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I(CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)
3 6 0
lnncr elastic membrane
Outer elastic membrane
F ig . 13-1 , Sect ion o f a medwm-wed ar tery . Between the two elostlc membranes l ies athick layer of smooth muscle. (From Bevelonder: Essentlols of histology, ed. 6, St. LOUIS,
1970, The C. V. Mosby Co.)
1
3 6 2
3 6 3
B I R D A N D M A M M A L
URODELE
REPTILE3 3
ANURAN3 4 A
P ’
LABYRlNtHODONTSI
DIPNOI
Fig. 13-6. Modifications of the heart that result in increased separation of oxygenated anddeorygenated blood. The ports of the heart shown ore A, atrium; RA, right atrwm; V,ventxle; R V , righr ventricle S W , rlnu* VenOsus; con, CO~US arterlosus; our, aur ic le ofmommoltan heart. 3 to 4, Third to s ixth oorhc arches. Other vessels ore at, aortlc trunk,&, ccmmon cardinal vein; hr, hepotic sinus; pc, postcava, pre, precovo (common cordmavein); pv, pulmonary vems; pt, puimonory trunk. Gray chambers contain chiefly, or OrblY.oxygenated blood.
Fig.L, l e f t atrium. l o , l e f t oortx t r u n k . I C C , left comrii~~ corotsd w t w : LB, left precovo, Q,ovlmonory t r u n k ; P O , porrrovo, R , qhi ctrtum. ro, right aoac t;unk, WC, rlghr ctmm~ncarotld artery. R P , rryht precuvo, S V , SIPW ienosv~ (Ah 0 Donoghup “)
3 6 7
3 6 8
Ventral aorta uftt:: aor t i c arches WI-alla? lWllifJUI
Utia~WlJ ventral aorta ~1: aortic arches b%.mmw?91 nut dam%
a j--lntsrrml carotid
r e d dotral cortaVentral oor+o
F ig . 13 -9 . Basic p a t t e r n o f t h e chef artertal c h a n n e l s o f v e r t e b r a t e s .
3 6 9
External aills
A. TELEOST aorta
C. TERRESTRIAL URODELE
i .c.
3 4 5 r6E. ANURAN
t cc. w -w Pulmonary t runk3 4 6 Aortic trunk I
D. NECTURUS
Ductusix. coroticus
c I
F. LIZARD
i.c.
Pulmonaryartery
Pulmonary t w t
3 4 6 Aortic trunk
G. EMBRONIC MAMMAL H. ADULT MAMMAL
Fig. 12-l 1. Persistent left aortic arches in representative adult vertebrates. 2 to 6, Secondthrough sixth embryonic oortic arches. Doned lines in C indicate vessel present in somespecies; in E, vessels that are functional in lorvas. Arrows indicate direction of blood flow.alv, Aot+c trunk from left ventricle; WV, oortic trunk from right ventricle; cc, commoncarotid artery; W, external carotid; ic, internal carotid; prv, pulmonary trunk from rightventricle.
9 mm
D:,
D . . .
Fii. 13-12 . Embryonr modlflcatnons o f the aortlc arches (1 to 6 ) o f o porcupne. (Mod-
ified from Struthers.‘“‘)
FROGFig. 13-13. Systemic arch (block) cormd arch,
3 , and pulmonary arch, 6, oi o f r o g . e c , Ex-tcrnol carotid; ic, mternal corotld, R and 1, rsghtand l e f t atrm; V , ventricle T h e spml YOIVC !sstippled
Jr 3
Right
ommon carotid
4 TURTLE 8. SNAKE
C. BIRD D . M A M M A L
Fig. 13-14. Fate of the right and left fourth aortic arches (black] in amniotes. 3, Third(carotid) arch; 4, fourth (system&c) arch; 6, s w t h (pulmonary) arch. alv, Aortic trunk fromleft ventricle, 1; QIV, aortic trunk from right ventricle, R; prv, pulmonary trunk. The rela-tionshlps of the vessels have been oversimplified to emphasize homalogler.
G
Fig. 13-15. lndwidual and spec~si differences ;n the relat:cnshipr oi the common car&dand s~bclav~on urteres m selected mammals. A, Yos~c pattern. s e e t ~ also m man,* porcu-pm,* rcybbit,’ p’g; E t , cat; dog,* monkey,’ pig,* man, 2nd rabbit; C and D, domesticcot, D occw~n~ w i th !ower frequency; E, anomalous right subciovion artery in cat,‘O’ man,and rat; F, many perlssodactyls; 8; walrus; H, man, porcupine, and rabbit. An asterisklrdtcotes this to be CI predominant condition in the populations examined. If there IS noasterisk, !he condlhon IS common but not predominant. 1, Rlgkt subciav~an~ 1, right com-mon curotld, 3, left common carotid; 4, left subclawon.
The anomalous condlhon shown in ? has been Induced experimentally m rats bylrradmtlon of the fetus and also by Q single inlectlon of trypan blue into the motha em-medloteiv after moting.9’ Because all tne conditions illustrated clre derived ontogeneticallyfrom the some pattern, any of the variants could, and probably do, occur with measurablefrequency m every mommalion species.
381
bronchia l arter ies . Allant0i.c Mia umbi l i ca l arter ies l&l
unuxptiaweo~ dorsal aorta ?ufGn:3n4 amniotes. Grui~%nld~ alla-
ntoirm 118: chorioallantoic p lacenta . Interna l iliacs 9ruwk
nals, renal porta l , lateral abdominal, hepatic portal,I Y
LLB:: coronary streams 1lR7~~DnLL~:fitl;~Ln77:.i;l~~~~ul~n b nfrttn ih
pulmonary stream mxlnn tLfit postcaval stream 3mlfl nr::c&m
:3 8 3
Common cardinal
/Sinus ~enosus
,Antericr cvdinoi
P !
(old vitelline)
- - L a t e r a l a b d o m i n a l
- - . - - - O l d portcardinal/ :’I
A . BASIC PATTERN 8, ADULT DOGFISHPrecovo
Old lateral abdominal- Postcardinal
Hepatic portar-(old vitelline)
~~~~bdominal-Pelvic
+-- Renal Portal
~ Femoral
I’External iliac
C. ADULT NECTURUSLARVAL FROG
Sciatic-
) )J/D. ADULT FROG
Fig. 13-17. Modlficatmns of the bow pattern of venous channels an sharks and omphib-mns. B roken l ines represent einbryomc v e s s e l s t h a t h a v e dwppeared. The pelv ic veins HIamphibians ore the pai red caudal ends of the embryomc la te ra l abdommal vems, the moreanterior p a r t s o f w h i c h f u s e in the mldventral Ilne. Ves se l s tha t a re . obv ious l y the somehove not been labeled on every dlogram
Pig. 13-l 8. Embryonic sub~cordmol venous pl~exusand origm of the postcavo I” the turtle Chrysemys,ventral view. Locotion of the mesonephros 81s I”-dicated in outline. PC, Portcavo; PO, left post-cardinal; RP, renal port01 “eon; SC, sub&wanvein. (Modifed from De Ryke.“)
8tal system rsw&buua; sinus
venoeu8 Liu vitelline veins
i’
i
?ortewm -”
i, Uepatic portal rein8
i
niwwwnutiwri epigastric ve-
3 9 1
Pulmonary ua: coronary ve in m4ti&ihrrnn&uG Pul-
Right precnvo CSY-
(right common cordinoij--
R i g h t a t r i u m -
Azygor(right postcardinal)
Hepatic (4)
/-
Ir.tcmol !“gulor(anterior cardinal)
- - L e f t precnwjleft common cardinal)
_ Nemiazygor(left portcardinal)
b
/ Adrenolumbor
Left rpermotir.or ovariun
Fig. 13-23. Major venous rhonnels of CI robbIt, ventral view. Broken line lndlcates obllt-eroted segment of left posterror cordmol vein. Entrance of a spermotlc or OVO~,CJ~ ve,r\ Intoo renal van is uncommon h :abbits.
3 0 7
FiSti M+li3TE
, , , , , . ” . . . ...’ “” -” ” _- , , , , ( , .. . +.’ . .
,/ ‘.\
\
398
atrium 9n?71% sinue venosus 11s: coronary veins &U atriumY 8 I8?usIu pulmonary veins. Aortic arches f a, 6, llarB?Ual~0fl~ b a
o~funi 1 &J?vu Ductus caroticua unr. ductus arteriosus ?:v?ljlti‘iu
ail&d~;i Ventral aorta nnwmnth m
97n ventr i c le rm2??li$w1Y *
IG&i pulmonary trunk ’
9 1au Aortic trunk ??n ventricle ;?uI Y ”
Itif? a o r t i c arches M’ m ua:ii 6 taut in + Lau dw~&~t&~rmrwm
ventr ic le 5111111{ aor t i c archi d L&&U
~L$I ventricles iz;r*~r~UjuMU1M~~?nUl?nlUL,;l;i7 44nioiYt;
IhnY,SuL?alulu 1I I
5wiG www?7?ua?nw nr r?n&w f&u&riU ventricle
lar (anterior cardinal) veina wn5, subclavian veins 31fMllMUl
399
Fig. 13-26. BCSK ontermr venous channels 04
cd and man, ventral wew. Broken liner tndtcote
cbl,teroted vessei~ T h e s e sometimes remc,n 3s
.~nors:olies tn adult mammals, lncludang cats.
pqs,” and man.” Internal and external jugulars
QW, sometunes confluent. Compare channels with
those of a rabbit gwea in Fig. 13.13.
Right , .; l.sft
Fig. 13-27. The orygor (on the onvnol 5 ngh!\
and the hrmlurygos (.on rhe ~ninwl I left) I” h
rhesus monkey, ventral wew Thar conol~on I) one
o f many vcnonts in this spece~ Stmllor vono~h
ore seen ,n morn. The czygos is show.Ti ilowg
mto the precava (Redrawn from Scab ‘ylJ
Submental
Rg. 13-16. A few of the superficial and deep lymph&c; of D mammal. The large vems
of the neck approaching the heart are stippled.
403