -

fec ted

plan t s

but no t by the po ta to f l ea bee t l e

pitrix

sp.

Three i s o l a t e s o f

APLV

have

been charac te r ized .

Accord-

ing

to

t he i r

source of or ig in in

Peru

they have been

des igna ted Caj

=

CaJamarca) Hu

= Huancayo)

and Ay

=

Ayacucho)

respect ive ly .

Each

i n fec ted

27 spec ies

o f

plan t s in

four

di f fe ren t famil ies , including wild and

cu l t iva ted S o l ~ n u m Nicotiana bigelovii

and N

clevlan-

dii

proved

the

most usefu l d iagnos t ic i nd ica tor hos t s .

All

th ree were capable of inducing symptoms in c u l t i -

vated

pota toes so

the virus

i s

not

neces sa r i ly

l a t en t

desp i te ts name Table

4 .

Also, a l l th ree d i f f e r ed

se ro log ica l ly from Col

=

Colombia)

the

or ig ina l

i s o -

l a t e , by spur

formation

in

gel

dif f ·us ion t e s t s . Ay and

Hu

are

s imi l a r se ro log ica l ly

bu t

formed spurs

in r e c i -

proca l reac t ions with Caj . The

data

from l i g h t absorp-

t ion , par t i c l e morphology and pro te in molecular weight

for Caj , Hu and Ay are s imi l a r to those

repor ted

fo r

o ther

Tymoviruses.

Table

4 - Reactions of

four

di f fe ren t pota to c u l t i va r s

to inocula t ion

with Andean

pota to l a t en t

v i -

rus .

APLV

a)

Cul

t var

Caj

I s o l a t e

Hu

Arran P i l o t

CVN

SS

Mi

Peru

SS SS

Renacimiento

SS

M

Revolucion SS

SS

a) CVN

SS

ch loro t i c ne t t ing of minor

veins ,

M

symptomless

systemic

i n fec t ion .

Ay

SS

M

SS

SS

mosaic,

39



38

Antiserum Product ion

As

pa r t of

a

cooperat ive

pro jec t

with the

Universidad

Nacional

Agrar ia

adjacent

to

CIP

an t i se ra

to

pota to

vi rus X PVX) ,

potato

virus Y PVY) ,

tobacco r ingspot

vi rus TRSV)

pota to

virus S PVS) ,

Andean pota to l a t e n t

vi rus APLV) and Andean pota to mott le v i rus APMV) are

now ava i lab le

for dis t r ibu t ion to na t iona l

pota to pro

grams: PVX, PVY

and

PVS s u f f i c i e n t

for 150 000 1 000 000

and

300 000 microprec ip i ta t ion t e s t s re spec t ive ly , and

TRSV,

APLV

and APMV s u f f i c i e n t for 20 000 30 000

and

100 000 gel d i f fus ion

t e s t s respect iYely. Suf f i c i en t

a n t i s e ra

for a t l eas t

1 000

t e s t s with each are normal-

ly

sen t

out

accompanied

by

de ta i l ed ins t ruc t ion

sheets

descr ib ing the

microprec ip i ta t ion and

gel methods.

So

f a r a n t i s e ra have been sen t to

the

na t iona l programs

of

Braz i l ,

Chile , Colombia Ecuador Ind ia , Kenya

Korea

Mexico

Nepal Paraguay

Peru Thai land Tunis ia ,

Tur-

key Venezuela

and

Zambia.

These se ra have a lso been used on a la rge sca le for

CIP s pa thogen- tes ted seed program for

meris tem cu l

t u re

work for v i rus e l imina t ion and

for general virus

i de n t i f i c a t i on

s tudies . The

microprec ip i ta t ion

method

has

been

s tandard ized permi t t ing re l i ab le rou t ine de-

t e c t i on o f .PVS. Work i s in progress to adapt the highly

s e ns i t i ve l a t ex method

for rou t ine

virus de tec t ion for

seed

programs

of

developing

countr ies .

Dis t r ibu t ion of

Seed

of

Ind ica tors

So

fa r

seed

has

been sen t to the na t iona l

pota to

pro

grams

of

more

than

twenty

d i f f e re n t

developing

coun-

t r i e s .

Normally 200

seeds of each of

s ix d i f f e r e n t

key

i nd ica tor

p lan t s are

sen t .

New or L i t t l e

Known

Viruses

The name

Andean

potato mott le virus

APMV) has been

proposed

for

a

new

virus

which has been found in pota

toes

in

Peru and

in

Andean germ

plasm.

t belongs to



Seedlings to

be

inoculated with virus Y to screen

for resis tance

hour

photoperiod.

l ings

1

days

af ter

to develop

symptoms

inoculat ion

and

top

Symptoms

began

to

appear

in seed-

inocula

t ion

Seedlings

tha t

fa i led

were re challenged using mechanical

graf ts with

VY infected

scions.

37



36

PLRV.-

The

in te rna t iona l

program of t r i a l s

es tab l i shed .

l a s t

year for

t e s t ing

segregat ing popula t ions

from

crosses

between

P RV r e s i s t an t parents

was

expanded and

now

involves

Argentina, Brazi l , Chile , Egypt,

Turkey,

Pakis tan

and

Korea.

Early

re su l t s

were

encouraging

and

secondary l ea f ro l l symptoms showed d i r e c t l y

in

seed

l ings in the year of exposure obvia t ing the

need

to

harves t tubers for plant ing for secondary symptom

eva

lua t ion . Some

rriinor changes to the or ig ina l

experiment

seemed des i rab le so

a

modified f i e ld book has been pre

pared. Actual breeding l ines

r e s i s t an t

to P RV have

been sen t

to th ree addi t iona l

o u n t r i e ~

Argentina,

Costa

Rica, Colorribia) for evalµat ion.

A

labor-sav ing rou t ine

has

been

es tabl i shed

for la rge

sca le screening of young seedl ing famil ies fo r P RV re

s i s tance . Up to 8,000

seedl ings can

be screened a t any

one

t ime in a la rge screenhouse

compartment. The

seed

l ings

are t ransp lan ted to

J i f fy

s t r i p s , the d i f f e r e n t

famil ies

arranged

in rows in

rep l ica ted

blocks and cut

pota to

leaves

heavi ly colonized with

aphids

placed

a t

random on top of them.

After

2-3 weeks exposure, the

aphids are

k i l l e d

with insec t ic ide , the seedl ings

t ransplanted

to the f i e ld , readings

for

P RV symptoms

made and re l a t ive l evels of i n fec t ion r es i s t ance

in

the d i f f e r e n t

famil ies recorded. P RV r es i s t ance in

clones i s

being

evaluated

by

the same

method

subs t i

tu t ing

cu t t ings

rooted

in

J i f fy blocks for the seed

l i ngs .

Work was

s t a r t e d

with ce r ta in wild

examine them for poss ible immunity

tempts to i n fec t

S

revidens and

.graf t ing with P RV

in fec ted

pota to

dica t ing immunity

to the

virus .

Solanum species

to

to

PLRV

All a t

S etu erosum

by

scions

fa i l ed

in -

PVY.- Prec ise

condi t ions

for e f f i c i en t screening for

PVY

re s i s tance in

seedl ings

were es tabl i shed

using

a

growth

charriber.

Mechanical

inocula t ion with

an

i so l a t e

o f the

common

s t r a in ,

high

humidity and

a

per iod of

darkness a f te r inocula t ion gave bes t

r e su l t s

in a

charriber

a t 22°,

200-f t

candles

i l lumina t ion

and a 16



t rust

Control

of

Important

Potato Viruses

and

t h e i r

Vectors

The

main

pr io r i t y

in vi rus research

a t CIP

cont inues

to be

se lec t ion and breeding

fo r

re s i s tance pa r t i cu-

l a r l y to pota to vi rus Y PVY)

and

po ta to l ea f r o l l

v i -

rus

PLRV). Up

to

the presen t

littl emphasis

has

been

placed

on breeding

for

vi rus

res i s t ance

in developed

count r ies . Sophis t ica ted programs to i de n t i fy and era -

d ica te

vi rus infec ted

p la n t s coupled

with

the

use

of

chemical

sprays

to con t ro l

insec t

vectors have genera l -

ly

obviated

extens ive

breeding

and

screening

a c t i v i t i e s .

The d i f f i c u l t i e s

assoc ia ted

with

developing

and

main

t a in ing v i rus contro l programs a t the l eve l o f small

farmers

in developing

countr ies

and

the f requent l ack

of areas with low aphid populat ions

su i tab le for

seed

product ion has encouraged an extens ive program

a t

CIP

to develop vi rus r e s i s t a n t pota toes .

Other a c t i v i t i e s include product ion of a n t i s e ra for

di s t r ibu t ion ; a se rv ice

for

di s t r ibu t ion of seed of

i nd ica tor p l an t s ;

de tec t ion

and

charac te r i za t ion

of

unknown o r

littl known

pota to vi ruses ; and

i de n t i f i c a -

t i on

of

new vectors .

Resi s t ance

Studies

Breeding.-

A

complete co l l ec t ion

o f breeding l ines

showing

r es i s t ance to PLRV, VY

and

VX

has

been assem

bled

from breeding programs in d i f f e r e n t countr ies . .

These

cons t i tu te the

f i r s t

generat ion

of

r e s i s t a n t

pa-

r en t s a t CIP.

Over 800

crosses have been

made and three

pota to popu

l a t ions

in

which

genes

for vi rus r es i s t ance and adapta

t i on can be

accumulated

es tabl i shed to provide a cont i -

nuous

flow

of super ior parents .

Desirable genes are

being

concentra ted

in

back

up

populat ions 2x

and

4x)

before incorporat ion i n to the

prime popula t ion .



4 50

f

0

400

0

350

llC

0

300

..J

..J

l I

250

u

L

0

200

a:

l I

D

150

I

>

z

100

50

0 5

10 1 5

20

2 5

D YS

Fig . 5

Mult ip l ica t ion

of acn1c:<)i iO>

c;;

e - < u : a . ) W ~ Y 7 W

213) in

r e s i s t a n t 1386.15) and suscep t ib le

Russet Burbank)

potato

tubers

Within

two

weeks a f t e r

inocula t ion

the re

was

a

s ix fo ld

d i f fe rence

in

popula t ions dec l in ing

in

the r e s i s t a n t

hos t

below the de tec t ion leve l 25 days a f t e r inocula

t ion .

In s tud ies of ba c t e r i a l

w i l t

conducted

under

con t rac t

a t

Cornel l Univers i ty 446 clones

r e s i s t a n t

to

UU

c;

were t e s t ed in growth

chambers for

r e

s i s t ance to

P

HO

an 1be

highly

v i ru l e n t

race

i so l a t e

LB-6 from the Phi l ipp ines was used for sc reen

ing.

Ten

per cent

44 clones)

were found to

have

use

fu l l eve l s of re s i s t ance . Thir ty-n ine of the 446 clones

had prev ious ly shown re s i s t ance to i so la t e K-60 of P

no only s ix of these clones were

r e s i s t a n t

to LB-6.

Bacte r i a l wi l t r e s i s t a n t clones previously

screened

for

r es i s t ance to P t ns

were

again

screened under

p l a s t i c greenhouse

condi t ions in

1976. Twenty-six per

cent 125/454 clones)

were

r e s i s t a n t .



Previous sources o f

w i l t

re s i s t ance

Solanwn

phureja

used for breeding

have developed

w i l t symptoms

under

high tempera tures 30 C). Recent ly , in new

l i ve s of

S.

p h v r e j a ~

t wo- t h i rds

o f 144

seedl ings

were found to be

r e s i s t a n t

under

high

ambient

tempera tures

when

inocu

l a t ed

wi th mix tu res o f

highly pathogenic

s t r a i n s

of P

solanacearvm.

Nature o f Disease

Resis tance

Dr. L. Sequei ra has

repor ted some

very i n t e r e s t i n g

de

velopments in

cont inuing s tud ie s on the poss ib l e ro l e

o f po t a t o l e c t i n s

hemoglut in ins)

in w i l t

re s i s t ance .

A

p a r t i c u l a r l e c t i n

PLI)

agg l u t i na t ed

c e l l s

o f

33 a v i

r u l en t i s o l a t e s o f

the

bacter ium; a l l 55 v i r u l en t i s o

l a t e s e i t he r

f a i l e d

to

agg lu t ina t e

o r

agg lu t ina t e on ly

weakly and a t

much higher

l e c t i n

concen t ra t i on .

When a v i ru l e n t c e l l s are in t roduced i n to a hos t they

a t t ached

to , and

become enveloped

by,

t he hos t meso

phyl l c e l l wal l s .

In

c o n t r a s t , v i r u l en t c e l l s which

have ex t r ace l l u l a r polysacchar ide remain f ree in in

t e r c e l l u l a r spaces and

mul t ip ly

r ap id ly . Apparent ly

the

ex t r ace l l u l a r

polysacchar ide

i n t e r f e r e s

with

l e c t i n

binding by hos t

c e l l s .

There i s more t han one type of hos t l e c t i n .

For exam

p le , the breeding l i n e P13 which

has

re s i s t ance de

r i ved

from S.

conta ins l e c t i n

PL capab le o f

agg lu t ina t ing seve ra l i s o l a t e s

o f

P solanaceccrwn

v i

ru l e n t

on other c lones . Tests are underway to

determine

the na ture

o f

the except ions to the

genera l ru l e

t h a t

l e c t i n e x t r a c t s

from a pa r t i c u l a r pota to

clone always

agg lu t ina t e

bac t e r i a l

c e l l s non

pathogenic

to

it

In

some pre l iminary

exper iments it has been

found

t ha t

there i s a d i f f e r e n t i a l su rv iva l o f bac t e r i a in jec ted

by

microneedles

in to r e s i s t a n t and suscep t ib l e

va r i e

t i e s . Popula t ions of S-213

drop r ap id ly , t hen

mul t ip ly

to a much higher l eve l in t ube r s o f a suscep t ib l e va

r i e t y than

in those

o f a r e s i s t a n t l i ne mainta ined a t

28°C.

33



Clones o f Solanum j a m e s ~ ~ S. stolonifeY Wll, S. bulbo-

castanum, S.

sparsipilum

S. chacoense

and

S.

stenoto-

mum were the most r e s i s t an t . In a

fur ther

study,

S.

jamesii and S.

guerreroense

contained the

most r e s i s t -

ant

fami l ies of

15

species assayed.

Contrac t Research

During

the pas t

year

subs tan t i a l progress was made on

two

impor tant

objec t ives of

the

Wisconsin grant :

1

the development

of

clones with combined

re s i s t ance to

bac t e r i a l w i l t l a t e

b l ig h t

and vi rus Y, and 2) the

e luc ida t ion of some o f the mechanisms t ha t provide

re -

s i s tance in

pota to

to

var ious

s t ra ins o f P

solanacea-

rum.

In 1975, approximately

450

clones

were

se lec ted for

bac t e r i a l w i l t

res is tance

from 6,000 seedl ings belong

ing to

30 h y ~ i d famil ies . These r e s i s t an t

clones were

screened

in

the CIP

In te rna t iona l

Late Blight Test ing

Program

a t Toluca, Mexico,

in

1976. Two

clones

MS

84.5

Atzimba

x P-7 x

KB

x

8682A

4),

from

Kenya and

MS 108.45, Greta x 8-34,

from

Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin,

with

combined

wi l t x b l ig h t

res is tance

yie lded as

much

as 4.4 and

4.0 kg

per h i l l

in Mexico.

Crosses of

wi l t and b l ig h t r e s i s t an t clones x PI l i n e s

with re s i s t ance

to

vi rus Y were made by Dr. R. Hanneman

a t Sturgeon Bay.

The

vi rus

r e s i s t an t

parents

were

of

German

or ig in ; t he i r res is tance

was

confirmed in p r e l i -

minary t e s t s .

Following

screening

of progeny for wil t

surv ivors were

inocula ted

with

vi rus

Y

following exposure to

a

24-

hour dark

per iod before

inoculat ion.

Of

836 seedl ings

154 survived the t e s t procedures. Two Sturgeon Bay

c lones

269138 x P-7

and 269138

x

BR 6.5 had

35/132

and

57/214 survivors respec t ive ly .

In

addi t ion

80

clones have

been t en ta t ive ly c l a s s i f i ed as vi rus re -

s i s t an t

out of e igh t

b ac te r i a l

wi l t x b l igh t r e s i s t an t

fami l ies

t ha t

os tens ib ly have no

PVY

re s i s t ance .



Table 3 - S us cep t i b i l i t y o f Solanum spec ies to P pseu-

domonas soZ,anacearwn i s o l a t e s

013 Peru,

race

3 ,

052

Taiwan, race 1 and 060 N.C., USA,

race

1 . Figures

given a re percentages of w i l t ed p lan t s

amongst

5 o r more

inocula ted

by so i l

i n f e s t a t i on in po t s .

So

1

I s o l a t e s

spec ies

CIP Number

013

052

060

s

760079 20 40

s

760476 0 0 0

s. stenotomv m P.

I .

365344) 31

15

0

n

760512

16 4 4

.

s 760528 100

s Oka

4973) 50 80 40

s

P.I .161178)

31

71 17

c

EBS

1837)

71

50

s. spegazzinii Oka

4847) 75

s.

mu ltid1;sseatum 760108

100

100

s. ambasinum

P. I .

365316)

62

71 28

s 760690 83

75

s. P. I .

310927)

80

s

P. I .

283065) 40

25

s

stoZoniferuYfl P.

I .

161170) 12

42 0

s.

ense HHC L 6 73)

23

36

s

pascoense

760931

100

67

s lc e

760930 83

50

s

clem1:ssun P. I 160221) 20

9

0

s.

bulbocastanum

P.

I .

243511)

14

82

0

s.

sparsipilum 760147.7

0

s

chacoense

760917.1

s

stenotomum

OCH

3520)

14

50

s Btenotomum

OCH 35

71) 10

0

Solanum sp.

760399

83

So sp. 760408

100

CCC

1386.22

S.

phure,ia) 9 0

CCC

1386.26

S. phure,ja)

75

60

BR.

63-65

S.

phure}a 83

80

Mariva S.

tuberosum

95

30

1 /

Numbers

i n pa ren thes i s

ye t t o

be ass igned CIP

re

a

number.

3



30

Because

of the fa i lu re o f

subs tan t ia l

numbers of bac

t e r i a to

survive

in

the so i l

a t

La Molina,

a

s tudy

was

i n i t i a t e d to determine i

ce r ta in

s o i l charac te r i s t i c s

inf luenced survival . Only one of

e igh t

so i l f ac tor s

analyzed has

been

cor re l a t ed with the surv iva l o f P

soZanacearum in

the s o i l Table 2 .

Table

2 - Percent

wil ted

pota to

plan ts

var.

Mariva)

grown

in

di f fe ren t Peruvian

so i l s

a f te r

i n f e s t a t i on

with 100 ml suspensions 2.6 x 10

7

ce l ls /ml o f Pseudo-

monas soZanacearum

i so la t e

013 race 3) per 20 cm c lay

pots ,

35 pots per t reatment .

Or ig in

o f so i l

La

Molina

San Ramon

Huancayo

Elec t r i ca l

. conduc t iv i ty

mmhos/cm

5.86

1.05

0.78

f er

15

cent wi l ted plan t s

days

30 days

17

27

51

73

55

92

The inc idence of wi l t , r e f l e c t i ng bac te r i a l surv iva l

in the so i l , was

propor t iona l

to the e l e c t r i c a l conduc

t i v i t y E.C.)

o f

the so i l . Soi ls

with

higher

E.C. were

apparen t ly l e s s

favorable for surv iva l

o f

the w i l t bac

t e r ium than the Huancayo s o i l

with

r e l a t i ve l y

low

con

duc t iv i t y .

Thir ty so i l samples are being

examined to

fu r the r evaluate the

inf luence

o f so i l type on surv iva l

o f P soZanacearum

To the presen t 33 d i f f e re n t

p lan t

species-... .have

been

t e s t e d aga ins t s ix i so la t e s

of P

soZanacearum

·under

greenhouse condi t ions .

In

genera l few plan t s

were

found

to

be

suscep t ib le to

a l l

s ix

i so l a t e s .

The

most

suscep t ib l e

hos ts

to

a l l

i so la t e s

were tomato

var .

Marglobe,

icotiana

glutinosa

and the

weed, SoZanum ni-

grum The most

pathogenic

i so la t e s of the bacter ium

were

013 race 3 from Huambos, Peru, and 052

race

1

from Taiwan. Under f i e ld

condi t ions

in a

la rge

dacron

mesh i so la t ion

t en t

only

egg plan t , tomato

and c h i l i

pepper o f 26

species

t e s t ed

showed

w i l t

symptoms

to

i s o l a t e 013. The

s us c e p t ib i l i t y

of

a number of SoZanum

spec ies

to

P

soZanacearum

i s presented

in

Table 3.



thrust V

Control o f

Importan t

Bac te r ia l Diseases

o f

Pota toes

During

1976 ba c t e r i a l

r e sea rch

cont inued

to

be concen

t r a t e d

on

Pseudomonas

s o l n c e r u m ~ the cause of bac t e

r i a l

wi l t o r

brown

ro t . Techniques o f

mass

seedl ing

sc reening were fu r the r developed.

Studies

on

the in

f luence

o f

s o i l s on surv iva l , hos t

range and

the

na

tu re

o f

v i ru lence in P

solanacearum

were cont inued .

Seedl ing

Screening

Before

mass

seed l i ng

sc reening

could

be used as

a

rap id

and e f f i c i e n t

rou t ine procedure , t

has

been necessary

to

es t ab l i sh condi t ions s u i t ab l e

for growing seedl ings

under high tempera ture which

favors the

pathogens .

The

most

s a t i s f ac t o r y

combinat ion to

the

presen t i s to sow

seed in a sand: moss 1:2) mix, to water

with

deionized

water to minimize s a l t

bu i ld

up and to f e r t i l i z e seed

l ings in

f l a t s with 0.5 g

o f Mairol in 500 ml

o f

water

twice each

week.

Fol lowing four weeks

development

in a

screenhouse 12-20°

C

the f l a t s a re

t r ans fe r red

to a

greenhouse

30°

C

day;

25°

C

night

when

the seedl ings

a re

about

8 cm high. In fes t a t ion o f f l a t s

with

P sola-

nacearvJn a t a concent ra t ion of 2 x 10

7

bac te r ia /ml , 500

ml per

f l a t

gave an inoculum l eve l o f

10

1

0 bac t e r i a per

f l a t . The procedure

permits the sc reening of

about

1,800

seedl ings

per

month. Fi f teen

15)

r e s i s t a n t an-

cl0nes have been i de n t i f i e d

and

r e t e s t ed .

Surviva l o f Pseudomonas in

So i l

and

Host Suscepts

In repea ted

f i e l d - s ca l e

t r i a l s

a t

La

Molina

under

a

l a rge

area

nylon i s o l a t i on

t e n t

su rv iva l o f

bac t e r i a

from one p lan t ing to anothe r

was

l e s s than one pe r

cen t .

More r ecen t ly t h i s d i f f i c u l t y

has

been overcome by

in

t e rp lan t ing t e s t p lan t s

among

prev i ous l y plan ted

s tem

inocula

ed

plan t s .

Photo Tuber-bear ing Solanum spec ies increased

for

t e s t i ng

for

re s i s t ance to ba c t e r i a l w i l t


9



thrust

X

Seed

Product ion

Technology

fo r

Developing Countr ies

This

Thrust

encompasses

research

in c e l l ,

meristem

and

t i s sue cu l tu re

techniques

as wel l

as

s tem

cu t t ings ,

and

r e l a t e d methods for

the product ion , maintenance

and mul

t i p l i c a t i o n

of

pathogen-tes ted pota to seed. The success

o f

the program r e l i e s on the c lose i n t egra t ion of com

pe ten t

v i ro log i s t s to

ver i fy

the

vi rus - te s ted s ta tus

of

seed

produced

for

expor t by CIP.

Potato

Meristem

Culture

The i n i t i a l phase of the program to produce c lean seed

involves th ree s teps :

Step 1.

Step

2.

Step 3.

The v i rus

i n fec t ion s ta tus

of mate r ia l to en

t e r

the c lean

seed program i s

determined;

I f

vi rus

in fec ted ,

the

plan t

i s

submit ted

for

meristem cu l tu re , with pr i o r or s imul taneous

thermotherapy;

Plan ts a re regenera ted from

meristem

and

grown

under

insec t - f ree

condi t ions for vi rus

r e t e s t i ng .

The var ious s teps represen t an ongoing sequence. Eight

een

18) c lones were

entered

in

the

program in 1975-76

to

give

a

t o t a l

of

55

clones .

For ty- two

42)

clones

have

been

processed through

e i the r s ing le o r mult i -me

r i s t em

procedures

Step 2 . Most cu l tu res regenerated

plan ts

n v t r o ~ some a f t e r being f i r s t subjected to

thermotherapy.

Twenty-four

24)

regenera ted c lones have

been placed i n to pots and moved to a screenhouse for

vi rus re t e s t ing using se ro log ica l and i nd ica tor p la n t

techniques

Step 3). A

t o t a l of 10 c lones have

passed a

f ina l

s tage

of virus t e s t i ng and s ix have

a l ready en

t e red the s tage for the maintenance of

nuclear s tocks

by

tuber

and/or mult imer is tems.

67



8

Virus·Tests

Virus Free

Stocks

Tubers

Distribution)

Callus Cultures

·

Cell

Cultures

u

Embryogenesis

t : : : :7

1:::7

0

Plants

TISSUE CULTURE SYSTEMS ND THE PRODUCTION

OF

VIRUS - TESTED SEED



The e rad ica t ion of viruses depends mainly on the p a r t i

cu la r v i rus and on the pota to clone involved. With ce r

t a i n s t r a i n s

of PVX t has been d i f f i c u l t to e rad ica te

the

vi rus

so le ly by

meris tem

cu l tu re techniques.

As

high as 55 of cu l tu re s ar i s ing from excised meristems

were contaminated

by

PVX.

Exposure of

plan t s

to temperatures of

37-38°

C for 15

days 300

f t -candles i l lumina t ion and 16-hour

photo

pe r iod

in

a growth chamber pr i o r to meristem exc is ion

can

r e s u l t in

a

reduct ion e i the r of

v i rus

synthes is

r a t e of v i ru s t r ans loca t ion or

in an

increase in v i rus

breakdown. Whatever the c;:ase, virus concent ra t ion as

evidenced by

reduct ion

in di lu t ion poin t t e s t s i s dras

t i c a l l y diminished

fol lowing hea t t rea tment .

Table

17 - Effec t of hea t t reatment pr io r to meristem

exc is ion

on

virus e rad ica t ion in pota toes .

clone

Virus

Plan ts

t e s t ed

Residual

CIP

Virus

No

presen t

No

No

720044

PVX,

PVS

3 3

720044-H 1

0

800244 PVX, PVS 3

3

800244-H

10 0

720077

PVX,

PVY

1

1

720077-H

1

0

720075-H

PVX, PVY 5

0

720045

PVX

2

2

720045-H 5

5

720050

PVX

8

8

720050-H

6

6

H =

hea t

t r ea t ed

p lan t s :

36-38°C

15

days.

Undoubtedly hea t

therapy

in f luences hos t

metabolism

which

in tu rn

has

an

e f f e c t on v i rus su rv iva l . This

was

probably

the cause of var i a t ion in the n t ~ ~ fai_ _

ure t o inac t iva te

PVX

in clones

720045

and 720050

while

t h i s v i rus was

r ead i ly

el iminated in

four

other

c lones .

A second

hea t

t rea tment of clones 720045 and

720050

pr io r to

meris tem

exc is ion r e s u l t ed i n e rad ica

t i on

of PVX.

69



Sens i t ive

methods

for

detec t ing v i ruses in the very

small

leaves o f p lan t l e t s regenera ted

from meristem

cul tures

have

increased

the e f f i c i ency

o f

process ing

vi rus t e s t ed mater ia l .

Micro-prec ip i t a t ion

serology has

been

developed

to

de

t e c t

VX and PVS in

the sap

o f very small l eaves (0.5

cm from

one-week-old

p lan t l e t s

regenera ted

from

mer is

tem. As a

consequence

many

more samples can be

scree )led

per u n i t t ime thus el iminat ing

those

p l a n t l e t s with a

pos i t ive

r eac t ion a t

a very ea r ly s tage .

Pota to

Cel l and Tissue

Culture

The

so-ca l l ed

multi-meristem

o r

mult ip le-shoot

cu l

t u r e involves the

development

o f 30-50 shoots on a ca l

lu s cu l tu re . In con t ra s t , a

s ing le

meristem cu l tu re nor

mally

yie lds

only one

shoot

during

the

same two

t o

three

month

per iod. Twenty-six (26) d i f f e ren t v i ru s

t e s ted pota to genotypes

have been

successfu l ly

process

ed through

the multi-meristem

technique . Ent i re

p lan t s were r e g e n e r t ~ d and

grown in

the

greenhouse

for

v i rus

I?etest ing.

a p ~ d

c lonal

mass

propagat ion

o f

genet ic

s tocks

in

a

di sease f r ee

s t a t e

by means

of

mul t ip le shoot cu l tu re

i s in genera l

use

a t CIP.

2

The mult ip le shoot system can

p o ten t i a l ly

y ie ld 15 x 10 p lan t s per year . By means o f

t h i s technique s ing le shoot cu t t ings are

obta ined

from

massively

growing c lu s t e r s o f shoots in

cu l tu re .

They

are rooted in a

simple

root ing medium and

then

planted

in

small pots .

The

small

t uber s (2-3 cm diameter) t ha t

are produced under cont ro l led condi t ions

are useful fo r

d i s t r ib u t io n

to dev_eloping country programs.

A

se r i e s of four media conta in ing the inorganic s a l t s ,

sucrose and vi tamins o f

the

Murashigue

-

Skoog medium,

but with

d i f f e ren t

hormone

composition,

have been

used

to grow

a wide range

of

c lones .

The media conta ined

e i t he r 0 .1 -0 .2

mg

GA/l;

0.05-0 .2 mg

NAA/l;

3.0 mg

BA/l;

or , 1.0 mg 2iP / l .

In most

cases the add i t i on o f a re

ducing agent l i k e

PVP

was necessary to avoid polyphenol

oxidase (browning) ac t iv i ty .



Mult i -meris tem

cu l tu re s

are being

used

to s to re

in vi-

tP 3 an average of

50

p l a n t l e t s

in

a

s ing le

vesse l .

minimum of

labor

i s involved in making th ree to four

t r a ns f e r s a year .

The po te n t i a l use of

t i s sues

other than meristems for

organogenesis has a l so been

under

s tudy. The ob jec t ive s

are

to

obta in

rap id c lona l

propagat ion as

wel l as the

poss ib le

use

o f ca l lus

or

other

c e l l

cu l tu res

fo r s e -

l e c t i on o f r es i s t ance

a t

the

c e l l u l a r

l eve l .

At presen t

embryogenesis has

been induced

in

suspen

s ion cu l tu res of po ta to ca l lus

from tuber

t i s s ue s of

an

andigena c lone 720026.

p

to

1 000 embryoids

develop

per 100

ml

f lask . Bud development from ca l lus cu l tu res

o f

l e a f t i s s ue

has

been

obtained

with

the

dip lo id

phu-

peja clone 800249.

Trainees prepar ing stem cu t t ings for roo t ing

in

the

greenhouse CIP

Lima

7



Stem C ut t ings and

Related

Techniques

This resea rch was

i n i t i a t e d because

o f

the need

to

in

crease

v i r u s - t e s t e d

s tocks as

r ap id ly

as

poss ib le .

The

t echnique pe rmi t s the p rouc t ion

o f

a

l a r ge

number

o f

p l a n t s with s t rong roo t sys tems w i th in 15 days a f e r c u t

t ings a re

exc ised

from m9.ther p l a n t s .

Most

ndigen and tuberoswn x ndigen

hybr id c lones

and

v a r i e t i e s

roo ted

wel l in 1-2

mm coarse

sand.

Table

18

- Effec t s o f s ubs t r a t e

on t he

roo t ing

o f

stem

c u t t i ngs i n

c lone

720025.

Treatment

Roots

No r oo t s Root Root

formed formed

Length

No

m

x

Sand 1-2mm)

70.0 29.6 5.5

12

t ap

water

Sand

1-2mm) 76.0 24 .0

4 .5

18

d i s t i l l e d

water

Gravel

(2-4mm) 69.0 30. 1 4. 1

6

t ap

water

Gravel

(2-4nun)+

76.9 23.1

4 .9 8

p e a t

moss

t a p water

Pea t moss

29.6

70.4

3 .4

12

t a p water

Of

severa l

pure hormone roo t ing so lu t ions that: ·ha;ie

been t e s t e d t h ree -hou r

immersion

o f c u t t i ngs

in 20

ppm

s o l u t i on of indo le but ry ic ac id proved to be the

be s t .

Watering c u t t i ngs

with a

range

o f

n u t r i e n t

so lu t ions

had no

s i g n i f i c a n t

e f f e c t on roo t ing over t ap water .

However, the

powder forms of hormone a pp l i c a t i on

pa r

t i c u l a r l y ones t h a t

gave

e xc e l l e n t roo t ing and pr e

vented premature tuber

format ion were

found e a s i e r to

use

than

l i q u i d hormonal a pp l i c a t i ons .



Table 9 - Effec t

o f hormones

o

roo t ing stem u t ~ i n g s

in

the clone

720025.

Treatment

water

IBA,20

ppm

a)

Boo t s

Powder

Size

o f

cu t t i ng

cm

8-10

6-8

4-6

x

8-1

6-8

4-6

-

x

8-10

6-8

4-6

x

b)

Murphy's 8-10

Powder 6-8

4-6

-

x

Well

roo ted

42.8

57.

42.8

47.6

85.7

100.0

85.0

90.2

57. 1

85.7

100.0

80.9

100.0

100.0

71.4

90.5

Poorly

roo ted

57.1

42.8

57.

52.3

14.2

0.0

14.2

9.5

42.8

14.2

o.o

19.0

0.0

0.0

28.5

9.5

Root

length/N°

cm/N°

3.

O/lO

4.

3/17

3.

8/12

3 .7 /13

3 .9 /42

4.3/45

5. 2/55

4.5/47.3

3 .7 /25

4.4/18

4 .4 /20

4 .2 /21 .0

4.8/42

4. 1/25

3 .6 /25

4 .2 /30 .7

Prema

t u re

t u b e r i -

za t ion

14.2

28.5

42.8

28.5

0.0

0 .0

0.0

0 .0

14.2

14.2

14.2

14.2

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

a)

Boots Powder

made

by

Boots Co.

Ltd . ,

Nott ingham,

England.

b)

Murphy's

Powder

made

by Murphy Chemical Ltd . , Wheat

hampstead,

St .

Albans,

Herts ,

England.

Only

pre l iminary

s tud ies

have

been

completed on

the

f i e l d

performance

of

p l a n t s

developed

from stem cu t -

t i n g s . In genera l , the yie ld , i n terms

of

tubers

from

one-s tem

plan t s , was

only

s l ig h t ly lower to

t h a t obta in

ed from plan t ing

tubers .

The r a t e o f product ion o f cu t t ings

was enhanced by g r o ~

ing

mother

plan t s

on

br i cks

in

p l a s t i c

beds . When

73



mother

plan ts

were grown on br i cks and s to lons re

moved,

the

number of

cu t t ings

harves ted from

16

plan t s

in

a

15-day per iod was

802; only

400 were produced

on

plan t s without s to lon removal .

The

exper iment was con

cluded a f t e r 150 days a t which t ime

plan ts

were st ll

a t

the

peak

of

product ion

o f

cu t t ings .

Stolon

removal

mainta ined a

more vigorous vege ta t ive

growth

and

i nh i

b i t e d senescence in the

mother

plan ts ; the ra t e of

cu t t ing product ion was

grea t ly

increased .

Product ion of Pathogen

Tested Seed

The i n i t i a l phase of the program to produce c lean

seed

i s

known

as

Generation

O . This Generat ion involves

three

s teps

whereby

through

meristem

or

mult i -meris tem

techniques coupled with r i g i d screening

for

v i ruses ,

pathogen- tes ted

p l an t s

are

produced.

The

maintenance of

nuclear

s tock

from

Generation O i n i n s e c t - f r e e

quaran t ine by tuber and/or

mult imeris tem cons t i tu tes

Generation I . This

mate r ia l

i s rou t ine ly rechecked

for

poss ib le vi rus contaminat ion.

Generation

I I in

volves the product ion of

pa thogen- tes ted clones

for ex

por t

to

na t iona l programs

for inc rease or

t e s t ing .

Generations

I I I ,

IV

and V are

for

the product ion of

low-virus

seed

for

rou t ine

f i e ld

work

a t CIP.

Within t h i s pro j e c t 26 Generat ion I clones are being

mainta ined. Twenty-f ive

(25)

are in p lan t form while 8

are

maintained

as mult i -meris tem

cu l tu res .

Twelve (12)

va r i e t i e s

were

mult ip l ied during

the

year in

Genera

t i on

I I ; 2506

tubers were produced for

expor t .

Four

teen (14)

var i e t i e s were being

grown a t year

end for

harves t

in ear ly

1977. Fif ty -one (51)

se t s

of 16 tuber

famil ies were grown and

harves ted

with an addi t iona l 29

famil ies

to

be

harves ted

in

ear ly

1977.

During the

1975-76 crop

year about 14 metr ic tons of

Generation

V seed o f 24

va r i e t i e s

were produced

for

CIP sc i en t i s t s .

An addi t iona l 1.6

tons

of Generation

I I I

seed

was produced from stem cu t t ings

to p la n t for

the 1976-77 crop. CIP sc i en t i s t s have

reques ted

18.9

tons of

25

va r i e t i e s

for 1977. This seed was plan ted in

August and October of

1976.

In addi t ion , 6,900 cu t t ings

o f 21 va r i e t i e s were t ransp lan ted in Generat ion I I I

to

furn ish

an t i c ipa ted

low-virus

seed

for

1978.



Seed storage a t CIP s research fac i l i ty in

Huancayo, Peru

Distribution of Pathogen Tested Clones from IP

One

of the

objectives

of Thrust

IX

of valuable potato germ plasm

to

for

var ie ta l

t r i a l s f ie ld tes t ing

t ion.

is

the dis t r ibut ion

developing countr ies

and seed multipl ica-

Selected materials from CIP s

pathogen

tes ted stocks

were sent

to

many

countr ies in

the form

of

meristems,

tubers ,

stem

cut t ings

and

tuber

families.

When

vegetat ively propagated

crops, l ike

the potato,

are

moved

from one country to

another, potent ia l dis-

ease hazards

of

introducing new pests do exis t . Because

of

th i s

quarantines res t r i c t the entrance

of

valuable

germ plasm. o overcome th i s problem,

IP

has developed

prac t ica l means

to

ship potatoes in the form

of single

and multi-meristem n v tro t issue

cul tures .

These

pro

cedures

are complemented

with

adequate technical t ra in-

ing for the

personnel

a t

the receiving

end.



76

Table

20

- Pathogen t e s t ed c lones

d i s t r i bu t e d from CIP

Method

Tubers

Stem cu t t ings

Tuber

fami l ies

(from t rue seed)

n

vitro meristem

cu l tu res

N° samples/ N° countr ies

717 tubers to

19 countr ies

2,731 cu t t ings to

2

countr ies

45 famil ies to

6

countr ies

55 t e s t tubes to 6 countr ies

Tissue Cul ture for Storage of Pota to

Germ plasm

With the f inanc ia l

a id

from the B r i t i s h Overseas Devel

opment Minis t ry ,

a

cont rac t

pro j e c t

on the use of cryo

genic

procedures

t o f r eeze- s to re pota to germ

plasm

in

c lona l form

has been i n i t i a t e d a t

the

Univers i ty

o f

Birmingham.

The

i n i t i a t i o n

of

shoot - t ip cu l tu res from

a

wide

range

of genotypes

has

been fu r the r s tud ied . The r e su l t s show

t ha t

both

s ing le -shoot

cu l tu res and mult iple-shoot

cu l tu res

can be

produced

from

d i f f e re n t genotypes , de

pending upon

the

combinat ion

of hormones

used

with the

basa l M.urashige-Skoog medium.

Two

bas ic methods

for s to rage

of shoot - t ip cu l tu res

are

being inves t iga ted : under condi t ions

favouring

minimal growth, and s torage i n l i qu i d ni t rogen . At

22°C

t i s necessary to t r a ns fe r cu l tu res to

f resh

medium

every four

weeks, a l

the

i n t e rva l can be

extended

to

approximately I

0

WE eks by increas ing

t .1e

volume of

medium

and s ize

o f vesse l . The

growth

r a t e

can

be re

duced,

however, by

reducing the

templ' rature to 6°C

and

under these condi t ions some cu l tu res

have

been success

fu l l y

s tored for

8 months. Minimal media have been

s tudied as

an a l te rna t ive to

low-temperature s torages

and

the

most promising r e su l t s have been achieved wi th

media conta in ing Murashige-Skoog sa l t s without o rgan ic



compounds. Under

these condi t ions the growth ra t e

i s

cons iderab ly reduced and

compact

cu l tu res with

very

shor t

in te rnodes a re

produced.

Some

cu l tu res

of

t h i s

type have been s tored

success fu l ly

for 12 months with

out t r ansfe r . Prel iminary r e su l t s

indica tes

t ha t ab

s c i s i c

acid

can

a lso be employed to reduce the

growth

r a t e s

o f

cu l tu res .

In

general ,

t

can

be

concluded

t ha t

cons iderab le

economies i n cu l tu re maintenance can be

read i ly

achieved by the use of the

above

procedures,

e i t h e r s ing ly or in combinations.

Liquid

ni t rogen

freeze-s torage

has been conducted with

a

wide range of

t i s sues

and organs, obta ined di rec t ly

from pota to plan t s or

from

cu l tu res .

The

most systemat

ic

s tud ies

have been

car r ied

out

with olanwn

phurej

seed l ings .

A

wide

range of cryoprotectants has

been

s tud ied

in

combination

with

a range

o f

cooling

and

thawing

rates . and with di f fe ren t

ages of

seed l ings .

The r e su l t s show t ha t

dimethyl

sul foxide

was the most

successful ' c ryoprotec tant , up to concent ra t ion of

20

(v /v) ,

in

combination

with

a

cool ing

ra t e of 50-70° C

pe r minute. Under these condi t ions ,

pa r t s

of seed l ings

wi th

emergent

r ad ic l es of up to 20

mm

could be success

fu l ly s tored in l i qu id

ni t rogen .

Genera i ly the

hypocotyl t i s sues

a t the

base

of the

co

ty ledons survived

and

ca l lus

t i s sue

was

produced

on

a

s u i t a b l e medium.

Organized

growth has not ye t

been

achieved from e i the r

the

shoot

or

roo t

meristems of the

seedlings nor

from

meristems

from

more mature

plan ts

or

from

cu l tu res .

The values

given in Table

21

show the mean number of

success fu l cul tures obtained from

10

r e p l i c a t e s for

a

r epresen ta t ive

species

(1-3 clones were used

for each

species)

for

each ploidy

l eve l . The

re l a t ive propor t ion

of s ing le -shoot

and

mul t ip le -shoot

cu l tu res

S/M)

are

i nd ica ted .

The

cu l tu res were

maintained

a t

22°

1°

C

with

a 16

hour daylength (3,000 lux) . The r e su l t s

were

assessed

a f t e r

12

weeks.





region l

rese rch

nd tr ining

FOREWORD

CIP 's Regional Program grew rap id ly

in 1976.

By the end

o f

the year ,

CIP

sc i e n t i s t s

were

opera t ing

i n s ix

of

CIP 's

seven

Regions.

In the

remaining Region

(VIJ a

Work

Plan

was

develope9_ to l; >ase a CIP Regional Research c i e ~

t st in Ind ia

in

1977. This Regional S c ie n t i s t

w i l l

have

the

re spons ib i l i ty

to

coord ina te

the

t r a ns fe r of

CIP

technology

and s t rengthen

the development of na t iona l

programs

in

Ind ia ,

Nepal and

Bangladesh.

While

the Center maintained

an

average of one Core Pro

gram funded

pos i t ion in

each Region, most o f the growth

in

s t a f f and

budg·et ass igned to

the

Regions was made

poss ib le by

Specia l Pro jec t

funding.

During the year ,

seven

donors provided

spec ia l ~ o j e c t funds

for

CIP Re

giona l

or

Country Programs

i n s ix Regions.

1976 was

a lso

a

y ~ a r

of t r a ns i t i on fo r

CIP ' s

Regional

Programs.

s a

r e su l t of the

Planning Conference held

in

October 1975, the former Program

t i t l e ,

Outreach was

changed

to

Regional

Research

and Training , which re -

f l e c t s the

important

research funct ions car r i ed out by

CIP s c i e n t i s t s based in the Regions.

Regional

research

a c t i v i t i e s ,

complemented by

t r a in ing , are

e s s e n t i a l

fo r

the

cont inuous

flow of research r e su l t s from Source Re

search to CIP ' s Regional Programs and to ensure the de

velopment

of

the po ta to

crop in developing

countr ies .

Most

members of CIP' s Regional Research and ':['raining

team are based

outs ide

Peru, where they main ta in

c lose

working

re la t ions with

na t iona l programs, in order

to

f a c i l i t a t e

the

t rans fe r

of technology to the

Regions.

The Lima

s t a f f i s

composed

of the Program Direc tor ,

Co

ord ina tor Seed

Product ion S pec i a l i s t

and

the Socioecono

mics Unit . The Direc tor and Coordinator

have

world-wide

r e s pons ib i l i t y

for guiding the

technology t r a ns fe r pro-

cess . The

Seed

Product ion

S pe c i a l i s t c a r r i e s

out the v i -

t a l -:tunction o f

l ink ing

Source

Research

Thrust IX,

Seed

79



Product ion

Technology

for Developing

Countr ies to

the

Regional

Program, and as s i s t s

na t iona l

programs

in

deve

loping

sound seed programs.

The Socioeconomics Unit

i s

respons ib le fo r research and

t r a in ing

in

socioeconomics

and in

the

adoption of improved pota to technology.

The

following

sec t ions

summarize

the

a c t i v i t i e s

car r i ed

out by the seven Regional Programs

and

the Socioeconom

i c s Unit dur ing 1976.

R GION

I : SOUTH MERIC

PROGR M

DEVELOPMENT

CIP's

reg iona l

team

fo r South

America,

cons i s t ing

o f

two Product ion

S pe c i a l i s t s , one

Seed Product ion

Spec ia

st and one Economist was in place

a t the

beginning of

1976. Research t r a ns fe r a c t i v i t i e s and

t ra in ing

pro-

grams

were acce le ra ted through the use of

spec ia l pro-

j e c t funding fo r Peru, Ecuador and

Bol iv ia

(provided by

the

Ford Foundation)

and

Lat in

America

( Inter-American

Development Bank). The l ack of coord ina t ion among na

t i ona l

agencies

and i n s t i t u t i ons st ll l imi t s program

development in severa l countr ies .

This year promising developments have occurred. The fo -

ca l

po in t

for

cooperat ion

in the Region was the j o in t

CIP/Brazi l sponsored i n t e rna t iona l course in Sao

Paulo,

in which sc i en t i s t s from Braz i l , Argent ina ,

Uruguay

and

Chi le par t i c ipa ted . The r e s u l t of t h i s course was

the

r e a l i z a t i on , par t i cu la r ly i n Braz i l ,

but

a l so to some

ex ten t in Chi le and Argent ina,

t ha t

an overa l l

na t iona l

program

composed

of d i f f e re n t

na t iona l organiza t ions

could

opera te .

Braz i l :

In

Braz i l , the na t iona l

organiza t ion

of

a

pota to pro-

gram has been taken over by EMBR P (Empresa

B ra s i l e i r a

de Pesquisa Agropecuaria)

which wi l l

coordinate

var ious

pro jec t s and

a s s i s t

with a l l oca t i on o f funds. CIP has



of fe red to

t r a i n approximately

e igh t sc i en t i s t s in

var

ious

d i s c ip l i ne s

who

wi l l r e tu rn to

spec i f i c p ro jec t s

in

po ta to

research .

The t r a in ing wi l l begin i n ea r ly

1977.

The crea t ion of a

National

Vegetable Center i s being

planned

fo r Braz i l in which pota toes wi l l

be

included.

The

Braz i l i an National Center for

Genet ic Resources

CENARGEN)

i s

being organized for

vege ta t ive ly

propa-

gated mate r ia l .

Members o f CIP's Seed

Product ion

Thrust

v i s i t ed CENARGEN to .adv ise on

meristem

t echniques and

as

a

r e s u l t

a CENARGEN

s c i e n t i s t wi l l

come to

CIP for

advanced t r a in ing .

Meristem

cu l tu res

and

p l a n t l e t s

were

sen t to CENARGEN,

i n i t i a t i n g

a

breakthrough' ' fo r

the

in t roduc t ion of

germ

plasm

i n to Braz i l .

Uruguay:

In Uruguay a major program on a g r i c u l tu ra l development

was

planned which wi l l cont inue

through 1980,

f inanced

by USAID and

World Bank.

Potatoes are included

in t h i s

overa l l

plan and CIP could pa r t i c ipa t e in

t ra in ing

and

the

development of a

seed

product ion program. One scieE:_

t st received

phytopathology

t r a in ing

in

Lima

and

was

sponsored by CIP

to

a t tend the

In t e rna t iona l

Symposium

on seudomonas soZanacearum in North

Carol ina

in Ju ly

1976.

Argent ina:

In Argent ina

a th ree -year

research

cont rac t involving

the u t i l i z a t i o n of haploids of i n t e r s pe c i f i c oZanum

crosses

has

been concluded between

CIP

and

INTA NatioE:_

a l I n s t i t u t e of Agr icu l tu ra l Research) a t a cos t o f

$26,000 for th ree

years .

The Head of the Nat ional Pota

to

Program

was inv i t ed

to presen t

research

papers

a t

the

Annual

Meeting

of the

Potato Associat ion

of

America

in

Ju ly . CIP

a lso

sponsored

the pa r t i c ipa t i on of

pro

f ess iona l s

from Uruguay and

Chile

a t t h i s meeting. The

Direc to r o f the

main

reg iona l experiment s t a t i on

con-

cerned with

pota toes the Head Economist and

two of

the

l a rge s t growers of Argentina v i s i t e d CIP in October .

Plans

fo r

development

of

l a rge

commercial

s torages

were

out l ined .

8



Chile :

The former

Vice-Minis ter o f

Agricu l ture of Chile , v i

s i t ed

CIP in Apri l

for

discuss ions

concerning the

c rea

t i on of a Nat ional Potato Program for Chile . During v i

s i t s

to

Chi le ,

CIP

reg iona l

s t a f f par t i c ipa ted

in the

formulat ion of

plans fo r a new

na t iona l

po ta to program

which i s expected to be

adopted in

ear ly

1977.

One

t r a i nee from Chi le i s pa r t i c ipa t i ng in CIP s product ion

course

in

Peru,

and one Viro log i s t was t r a ined in spe

c i a l

techniques

for

tuber

de tec t ion o f l e a f - r o l l vi rus .

Venezuela:

At a recen t meeting

in Venezuela ,

fu ture t r a in ing r e

quirements were discussed , and fu r the r oppor tun i t ies

a re expected

to

s t rengthen CIP s involvement in pota to

improvement in

Venezuela .

A Viro log i s t was t r a ined for

th ree months a t

CIP s

l abora tor i es .

wo

candida tes

have

been

t r a ined

in

the

1976

Product ion

Course,

the cos t

of

which was

accepted by Venezuela .

Bolivia :

In Boliv ia ,

the

a g r i c u l tu ra l publ ic sec tor

has

been r e

organized. A

new

semi-autonomous

research

In s t i t u t e for

Agr icu l tu ra l Research IBT.i\) was crea ted .

The

In te r

Am.erican

In s t i t u t e of Agr icu l tu ra l

Sciences

(IICZ\.) has

provided the t e chn ica l support for i t s

organiza t ion

and

implementat ion.

Following

our continuous involvement

in

t r a i n i ng fo r d i f f e re n t l eve l s of profess iona ls

from

Bol iv ia

and

v i s i t s

to

the

count ry ,

CIP

has been

i nv i t ed

to pa r t i c ipa t e

in

the overa l l Pota to .Research

Flanning

fo r

IBTA.

This

wi l l include

t r a in ing , research

programs

and

planning to meet

fu ture

needs both in

personnel

and

f a c i l i t i e s . A

reques t

from Bolivia to have CIP

an

i n - c oun t ry r e s i d e n t s t a f f m e r t ~ e r to coopera te in de-·

veloping

t he i r pota to

program i s under

cons idera t ion .

The CIP communications team has been

asked

to a s s i s t

Bol iv ia

to

plan i t s overa l l cornrnunication needs for

IBTA.

This

could be a model s tudy

with poss ib le

appl i

ca t ion

in

other

coun t r i e s .



Colombia:

The Colombian pota to program was evaluated

by

t h e i r na-

t i ona l

agencies

in

cooperat ion wi th CIP in October. The

purpose

was

to

emphasize

the

need

for

support

of bas ic

a c t i v i t i e s and

to s tudy the f eas ib i l i t y of na t iona l and

fore ign t echn ica l and f inanc ia l

ass i s t ance .

The

program

was

cente red

around

the

new e f f o r t

to

develop a

bas ic

seed

program,

which has

been

i nac t ive during the

l a s t

few

years .

RESE RCH ACTIVITIES

Socioeconomic

s tudies

have begun

in

some count r ies .

Research cont rac t s

f inanced

by

CIP

have

been

i n i t i a t e d

fo r

s tud ies in Ecuador

and

Chile . Regular meetings were

he ld to eva lua te

progress

and to provide means by which

i n t e r -count ry

exchanges can

be

expanded.

In

Ecuador, a

monograph on

pota to product ion, marketing

and consump-

t i on i s being prepared through cont rac t . Nat ional pro

grams

concerned

with marketing and s torage

problems

are

rece iv ing grea tes t emphasis. A

cont rac t for

a

monograph

cover ing

bas ic problems

and

prospec ts

for

po ta to im-

provement

in

Chi le

has

been

made

with

CENDERCO Centro

para e l

Desar ro l lo

Rural

y

Cooperat ive) .

Genet ic

mate r ia l was

sen t in

the

form o f

bo tan ica l

seed

and/or tuber

famil ies from

segregat ing popula t ions

for

f r o s t

re s i s tance

to

Ecuador and Chi le; PLRV

t o Braz i l

Argent ina and

Chile ; and, lowland

t rop ics

adapta t ion

to

B ra z i l

Colombia

and Surinam.

Tubers and cu t t ings

of

pathogen

t e s t ed

var i e t i e s were

sen t to Ecuador, Boliv ia Peru, Braz i l Colombia and

Surinam.

Seeds of ind ica tor p lan t s for v i rus t e s t ing

were sen t

to Chile

Peru,

Surinam,

Bol iv ia

Colombia and Paraguay.

To

inc rease the

product ion

of qua l i ty

seed,

two

new

greenhouses have

been

suppl ied to Peru

and

Bol iv ia

us ing

spec ia l

pro jec t funds.

Various Bolivian,

Colom-

bian

and

Peruvian var ie t i e s are

being

f reed from v i

ruses by the

CIP

meristem cu l tu re labora tory to form a

8





research workers.

A

meeting

for personnel of the Na

t i ona l

Research Program

of Peru

was conducted

in Novem

be r

to

eva lua te the

presen t

research

program

and deve l -

op fu ture p lans .

Three sc i en t i s t s from

Uruguay

Peru

and Colombia

p a r t i -

c ipa ted

in

the

In ternat ional

Workshop

on

seudomonas

in

Raleigh North Carol ina USA) in

Ju ly .

Several

technic ians were

t r a ined dur ing

1976

in shor t

courses or in te rnsh ips a t CIP/Lima. They inc luded Plan t

Breeders v i ro log i s t s Nematologists Phys io log is ts

and

Agronomists represen t ing Bol iv ia Ecuador

Colombia

Chi l e

Peru and

Venezuela .

A summary of

the number

and d i s t r i bu t ion

of t r a inees

sponsored

by CIP

or

in

cooperat ion

with

CIP and the

t ypes of t ra in ing courses offe red

from

1973-1976 are

presen ted in

Table 22.

Technic ians from the Ecuadorian National Pota to Program

l e a rn ing

communications sk i l l s

to

a id

in the t r a ns fe r

of improved

pota to

technology

8



86

In addit i ion, a t o t a l of f ive graduate

sponsored

by CIP for t r a i n i ng

a t the

l eve l , of which, t h ree from

Bol iv ia

1976. One of

the Bol iv ian s tudents was

Organizat ion of American Sta tes .

s tudents were

Master s

Degree

were accepted in

sponsored

by

the

Table 22

o

of

Year

Trainees

Internat ional

1973

5

1974

7

1974

16

1974

5

1975/76

5

1976

17

1976

10

National

1974

18

1974 25

1975

15

1975

25

1976 17

1976

12

Summary of Tra in ing

Courses

South America)

in Region I

Students

Week

Subject

Location Part ic ipat ing

Production

Peru

Peru 2),Colombia 2),

Costa

Rica

1)

15 Production Peru Peru

2) ,

Colombia

1

} ,

Chile 2),Ecuador 2)

2

Altiplano Prod. Puna

Peru 11)

,Bolivia S)

8 Virus

diagnosis

Lima

Peru 1),Colombia 1)

Chi le 1 ) , Braz i1 1 ) ,

Cuba 1)

20

Production

Peru

Peru{2) ,Ecuador(2 ) ,

Bolivia 1)

4

S e ~ t ;

Production Braz.il

Brazi l 12) ,Argent ina{2},

Uruguay(1 ) ,Chi le (2 )

13

Production Peru Peru(2) ,Ecuador(3 ) ,

Argent ina{1} ,Chi le{1 )1

Brazil 1),Bolivia 1),

Venezuela 1)

2 Product ion

Quito Ecuador

2 Product ion

Lima Peru

2 Product ion Quito Ecuador

Product ion Lima Peru

2

Soc io -econ . / Quito Ecuador

Communications

Seed

Production ima Peru



REGION I I : MEXICO,

CENTRAL

AMERICA

AND

THE CARIBBEAN

The program development in Region I I in 1976, has been

concerned mainly with t e chn ica l as s i s t ance to

na t iona l

p o t a t o

programs

o f

the

Region

in

seed

produc t ion

pr o j

e c t s th rough the d i s t r i bu t i on

of

gene t i c ma te r i a l

with

r e s i s t ance to

t he major

d i seases in the r ec i p i en t

coun

t r i e s

a@

t h e - t r a i n in g o f na t iona l s c i e n t i s t s

through

i n - coun t ry and reg iona l produc t ion courses .

In .Apr i l 1976, CI :'...'.,.s sc i e n t i f i c

s t a f f

in

Region I I

was

expanded

through

the

ass ignment

o f

a

r eg i ona l r e sea rch

s c i e n t i s t

to t he Centro Agronomico Tropica l de Inves

t i g a c i6 n y

Ensefianza

CATIE)

in

Costa Rica ,

according

to

an Agreement

s igned

by

CIP

and

CATIE

•rhe

fol lowing

p r i o r i t i e s

were

def ined

for the irst 6-9

months

o f

work:

1. Research f a c i l i t i e s were reorganized a t CATIE. A

screenhouse

was comple te ly renovated and equipment

and

~ u p p l i s

purchased.

2 .

Fami l i a r i za t ion

with the po t a t o program and p r o

duct ion

problems o f Costa Rica.

3 . Es tab l i sh ing

con t ac t s with t he

Mini s t ry

o f Agr i

c u l t u r e (Direcc i6n de

Inves t igac iones

Agr ico las y

Centro Agricola Regional

de

g ~ r t a g o

. Negot ia t ions

were begun fo r

an Agreement

between the Minis t ry

of Agr icu l ture and CIP.

4 . A

r e sea rch

p ro j e c t on

adapta t ion of

po ta to

germ

plasm to the lowland t rop ic s was s t a r t e d u t i l i z i n g

t ube r

l i ne s and bo tan ica l seed o f f ami l i e s p ro

vided y CIP/Lima. T r i a l s were begun

in November

1976,

u t i l i z i n g l oca l seed to determine optimum

p lan t ing da t e s dur ing the

year .

As the

r e sea rch program evolves

and adapted mate

r i a l with d i sease re s i s t ance i s i d e n t i f i e d it

w i l l be poss ib l e to

as soc i a t e

more c lose ly with

the Regional Off

i c e fo r

Cent ra l American

Programs

ROCAP) funded

program a t

CATIE on produc t ion

sys

tems

for the

smal l fa rmer .

87



Costa

Rica:

This

year ,

in

Costa

Rica,

a

seed

product ion

pro jec t

based on stem

cu t t ing

techniques was i n i t i a t e d . For

th i s purpose,

100 kg.

of

the

var i e t i e s

Rosi ta

and

Murca

were provided by CIP's Regional Program, and a t h i rd

var ie ty

Mariva, was sen t from CIP/Lima. The same se t

of

clones with

res is tance

to

P

infestans

and

25 clones

r e s i s t an t to P solanacearu1n which

were

di s t r ibu ted to

other

countr ies of Region I I were a lso sen t

to

the

Univers i ty of Costa Rica as par t

of CIP's In terna t ional

Diseµse

Test ing Program. A Costa Rican technic ian par

t i c ipa ted in the

CIP

Regional Product ion

Course

in

To-

luca

Mexico.

Mexico:

CIP's Regional Research a c t i v i t i e s

in Mexico

have

been

conducted in

coopera t ion wi th

the Mexican

National

Po-

t a to Program.

The

pr inc ipa l research a c t i v i t i e s con-

cerning the maintenance and evaluat ion of the germ

plasm bank

of

clones r e s i s t an t to

l a t e

bl igh t are

conducted

in

conjuct ion

with

CIP 's

Departments

of

Breeding

and

Genet ics and Pathology.

During

the

year ,

8,000 clones

from

tubers and

botanica l

seed were re

ceived

from

i n s t i t u t ions in seven count r i es for in

c lus ion in the In te rna t iona l

Late Bligh t Test . The d i s

t r ibu t ion of -mate r i a l from

Mexico

continued with 650

samples o f gene t ic mate r ia l to 17 count r i es . Other

clones

have been mult ip l ied jo in t ly with the Mexican

Program and di s t r ibu ted to col labora t ing

pota to

pro

grams

throughout the world.

In

Mexico, a

National Pota to

Committee

was o f f i c i a l l y

formed

with the

pr inc ipa l

funct ion of coordinat ing the

a c t i v i t i e s

of

nat ional i n s t i t u t ions

for the

development

of the po ta to crop. CIP 's

Regional

Program

has repre

senta t ion

in th i s

Committee.

A

t o t a l of

f ive

Mexican

t echnic ians one

of them f i

nanced by CIP, par t i c ipa ted

dur ing

d i f fe ren t per iod in

the reg iona l po ta to production course. l he at tendance





o f a Mexican s c i e n t i s t

a t the

In te rna t iona l Symposium

on P. sol n ce rum in

US

was

sponsored

by CIP in Ju ly .

A second s c i e n t i s t

o f the Post -Graduate

School in

Cha

pingo, Mexico, pa r t i c i pa t ed

in

a t r a i n i ng

per i od a t

CIP/Lima,

concerning

meris tem

cu l tu re

t echniques .

Guatemala:

An

Agreement o f

Technica l Cooperat ion

between CIP and

the

I n s t i t u t o de Cienc ia y

Tecnologia

Agricola ICTA)

was r a t i f i e d .

Vis i t s

to t h i s country by CIP s t a f f a t

var ious

t imes

dur ing

the

year

have

permi t t ed

an

eva l

ua t ion o f

the

po t en t i a l

o f

a r e a l i s t i c program

in

seed

product ion .

A s e r i e s o f

meet ings was he ld wi th

Guatemalan

fa rmers

on seed produc t ion technology. Through

the

sponsorship

o f BID, a s tudy

concerned with po ta to s to rage

has been

i n i t i a t e d . Genet ic mate r i a l

with

re s i s t ance to P.

sol -

nacear>1ff f

and P. infest ns was sen t to Guatemala to be

evalua ted

by na t iona l s c i e n t i s t s .

El

Salvador :

A p l an

has

been

developed fo r po ta to

research

to

be

conducted

in the next few

years .

For ty -s ix c lones

were

sen t and t e s t ed for re s i s t ance to l a t e

b l igh t .

Honduras:

A Technical

Assi s t ance

Agreement

the Off i ce of

Nat iona l

Resources

with the Secre ta ry

o f

has been

es tab l i shed .

According

to

t h i s

Agreement,

CIP w i l l

co l l abo ra t e

in

the organiza t ion o f a Nat iona l Pota to

Program.

'rhe im

p o r t a t i o n

o f e l i t e

seed

from Holland was recommended

by CIP ' s s pe c i a l i s t s in seed

produc t ion to

form the ba

s i c mate r i a l which w i l l he lp i n i t i a t e a seed mul t i p l i

ca t ion pro jec t . The recommendation was approved by the

Government o f

Honduras. Recognizing the need

to

r e i n

force

the

coun t ry ' s t echn ica l

capac i ty in the ag r i cu l

t u r e , na t iona l

l eaders

in Honduras have reques ted CIP ' s



coopera t ion for t r a in ing

in pota to

product ion.

Two Hon-

duran technic ians pa r t i c i pa t ed

in

the Regional

Produc-

t i on

Course

in Mexico,

and

a candidate

has been i de n t i -

f i e d

and nominated to a t tend the Product ion Course

in

Wageningen, in 1977. Clones with r es i s t ance to P 1:n-

festan

have been

sen t to

Honduras

for

eva lua t ion

under

loca l condi t ions .

.I\ new

J_s

in pro9r< oS >

v;i th t he c r ea t ion o f

a

R E : : s c ~ a i r c b _

::in d

E;(t·.f:;;:11sion

I n s t i t u t ~ s n a lJ.tor1ornous

aqr i cu l tu ra1

t u t e o f t h i

2.ation.

may

E t t e r

produc t ion and eva lua t ion of

advanced

Panama:

o f

an :L:nst:i··

mater

Through

the

v i s i t s

of CIP personnel to

Panama

and meet-

ings held

with Panamanian

farmers regard ing Seed Pro···

duct ion Technology, a general plan was es tab l i shed fo r

conducting a na t iona l seed

product ion

program. This

program

wi l l be i n i t i a t ed with t he impor ta t ion of high

qua l i t y seed

from

Holland. n

i n i t i a l

t e s t regarding

the

s u i t a b i l i t y

of

two spec i f i c

areas fo r

seed produc-

t i on

was

car r i ed

out t h i s

year with

the p lan t ing

of

smal l qua n t i t i e s

of

high qua l i ty

seed of the var i e ty

Alpha, which

was

provided by

CIP. Eleven

clones r e s i s t -

an t

to P

solanacearwn and 46 clones r e s i s t an t to

P

infestans

were sen t

by CIP

for eva lua t ion

in

Panama,

and a Panamanian technican pa r t i c i pa t ed in CIP s Re-

giona l

Product ion

Course.

Caribbean area:

I n i t i a l

contac ts were

made

with

other

countr ies

of Re-

gion I I pa r t i c u l a r l y those in the Caribbean area .

Two technic ians working with the German

Mission

in

San

Jose de Ocoa, in the Dominican

Republic,

v i s i t e d CIP s

reg iona l headquar te rs in Mexico to

es tab l i sh

a

bas i s

fo r fu tu re

coopera t ive

a c t i v i t i e s .

A

s c i e n t i s t

from

the

91



Deutsche Gese l lschaf t

fu r

Technische

Zusammenarbeit

GTZ) a l so

v i s i t e d

CIP/Lima and the Dominican Republic

to explore

ways our

two

i n s t i t u t i ons

can work toge ther

for the bene f i t o f pota to improvement in t ha t count ry .

REGION I I I : TROPICAL AFRICA

The e s t b l ~ s h m e n t of CIP s Regional Program fo r Tropic-

a l Afr ica

conunenced

in January

'1976, with

the loca t ion

o f a CIP Sc i e n t i s t and

an .Assoc ia te

Regional Sc i e n t i s t

(Associa te Expert) f inanced by the Netherlands,

in Nai-

robi ,

Kenya.

The CIP

team i s

u t i l i z i n g

f a c i l i t e s

a t

the

Nat iona l

Agr icu l tu ra l

Labora tor ies and off ice

space

shared with ·cIMMYT.

TRAINING OURSE

CIP and the Kenya Pota to Program j o i n t l y sponsored a

pota to product ion course in May

t h i s year ,

in which 13

pa r t i c ipa n t s a t tended , represen t ing

seven

countr ies o f

Tropica l

Africa .

The

course

was

genera l

in

na ture ,

cov-

e r ing

product ion

problems

and improved technology ap-

p l i c a b l e t o developing

countr ies

o f Tropica l

Afr ica .

Consul tants

from Holland,

Kenya

and CIP

pa r t i c ipa t e d i n

the

course

and held a

s e r i e s o f

pra c t i c a l

c las ses .

De-

monst ra t ions

were

conducted

and seed mul t ip l i ca t ion

p lo t s were

exhib i ted

in f i e l d s belonging to

the

Kenya

Nat iona l

Potato

Program.

REGIONAL

WORKSHOP

A

reg iona l

Workshop was held in October , a t

which

pa r -

t i c ipan t s from e igh t countr ies of Tropica l

Afr ica took

pa r t .

The main emphasis was on development of na t iona l

po ta to

programs, seed

product ion, t r a ns fe r o f t echnolo-

gy and

socioeconomic

s tud ies . S c ie n t i s t s

from

the In-

t e rna t iona l

Agr icu l tu ra l

Center , Wageningen,

Holland,

a s s i s t e d

CIP in

conducting

the

Workshop. Pr ior to

the





With respect to

the Kenya National

Potato Program, t

was

agreed

a t

the

highes t

leve l

t ha t a l l agencies in -

volved in pota to

research

and

product ion

should

be pa r t

o f

one

in tegra ted nat ional

program. CIP

wi l l have a

ma

j o r

re spons ib i l i ty

to

ass i s t

Kenyan leaders to achieve

t h i s

objec t ive .

During 1976,

a

number

of

improved

yie ld .p lo t s

were

planted

and

the

improvement i n y i e lds

r e s u l t i ng

from the t echnologica l

package

was

demons

t r a t ed . However, the re su l t s demonstrated the impor

tance of

accurate economic

analyses

in

comparing

im

proved t echnologica l

prac t ices

with t r ad i t iona l growing

methods. Further evaluat ion of

advanced

techniques

are

proposed

for the next growing

season

using

a

s tandard

var ie ty .

A

research

cont rac t

in i t i a t ed

in

1974,

with Hai le

Se

l a s s i e I Univers i ty (now Addis Ababa Univers i ty , Col

lege of

AgricultulS.e, Alemaya) in Ethiopia ,

was

cont i -

nued

and expanded

t h i s year . I he

objec t ive

of the pro

j e c t i s to

screen

and

evaluate

olanwn

ndigen and

neo-tuberosum

mater ia l s

under the highland condi t ions

of Ethiopia .

In Nigeria , the

e s t a b l i s h ~ e n t

of the

National

Root

Crops

Research

In s t i t u t e · ~ a s opened up new poss ib i l i -

~ i e s

for

CIP's

c o o p e ~ a t i o n

with

Niger i a ' s

e f fo r t s

for

pota to improvement on the Jos Pla teau .

Niger ia

sent

par t i c ipan t s to CIP's t r a in ing course and Regional

Workshop·

, in

Kenya,

and

a research

proposal was

re -

ceived from a

sc ien t i s t

working

on the Jos Pla teau to

cont inue

the search

for su i tab le

va r i e t i e s with

r e s i s t -

ance to both l a t e bl igh t

and

bac te r i a l wi l t . One

se lec -

t ion from CIP 's Mexican germ plasm

co l lec t ion

has been

bulked for

naming

as

a new var ie ty .

REGION

IV:

MIDDLE

E ST ND

NORTH MERIC

1976

was

a d i f f i c u l t

year

for

CIP 's

Program in Region

IV, s ince there

was

no

permanent reg iona l

headquar ters

un t i l September. The

c iv i l war in

Lebanon, by l a t e

1975, necess i ta ted moving

the regional headquar ters



t emporar i ly

to Tunis ia . In sp i te

of the

d i f f i c u l t i e s ,

the re has been

an

acce le ra ted development

of

the Re

giona l Program and

the

es tab l i shment

of

a

permanent

re -

giona l

base in

Turkey.

ST FFING

In March

t h i s

year , CIP s Regional

Representa t ive

for

Region IV,

l e f t

Lebanon and es tab l i shed

a

temporary

base in

Tunis ia , where he was jo ined

by

another CIP

sc i e n t i s t

ass igned

spec i f i ca l ly

to

the spec ia l pro jec t

in

Tunis ia . In August,

CIP s Regional Representa t ive

moved

to

Turkey, and was jo ined by

a t h i rd

CIP sc ien-

t st to a s s i s t with the implementat ion o f CIP s Region

a l

Program. In addi t ion ,

an

Associa te Regional Scien

t st (Associate Expert) was appointed in

October.

Fol -

lowing an or i en t a t i on

per iod

a t CIP/Lima,

he

wi l l j o in

CIP s

reg iona i

team

based in

Turkey.

REGION L EVELOPMENT

summary of research and t r a in ing

a c t i v i t i e s in

the

coun t r i e s o f

Region

IV i s presented

in

Table 23.

Tunis ia :

In

Mcty

1976,

a

Cooperat ive Agreement was

s igned

between

Tunis ia and CIP, funded by the Canadian In t e rna t iona l

Development

Agency

(CIDA).

The Agreement i s

for

a

f i ve -

year

spec ia l

pro jec t

for

development of

a

s t rong

na

t i ona l

pota to program in Tunis ia . Using spec ia l pro j e c t

funds,

CIP

wi l l

play

a

cen t ra l

ro le

in

research ,

t r a in -

ing and extension

a c t i v i t e s . Immediately a f t e r the

s ign ing o f the

Agreement, a

one-week workshop, with CIP

sc i e n t i s t pa r t i c ipa t i ng , was held to launch the

Tuni

s i an

Program. Following the

workshop, a

four-week

pro -

duc t ion course

was conducted

to t r a i n Tunis ian t echn i -

ca l s t a f f and prepare

for

the autumn p lan t ing season.

During

September and October, var ious

t r a in ing

a c t i v i -

t i e s were held using Canadian

and

CIP

consu l tan ts .

95



96

Turkey:

A formal Agreement was signed between CIP and

the

Go

vernment

o f Turkey in

May 1976,

and

the cooperat ive

program

was

launched

by

a

one-week

workshop

fol lowed

by

a one-week f i e ld course . CIP

and Dutch

sc i en t i s t s pa r

t i c ipa t e d .

In Turkey, the Regional headquar ters was

es tabl i shed

a t Izmir . In addi t ion to s s i t ~ n c e

to

the na t iona l pro

gram, a reg iona l cen te r fo r e ~ a l u a t i o n mul t ip l i ca t ion

and

di s t r ibu t ion of germ plasm for the

Middle

East

and

North

Afr ica

i s

being

es tabl i shed. Turkey produces ap

proximately

two

mil l ion

tons of po ta toes per year

and

i s

one

o f

the

most

important

countr ies

wi th

which

CIP

i s assoc ia ted .

The f ive -yea r

work p lan

i s

p a r t o f

the

Cooperative

Agreement, and involves

research

r e l a t e d to

eva lua t ion of the germ plasm-,

-basic

seed

product ion,

agronomic prac t ices , s torage , marketing

and

a program

of t ra in ing

to develop

na t iona l

c a pa b i l i t i e s fo r po ta

to improvement.

A s e t

of v i rus res i s tant .

clones as

wel l

as

clones from the Cii l e a f r o l l

screening·

proj .ect have

been

sent to

Turkey and

Egypt

fo r

eva lua t ion .

Syr ia :

In Syria ,

l a t e in 1976, the Arab

Union fo r

~ g r i c u l t u r l

Development t ha t includes Syria ,

Egypt and

Libya, re

quested

CIP

to

develop

a

cooperat ive

proposal

fo r

re

search

and

product ion

o f

bas ic

seed

for the th ree mem-

ber count r ies .

Simi la r ly ,

the newly crea ted Syrian

General Organizat ion fo r

Seed

Mult ip l ica t ion re

quested

CIP 's

ass i s t ance

for po ta to improvement in

t h i s

count ry .

Egypt:

The

PL-480

proposal fo r

i nves t iga t ions on

pota to

s to r

age were submit ted to

USD

in

Washington,

and

i s pr e

sen t ly awai t ing

approval .

When approval i s given, CIP

wi l l

a s s i s t with

the implementat ion

of

the

pro j e c t

through

the

Regional Representat ive . In

the

meantime,



as s i s t ance

i s

being provided by

CIP

in

the form o f im-

proved

germ

plasm

and

i t s in -count ry eva lua t ion

i s

con-

t inu ing .

A se t

o f v i rus

r e s i s t a n t

c lones

as

wel l as

c lones

from

CIP l e a f r o l l

sc reenings have

been

sen t to

Egypt

for eva lua t ion .

The

po t a t o indus t ry

in

Egypt

has

r ece i ved add i t iona l impetus in the l a s t two

years

as

expor t s

have

f lou r i shed

pa r t i c u l a r ly

to

Europe,

where

the

dry

summers

have se r ious ly

lowered crop yie lds .

Lebanon:

In view

o f the c i v i l

war,

the

na t iona l po ta to program

o f Lebanon was t empora r i ly ha l t ed un t i l

such

time as

the

once success fu l program can

be

reac t iva ted .

Table

23 Regional

Research

&

Tra in ing A ct i v i t i e s in

Region IV

llS

i::

· r l

llS

1l

0

i:;

0

·rl

>.

•rl

u

µ

llS

i:;

i:;

llS

n

Q)

1 1 u

.>

'O llS

M

llS

· r l

•rl

.;.:

( )

0

111

M

Q

..: 'O

1 1

1 1

°

1 1

1 1

0

( )

::I

>

r-1

0

w

H

I")

...: Ul Ul

Ul

..:

::;:

Research

Development

Reg.

Germ

Plasm Dis t .

*

Germ

Plasm -

disease

r es i s t ance

*

*

* *

*

v i rus r es i s t ance

*

*

*

PLRV screen. pro j .

*

*

breeding

pro jec t

*

I n t .

Yield

Tr ia l

*

Seed

Produc t ion

Pro jec t

*

*

*

*

*

*

Storage and tuber moth

* *

*

*

Market ing

s tud ies

*

*

Training

Regional

Seminars

*

*

*

*

* * *

*

Nat iona l

Courses

*

*

*

*

* *

Conferences

*

In

depth

t r a in in g

*

*

Miscel laneous

Nat .

Program Tech.

Assis tance

* *

*

* * *

*

•

Special Pro jec t Preparat ions

*

*

*

I n i t i a l Surveys

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

* *

Publ icat ions

Tra in ing

mater ia l

in Arabic Turkish)

*

*

*

*

9



98

OTH R ACTIVITIES

A

j o i n t t ra in ing

course

in

seed

product ion

and

pes t

and

disease

con t ro l

took

place

i n ea r ly

November (see Re

gion

V ). The

leader o f the Turkish National

Pota to

Program ass i s ted in the ins t ruc t ion of the course and

two

t ra inees

from Turkey

par t i c ipa ted in

the

course ,

as

well as the CIP Regional Representa t ives

from Regions

IV and v.

At

the reques t o f the Ford Foundation, the Regional

Re

presen ta t ive v i s i t e d the Republic of the Sudan t o p re -

pa're

a

repor t

on

the

p o s s i b i l i t i e s

for po ta to

improve

ment

in

t ha t country. This

r epor t

w ~ l form

par t

of a

genera l

survey of Sudanese agr icu l tu ra l research r e -

quirements to be considered a t

a

f ina l meeting in No

vember

t h i s

year . The CIP Regional Representa t ive a lso

has been a s s i s t i ng in the

development

of the program

in Region

I I I ;

as wel l as

pa r t i c ipa t i ng in

the Produc

t ion

Course and Regional

Workshop

in Nairobi , Kenya,

in

May and October 1976,

respect ive ly .

R GION

V:

SOUTHW ST ASIA

PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,IRAN)

Contacts in Region

V were explora tory

u n t i l

an Agree

ment was s igned between CIP

and the Government

of Pa

ki s t an in November 1975, to base

a

CIP

reg iona l

team

in

Islamabad for coordinat ion of research

and t ra in ing

a c t i v i t i e s

in

Pakis tan

Afghanis tan

and

I ran .

In

Feburary 1976, two CIP sc i en t i s t s pa r t i c ipa t e d in

the

Pota to

Improvement

Workshop

sponsored by the U.S.

Department of Agricu l tu re PL-480

Projec t in

Lahore,

Pakis tan .

The

main theme of the

meeting

was the

evalua

t i on of the ex i s t ing PL-480 Research Projec t fo r the

screening

of

germ plasm and va r i e t i e s for adapta t ion to

environmental s t r e s s .



In May 1976, a

CIP

Regional Research Sc ien t i s t was

based a t Islamabad, to implement the Agreement with the

Agr icu l tu ra l Research

Council of Pakis tan , and

t o es -

t a b l i sh contac ts

with the other countr ies o f

CIP 's

Re

gion

V.

Funds

to

es tab l i sh

CIP 's

Regional

Program were

provided by the

Government

of the

Nether lands .

During

his f i r s t few months in Pakis tan, CIP 's Regional Re

search Sc ien t i s t

v i s i t ed most

of

the po ta to

growing

areas

o f

the

country

and

t rave l led to

I ran and Afghan

i s t an .

In November, a

nine-day

course

on

po ta to

seed produc

t ion , with spec ia l

reference

to d isease

and pes t

coB

t r o l , was held in Lahore. Deutsche St i f tung fur In te r -

n t i o ~ l e Entwicklung

(DSE) provided

funding

and

ex

pe r t s

to a s s i s t

CIP

in

conduct ing the course ,

in which

over

20

sc i en t i s t s and t echnic ians from Pakis tan , Af

ghanis tan and

Turkey par t i c ipa ted .

REGION

VI: SOUTHERN

ASIA

(INDIA,

NEPAL BANGLADESH

In

November,

1975,

an

Agreement

was

s igned

between CIP

and the

Indian Counci l

of Agr icu l tu ra l Research

(ICAR)

which provides for: (a) exchange of sc i en t i s t s and

t echnologis t s ; (b) exchange of germ plasm and breeding

mater i a l ;

(c)

exchange

of sc i en t i f i c

l i t e r a tu r e ,

the

informat ion and methodology;

(d)

impor ta t ion of

sc ien-

t i f i c equipment. In June 1976, a Work Plan was

approved

by CIP and

ICAR to

implement t h i s Agreement. The

Work

Plan ca l l ed for CIP to appoint a

re s iden t sc i e n t i s t by

January

1977,

to

be

loca ted

a t

the

Cent ra l

Pota to

Re

search In s t i t u t e (CPRI)

a t

Simla,

where he wi l l

serve

as CIP s Regional Representa t ive . His

r e s pons ib i l i t y

wi l l

be to serve

as

a l i nk between

CIP

and the s t rong

research program of CPRI, and to e s t a b l i s h contacts

with

the neighboring

count r ies of

Nepal

and Bangladesh,

where research and

t r a in ing help i s needed.

99



Major developments

in Region VI occurred in

Nepal,

where CIP

was

requested to help

develop the

Nat ional

Pota to Development

Program and

s t rengthen

na t iona l re -

search capab i l i t i e s . For

t h i s

purpose, CIP received a

specia l

pro jec t

gran t

from

the

Government

of

Switzer

land, and employed

a

Swiss

sc i e n t i s t

as CIP s Country

Program

Sc i e n t i s t

in

Nepal.

In September t h i s

year , the

Deputy

Direc tor

General for Crop

Research

of Nepal s

Department

of

Agricu l ture

and

the

Head

of

Nepal s

Na

t i ona l

Potato Program v i s i t e d CIP/Lima

to

acquaint

themselves with CIP s

research

program and develop

a

Work Plan

for

Nepal.

At

the same

t ime,

CIP s

recent ly

appointed

Country

Program

Sc i e n t i s t

for

Nepal was

a t

CIP/Lima for an

or ien ta t ion

per iod before proceeding to

Nepal

to

assume

hi s

new r e spons i b i l i t i e s .

Since

a

re -

gional representa t ive for

Region

VI wi l l not be on lo -

ca t ion un t i l January 1977, CIP s Regional Representa

t i ve for

Region

VII based

in

Korea, v i s i t e d

Nepal

sev

e r a l t imes

to help

e s t a b l i s h the

specia l pro j e c t

for

po ta to improvement

in

t ha t count ry .

In

September 1976, a

t ra inee

from Bangladesh sponsored

by USAID,

arr ived a t CIP to par t i c ipa te in

a

t h ree -

month t ra in ing course to prepare for new r e s pons ib i l i -

t i e s

in

Bangladesh,

in

a

pro jec t

on

pota to

seed

s t o r -

age.

REGION

VII:

FAR

EAST

AND

SOUTHEAST

ASIA

ACTIVITIES

IN

THE

REPUBLIC

OF KOREA

1. CIP/Korea Agreement

In

May

1976, CIP s Direc tor General and the Direc

t o r General of

the

Off i ce of

Rural

Development

ORD)

Minis t ry of Agr icu l tu re

and

Fisher i es , Re-

publ ic

of

Korea, s igned

an agreement for mutual

cooperat ion

in

pota to research . Under the agree

ment,

the CIP Regional Sc ien t i s t

became

Team

Lead

e r

for pota toes ,

a t

the ORD, Crop

Improvement Re

search

Center CIRC)

and

a

member

of the CIRC

Re

search

Committee.



2. Regional

Off ice

The of f i ce for

CIP s Region

VII,

the

Far

East

and

Southeast

Asia, es t ab l i shed l a t e in

1975,

was

con-

so l ida ted

by

the

appointment

of

a

bi l ingua l

secre

t a ry

and

a dr ive r .

Logis t ic

support and communica-

t i ons f a c i l i t i e s

for

the

Regional Off ice ,

which i s

loca ted in

the

Hor t icu l tu ra l Exper iment Sta t ion

o f

ORD in Suweon, are prqvided by the USAID sponsored

Crop Improvement

Research

Center ,

ORD

Suweon.

3. The Korea National r o g r ~ m

CIP helped

prepare

a

proposal fo r

USAID as a

re

s u l t

o f

which

a

fu l l

t ime

CIP

pota to

s c i e n t i s t

was

employed by USAID w:i:.thJ _:ri._the CIRC pota to program.

He wi l l take

over

the pos i t ion

o f

Team

Leader

of

the Korean

National

Potato Program

from

CIP ' s

Re-

giona l Representa t ive .

4. The

In t e rd i sc ip l ina ry

Pota to

:Research Team

The

team met

s ix t imes dur ing

the

year

and out

l ined

the requirements for

new

personnel , t r a i n i ng

and

equipment

for the

program. Research programs

were analyzed and fu ture

program pr . io r i t i e s

es tab

l i shed . An in te r im repo r t on

po ta to

product ion in

the

Republic

of

Korea

was prepared

and work was

begun

on

the prepara t on of the f i na l

dra f t .

CIP ' s

Regional

Representat ive

and

Country

Program Scien-

t st v i s i t e d

pota to

product ion

areas in

Korea as

wel l

as

the

var ious

agencies and i n s t i t u t i ons con-

cerned in pota to product ion and u t i l i za t ion . A

gr ea t e r unders tanding

of po ta to work

in Korea was

9ained

thereby helping

to

uni t e

the

members

of the

po ta to team in to a

sound

na t iona l program.

Consul tancies

An Aust ra l ian

s c i e n t i s t

spent

s ix week in Korea

to

advi se

on seed

product ion, pota to nu t r i t i on and

agronomy.

A s c i e n t i s t from

the

Tropica l Products

In s t i t u t e - spent

12 days in

Korea advi s ing on po ta

to s torage .

1 1



6. Training

The

above mentioned consu l tan ts from Aus t ra l i a and

the

Tropica l

Products

In s t i t u t e

conducted seminars

on physio logy and

pota to

s torage r espec t ive ly .

Korean pota to agronomist was p a r t i a l l y sponsored

by CIP on a study

tour

of Japan, a v i s i t to CIP

f a c i l i t i e s

in Peru and

v i s i t s to

two

U.S.

univer -

s i t i e s .

REGION L ACTIVITIES

1.

Regional

Symposium

The F i r s t Regional Symposium on Pota to Product ion

for

the Far Eas t

and Southeast Asia,

j o i n t l y spon

sored by CIP anti the Off ice of Rural Development,

was

held from June 7-12, a t

Seoul. S c ie n t i s t s and

na t iona l

leaders

from ten countr ies o f the Region

a t t ended the Symposium and presen ted papers summa

r i z i ng

the

presen t s i t ua t i on of po ta to product ion

in

t he i r

countr ies .

Resolut ions

were

passed

a t

the

Symposium emphasizing the organiza t ion of na t iona l

pota to

programs and out l in ing ways in which CIP

can coopera te wi th na t iona l

programs

for

the

bene

it

of

pota to

improvement in

the Far

East and

Southeast

Asia .

2. Sr i

Lanka

Work

was

i n i t i a t e d on

dr a f t i ng

of

a

cooperat ive

agreement between CIP and the Department of Agri

cu l tu re of

Sr i

Lanka and recommendations were made

for

improvement

of

the Sr i

Lankan

Seed Potato Pro

gram.

t r a i n i ng course in seed pota to

conducted in

S r i Lanka,

by CIP s

t i s t aided by a CIP

consu l tan t

kan Pota to

Team Leader .

product ion was

Regional

Scien

and

the

Sr i Lan-



po ta to

agronomist from

Sr i Lanka at tended

the

Fi f t h

In t e rna t iona l Course on

Pota to

Product ion a t

Wageningen, Holland.

CIP sen t the Sr i

Lankan

Pota to

C e r t i f i c a t i on Off i -

ce r for

a

four

month t r a in ing

course

to Aust ra l ia ,

pr inc ipa l ly a t

the Victor ian

Plan t Research I n s t i -

tu te .

3. Japan

Contacts were made with

members of the Minis t ry of

Agricu l tu re and

the College of

Agricu l tu re ,

Uni-

ve r s i t y of

Hokkaido.

Japanese sc i en t i s t s are

in -

te res ted

~

ass i s t ing

CIP

with i t s

work

in South-

e a s t Asia .

4. Malaysia

During

a

br i e f

v i s i t

to

Malaysia, CIP 's Regional

Representa t ive

mape

contact

with

severa l workers

in the Malaysian Agricu l ture Research

and

Develop-

ment Ins t i tu te ,

who are

in te res ted

in pota to re -

search

and

production.

The

v i s i t and

subsequent

correspondence wi th

var ious

sc i en t i s t s i de n t i f i e d

an

i n t e r e s t

in

commencing a seed

scheme and t e s t -

ing CIP

clones

for

adaptat ion to the ho t humid

t rop ics .

5. Phi l ipp ines

Vi s i t s to the Phi l ipp ines

made

by CIP personnel

dur ing

the

year

have

es tab l ished contac ts

with

key

sc i e n t i s t s in

the

National

Pota to

Program.

n

agreement

for Sc ien t i f i c and Technical

Coopera-

t i on in Research and Train ing on

Pota to

Improve-

ment and Culture

was

signed by

the

Direc tor

of

the Phi l ipp ines

Counci l

for

Agricu l ture

and Re-

sources

Research

PCARR)

and

the Direc tor

General

o f CIP. Negot ia t ions are in

progress

between CIP

and

the

Southeast Asian Regional

Center

for Grad-

uate Study

and

Research

in

Agricu l ture

SEA.RCA) a t

10.3



4

Los Banos in t he Ph i l i pp ines

whereby SE RC

would

provide admin i s t r a t i ve suppor t and f a c i l i t i e s for

C I P s

Regional

Team, when it i s

r e loca t ed from

the

Republ ic

o f Korea to t he Phi l ipp ines in 1977.

Although

CIP

w i l l

cont inue

an

ac t ive

program

o f

cooperat ion

in research and

t r a in ing with

CIRC in

Korea t he new

base for

CIP s

reg iona l

team in the

Ph i l ipp ines

wi l l of f e r

severa l

advantages . t w i l l

be

a more cen t r a l and economical base fo r t r ave l

throughout

the

Region. The c l imate

and

agr i cu l tu re

o f

the

Ph i l ipp ines

i s

a l so more

t yp ica l of the

t r op i ca l and sub - t rop ica l coun t r i e s o f t he

Region,

and the re fo re , the j h iJ i .ppines wi l l provide an

ex-

c e l l e n t

base for

t he t e s t i ng of

CIP germ plasm and

techno1og;, .

In September ,

PC RR v i s i t e d

CIP personne l

implementat ion

6 . Nepal

t h i s year t he

Direc tor General o f

CIP/Lima to

become acqua in ted wi th

and f a c i l i t i e s and to discuss t he

o f

t he PCARR/CIP

agreement.

Although

Nepal

i s

cons ide red a s

p a r t

o f CIP s

Re-

gion VI,

v i s i t s

to .Nepal , in

1976, were made by

CIP s

Regional

Represen ta t ive

from

Region VII ,

and

o the r

CIP s c i e n t i s t s ,

s ince the

r eg iona l

team for

Ind ia ,

Nepal and Bangladesh had not

y e t

been es

t ab l i shed .

Two

Nepalese sc i e n t i s t s

pa r t i c i pa t ed i n

the Region VII Symposium

held

in Korea, in June

1976. The head

o f

t he Nepal

Potato

Program

v i s i t e d

CIP

in

September o f

t h i s

year .

7. Thai land

Major

program

developments in

Thai land

occurred in

1975 and 1976, which have

c rea t ed

new p o s s i b i l i

t i e s for

CIP s coopera t ion with

na t iona l po ta to

improvement

e f fo r t s

in

t ha t count ry .

In

November

1975, t he Direc tor

General

and a

CIP

team v i s i t e d

Thai land t o a s se s s

t he po t en t i a l of the country



for pota to

improvement. Personnel

of the Rocke

f e l l e r Foundation and

the

United Nations

Programme

for Drug Abuse

Control UNPDAC) were par t i cu l a r ly

he lpfu l in es t ab l i sh ing contac ts with nat ional

leaders a t Bangkok and Chiang Mai.

CIP

s t a f f

t r a

ve l led to

Chiang

Mai to

meet with the Director and

s t a f f of the Northern

Agricul tura l Development

Center

NADC). Vis i t s

were made

with the

Pro jec t

Manager

of

the

Crop

Replacement and

~ o m m u n i t y

De

velopment Projec t to

severa l

vi l l ages in the

Hil l -Tr ibe

areas near Chiang Mai, including the

vi l l ages of Ban-Phui, Khun Wang and Chawlae, to

assess poten t i a l seed producing areas .

The NADC a t Chiang Mai i s being ass i s t ed by a

UNDP/FAO

pro jec t which

i s providing funds

and

s t a f f members

to develop

and

s t a f f

the

new

Center.

The

NADC program

i s divided

i n to f ive branches:

Planning, Research Extension, ~ t u r l Resources

and Field S ta t ions . The Government of New Zealand

i s

ass i s t ing

NADC by

providing

funds for agr icu l

tu r a l

t ra in ing . The pota to program

for

nor thern

Thai land i s included as one of

the

pro jec t s of

NADC.

The

United Nations/Thai Program for

Drug Abuse

Control

UNPDAC)

i s concent ra t ing in the Hil l

Tribe areas

of northern

Thailand, which

i s

the

main area of

product ion

of the opium poppy.

UNPDAC

has es tabl i shed a Crop Replacement

and

Community

Development

Projec t based in Chiang Mai,

to

devel

op

a l t e rna t ive

crops to

the

opium

poppy.

Seed po

t a to product ion i s

being

considered

as one such

a l t e rna t ive

crop for the

Hil l -Tr ibe

areas

be

cause

of

i t s

high value

and

poss ible

adapta t ion

to

the h i l l areas surrounding

the

pota to producing

areas near Chiang Mai. Recently, a road has been

completed

in to

one Hil l -Tr ibe area which

could

make t r anspor t a t ion of seed pota toes

feas ib le .

In

1976,

a proposal was developed

by

the

In terna

t i ona l

Programs

Divis ion of the

USDA Agricul tura l

Research Service wi th the Government

of

Thailand,

en t i t l ed : Table and Seed

Potato

Product ion in the

Highlands

of

Northern

Thailand,

as a

Replacement

fo r

the

Opium

Crop .

1 5



6

In June 1976, CIP

sponsored

two sc i en t i s t s

from

Thailand to par t i c ipa te in the Regional Symposium

on Potato Product ion for the Far

East and South-

eas t

Asia,

held in

Suweon,

Korea. In September

t h i s

year ,

CIP s

Regional

Representa t ive

for

Re-

gion VII, vi s i t ed Thai land.

8. Taiwan

Vis i t s to the Asian Vegetable Research and Devel-

opment Center AVRDC) by

CIP sc i en t i s t s and

a

v i

s i t

by the Direc tor General of AVRDC to Korea,

have

s t rengthened the

reg iona l ro le

AVRDC

i s

playing i n se l ec t ion program for po ta toes

su i tab le

for

the

lowland

t rop ics . CIP

has

an

act ive

ex-

change program with AVRDC for genet ic mater i a l s .

INTRODUCTION

OF

GERM PLASM

In 1976,

CIP

arranged the supply of

new

and im-

proved clones

of pota toes

to countr ies o f

Region

VII as

fol lows:

Country

Korea

Sri

Lanka

Phi l ipp ines

F i j i

Thailand

Number

and

Descr ipt ion

5 var i e t i e s

7 var i e t i e s

5

var i e t i e s

va r i e t i e s

10

clones

8

clones and t rue seed

Source

USA and

Canada

Holland

Aust ra l ia

Japan

USA

CIP

Bacter ia l

wi l t r e s i s t an t Wisconsin

clones

Heat - to l e ran t ear ly

CIP

maturing clones

Heat t o l e ran t clones

CIP

Heat

t o l e ran t

clones

CIP



CIP S

SO IOE ONOMI

UNIT

Object ives

and Program

Development

The

In te rna t iona l

func t ions

with in

(RR T)

Program.

Potato

Cen ter s Socioeconomic

Unit

the Regional Research and Training

I t s major objec t ives

fol low:

I . Complement

and support

CIP s research

and t ra in ing

programs.

I I .

Carry out socioeconomic s tudies a t

the

nat ional

l eve l

to

f a c i l i t a t e

the

t r ansfe r

of

technology

from CIP

to na t iona l

programs.

I I I .

Carry

out

and

sponsor,

in col labora t ion

with CIP

and nat ional

sc i en t i s t s , appl ied socioeconomic re -

search

to

determine accep tab i l i ty and

impact of

new technology a t

the

farm l eve l .

In l i ne with CIP s overa l l approach, the Unit is prob

l em-or ien ted

and in te rd i sc ip l ina ry . t i s f e l t t ha t a

broadly based,

soc ia l

science

program,

focused

on

a

few key problems and working close ly with CIP research

sc i e n t i s t s and regional

teams,

can make

s ign i f i can t

cont r ibu t ions to the development and t r ansfe r of im

proved

pota to

technology. Research pro jec t s are

design

ed

and

executed

in

col labora t ion

with other Cen ter s

sc i e n t i s t s and with National

Potato Programs.

Socioeco

nomic t r a in ing ,

included

in courses

he ld

a t the Cen

t e r s Lima

headquarters and

in

reg iona l courses ,

aims

a t preparing nat ional

workers

for applying socioecono

mic methods

and

techniques

to

s trengthen pota to pro-

grams

in the i r own countr ies .

The

Cen te r s socioeconomic

program

includes four pr in -

c ipa l areas o f work:

I .

Development of a socioeconomic information

base

fo r pota toes

I I .

Comparative

study

o f pota to product ion

and

u t i l i -

zat ion

in

se lec ted countr ies

1 7



1 8

I I I .

In-depth research

A. Farm-level

cons t ra in t s to

pota to

product ion

B. Potato

seed

product ion and di s t r ibu t ion

sys

tems

C.

Pos t -harves t technology and

u t i l i za t ion

IV Socioeconomic t ra in ing

In

1976 emphasis was placed on bui ld ing an informat ion

base

and i n i t i a t i o n

of

th ree country- leve l

s tudies

with in

a comparat ive framework. Future work

wi l l

focus

on

research

and t ra in ing in the

areas

of product ion

c o n s ~ r a i n t s seed and post -harves t technology.

Development of

a

Socioeconomic

Information Base

During 1976 the

Socioeconomic

Unit

placed high

pr io r i t y

on bib l iographic

research

es tab l i shment of

a

spec ia l

ized

document

co l lec t ion

and

ana lys is o f

avai lable

world s t a t i s t i c s on pota to product ion

and

u t i l i za t ion .

A bibl iography on socioeconomic

aspec ts

o f

pota toes

in

Peru

was

publ ished

and bib l iographic

work

on

socioeco

nomic aspec ts o f pota to product ion and u t i l i z a t i o n in

the

world

was

i n i t i a t ed a t Cornel l

Univers i ty .

A col

l ec t ion

of

documents

was

es tabl i shed for

the

RR T

Program which has documents organized by count ry and

catalogued by author and

subjec t .

This

makes

informa

t ion

on countr ies

in

the seven CIP

Regions

r ead i ly

a

va i l ab le to

cente r

sc i en t i s t s

and

t ra inees .

F O

s t a t i s

t i c s on pota to product ion and u t i l i za t ion in the world

were

analyzed and summarized

for

pub l ica t ion .

Analysis

of na t iona l - l eve l data

indica tes a

s t rong re

l a t ionsh ip between

per

cap i t a income l eve l s and

major

aspects

of po ta to product ion and u t i l i za t ion .

In poor

count r i es l eve l s of

pota to

yie lds per cap i t a consump

t i on and

the per cent

which i s processed

or

fed to

l ives tock are a l l lower

than

in the developed countr ies



(Maps 1 and

2,

Figure 9 . The growth

r a t e

of po ta to

produc t ion i s

highes t in

countr ies where

l eve l s

of per

c a p i t a income

and pota to consumption are lowest .

In

count r ies a t an

in termediate s tage of development, the

growth

r a t e of pota to product ion

i s

smal les t (in some

cases nega t ive . In highly indus t r i a l i zed count r i es ,

where la rge volumes of pota toes are processed , the ra t e

o f

growth

of product ion increases again (Figure 10).

The Peruvian bibl iography

was compiled

by

the

s t a f f

of

the Socioeconomic Unit . Analys is

of

F O s t a t i s t i c s

was

a l so ca r r ied

out

by

the

Unit

di rec t ly .

An independent

consu l t an t

was hired

on

a par t - t ime bas i s to

organize

the

RR

T Library. Bibl iographic

work a t

Cornel l i s

being

ca r r ied

out by

graduate

s tudents under cont rac t

with

the

Cent er.

Comparative

study

of

Potato Production and Ut i l i z a t i on

During the

year ,

comparative

study

and use in th ree

o b j e c t i v ~ s

the Socioeconomic Unit i n i t i a t e d a

of

pota to product ion, di s t r ibu t ion

countr ies ,

with

the

fol lowing major

1.

Out l ine

major

charac te r i s t i c s

of po ta to research ,

seed and extension programs and of po ta to produc-

t i on and d i s t r i bu t ion

systems.

2. Iden t i fy

major ba r r i e r s to

improved

pota to produc-

t i on ,


and

use.

3.

Develop

typologies of producers

which f a c i l i t a t e

the design

of

s t ra t eg ies for

improving po ta to

technology

and

produc t iv i ty

and

the

eva lua t ion

of

the i r

impact .

4. Analyze market problems (unstable

pr ices and

sup-

ply ,

inadequate s torage and

process ing ,

excess ive

marketing· margins,

i ne l a s t i c

demand) and iden t i fy

h igh -p r io r i t y

areas

for improving

s torage

and

process ing

technology and di s t r ibu t ion systems.

1 9



0

40\-

160 140 120 100 ...... ' _.,,

- 4 - - · t ~ 80 100 120 140

\ \

·

. Cl Z ··'i"

0

Cir)

r:s

~ i p - . · I

~ i t >

OTATO YIELDS

(T/ha)

1972/74

-

15. 1

+

___ . _ _______. _ -- - -- -- ---

---

10. 1

to

15

.0

-

7.6 to 10.0

5. 1 to 7 .5

=i

2.

0

to

5.0

j '

Source:

FAQ

Production

Yearbook 1974.

•

___

____ . ,. - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20

J _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - L - - - - - - ~ -

40 60 80 100

Map 1 - ota to

y ie lds

by

count ry

(T/ha), 1972-74



-

-

7

,

o

POTATO

PRODUCTION

PER CAPITA

I kg/yr) 1972174

\

w\

\

4 \

\

-

l11lillllID

EQfil

J

100.

1

75 1 to

1qo

so. 1 to

7

25. 1

to

50

un er

25

~ e FAD roduction

Year

Book 1974.

100 iGo l 40 0 - - ~ , o o ~ - - i e o c - - - ~ , ' o ' ~ - - ' ° c - - - - , ' o - - - +

L_ j___

2

4

6 80

100

Map 2 - Pota to product ion per cap i ta Kg/yr), 1972



30

25

'

--

;:;; 20

r--

°

It

i

<

~ s

..:I

r:i::I

H

:>t

0

10

E <

0

p.,

5

0

Fig

9 Potato

yields

as a function of GNP per

capita

o3

06

s

ol

x

0

02

/

/

9

2

8

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

GNP

PER CAPITA ($

US,

1973)

Figures

9

and 10:

Countr ies wi th

over

10,000 Ha.

in

pota toes were

rank

ordered

in terms of t he i r

average GNP

per cap i ta . These countr ies

were separated i n to 20 s t r a ta , each-with

approximately

the

same area in

pota toes .

The 20

s t r a t a include the

fo l lowing

countr ies

in descending order of GNP per cap i ta : 1)

U.S.A.; 2) Switzer land, Sweden, Canada; 3) Germany F.R. ;

4) Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France; 5) Aust ra l ia , Nether

lands , Japan, Finland,

Libyan

Arab

Rep.;

6) Austr ia , United



Kingdom;

7) Germany D.R.; 8) Czechoslovakia; 9) I t a l y

10)

I re land Greece, Hungary; 11) Spain , Argent ina;

12)

Venezuela, Bulgar i a Por tuga l South Afr ica ; 13)

Yugoslavia,

Uruguay, Mexico;

(

14) I r an

Bras i l

Chi le ;

(

15) Peru ,

Turkey;

16) Alge r i a Cuba, Albania, Colombia, Rep. o f Korea, Ecua-

dor ; ( 1

7)

Dem. Rep. of Korea,

Morocco,

Egypt ,

Cameroon;

( 18)

Bol iv i a

Kenya, Madagascar, Zai re

Tanzania ,

Indones ia ;

19)

Ind ia ;

20) Paki s t an Nepal, Ethiopia

Bangladesh, Burundi,

Rwanda.

-6

z

0

H

E <

u

p

Q

0

0::

p

0

E <

E <

0

tj<

p

r---

µ:)

.....__

N

.9

r--

z

CT \

-2

::r::

I

u

LI)

E <

\ D

z

.....__

µ:)

\ D

u

CT \

0

0::

µ:)

p

f 1

::i

z

-2

µ:)

>

4

020

0

o9

10

1000

07

2000

0

8

06

O .J

o4

3000

4000

GNP

PER CAPITA (

US,

1973)

Fig .

10

- Per

cent

change

in

pota to

produc t ion

as a

func t ion of

GNP

per cap i t a .

01

5000

3



4

5.

Provide a general framework for

fu ture , in -depth

research on produc t ion cons t ra in t s , seed

and pos t

harves t

systems.

6.

Presen t

benchmark

in format ion

for fu ture

evalua

t i on

of

CIP

and Nat iona l Po ta to Programs.

In 1976

country

s tud ies

were

i n i t i a t e d in Chile , Ecua

dor

CIP Region I) and Kenya Region I I I . In

each

case , research contrac ts

were

s igned with l qca l

i n s t i

t u t ions to carry

out

necessary f i e ld work and

dra f t

the

r epor t s ,

fol lowing

a uniform format.

In

each

of

the

th ree

s tudy

countr ies , na t iona l program

l eaders placed

grea t

emphasis

on

marketing

problems and

the

need to

s t a b i l i z e

po ta to

pr ices .

Consequent ly in

each study, ana lyses

of

market and pr i ce

problems

were

car r i ed out . In Chi le ,

t was genera l ly

be l ieved t ha t

the main cause of pr i ce i n s t a b i l i t y was cyc l i c a l

expan

s ion

and

contrac t ion of the a rea seeded to po ta toes .

However,

an

ana lys is of t ime

s e r i e s

data revea led t ha t

the main

source of

supply i n s t a b i l i t y was not the

f luc

tua t ion

of area in pota toes bu t pota to yie lds .

This

was

even t rue

in

the

Cent ra l

Zone,

around

Santiago, where

product ion

i s

highly

market

or ien ted

and

yie lds

are

qu i te s t ab le

due

to

an e f fec t ive

i r r i ga t i on

system. Ex

periments

on

determinants of yie ld i n s t a b i l i t y are now

planned by the

Chilean Pota to Program.

In

Ecuador,

when the s tudy

was

i n i t i a t e d the re

was

grea t

i n t e r e s t

in

s t ab i l i z ing pr i ce s through a s t a t e

opera ted

s torage system. However, pr i ce ana lys i s i nd i

cated t ha t in Quito a th ree -year cycle

overshadowed

the

seasona l cyc le , p lac ing in doubt

the

economic

v iab i l i t y

o f

a

s torage

f a c i l i t y .

Farm-level

and

reg iona l s to rages

a re

much

more

promissing, and

research

on low-cost

sys

tems cont inues .

In Kenya,

pota to gene t ic

work and seed

product ion

fo

cused

for many years on white-skinned

va r i e t i e s .

Howev

e r ,

an ear ly

f inding of the country s tudy was t ha t the

market pr i ce of red-skinned pota toes genera l ly

exceeded

t h a t of

white-skinned

va r i e t i e s

by 30

per

cent .

This

pr i ce

d i f fe ren t i a l

p a r t i a l l y expla ins

why

the adopt ion

of

new va r i e t i e s

and

t echnologica l

packages

has

been

poor .



In l a t e 1976,

anthropologica{

fieldwork

was

car r i ed out

on

pota to s torage

systems

in Peru ' s ~ n t a r o Valley

one o f the

most

highly

market

or ien ted a reas in the

Pe

ruv ian

Highlands.

Research

f indings i nd ica te

t ha t

while

nea r ly

a l l

producers

s tore

pota toes

for

seed

and

home

consumption, few s to re

for

specula t ive purposes in

a n t i c ipa t ion

of

a

fu ture pr i ce inc rease . While t i s

genera l ly

assumed

by t echnic ians t ha t losses

in common

house

s torages

are

high

(e .g .

20-40

per

cent)

small

farmers pre fe r

t h i s

type

of

storage

for

convenience and

secur i ty . Potato s torage uni t s of smal l farmers were

mult ipurpose in design,

being

used for the s torage of

other

crops

and

too l s .

Only

a

few la rge producers

thought

t ha t spec ia l ized permanent

f a c i l i t i e s

for s t o r

ing

pota toes

could

be

a

prof i t ab le

investment . In

1977,

research wi l l cont inue to be car r i ed

out

in conjunc t ion

with CIP ' s Thrust

on appropr ia te s to rage

and

proces

s ing techniques and

t he i r

socioeconomic v i a b i l i t y under

Peruvian condi t ions .

Socioeconomic Training

Socioeconomic s t a f f members pa r t i c ipa t e Center t r a in ing

courses ,

presen t ing mate r ia l

on

the

fo l lowing

t op ics :

a)

pa t te rns

and t rends of po ta to product ion

and u t i l

i z a t i on

in the

world.

b)

socioeconomic

f ie ldwork methods

c) ana lys i s

of

farm-level product ion cons t ra in t s

d)

po ta to seed

product ion

and d i s t r i bu t ion systems

e)

pos t -ha rves t pota to

technology

Emphasis i s placed on the

prepara t ion of na t iona l work

e r s

for

the app l ica t ion of socioeconomic

procedures

de

veloped by the Unit in the th ree major

in

depth

re

search

topics ,

out l ined above.

As a

prac t i ca l exe rc i s e ,

in the

Fourth

In t e rna t iona l Potato Product ion Course

1976)

f i e ld v i s i t s

were

car r i ed

out

in

two regions o f

Peru the Coast and Cent ra l Highlands).

Trainees

were

5





communic tions

In

1976 Center

Support

Communications, a

new department

c rea ted l a s t year , continued to hi re

and

t r a in person-

ne l , and to acqui re the

necessary

equipment

for

produc-

t i on

of publ ica t ions

and

audiovisual a ids for the

pur

pose of f a c i l i t a t i n g sc i e n t i f i c i nves t iga t ion , communi-

ca t ion between sc i en t i s t s , and

the

t r a ns fe r o f

CIP

technology to

developing

countr ies .

y

midyear ,

basic equipment

for

product ion

of

photo-

graphic

and

pr inted

mater ia ls

was

in

place ,

and

regula r

produc t ion of publ ica t ions began, including the

Annual

Report ( in

English

and

Spanish),

repor ts on Planning

Conferences and

other

sc i en t i f i c a c t i v i t i e s ,

b i b l i o

graphies , and informat ional pamphlets in severa l l an

guages. Prel iminary

work

was a lso begun on

a

fu l l - co lo r

pocke t -s ized f i e l d manual

for

i de n t i f i c a t i on of major

pota to

diseases .

Center

Support Communications has worked c lose ly with

sc i e n t i s t s

in

the

prepara t ion of

a r t i c l e s

for

pro fe s

s iona l journa ls , and in the

e labora t ion

o f audiovisual

a ids

for

conferences , seminars , and

t ra in ing

courses .

Although Communications personnel par t i c ipa ted

d i r e c t l y

in two Regional Production Courses t h i s year , major e f

fo r t s

were

more

or ien ted toward the product ion

of

t r a in ing a ids

for

CIP Regional

Representa t ives

and na-

t i ona l pota to programs.

By

December, work was near ly

completed

on

s l ide se t s covering major pota to diseases ,

s torage

(with,

and

without

l i gh t ,

stem

cu t t ings

(a

rap id mul t ip l i ca t ion technique

for

pota toes , and

a

genera l

informat ion presen ta t ion about the Center en-

t i t l e d What i s CIP? These

se t s wi l l

be copied in

quant i ty for dis t r ibu t ion to CIP Regional Representa-

t i ve s

and

na t iona l pota to

programs in 1977.

7



8

In December

o f 1976 Center Support Communications moved

to new quar t e r s in a

neighboring

bui ld ing in

La Molina,

donated to CIP by

the

Peruvian

Minis t ry

of Alimenta

t ion . New f a c i l i t i e s , which provide

ample space

for

personnel

and equipment,

include:

off ices ; a pr in t i ng

shop;

a

mini-audi tor ium

with

pro jec t ion

f ac i l i t i e s

and

sea t ing for

20

persons ,

in tended for seminars and

audiovisua l presenta t ions ; a

photographic s tudio;

and

space for

fu ture

i n s t l ~ t i o n

of

a

photomechanical

cam

e r a and darkroom,

and

pla te

making equipment. A

f u l l

s ized audi tor ium,

photographic

darkroom, audio record

ing s tudio , and

broadcas t cente r ( for

poss ible i n s t a l

l a t i on o f c lo s e d -c i r c u i t t e l ev i s ion) are presen t ly un

der cons t ruc t ion

in

the

new

wing o f the

main

bui ld ing

o f the

Center

in La

Molina.

These f ac i l i t i e s , scheduled

fo r

completion

in

1977,

wi l l

be equipped

gradually ac

cording to growth of the communications needs of

the

Center .

LIBRARY

The year 1976

was an important and busy per iod because

o f

prepara t ions

for

moving

i n to

new l i b ra ry

f a c i l i t i e s

scheduled

fo r

mid-1977.

The new l i b r a ry w i l l

have

th ree

f loor l eve l s . t i s

being

organ ized to permit minia tu

r i z a t i on of pr in t informat ion; s tudy ca r re l s wi l l be

equipped to use modern informat ion r e t r i e v a l .

Over

20

new journa l

subscr ip t ions

were added during the

year .

CIP now

subscr ibes

to a t o t a l o f 76 journals ; ex

changes and donat ions t r i p l e t h i s number. A generous

g i f t

of 40

t ex t s

and two-year

subsc r ip t ion

to 29 Bri

t i s h research journa ls were

rece ived from

the

Bri t i sh

Council .

Through

the se rv ices o f the Commonwealth Agr icu l tu ra l

Bureaux

CAB) the

f i r s t volume (1976)

of

Potatoes Abs

t r ac t s conta in ing 88 abs t rac t s

was

produced. CAB

scans

over 8000 journa ls

for

a r t i c l e s

o f

i n t e re s t .

Dis

t r ibu t ion to CIP s c i e n t i s t s provides an exce l l en t

meth

od of

maintaing

a watch on world-wide po ta to

research.



The

l i b ra ry

col labora ted

in

severa l j o i n t pr o j ec t s

a t

the Peruvian

na t iona l

leve l for

the

Union

Catalog

of

Per iod ica l s including Direc tor ies

of

the Nat ional

Agrarian

Univers i ty the Documentation Center

for

Agri-

cu l tu re

CEDSA)

and the

National

In s t i t u t e

for Indus-

t r i a l Technology

and

Technical

Standards ITINTEC) .

At

the

in te rna t iona l

leve l

the

l ib ra ry

cont inued coopera-

t i ve

a c t i v i t i e s

with s i s t e r Agricu l tu ra l

Research

Cen-

t e r s .

The pro j e c t to develop

a

Union Catalog of

Per iod ica l s

o f the In t e rna t iona l Agricu l tu ra l

Research

Centers i s

near ing

complet ion.

The

j o in t pr o j ec t for a Union Cata-

log of Theses

ava i lab le in the l i b ra r i e s

of

the In t e r

na t iona l

Agr icu l tu ra l

Research

Centers

was

publ i shed

and

d i s t r i bu t e d b [

ICRISAT.

During

1976 the CIP l i b r a ry exchanged informat ion

and

pub l ica t ions with 39

l i b ra r i e s in

Lat in

America

8

in

Africa 20 in Asia ~ ~ Canada 22 in Europe

5

in

Oceania and

12 in the

United States .

There

was

a

s ign i

f i c a n t increase

in the

use of

the l i b r a ry

over

previous

years

by

Research Trainees from the Regional Research

and Training

program.

These increased a c t i v i t i e s were

maintained

desp i te two temporary

moves

of

the l i b r a ry

to

al low for cons t ruc t ion a l t e ra t ions .

By the

end

of

1976

the l i b r a ry s t a f f was increased

by

the employment of a

Reference

Circu la t ion Ass is tan t . n

Ass i s t an t Libra r ian was

hi red on a temporary

bas i s .

Vis i to r s

and Language

Ins t ruc t ion

One hundred

and eighteen

v i s i t o r s from 33 countr ies v i

s i t e d CIP

f a c i l i t i e s

dur ing the year .

In

addi t ion many

pro fe s s iona l

and other i n t e res t ed persons

from

Peru v i

s i t e d

CIP.

As in previous years s t a f f members and shor t - te rmers

as wel l as

t he i r

famil ies have taken

Spanish

ins t ruc

t i on from

our Language

Teacher Mr.

Jorge

Palac ios

who

has

given Spanish

lessons to Engl ish

German and French

speaking sc i en t i s t s 27

workers

and 13

wives. Due to

the inc reas ing ly la rger number of s tudents and

l e s s

t ime

ava i l ab le only

6

Spanish

speaking

people have oc-

cas iona l ly had

a

chance to take Engl ish le ssons .

9





public tions by C IP

scientists

CANTO

S ~ E N Z

M. and SCURRAH

M.M.

de.

o f the po ta to cys t nematode in the

a ~ d

a

new

system of c l a s s i f i c a t i on .

In press ) .

1976. Races

andean region

Nematologica -

2 COOPER J.I. JONES R.A.C.

and

HARRISON B.D.

1976. Fie ld and glasshouse

experiments

on

the

con

t r o l of pota to mop-top

vi rus .

Annals

o f Applied

Biology

83: 215-230.

3 CHRISTIANSEN J .

and THOMPSON N.R. 1976. The u t i l -

i z a t i on

o f bi t t e r pota toes

in the

cold

t rop ics

of

La t in America. Proceedings 4th

Syrop.

In t . Soc.

Tropica l Root Crops. pp. 212-215.

4 FRIBOURG

C.E. 1976.

Andean

pota to ca l i co s t r a i n of

tobacco r ingspot vi rus . Proceedings of the

American

Phytopathologica l Socie ty .

3: 235

(Abs t r . ) .

5

HUAMAN

Z. ,

HAWKES J .G. and ROWE

P.R.

1976.

Stu-

dies

on the

or ig in

of

S j nhuiri Juz.

e t Buk., a

south

american cu l t iva ted dip lo id pota to . Amer. Po

t a to J . 53: 372 (Abstr . ) .

6

HENSHAW

G.G., and

ROCA W.M. 1976.

Spec ia l t ech-

niques in germ plasm

s torage.

CIP planning confer -

ence

on

explora t ion and maintenance of germ plasm

resources . pp.

109-130.

7 INAGAKI

HARUO

and

SCURRAH

M.M.

de. 1976.

The

pos

s i b i l i t y of contamination of Peruvian guano

by

po

t a t o cys t nematode. Japanese

Journal

of

Nematology.

6: 95-98.

8 JACKSON

M.T., ROWE P.R. , and HAWKES J .G. 1976.

The

enigma of t r i p lo id pota toes :

a

r eappra i sa l .

Amer. Pota to J .

53: 395 (Abs t r . ) .

2



2

9 JATALA P . , GUTARRA

L. ,

FRENCH E.R. and

ARANGO

J .

1976. In t e rac t ion

of

Heterodera

pallida

and


on

po ta toes .

J .

Nematolo

gy.

8:

289-290.

10 JATALA P. ,

and

JENSEN H.J. 1976. S e l f - i n t e ra c

t i on

of

Meloidogyne hapla

and

Heterodera

schachtii

on Beta vulgaris

J .

Nematology.

8: 43-48.

11

JATALA P.

and

JENSEN

H.J. 1976.

His topa thologi

c a l i n t e r r e l a t i ons h ip

of

Meloidogyne hapla and He-

terodera

schachtii on eta vulgaris J . Nematology

8: 226-341.

12 JATALA

P .

and JENSEN H.J. 1976. Paras i t i sm of

Beta vulgaris by Meloidogyne hapla and Heterodera

schachtii

alone and in combination.

J .

Nematology

8:

200-205.

13

JATALA

P.

and lflENDOZA

H.A. 1976. The

reac t ion

o f

some

clones of d ip lo id cu l t iva ted pota toes

to

in

fec t ion

by

the roo t -knot nematode. Meloidogyne in -

cognita acrita Amer. Potato J . 53:

395-396

Abs

t r .

.

14 JATALA P. and ROWE P.R. The r eac t ion o f 62 tu

ber -bear ing

Solanum

spec ies

to

the roo t -knot nema

tode Meloidogyne

incognita acrita J .

Nematology

8:

290.

15

JATALA p.

The

reac t ion

pota toes to

Meloidogyne

Journa l .

53:

MENDOZA H.A.

and

HAYNES F.L. 1976.

of

some

c lones

of

dip lo id cu l t i va t ed

infec t ion y

the roo t -knot nematode

incognita

acrita

American

Pota to

395-396.

16 JATALA P.

and

VALENCIA

L.

1976.

Nuevo

metodo pa

ra matar f i j a r insec tos para co lecc ion . XIX Con

vencion

Nacional

de Entomologia.

Sociedad Entomo

log ica de l

Pe ru .

pp.

89.



17

JONES R.A.C. and FRIBOURG C.E. 1976. Beetle ,

con tac t

and pota to

t rue seed

t ransmiss ion

of An

dean pota to

l a t e s t

vi rus . Proceedings of the Amer

ican

Phytopathological Society. 3:

235 Abstr . ) .

18

LANDEO J . ,

ROWE

P.R.

and

SCURRAH

M.M.

de. 1976.

The inher i tance of

res i s tance

to

Heterodera

p ll -

d in clones of

Solanwn tuberoswn

ssp .

andigena

Amer.

Pota to

J . 53:

395

Abstr . ) .

19 MENDOZA H.A. 1976. General

and spec i f i c

combining

a b i l i t y

for tuber i n i t i a t i on

in

t e t rap lo id

c u l t i -

vated pota toes .

Amer.

Potato

J . 53: 369-370

Abstr . ) .

20 MENDOZA H.A. 1976. Adaptat ion of

cu l t iva ted

po ta -

toes to

the lowland

t rop ics . Proceedings 4th Symp.

In t e rna t iona l

Socie ty

for

Tropica l

Root Crops. pp.

50-53.

21

MENDOZA

H.A. 1976. Pota to popula t ion

improvement

and t r a ns fe r

of

genetic

mate r ia ls to the countr ies

o f Region VII. In Regional Symp. on

Pot.

Prod. -

Far Eas t

and

South East Asia. Suweon Korea. pp.

1-10.

22 MENDOZA H.A.

dapta t ion of

land t rop ics .

In te rna t iona l

li Colombia.

1976. Preliminary r e su l t s on the a-

t.he cu l t iva ted pota toes

to the

low

Proceedings

of the 4 th

Symp.

of the

Society

for

Tropica l

Root Crops. Ca

pp. 50-53.

23

MENDOZA

ILA. and

HAYNES

F.L. 1976.

Var iab i l i ty

for

photoper iodic

reac t ion

among diploid

and

te -

t rap lo id

pota to

clones

for

th ree

taxonomic

groups.

Amer. Pota to J . 53: 319-332.

24

MENDOZA

H.A. and VARGAS

S.

1976. The adapta t ion

of the cu l t iva ted

pota to

to the lowland

t rop ics .

Amer. Pota to J . 53:

404

Abstr . ) .

25

NELSON

D.C.

and SHAW R. 1976. Effect

of

plant ing

and

harves ted da tes ,

loca t ion in h i l l and

tuber

s i z e on sugar

content of Kennebec

pota toes . Amer.

Pota to

J . 53: 15

23



24

26

RODRIGUEZ A.

1976. Sintomatologia

del v i rus

de l

Enrrol lamiento de l a s hojas

en cu l t i va r e s

de

papa

de

l a

Zona Andina su

i nc idenc ia

en

e l PerG.

M aster s

t he s i s , U.N.A.

27

RODRIGUEZ A. and JONES R.A.C.

1976.

Symptoma-

to logy

of po ta to

l e a f r o l l

v i rus in

toes . Amer.

Potato J . 53:

400 (Abs t r . ) .

po ta -

28 SCQRRAH M.M. de. 1976.

Breeding for

r es i s t ance .

Report of the second

cys t

nematode workshop, Jack

son,

Tennessee.

29

SHAW,

R.J.

1976.

On

the

t r ans loca ted

carbohydra te

in

olanwn

tu eroswn Peer rev iew

completed.

To be

offe red

to

Plan t Phys io l . ) .

30 SHAW, R.J . , MILLER

VARNS

K. and TALLEY

E.

1976.

Pota to tuber ca l lus : Val ida t ion as

biochemical

t oo l .

Accepted

by Plan t

Physio l .

Jan. 1976).

31

THOMPSON, N.R.,

ROWE, P.R.

and

EZETA

F.N. 1976.

Breeding

pota toes to increase

the nu t r i t i ve

value .

Amer. Pota to J . 53: 364

(Abs t r . ) .

32

I HOMPSON,

N.R., WURSTER,

R.T.

and SAYRE

K.D. 1976.

Ut i l i z a t i on

of po ta toes in the

t rop ics .

Proceed

ings 4th

Symp.

In t e rna t iona l Socie ty

for

Tropical

Root Crops. pp. 20 3--206.

33 VALENCIA

L.

1976. Una forma

ro j a

de

:x:;1°s1

cae

SULZER

en

papa de la Costa Cent ra l de l Peru.

Rev. Peruana de Entomologia. 18 1): 128.

34 VALENCIA

L. 1976.

How to recognize pota to Aphids,

In t e rna t iona l Pota to

Center .

7.

i l l u s t .

35 WESTCOTT R.J . , HENSHAW,

G.C., and

ROCA, W.M. 1977.

Tissue cu l tu re s torage of po ta to

germ

plasm: cu l

tu re i n i t i a t i o n

and plan t

regenera t ion . P lan t

Sci :

Le t te r s accepted, in Press ) .



st l l

on December 31, 1976, inc luding

Specia l

Pro jec t Personnel

R E ~ D I N G ND GENETI S

Roger Rowe,

Ph.D.

Nelson Est rada

Ph.D.

Humberto

Mendoza,

Ph.D.

Zosimo Huaman, Ph.D.

Jerome Franckow_iak, Ph.D.

Juan

Landeo,

M.S.

Fernando

Rey,

Ing .

Agr.

NEM TOLOGY

Rolf

Schafer

Ph.D.

Parv i z Ja t a l a Ph.D.

Marfa de Scurrah , Ph.D.

J av i e r Franco, M.S.

Manuel

Canto, M.S.

P THOLOGY

Edward R. French, Ph.D.

Lodewijk

Turkensteen , Ph.D.

Car los

Mart in Ph.D.

Roger

Jones

Ph.D.

A.M.H.

de

Lekeu, Ph.D.

Luis

Sa laza r M.S.

Cesar Fr ibourg M.S.

Richard

Gibson,

Ph.D.

PHYSIOLOGY

Kenneth Sayre ,

Ph.D.

Roy Shaw, B.S.

Raymond Meyer, Ph.D.

Head

o f

Department

Breeder

Gene t ic i s t

Gene t ic i s t

Breeder

Gene t ic i s t on

leave)

Breeder

Head

o f Department

Nematologis t

Nematologist

Nematologis t

on leave)

Vis i t ing

Nematologis t

Head o f

Department

Mycologis t

Pa tho log i s t

Viro log i s t

Vi ro log i s t

Vi ro log i s t

on leave)

Vis i t ing Sc ien t i s t

Vis i t i ng

Sc ien t i s t

Head o f Department

Phys io log is t

Agronomist

25



Will iam Roca,

Fh.D.

Fernando

Ezeta Ph.D.

T ja a r t Glas,

Ph.D.

Luis

Manrique, M.S.

Franc isco

G u i l l ~ n

Ing.Agr.

T XONOMY

Car los Ochoa, M.S.

Pe te r

Schmiediche, M.S.

Alber to

Salas

I n ~

Agr.

Phys io log is t

Phys io log i s t

Phys io log i s t

Agronomist

Phys io log i s t

Head o f Department

Taxonomist

Taxonomist

REGIONAL

RESE RCH

ND TRAINING

PROGR M

Headquarters-Lima, Peru

Richard

T.

Wurste r , Ph.D.

Direc tor

Kenneth J .

Brown,

Ph.D.

Coordina tor

John s.

Niederhauser , Ph.D.

Senior Consul tan t

James K Bryan, M.S. Senior Seed Prod. Spec.

Rainer Zachmann, Ph.D. Research

S c ie n t i s t

Socieconomics

Unit - Lima, Peru

Douglas

Horton,

Ph.D.

Head

of

the

Unit

Aniba l Monares, M.S. Economist

Robert

Werge, Ph.D.

Anthropologis t

Luis Quin tan i l l a

M.S.

Socioeconomics Ass i s t an t

Region

I - South

America

Oscar

Malamud, Ph.D.

P a t r i c i o Malagamba, Ph.D.

Adrie l

Garay,

Ph.D.

Regional Representa t ive

Peru)

Research

S c ie n t i s t

Peru)

Seed

Product ion

S pec i a l i s t Peru)

Region I I - Cent ra l America, Mexico the Caribbean

Oscar Hidalgo, M.S.

Michael Jackson, Ph.D.


Mexico)

Research

S c ie n t i s t

Costa

Rica)



Region

I I I

Tropica l Afr i ca

Sy lves te r Nganga, Ph.D.

S i e r t Wiersema, I r .

Regional

Representa t ive

Kenya)

Assoc. Research

S c ie n t i s t

Kenya)

Region

IV

Middle East

and

North Afr ica

Primo A c c a ~ i n o Ph.D.

Brian Honess,

D.T.A.

Willem Schrage, I r .

Roger

Kortbaoui ,

Ph.D.

Region

V Southwest Asia

Garry Rober tson, M.A.

Romke Wustman, I r .

Regional

Representa t ive

Turkey)

Seed Product ion

S pec i a l i s t Turkey)

Associa te Research

S c ie n t i s t

Turkey)

Research

S c ie n t i s t

Tunisia)

Regional

Representa t ive

Pakistan)

Associa te

Research

S c ie n t i s t

Pakis tan)

Region

VI

Ind ia

Nepal

and

Bangladesh

Paul

Egger,

I r .

Region

VII

Southeast

Asia

Lindsay

Harmsworth,

B.S.

COMMUNIC TIONS

St an fo rd H. Slee th

Ed.D.

Richard

Galton ,

M.A.

Carmen

de

Podes ta BA.Sc.

Jorge Pa lac ios Dip.

Elsa Franco

Research S c i e n t i s t Nepal)


Korea)

Head o f

Unit

Communicat ions Off i ce r

Librar ian

Language

Teacher

Publ ica t ions

27



28

SUPPORT DEP RTMENT

Marco

Soto Ph.D.

Cesar V i t t o r e l l i

Ing.Agr .

Hebert

Torres

M.S.

Luis Valencia Ing.Agr.

German Rossani M.D.

Lauro Gomez

ADMINISTRATION

Richard

L.

Sawyer

Ph.D.

Orv i l l e

T.

Page

Ph.D.

Will iam

Hamann

B.S.

Carlos Bohl Ing.Agr.

Luis

Pa lac ios Ing.Agr.

Rafael Garcia

Oscar

Gi l C.P.C.

Ricardo

Avi la

C.P.C.

Pedro

Arr io la C.P.C.

Blanca

de Joo

C.P.C.

Guil lermo Romero

TECHNICIANS

Juan Agui la r Ing.Agr.

Sa turn ino Vargas Ing.Agr.

Susan Turner B.Sc.

Luisa Arens B.Sc.

Lis de Ocampo

Ing.Agr .

Lil iam G. de Lindo

Ing.Agr .

Ursu la

Nydegger Tech.Dip.

I l s e

de Balbo Tech.Dip.

Car los Chuqui l l anqui

B.Sc.

Super in tendent

Huancayo F a c i l i t y

: ·Field Superv isor

Huancayo

Greenhouse

Superv isor

Huancayo

Entomologis t

Medical

Off icer

Fie ld

Greenhouse

S ~ ~ e r v i s o r Lima

Di rec t o r General

Deputy

Di rec t o r

Di rec t o r o f Research

Ass i s tan t

to

the Di rec t o r

General

Executive

Off i ce r

Ass i s tan t to

the

Executive Off i ce r

Adminis t ra t ive

Ass i s tan t

Cont ro l l e r

General Accountant

Accountant

Accountant

Accountant

DEP RTMENT

Breeding

Genet ics

Breeding Genet ics

Nematology

Nematology

Pathology

Pathology

Pathology

Pathology

Pathology



Soledad de Rodriguez

Amparo de Sive ron i Q.F.

Nel ly de

Fong,

Biol .

Norma Gonzalez, Q.F.

Rosa

Mendez,

Ing.Agr .

Jose f ina de Nakashima,

Biol .

Donald Berr ios Ing.Agr.

Rosar io de Roca

Mati lde Or r i l l o Biol .

Nelson

Melendez,

Tech.Dip.

Martha

Car r i l l o

Cec i l i a Moreno, Ing.

Zoo.

Hugo Fano

Maria

I s abe l

Benavides

Pathology

Physiology

Physiology

Physiology

Physiology

Physiology

Physiology

Physiology

Taxonomy

SupP,ort

Regional Research

Mexico)

Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics

29





CENTRO INTERNACIONAL

DE L

PAPA

FINANCIAL ST TEMENTS

DECEMBER 31 1976

CONTENTS

Repor t

o f

independent

:accountants

Balance shee t

Statement

o f

source

and

a pp l i c a t i on o f

funds

Notes to

f inanc ia l s ta tements

S/

US

eruvian so l

Uni tes Sta tes do l l a r





Moreno

Patino y Asociados

Asociados con

Price

Waterhouse

Peat

Co.

REPORT OF IN EPEN ENT CCOUNT NTS

To the Board

o f

Di rec to rs

Cent ro

In te rnac iona l

de

la

Papa

os

l•gonio1

4 -41 - of\ l•Mlro

·umo·P•r

Corr.spondenda: Apottodo 2169

March 30 1977

In our opin ion ,

the

accompanying

balance

shee t

and

the

r e l a t ed

s ta tement

o f source and appl i ca t ion o f funds presen t f a i r l y

the

f i n an c i a l pos i t i on o f Centro In te rnac iona l de

la

Papa a t

December 31 1976 and the source and appl i ca t ion of funds fo r

the year , in

confonni ty

with account ing p r in c ip l e s genera l ly

accep ted

appl ied

on

a

bas i s cons i s t en t

with t h a t of the

pr e

ceding

year .

Our examination

o f these s ta tements was made

in

accordance with

genera l ly

accepted audi t ing s tandards and

accordingly

included such t e s t s

of

the

account ing

records and

such o th e r audi t ing procedures as we

cons idered

necessary in

the

~ i r c u m s t a n c e s

~ ~ ~ l ~ _ y ~

ounters igned by

- - - - - - - p a r t n e r )

ifio B.

eruv ian

Publ ic

Accountant

Reg i s t r a t i o n

No. 1245







CAPITAL

BALANCES AND

UNEXPENDED

FUNDS

LIABILITIES

payable

l i a b i l i t i e s

cur ren t

l i a b i l i t i e s

LIABILITIES

employees severance inJemn1t1es

advances o f

US

488 in

1076

RECEIVED HJ

ADVANCE

~ T o t e 3)

BALANCES

AND UNEXPErlDED

FUNDS

of

f ixed

as se t

u t i l i z ed

in excess of gran t s r e ce ived

cap i t a l

gran t s

in

excess)

opera t ing gran t s , per

s ta tement

p ro j e c t s

r epa i r s

At

December

1976

US

213, 673

147,402

24,531

_ ] 3 5 ,

6().0

71, 303

314,488

2,021,902

37 ,440)

l ,890 ,462

340,000

2,230,462

54,

771

322. l

>8

83,707)

__£33,222

2,523,684

3,295,081

31,

197

5

US

116,

258

56,

081

15

395

187,734

48,901

134 ,263

1 ,129 ,267

(

__ 5, 750)

1 ,113 ,517

l

77, 930

1 ,291 ,447

36,276)

548, 551

512,275

1 ,803 ,722

2 ,174 ,620



CENTRO

INTERNACIONAL DE L

P P

ST TEMENT OF SOURCE ND APPLICATION OF FUNDS

(Npte

1)

SOURCE OF FUNDS

(Note

3)

Opera t ing

gran t s

Unres t r i c t ed ne t

of

US

43,002

expended in excess in 1975

Res t r i c t ed

inc lud ing

in 1976

US 6 726 unexpended in 1975

Spec ia l

pro jec t s

gran t s including in

1976 US 548,551 unexpended in 1975

Earned income,

net

Capi t a l

g ran t s fo r :

Ac q u i s i t io n

of f ixed asse t s

ne t o f

US 15 750 expended in excess in 1975

Earthquake r e p a i r funds

Working

cap i t a l

Tota l source of funds

APPLICATION OF FUNDS

To

core program

Pota to

re se a rc h

program

Research

support

Regional r e se a rc h and

t r a in ing

Libra ry and informat ion se rv ices

Genera l

a d min i s t r a t io n

Genera l opera t ing

cos t s

To

spec i a l p roJec t s

(Note

3)

Tota l

opera t ing

cos ts

Carr ied forward:

For the

year

Decerriber 31,

1976

US

1 , 584,

768

1 567 411

3, 152, 179

935,716

129,123

731,

250

34,

264

155,000

5,

137 532

954,

111

270,389

1 111 281

138,637

392,409

20,

574

3 ,187 ,401

616,

714

3, 804, 115

3 804 115

ended

197

5

US

1 222 513

992,000

2,

214,

513

760,995

66 ,295

253,201

114, 822

3 409 826

799,994

246,022

617,104

56,184

320,

327

241,269

2 280 900

212 444

2 493 344

2 493 344



Brought forward:

To cap i t a l

Capi ta l expendi tures :

Net

i nc rease

in f ixed asse t s

Earthquake

r epa i r funds

Working

cap i t a l

Unexpended

balances

Unres t r i c ted ( in excess) funds

Res t r i c ted

funds

Capi ta l

gran t s in excess)

Specia l

pro jec t s

Earthquake repa i rs in excess)

Total app l i ca t ion

of

funds

2

For

the

year

ended

December 31,

197

6

US

3, 804,

115

897 ,595

117 ,971

162 ,069

l ,1 ;77,635

4 ,981 ,750

54, 771

54.

771

137 ,440)

322, 158

83

707)

155 ,782

5,

137 , 532

197

5

US

2 ,493 ,344

305,135

114 ,822

419,957

2 ,913 ,301

43 ,002 )

6 726

36,276)

15,750)

548 551

496 ,525

3 ,409 ,826



CENTRO

INTERNACIONAL DE

IA P P

NOTES

TO

FINANCIAL

ST TEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 1976

OPERATIONS ND SUMM RY OF CCOUNTING POLICIES

The Centro In te rnac iona l de l a Papa (CIP) was cons t i tu ted

in 1972, in accordance

with an Agreement

fo r Sc i en t i f i c

Cooperat ion between the Government o f Peru and

North Carol ina

Sta t e

Univers i ty , Uni ted

Sta t e s o f

America, s igned

in 1971.

The CIP

i s a

non-prof i t ab le

i ns t i t u t ion ,

loca ted in

Lima,

Peru,

with

an

i n d e f i n i t e l i f e , The CIP s pr inc ipa l objec

t i v e i s t o c ons t r i bu t e

to the

development o f

the po ta to

and

tuberous roo ts , a t the

na t iona l

and i n t e rn a t io n a l l ev e l ,

by

c a r r y ing ou t r esea rch programs,

prepara t ion

and t r a in in g o f

s c i en t i s t s ,

organiza t ion of

conferences , forums,

seminars

and

a l l

o th e r

a c t i v i t i e s

in accordance

with its objec t ives .

In accordance

with ex i s t i n g · l egal di spos i t ions and the

prov i s ions o f

the

Agreement

descr ibed above,

the

CIP

i s

exempt from income

t ax

and

othe r t axes .

The

aforement ioned

Agreement

provides

t h a t ,

i

fo r

any

reason

t he C I P s opera t ions a re t erminated ,

a l l

i t s as se t s w i l l be

t r a n s f e r r e d to

the Peruvian Minis t ry o f

Food.

The p r i n c i p a l account ing p o l i c i e s are as fol lows:

a) up to December 31, 1975 the books and accounts o f the

CIP

were mainta ined in Peruvian

so les . The

f inancia l

s ta tements in Peruvian so les

a t

December

31,

1975 were

t r an s l a t ed

i n t o U.S. do l l a r s

on

the fol lowing

bases :

a s s e t s and l i a b i l i t i e s , othe r than f ixed

as se t s ,

genera l ly

a t exchange

r a t e s

preva i l ing a t

the

year-end. Fixed

a s s e t s

were s t a t ed

a t

the

r a t e s preva i l ing when

acqui red .

Ca p i t a l

g ran t s were t r an s l a t ed i n to U.S. dol la rs a t

h i s t o r

i c a l r a t e s . Source

and appl ica t ion

of funds were t r an s

l a t ed a t month-end r a t e s RI evail ing during the

year .



2

As

from

January

l

19/G

t ~ e

books

and

accm1nts have been

mainta ined in U.S. do l l a r s . During L ~ 7 t r ansac t ions

in Peruvian so les

' lave

been

t r a n s l a t e d

ar c recorded in

the books o f account a t the exchange r a t e s pr e va i l i ng

during the

year

as fo l lows:

January

1,

to June 25, 1976 - ~ 45 per US 1

June

26, to September

19,

1976 - S/ 65 per US 1

September 20 to December 31, 1976 -Sib' .) toSj .69.37 per

US 1

Assets

and l i a b i l i t i e s .in

so les a t

Decen1ber 31, 1976 have

been t r an s l a t ed

i n to

U.S. do l l a r s

a t U e exchange

r a t e s

pr e va i l i ng

a t

the

year -end .

b)

Grants

r ece ived an.d t h e i r a pp l i c a t i on a re

accounted

for on

an accrua l b as i s . R e s t r i c t e d

opera t ing

gran ts and

u n res t r i c t ed

gran ts

are

accounted for in

the per iod i n d i

ca ted by the donor and,

when

gran ts are used abroad, the

expendi ture

i s

accounted

for on the ba s i s o f

advices

received .

In

accordance

with the

i n s t ru c t io n s

o f the Consul ta t ive

Group

on I n t e r na t i ona l Agr i c u l tu r a l

Research, the unex

pended fund

balances

a t year -end if au tho r i zed by

donors,

may

be

t r ea t ed

as

income

in

the

nex t

year

in

order

to

absorb

the cor respcnding

expenses .

Working cap i t a l gran ts a re

recorded

in

the

year they a re

received .

Spec ia l

pr o j e c t s

gran ts a r e

recorded in

the

year they

are

r ece ived and

the

r e l a t ed

expenses are app l ied

aga ins t

the r espec t ive income

when

incur red.

c)

The spares and mate r i a l s a re

genera l ly

valued a t es t imated

a c t ua l

value .

d) Fixed

as se t s

a re

recorded

as app l ica t ion of funds a t the

t ime of

t h e i r

acqui s i t ion

and

s imul taneous ly are cap i t a l

i zed a t

t h e i r

purchase

cos t .

t i s

not

the

pol icy of

the CIP to reduce the ne t value

of

the f ixed

as se t s

and the r e l a t ed cap i t a l account for

depre

c i a t i o n . When as se t s are

so ld or

r e t i r e d t h e i r cos t i s

removed from f ixed as se t s and

the

r e l a t ed cap i t a l account .



3

e Indemni t ies payable upon severance to the loca l s t a f f for

se rv ice t ime are provided in f u l l in accordance

with the

l ega l d i spos i t i ons

of Peru.

2

FIXED

ASSETS

The movement o f f ixed asse t s during 1976 i s as fo l lows:

Opera t ing equipment

Research

equipment

Vehicles

Furn i tu re

and

f i x tu re s

Bui ldings con-

s t r u c t i o n

and

i n s t a l l a t i o n s

Aeroplane

Other

Balances

a t 1 .1 .76

US

35,346

309,806

154,607

77,317

481,563

701628

111291267

Addit ions

US

14,917

47,225

97,746

18,949

624,639

92,500

11619

8971595

Replace

rr.ents

J_net

US

360

680

~ 0 4 0

Balances

a t

12. 31. 76

US

50,263

357,391

253,033

96,266

1 , 106, 202

92,500

721247

2,0271902

3 r GRANTS RECEIVED

The

g ra n t s corresponding to

19J6

are summarized as fo l lows:

Grants

of

Unexpended

1976

gran t s

in

1975

Tota l

US US US

Opera t ing g ra n t s 3,186,895 34, 716 3 152 179

Capi ta l

g r a n t s

747,000

15,750

731, 250

Spec ia l

p r o j ec t

g ra n t s

387,165 548,551

93.5.,

716

Earthquake r ep a i r s

34,264

34,264

Working fund

1551000

1551000

415101324 4981085

510081409



4

These gran ts comprise:

a Received

and adminis tered

by

the

err

In te rna t iona l

Development

Agency -

Uni ted St a t e s (USAID)

In

teramerican Development

Bank (IDB)

Internat ional .

Development

Agency

-

Canada (CIDA)

In te rna t iona l Development Associa t ion (IBRD)

In te rna t iona l

Development

Agency -

Sweden (SIDA)

Federal ,German government

Nether lands

government

In te rna t iona l

D e v e l o p ~ e n t

Agency -

Denmark (DANIDA)

Government

o f Switzer land

Overseas

Development

Adminis t ra t ion -

United

Kingdom

UKODA)

Aus t r a l ian

Development

Agency ADAA)

Belgian government

Rockefel ler

Foundation

Saudi Arabian government

Por t ion o f

the

gran ts to be appl ied

in

1977

b Donations for

spec ia l

pro jec t s inc lud ing

US 548,551 unexpended in 1975

c

Grants

appl ied

to

Earthquake r ep a i r s

from Federal German government

c

Funds

u t i l i z e d

in excess of

gran ts

received in 1975

US

1,000,000

600,000

529,100

400,000

342,270

335,860

250,000

244,451

140,000

123,483

104,125

54, 094

50,000

50,000

4,223,383

134,488

4,088,895

935,716

5,024,611

34,264

5,058,875

50,466

5,008,409



5

The

unexpended

balance of

the

spec ia l

pro jec t s

gran ts a t

December 31, 1976 comprised

of :

In te rna t iona l Development

Bank (IDB)

Ford Foundat ion

Federal

German government

I n t e rna t i ona l

Mineral

and

Chemical

Corpora t ion (IMC)

I n s t i t u t Mondial

du

Phosphate

(IMP)

Nether lands government

Government

of

SWitzerland

In te rna t iona l

Development

Agency -

Canada

(CIDA)

I n t e rna t i ona l Development

Research Centre (IDRC)

The

ne t

balances of IM

and IMP pro j e c t s have been

covered

by a

por t i on of

1976

earned

income

Cornrnited

gran t s

US

427,887

88,492

80,589

14,128

5,255

94,000

75,000

76,550

_]3 815

935,716

Appl icat ion

US

278,542

76,654

45,572

17,666

4,873

111,338

23,431

36,

813

21,825

616,714

Unexpended

balance

US

149,345

11,838

35,017

3,538)

382

17,338)

51, 569

39,737

51,990

319,002

The fo l lowing

por t ions

of the

grants

committed have

not

yet

been r ece ived

and

they

are

shown as Accounts

r ece ivab le

from

donors

in

the balance sheet a t December 31,

1976:

I n t e rna t i ona l Development Bank

(IDB)

Federal German

government

Belgian government

Government of

switzer land

I n t e rna t i ona l

Development Agency

-

Canada (CIDA)

US

297,090

156,988

54,094

37,500

39,290

584,962

During 1976

addi t iona l

donat ions

of

US 314,488 were gran ted

by donors

to

be u t i l i z ed by the CIP dur ing

the

year

1977.

These

amounts are shown as

Grant

rece ived in advance in the

balance shee t a t December 31,

1976



6

4 GR NT PLEDGED

During 1976 the

fo l lowing donat ions

were pledged fo r

spec ia l

p ro jec t t o be

received

and appl ied

in

fu ture yea r s

In t e rn a t io n a l

Development Research

Cent re (IDRC)

Nether lands

government

Swi tze r l and government

Canadian

government

US

80 948

188 025

75 000

382 850

726 823



T

H

I

N

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d

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h

a

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w

s

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n

m

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0

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5

0

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n

n

m

e

3

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3

2

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a

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8

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~

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3

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1

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=

(

1

I

n

u

e

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n

m

e

o

$

9

0



THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER

Schedule

2o- DETAILED

SCHEDULE OF EARNED INCOME

For the year

ended December

31

1976

(US

thousands)

Sources of Earned Income

Interests on Deposits

a

Ies o Craps

Indirect Costs charged on Special Projects

Current Acoourits

Adjustment prior

year

Rate af Exchange adjustment other

Plus: Auxiliary Services

Suri)Jo.is

Aircraft- estimated rent

Application

of

famed

Income

Appli d to Core Operations

Applied to Copital

Applied to Working Funds

Applied

to

Special Projects

Approved

Budget

4

5

90

11

110

Actual

2.7

4.6

93.0

(19.6)

13.7

94.4

5.8

28.9

129. l

90.0

28.9

7.0

3.2

129.l



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P

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A

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3

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A

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A

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D

B

F

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T

H

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A

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N

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D

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3

1

(U

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3

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p

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1

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n

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2

9

C

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o

9

1

4

8

7

T

3

8

7

-

1

7

B

l

7

8

l

5

4

1

5

4

8

6

8

6

1

0

1

0





Documents

CIP Annual Report 1976