Circulatory system.docx

7/30/2019 Circulatory system.docx

1/5

Circulatory systemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:navigation,search

For transport in plants, seeVascular tissue.

This article is about the organ system. For the band, seeCirculatory System.

The human circulatory system. Red indicates oxygenated blood, blue indicates deoxygenated.

The circulatory system is anorgan systemthat passes nutrients (such asamino acidsandelectrolytes),

gases, hormones,bloodcells, nitrogen waste products, etc. to and fromcellsin the body to help fight

diseases and help stabilize body temperature andpHto maintainhomeostasis. This system may be seen

strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the

cardiovascular system, which distributes blood,[1]

and thelymphatic system,[2]

which distributes

lymph. While humans, as well as othervertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning thatthe blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), someinvertebrategroups have an

open cardiovascular system. The most primitive animalphylalack circulatory system. The lymphaticsystem, on the other hand, is an open system.

The main components of the human circulatory system are theheart, theblood, and theblood vessels.

The circulatory system includes: thepulmonary circulation, a "loop" through thelungswhere blood is

oxygenated; and thesystemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provideoxygenated

blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, which consists of

plasma,red blood cells,white blood cells, andplatelets. Also, thedigestive systemworks with the

circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep theheartpumping.

Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and

blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the

lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system collectively make up the

circulatory system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cells_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#column-one


2/5

Contents[hide]

1 Pulmonary circulation 2 Systemic circulation 3 Coronary circulation 4 Heart 5 Closed cardiovascular system 6 Other vertebrates 7 Open circulatory system 8 Absence of circulatory system 9 Measurement techniques 10 Health and disease 11 Oxygen transportation 12 History of discovery 13 Other images 14 See also 15 References 16 External links

[edit] Pulmonary circulationMain article:Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transportsoxygen-depletedbloodaway from the heart, to thelungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Oxygen deprived blood from thevena cavaenters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the

tricuspid valveinto the right ventricle where it is pumped through thepulmonary semilunar valveinto

the pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now oxygen-rich blood to theheart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing through themitral valveinto the left ventricle.

Also, from the left ventricle the oxygen-rich blood is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the

body.

[edit] Systemic circulationMain article:Systemic circulationSystemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated bloodaway from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.

Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to

every part of the body exceptthe lungs.

[edit] Coronary circulationMain article:Coronary circulation

The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart. As it provides oxygenated blood

to the heart, it is by definition a part of the systemic circulatory system.

[edit] Heart
http://toggletoc%28%29/http://toggletoc%28%29/http://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Closed_cardiovascular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Closed_cardiovascular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Other_vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Other_vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Open_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Open_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Absence_of_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Absence_of_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Measurement_techniqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Measurement_techniqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Health_and_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Health_and_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Oxygen_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Oxygen_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#History_of_discoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#History_of_discoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Other_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Other_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_semilunar_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_semilunar_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_semilunar_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_semilunar_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Other_imageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#History_of_discoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Oxygen_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Health_and_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Measurement_techniqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Absence_of_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Open_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Other_vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Closed_cardiovascular_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Coronary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Systemic_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Pulmonary_circulationhttp://toggletoc%28%29/


3/5

View from the front, which means the right side of the heart is on the left of the diagram (and vice-

versa)

Main article:heart

The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human

heartthere is oneatriumand oneventriclefor each circulation, and with both a systemic and a

pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total:left atrium,left ventricle,right atriumandrightventricle. The right Atrium, which is the upper chamber of the right side. The blood that is returned tothe right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped

through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left

atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed

into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the tissues of the body.

[edit] Closed cardiovascular systemThe cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of

blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enters

interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastesin the opposite direction. The other component of the circulatory system, thelymphatic system, is not

closed.

[edit] Other vertebratesThe circulatory systems of allvertebrates, as well as ofannelids(for example,earthworms) and

cephalopods(squidandoctopus) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems offish,amphibians,

reptiles, andbirdsshow various stages of theevolutionof the circulatory system.

In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of thegills

and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish

is therefore only a single pump (consisting of two chambers). In amphibians and most reptiles, adouble

circulatory systemis used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps.

Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.

In reptiles, theventricular septumof the heart is incomplete and thepulmonary arteryis equipped with

asphincter muscle. This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing

through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow

through the incomplete ventricular septum into theleft ventricleand out through theaorta. This means
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_%28heart%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg


4/5

the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This

process is useful toectothermic(cold-blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature.

Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart

chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently from that of

mammals.

[edit] Open circulatory systemThe Open Circulatory System is a system in which fluid (calledhemolymph) in a cavity called thehemocoelbathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between

bloodandinterstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph. Muscular

movements by the animal duringlocomotioncan facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flowfrom one area to another is limited. When theheartrelaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart

through open-ended pores (ostia).

Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds allcells. Hemolymph is

composed ofwater,inorganicsalts(mostlyNa+,Cl

-,K

+,Mg

2+, andCa

2+), andorganic compounds

(mostlycarbohydrates,proteins, andlipids). The primary oxygen transporter molecule ishemocyanin.

There are free-floating cells, thehemocytes, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod

immune system.

[edit] Absence of circulatory systemCirculatory systems are absent in some animals, includingflatworms(phylumPlatyhelminthes). Theirbody cavityhas no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead a muscularpharynxleads to an extensively

brancheddigestive systemthat facilitates directdiffusionof nutrients to all cells. The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the

exterior of the organism.Oxygencan diffuse from the surroundingwaterinto the cells, andcarbon

dioxidecan diffuse out. Consequently every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without

the need of a transport system.

Some animals, such as jellies, have more extensive branching from their gastrovascular cavity (which

functions as both a place of digestion and a form of circulation), this branching allows for bodily fluids

to reach the outer layers, since the digestion begins in the inner layers.

[edit] Measurement techniques

Electrocardiogram

for cardiac electrophysiology Sphygmomanometerandstethoscopefor blood pressure Pulse meterfor cardiac function (heart rate, rhythm, dropped beats) Pulsecommonly used to determine the heart rate in absence of certain cardiac pathologies Heart rate variability-- used to measure variations of time intervals between heart beats Nailbed blanching testtest for perfusion Vesselcannulaorcatheterpressure measurementpulmonary wedge pressure or in older

animal experiments.

[edit] Health and diseaseMain article:Cardiovascular disease

Main article:Congenital heart defect

[edit] Oxygen transportationMain article:Blood#Oxygen transportAbout 98.5% of theoxygenin a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level

pressure is chemically combined withhaemoglobinmolecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in

the other blood liquids and not connected to Hgb. Thehaemoglobinmolecule is the primary transporter

of oxygen inmammalsand many other species.

[edit] History of discoveryThe earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in theEbers Papyrus(16th century

BCE), anancient Egyptian medical papyruscontaining over 700 prescriptions and remedies, bothphysical and spiritual. In thepapyrus, it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries. The

Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart. From the heart, the air

traveled to every member through the arteries. Although this concept of the circulatory system is

greatly flawed, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to theAyurvedicphysicianSushrutainancient India.

[3]He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocoelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocoelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwormshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwormshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwormshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyhelmintheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyhelmintheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyhelmintheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_variabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_variabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood#Oxygen_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood#Oxygen_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood#Oxygen_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushrutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushrutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushrutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushrutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood#Oxygen_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_variabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyhelmintheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwormshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemocoelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolymphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circulatory_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectothermic


5/5

arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007).[3]

Thevalves of the heartwere

discovered by a physician of theHippocrateanschool around the 4th century BC. However their

function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries lookempty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.

TheGreek physician,Herophilus, distinguished veins from arteries but thought that thepulsewas a

property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomistErasistratusobserved that arteries that were cut during

life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced withblood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated

capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.[4]

The 2nd century AD,RomanphysicianGalenknew that blood vessels carried blood and identified

venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions.

Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial

blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both

creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the

heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole

and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.

Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the

right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via thepulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were

created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.In 1025, theThe Canon of Medicineby thePersian physician,Avicenna, "erroneously accepted the

Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled

between the ventricles." Despite this, Avicenna "correctly wrote on thecardiac cyclesand valvular

function", and "had a vision of blood circulation" in his Treatise on Pulse.[5]

While also refining

Galen's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation:

"Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion : pause :

contraction : pause. [...] The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries ... which takes the form of

alternate expansion and contraction."[6]

In 1242, theArabian physician,Ibn al-Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process

ofpulmonary circulation, for which he is sometimes considered the father ofcirculatory physiology.[7]

Ibn al-Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon:

"...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct

pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible poresas some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must

flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be

mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of

the heart and there form the vital spirit..."

In addition, Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of thecapillary

circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (manafidh in Arabic) between

the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by

more than 400 years.[8]

Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did

not extend to the entire body.

FinallyWilliam Harvey, a pupil ofHieronymus Fabricius(who had earlier described the valves of the

veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments, and published

Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628, which "demonstrated that

there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, andnot just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuouscirculation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual

leap that was quite different from Ibn al-Nafis' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart

and lungs."[9]

This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world.

However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these

were later discovered byMarcello Malpighiin 1661.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Hajar-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Hajar-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Hajar-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Fabriciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Fabriciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Fabriciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Fabriciushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Hajar-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herophilushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#cite_note-Dwivedi.26Dwivedi07-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteries

Documents

Circulatory system.docx