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CIS 191 – Lesson 2 Lesson Module Status • Slides - draft • Flash cards – 16 • No-stress quiz – done • Web Calendar summary – done • Web book pages – done • Commands – done • Course skills pacing - done • Lab – Jim's • Classroom PC's – rh9 isos done

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CIS 191 – Lesson 2. Lesson Module Status Slides - draft Flash cards – 16 No-stress quiz – done Web Calendar summary – done Web book pages – done Commands – done Course skills pacing - done Lab – Jim's Classroom PC's – rh9 isos done. CIS 191 - Lesson 2. Quiz. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Lesson Module Status• Slides - draft• Flash cards – 16• No-stress quiz – done• Web Calendar summary – done• Web book pages – done• Commands – done• Course skills pacing - done• Lab – Jim's• Classroom PC's – rh9 isos done

Page 2: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Quiz

Please book close your books, turn off your monitor, take out a piece of paper and answer the following questions:

• In a long listing (ls –l) what code letter is used for a symbolic link?

• Where in the file directory tree is the kernel and how do you recognize it?

• What command and option shows how the drives are partitioned?

Page 3: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Objectives Agenda

• Red Hat 9 installation• High level storage overview• Partitioning and making file

systems.• Mounting file systems manually and

automatically.• Making a simple root file system.• Add VMware tools and second hard

drive to a VM.

• Quiz

• Questions from last week

• Storage hardware

• Recognizing storage devices

• Geometry

• Exercise: RH9 install

• Disk partitions • Exercise: Partitioning

• Making file systems • Mounting

• File types

• Exercise: Putting it all together

• Wrap up

= hands on exercise for topic

Storage and File Systems

Page 4: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191A

Lesson 1

VMware ServerUbuntu 8.04

Lesson 2

PartitioningMake file systemsRH9

Lesson 3

BootingDual bootFedora 9/DOS

Lesson 6

RPM, apt-getTarballsCustom Distro

Lesson 5

TroubleshootingopenSUSE 11

Lesson 4

RootingCentOS Install

Lesson 7

X windowsDebian InstallReview

Final

Course Skills Pacing

Page 5: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Last weeks Assignment

1. Student surveys due today

2. Questions from previous week?• vmware?• ubuntu install?• course syllabus?

Page 6: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Review ExerciseBecoming Root on Ubuntu

• Howto set the password for root on ubuntu:sudo passwd root[see white board][see white board]

• Switch to root user: su -

} Only need to do this once to enable root on Ubuntu

The - gives you root's path and environment

Page 7: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

• Show network configuration:ifconfigroute –ncat /etc/resolv.conf

• Show hostname: hostname

• Show disk partitions: fdisk –l• Mounts: mount• Show disk space usage: du –s /*

• Show CPU info: cat /proc/cpuinfo• Show RAM size and usage: free –m or top

• Show installed packages: dpkg -l • Find the kernel version: uname –r• Default runlevel: runlevel

Review Exercise (continued) Exploring Ubuntu 8.04 Desktop Virtual Machine

Tip:man command and google are great ways to get information on commands

Page 8: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Review Exercise (continued) Team Process

• Each table is one team• CIS 81, 82, 83 alumni identify themselves to the class• Each team picks a pilot and a scribe• Make introductions and share:

• High school you attended• Longest job held

• Team helps the pilot issue each of the quick inventory commands on previous slide.• Team answers their 3 questions on the next slide.• When finished, scribe writes answers on the white board.• Reports – when all teams are done, we will go around the room, each scribe will introduce the members of his or her team. Each pilot will explain how they got their answers.

Page 9: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Table 1-4• What network (n.n.n.n /n) are we on in 2501?• Where is the kernel and what is its name?• What IP addresses are configured for the gateway and DNS server?

Review Exercise (continued) Teams

Table 5-8• What linux command would print a list of top level directories sorted by size? • What are the top 3 largest level directories?• What version is the kernel?

Table 9-12• What partition is / mounted on?• What partition is used for swap space?• What happens if your run fdisk –l as a non-root user?

Table 13-16• What processor (model and speed) is the VM using and what is the cache size?• What is the name of one of the Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) packages that have been installed?• Is CUPS running now?

Table 9-12• What is the default runlevel for the VM.• What does runlevel N mean?• What is the hostname and IP address?

Table 13-16• How much RAM does your VM have?• How much memory is being used and how much is free?• What are the –m and –k options for the free command?

Page 10: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Housekeeping

Page 11: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

• Call roll• Final surveys• Fix TBA signup sheet• Opus accounts• lllllfff/lllllffff1

Page 12: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

StorageDevices

Page 13: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Floppy drive and diskettes

Hard drive (IDE and SCSI)

USB flash drive (aka pen drive)

Storage Devices

Page 14: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

DAS – Direct Attached StorageNAS – Network Attached StorageSAN – Storage Area Networks

Storage Devices

Page 15: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

IDE drives: Primary master (/dev/hda)Primary slave (/dev/hdb)Secondary master (/dev/hca)Secondary slave (/dev/hdd)

SCSI drives: Each SCSI disk has a target id (1-7) or (1-14). (/dev/sda, /dev/sdb, ...)

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Page 16: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

USB Flash (pen) drives: Same device naming as SCSI drives (can use dmesg to distinguish)

Floppies: First drive (/dev/fd0)Second drive (/dev/fd1)…

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Page 17: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

RecognizingStorageDevices

Page 18: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Master IDE drive on primary

One IDE drive

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Page 19: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Master IDE drive on Secondary

Two IDE drives

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Master IDE drive on primary

Page 20: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

USB flash (pen) drive

IDE hard drive

Floppy drive

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Page 21: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

First SCSI drive

First SCSI drive, first partition

First SCSI drive, second partition

Used for LVM

fdisk doesn’t like LVM yet, so we will suppress bogus errors

SCSI drive (with LVM)

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Page 22: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

SCSI hard drive

USB flash drive

SCSI and USB Flash (pen) drive

Recognizing and specifying storage devices

Page 23: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

dmsg command output

Plugging in USB flash drive starts here

Device identification (/dev/sdb) shows here

and log ends here

Page 24: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Geometry

Page 25: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

14 tracks8 sectors per

track

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Example Physical CHS Disk Drive Geometry

One sectorOne track

3 platters6 heads

14 cylinders

One imaginary cylinder

One head on each side of platter

size = cylinders x heads x sectors per track x 512 bytessize = 14 x 6 x 8 x 512 = 344,064 bytes

Page 26: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk Drive Geometry

Times have changed!

•Disk drives are no longer limited to 1024 cylinders (old BIOS restriction)

•Modern track density has hit over tens of thousands of tracks per inch (the old 3.5”diskette had 80 per side)

•Zone bit recording places more sectors per track on outside tracks. E.g. A IBM 34.2 GB Deskstar has 272 to 452 sectors per track.

•NOTE: The OS uses logical disk geometry which does not match physical disk geometry.

•Modern drives use Logical Block Addressing (LBA) rather than the old CHS addressing.

Page 27: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk Drive Geometryphysical ≠ logical

Modern drives have variable number of sectors per track. It is not possible to represent their full capacity using the old CHS method.

The BIOS shows 16 logical heads and 63 logical sectors per track and adjust the number of logical cylinders to approximate the full capacity.

The OS fdisk shows 255 logical heads and 63 logical sectors per track and then adjusts logical cylinders accordingly.

Disk /dev/hda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Page 28: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk sizes (fdisk command)5GB VMWare Drive

5 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 = 5,368,709,120 bytes

255 heads x 63 sectors/track x 652 cylinders x 512 bytes

= 5,362,882,560 bytesNOTE

This is logical (not physical) disk geometry

Cylinders Blocks(1 block = 1024 bytes)

Page 29: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Disk sizes (df command)

3,5266,204 x 1000 x (1000/1024) = 3,443,558,594 bytes

= 3.4 GB

101,107 x 1000 x (1000/1024)= 98,737,304 bytes

= 99 MB

NOTE: 1 computer KB = 1,024 bytes (2 to the 10th power)

1 human KB = 1,000 bytes

Page 30: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Partitioning During Installation

1. Create new VM• Configuration: Typical• Guest OS: Linux, Version: Red Hat Linux• VM name: rh9, Location: See whiteboard• Network connection: Bridged• Disk size: 5GB, don’t allocate space now

2. CD: Use ISO image: rh9-shrike-cd1.iso

3. Install Red Hat• Installation type: Workstation

Page 31: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Partitioning During Installation(continued)

4. Disk Partitioning Setup: • Manually

partition with Disk Druid

• /boot (100 MB) force primary

• / (2500 MB) force primary

• swap (256 MB) force primary

• /home (1000 MB) extended

Page 32: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Partitioning During Installation(continued)

5. Network Devices: • DHCP• Hostname: rh9

Page 33: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Partitioning During Installation(continued)

5. Firewall: • Medium• Trusted: eth0 (checked)• Allow incoming: SSH (checked), DHCP (checked)

6. Time zone: Los Angeles

7. Set root password: see whiteboard

8. Customize the set of packages:• Text-based Internet: remove check• Office/Productivity: remove check• Sound and Video: remove check• Graphics: remove check• Games and Entertainment: remove check

9. Don't make emergency floppy

Page 34: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Partitioning During Installation(continued)

10. Normal user: cis191 and password: see whiteboard

11. Don’t register the system

12. Log in and Install VMware Tools• Install RPM• vmware-config-tools.pl

• 800 x 600

11. Shut down VM

12. Snapshot VM

13. Add a floppy drive (if necessary)

14. Add a second SCSI drive (2 GB, don't allocate space now)

Page 35: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

DiskPartitions

Page 36: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Free Space

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 1 – Add hard drive to computer

Add the hard drive:

•Low-level formatting has already been done at the factory (lays out the physical tracks and sectors).

•There are no partitions yet.

•There are no file systems yet.

Note: Floppies, unlike hard drives, can be low-level formatted with the fdformat command

Page 37: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Free Space

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 2 - Partition the hard drive

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition the hard drive:

•The MBR is on the very first sector and is 512 bytes long.

•The first 446 bytes of the MBR gets system boot code.

•The next 64 bytes of the MBR gets the partition table.

•The last 2 bytes are marked 0xAA55.

Page 38: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Free Space

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 2 - Partition the hard drive

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

The MBR partition table records the location, status and type of each primary partition.

Each added partition has its own boot sector at the beginning.

Page 39: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 2 - Partition the hard drive

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

The maximum number of primary partitions is four.

Page 40: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Primarypartition

Extendedpartition

One of the four primary partitions can be an extended partition

An extended may contain an arbitrary number of logical partitions

Unused Boot Sector

Data

Unused Boot Sector

Logicalpartition

Logicalpartition

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 2 - Partition the hard drive

Page 41: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Partition Boot Sector

Data

Unused Boot Sector

Data

Unused Boot Sector

Setting up Hard DrivesStep 3 – Add file systems to partitions

Superblock

Inode Table

ext2 file system

Data Blocks

Page 42: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdisk and mountShow current partitions and their usage

Partition Boot Sector

/boot

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Partition Boot Sector

/

Partition Boot Sector

swap

Partition Boot Sector

/home

Unused Boot Sector

Free Space

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda3

/dev/sda4 /dev/sda5

Page 43: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Specifying partitions

Partitions are labeled by Linux as the drive name following by a number. The numbers 1-4 are reserved for the first four primary partitions. 5 or higher indicates it is a logical partition.

Examples:

/dev/hda1 = first partition (primary) on the primary master IDE drive.

/dev/sdb3 = third partition (primary) on the second SCSI drive.

/dev/sda5 = fifth partition (logical partition) on the first SCSI drive.

Page 44: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux/dev/sda2 14 332 2562367+ 83 Linux/dev/sda3 333 365 265072+ 82 Linux swap/dev/sda4 366 652 2305327+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 366 492 1020096 83 Linux/dev/sda6 493 505 104391 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table[root@rh9 root]# fdisk /dev/sdbDevice contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previouscontent won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help):

Specifying partitionsAdd 1 primary and 1 extended to new drive

/dev/sda has been partitioned already.

/dev/sdb has not been partitioned yet.

Page 45: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Command (m for help): nCommand action e extended p primary partition (1-4)ePartition number (1-4): 1First cylinder (1-261, default 1): 1Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-261, default 261): 50

Command (m for help): nCommand action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4)lFirst cylinder (1-50, default 1):Using default value 1Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-50, default 50): 10

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 50 401593+ 5 Extended/dev/sdb5 1 10 80262 83 Linux

Command (m for help):

MBR

Boot Sector

Unused

Free

/dev/s

db1

/dev

/sdb

5

Specifying partitionsAdd 1 primary and 1 extended to new drive

Note: The second partition added is number 5 because it is in an extended partition. Numbers 1-4 are reserved for the four primary partitions.

Page 46: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – (n)ew and (p)rint

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk /dev/sda

Command (m for help): nFirst cylinder (493-652, default 493):Using default value 493Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (493-652, default 652): +100MCommand (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux/dev/sda2 14 332 2562367+ 83 Linux/dev/sda3 333 365 265072+ 82 Linux swap/dev/sda4 366 652 2305327+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 366 492 1020096 83 Linux/dev/sda6 493 505 104391 83 Linux

Command (m for help):

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

Page 47: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – (m)enu of commands

Command (m for help): mCommand action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help):

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

Page 48: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – (w)rite out partition table

Command (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.The kernel still uses the old table.The new table will be used at the next reboot.Syncing disks.[root@rh9 root]# partprobe

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

Use partprobe to update the kernel without rebooting. This is required if you want to mount a new partition.

Page 49: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

fdiskPartition Utility – the l option

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux/dev/sda2 14 332 2562367+ 83 Linux/dev/sda3 333 365 265072+ 82 Linux swap/dev/sda4 366 652 2305327+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 366 492 1020096 83 Linux/dev/sda6 493 505 104391 83 Linux

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

Page 50: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Partitioning with fdisk

1. On the rh9 VM, use fdisk –l to show your hard drive and the current partitions.

2. Now run fdisk on your hard drive3. Add a new 100M partition to /dev/sda.4. Type p to verify.5. Delete the partition you just added and verify.6. Add the partition back in again and verify.7. Change the system ID of the new partition to Amoeba

and verify.8. Change it back to Linux and verify.9. Type W to write out partition table and exit.10. Type partprobe to update the kernel without rebooting.11. Run fdisk –l to show your hard drive and the updated

partitions.12. Check: Your new partition should be /dev/sda6

Page 51: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Making File

Systems

Page 52: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux/dev/sda2 14 332 2562367+ 83 Linux/dev/sda3 333 365 265072+ 82 Linux swap/dev/sda4 366 652 2305327+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 366 492 1020096 83 Linux/dev/sda6 493 505 104391 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table[root@rh9 root]# echo "Rich was here" > /dev/sdb[root@rh9 root]# xxd /dev/sdb | more0000000: 5269 6368 2077 6173 2068 6572 650a 0000 Rich was here...0000010: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ < snipped >................0000150: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................[root@rh9 root]#

/dev/sdb is a newly added un-partitioned drive

You can write and read to the drive however it is very clumsy compared to using a file system*

dd command (continued)Reading and writing directly to a drive

*Never do this to a drive containing important data

Page 53: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# echo "Rich was here too" > test[root@rh9 root]# wc -c test 18 test[root@rh9 root]#[root@rh9 root]# dd if=test of=/dev/sda6 bs=1 count=1818+0 records in18+0 records out[root@rh9 root]# dd if=/dev/sda6 bs=1 count=18Rich was here too18+0 records in18+0 records out[root@rh9 root]#[root@rh9 root]# xxd /dev/sda6 | more0000000: 5269 6368 2077 6173 2068 6572 6520 746f Rich was here to0000010: 6f0a 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 o...............0000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................< snipped >[root@rh9 root]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda6 bs=1 count=1818+0 records in18+0 records out[root@rh9 root]# xxd /dev/sda6 | more0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................0000010: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................< snipped >

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

/dev/sdb6 is a newly added, un-mounted partition on /dev/sda

/dev/zero has an unlimited numbers of binary zeros. Can be used to zero out a partition or drive.*

dd command (continued)Reading and writing directly to a partition

We can also write and read directly to the partition.*

*Never do this to a partition containing important data

Page 54: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Adding File Systems

Superblock

Inode Table

Data Blocks

Analogy: making a file system on an empty partition is like painting the stripes on a parking lot. It organizes the space and makes it efficient.

ext2 file system

Page 55: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Adding File Systems

Superblock

Inode Table

mkfs –t ext2 /dev/sda6

Data Blocks

Boot Sector

/boot

MBR

Boot Sector

/

Boot Sector

swap

Boot Sector

/home

Unused

Free Space

Unused

/dev

/sda

5

/dev

/sda

6

/dev

/sda

2

/dev

/sda

3

/dev

/sda

1

/dev/s

da4

Page 56: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

mkfs –t type device -t ext2 –t ext3 (has journaling) -t vfat (compatible with Windows) -t jfs (IBM’s journaled file system) -t reiserfs

For ext2 or ext3 use: -N option to specify number of inodes-m option to specify % blocks reserved for superuser (default 5%)-L option to set the volume label for the file system

Example: mkfs –t ext3 /dev/sda6(puts ext3 file system on 6th partition of 1st SCSI drive)

Example: mkfs –t ext2 –m 0 –N 1000 –L myfiles /dev/sda6(puts ext2 file system with 1000 inodes, no space reserved for superuser, volume label “myfiles” on 6th partition of 1st SCSI drive, )

Note: mkfs is actually a front end for various file systems builders.

[root@rh9 root]# ls /sbin/mkfs*/sbin/mkfs /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /sbin/mkfs.jfs /sbin/mkfs.reiserfs/sbin/mkfs.cramfs /sbin/mkfs.ext3 /sbin/mkfs.msdos /sbin/mkfs.vfat

mkfs command

Page 57: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

[root@partide root]# fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 999 MB, 999816704 bytes4 heads, 8 sectors/track, 61023 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 32 * 512 = 16384 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 61024 976379+ b Win95 FAT32[root@partide root]#[root@partide root]# umount /mnt[root@partide root]# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt[root@partide root]# ls -l /mnttotal 713064-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 730177536 Mar 23 23:18 KNOPPIX_V5.1.1CD-2007-01-04-EN.iso[root@partide root]#

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

This pen drive works with Windows or Linux

File SystemsFAT32 file system

Page 58: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Superblock

Inode Table

Data Blocks

ext2 file system

ext2 file system

Superblock has:• File system type, label, inode count, block

count, etc. about entire file system.• Redundant copies are maintained.• Use: dumpe2fs –h /dev/sda2 to see / superblock info on rh9 VM

inodes have:• file type, permissions, link count, owner,

group, size, major and minor numbers, creation date, modification date, access date, pointers to data blocks.

• Does not contain filenames which are kept in directories.

• Use stat command to see inode information

Data blocks have actual file and directory data.

Page 59: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Superblock

Inode Table

ext2 file system

Data Blocks

[simmsben@opus ~]$ls -il letter102609 -rw-r--r-- 1 simmsben cis90 1044 Jul 20 2001 letter

Hello Mother! Hello Father!

Here I am at Camp Granada. Things are very entertaining,and they say we'll have some fun when it stops raining.

All the counselors hate the waiters, and the lake hasalligators. You remember Leonard Skinner? He gotptomaine poisoning last night after dinner.

Now I don't want this to scare you, but my bunk mate hasmalaria. You remember Jeffrey Hardy? Their about toorganize a searching party.

Take me home, oh Mother, Father, take me home! I hate Granada.Don't leave me out in the forest where I might get eatenby a bear! Take me home, I promise that I won't make noise,or mess the house with other boys, oh please don't make mestay -- I've been here one whole day.

Dearest Father, darling Mother, how's my precious littlebrother? I will come home if you miss me. I will evenlet Aunt Bertha hug and kiss me!

Wait a minute! It's stopped hailing! Guys are swimming!Guys are sailing! Playing baseball, gee that's better!Mother, Father, kindly disregard this letter.

Alan Sherman

bigfile 102574bin 102575letter 102609

bigfile 102574bin 102575letter 102609

102609

-

1

simmsben

cis90

1044

2001-07-20

2008-08-08

2008-06-20

Pointer(s) to data blocks

inode number

Type

Number of links

User

Group

Size

Modification time

Access Time

Change time

Pointer(s) to data blocks

rw-r—r-- Permissions

Page 60: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

ext2 file systemUsing dumpe2fs –h to show superblock information

[root@rh9 root]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda2dumpe2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)Filesystem volume name: /Last mounted on: <not available>Filesystem UUID: b552eed8-4c9d-4f8f-9edf-dd76037f82bdFilesystem magic number: 0xEF53Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)Filesystem features: has_journal filetype needs_recovery sparse_superDefault mount options: (none)Filesystem state: cleanErrors behavior: ContinueFilesystem OS type: LinuxInode count: 320640Block count: 640591Reserved block count: 32029Free blocks: 228375Free inodes: 220820First block: 0Block size: 4096Fragment size: 4096Blocks per group: 32768Fragments per group: 32768Inodes per group: 16032Inode blocks per group: 501Filesystem created: Fri Jul 18 09:37:33 2008Last mount time: Fri Jul 18 17:06:16 2008Last write time: Fri Jul 18 17:06:16 2008Mount count: 3Maximum mount count: -1Last checked: Fri Jul 18 09:37:33 2008Check interval: 0 (<none>)Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)First inode: 11Inode size: 128Journal UUID: <none>Journal inode: 8Journal device: 0x0000First orphan inode: 229443

[root@rh9 root]#

If you leave off the –h option you will also see the data block status as well.

Page 61: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

ext2 file systemUsing stat command to show Inode details

[root@rh9 root]# lsanaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog test testdir[root@rh9 root]# ls -ltotal 36-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1220 Jul 18 16:57 anaconda-ks.cfg-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19626 Jul 18 16:51 install.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2895 Jul 18 16:51 install.log.syslog-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 18 Jul 18 17:24 testdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 20 18:41 testdir[root@rh9 root]# stat test testdir File: `test' Size: 18 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 Regular FileDevice: 802h/2050d Inode: 37058 Links: 1Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)Access: 2008-07-20 18:40:47.000000000 -0700Modify: 2008-07-18 17:24:47.000000000 -0700Change: 2008-07-18 17:24:47.000000000 -0700

File: `testdir' Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 DirectoryDevice: 802h/2050d Inode: 20964 Links: 2Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)Access: 2008-07-20 18:41:08.000000000 -0700Modify: 2008-07-20 18:41:08.000000000 -0700Change: 2008-07-20 18:41:08.000000000 -0700

[root@rh9 root]#

Note: The name of the file is not kept in the Inode. It is kept as data in a directory file.

Page 62: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

ext2 file systemlost+found directory

[root@rh9 root]# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sda6mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)26104 inodes, 104391 blocks5219 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=113 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@rh9 root]# mount /dev/sda6 /mnt[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntlost+found[root@rh9 root]# ls -l /mnttotal 12drwx------ 2 root root 12288 Jul 21 08:22 lost+found[root@rh9 root]#

Note: The lost+found directory is created when you make a ext2 or ext3 file system. This is where the fsck utility will place any recovered data it finds when checking a file system. Don’t delete it!

Page 63: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Make some file systems

1. On the rh9 VM, use fdisk –l to show your hard drive and the current partitions.

2. Make and re-make file systems on /dev/sda6:

mkfs –t ext2 /dev/sda6mkfs –t ext3 /dev/sda6mkfs –t jfs /dev/sda6mkfs –t vfat /dev/sda6mkfs –t reiserfs /dev/sda6mkfs –t ext3 –N 9000 dev/sda6mkfs –t ext3 –N 9000 –m 10 dev/sda6mkfs –t ext3 –N 9000 –m 10 –L /myfiles /dev/sda6

Page 64: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Mounting File

Systems

Page 65: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Mounting and Un-mounting file systems • mount [device-file] [directory] • umount [device-file | directory]

Mount information1./etc/fstab (what to mount at boot time)2./etc/mtab (current mount status)

Mounting File Systems

Page 66: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

/

/bin

/etc

/mnt

/cdrom

On the rh9 VM

[root@rh9 root]# mount/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)none on /proc type proc (rw)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw)none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)/dev/sda5 on /home type ext3 (rw)none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/mtab/dev/sda2 / ext3 rw 0 0none /proc proc rw 0 0/dev/sda1 /boot ext2 rw 0 0none /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0/dev/sda5 /home ext3 rw 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0[root@rh9 root]#

[root@rh9 root]# ls -F /home /boot /mnt/boot:boot.b kernel.h module-info-2.4.20-6 [email protected] lost+found/ os2_d.b vmlinuz-2.4.20-6config-2.4.20-6 message System.map@grub/ message.ja System.map-2.4.20-6initrd-2.4.20-6.img module-info@ vmlinux-2.4.20-6

/home:lost+found/ rsimms/

/mnt:cdrom/ floppy/ hgfs/[root@rh9 root]#

/dev

/boot

/home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda5

/dev/sda6

/floppy

/hgfs

mount command with no arguments shows current mount status in /etc/mtab

Showing current mount status

Page 67: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

/

/bin

/etc

/mnt

/dir1

On the rh9 VM

[root@rh9 root]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda6mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)26104 inodes, 104391 blocks5219 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=113 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2008 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (4096 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@rh9 root]# mount /dev/sda6 /mnt[root@rh9 root]# cd /mnt[root@rh9 mnt]# mkdir dir1 dir2[root@rh9 mnt]# lsdir1 dir2 lost+found[root@rh9 mnt]# cd[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntdir1 dir2 lost+found[root@rh9 root]# umount /mnt[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntcdrom floppy hgfs[root@rh9 root]#

/dev

/boot

/home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/fdir2

/lost+found

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda5

/dev/sda6

mount will overlay the new files ystem on a directory in the current file hierarchy. The old directory is no longer accessible until the new one is un-mounted

Making a file system and mounting it

Page 68: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

/dir1

/fdir2

/lost+found

/

/bin /etc /mnt

/cdrom

/dev/boot /home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/floppy

/hgfs

/lib

/dev/sda6

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda5

Mounting File SystemsLike pinning the tail on the donkey

mount /dev/sda6 /mnt

Page 69: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

/

/bin /etc /mnt

/dir1

/dev/boot /home

/rsimms

/grub

/lost+found

/lost+found

/dir2

/lost+found

/lib

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda5

Mounting File SystemsLike pinning the tail on the donkey

/dev/sda6

mount /dev/sda6 /mnt

Page 70: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Mounting File SystemsCaveats

• Don’t mount a file system to a directory you are in.

• You can’t un-mount a file system you have cd’ed into:

[root@rh9 mnt]# umount /mntumount: /mnt: device is busy[root@rh9 mnt]# cd[root@rh9 root]# umount /mnt[root@rh9 root]#

Page 71: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# mount/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)none on /proc type proc (rw)/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw)none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)/dev/sda5 on /home type ext3 (rw)none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/mtab/dev/sda2 / ext3 rw 0 0none /proc proc rw 0 0/dev/sda1 /boot ext2 rw 0 0none /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0/dev/sda5 /home ext3 rw 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0[root@rh9 root]#

devicemount point

file system type

mount options

dump frequency

fsckpass

Note: spaces added to output above for readability

Mounting File Systemsmount command and /etc/mtab

Page 72: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/fstab

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1LABEL=/boot /boot ext2 defaults 1 2none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2none /proc proc defaults 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0/dev/sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

devicemount point

file system type

mount options

dump frequency

fsckpass

Note: spacing modified in output above for readability

Mounting File Systems/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used to automatically mount file systems at boot time

Page 73: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# cat /etc/fstab

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1LABEL=/boot /boot ext2 defaults 1 2none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2none /proc proc defaults 0 0none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0/dev/sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

devicemount point

file system type

mount options

dump frequency

fsckpass

Note: spacing modified in output above for readability

Swap Space/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used to automatically mount file systems at boot time

Page 74: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

File Types

Page 75: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

File Types and Commands

Note: Other files types includes sockets (s) and named piped (p)

Note: Leverage existing device files when making new special files to get correct major and minor numbers.

Long listing code (ls –l)

Type How to make one

d directory mkdir

- regular touch

l symbolic link ln -s

c special (character, unbuffered) mknod

b special (block, buffered) mknod

Page 76: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

File Types and Commands

Long listing code (ls –l)

Type How to make one

d directory mkdir

- regular touch

l symbolic link ln -s

c special (character, unbuffered) mknod

b special (block, buffered) mknod

Page 77: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Exercise: Putting it all together:

•Add a partition to the new second drive on the rh9 VM.

•Make a ext3 file system on it.

•Make a starter root file system.

Page 78: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Everything nowShow current drives and partitions

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux/dev/sda2 14 332 2562367+ 83 Linux/dev/sda3 333 365 265072+ 82 Linux swap/dev/sda4 366 652 2305327+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 366 492 1020096 83 Linux/dev/sda6 493 505 104391 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table[root@rh9 root]#

Page 79: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Everything nowAdd a partition to the new drive

[root@rh9 root]# fdisk /dev/sdbDevice contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabelBuilding a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previouscontent won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): nCommand action e extended p primary partition (1-4)pPartition number (1-4): 1First cylinder (1-261, default 1):Using default value 1Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-261, default 261): 50

Command (m for help):

Page 80: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Everything nowUpdate partition table and kernel

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylindersUnits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sdb1 1 50 401593+ 83 Linux

Command (m for help): wThe partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.The kernel still uses the old table.The new table will be used at the next reboot.Syncing disks.[root@rh9 root]# partprobe

Page 81: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

Everything nowMake a ext3 filesystem on the new partition

[root@rh9 root]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)warning: 184 blocks unused.

Filesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=1024 (log=0)Fragment size=1024 (log=0)100744 inodes, 401409 blocks20079 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super userFirst data block=149 block groups8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group2056 inodes per groupSuperblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185

Writing inode tables: doneCreating journal (8192 blocks): doneWriting superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.[root@rh9 root

Page 82: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 root]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt[root@rh9 root]# ls /mntlost+found[root@rh9 root]# cd /mnt[root@rh9 mnt]# mkdir bin dev lib[root@rh9 mnt]# cd bin[root@rh9 bin]# cp /bin/bash .[root@rh9 bin]# ln -s bash sh[root@rh9 bin]# cd ../lib[root@rh9 lib]# ldd /bin/bash libtermcap.so.2 => /lib/libtermcap.so.2 (0x40025000) libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x40029000) libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x42000000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)[root@rh9 lib]# cp /lib/libtermcap.so.2 .[root@rh9 lib]# cp /lib/libdl.so.2 .[root@rh9 lib]# cp /lib/tls/libc.so.6 .[root@rh9 lib]# cp /lib/ld-linux.so.2 .[root@rh9 lib]# cd ../dev[root@rh9 dev]# ls -l /dev/consolecrw------- 1 root root 5, 1 Jul 21 07:00 /dev/console/dev/console[root@rh9 dev]# mknod console c 5 1[root@rh9 dev]# ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sda1brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Jan 30 2003 /dev/sda/dev/sdabrw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 Jan 30 2003 /dev/sda1/dev/sda1[root@rh9 dev]# mknod sda b 8 0[root@rh9 dev]# mknod sda1 b 8 1

Everything nowMake a starter root file system

Page 83: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

[root@rh9 mnt]# ls -lR.:total 15drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Jul 21 15:24 bindrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Jul 21 15:27 devdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Jul 21 15:25 libdrwx------ 2 root root 12288 Jul 21 15:12 lost+found

./bin:total 616-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 626028 Jul 21 15:24 bashlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Jul 21 16:13 sh -> bash

./dev:total 0crw-r--r-- 1 root root 5, 1 Jul 21 15:26 consoleconsolebrw-r--r-- 1 root root 8, 0 Jul 21 15:27 sdasdabrw-r--r-- 1 root root 8, 1 Jul 21 15:27 sda1sda1

./lib:total 1651-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 105300 Jul 21 15:25 ld-linux.so.2-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1547996 Jul 21 15:25 libc.so.6-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14952 Jul 21 15:25 libdl.so.2-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11784 Jul 21 15:25 libtermcap.so.2

./lost+found:total 0[root@rh9 mnt]#

Everything nowMake a root filesystem on /dev/sdb1

Page 84: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

New Commands

and files

Page 85: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 - Lesson 2

New commands:dumpe2fs - show overall file system informationfdisk - hard drive partition utilitymknod - creates special device filesldd - show libraries used by a binary programln –s - creates symbolic (soft) linksfdformat - formats a floppy diskmkfs - makes file systemsmount - mounts file systemsstat - shows file informationumount - un-mounts file systemsxxd - displays binary data in hexadecimal format

New Files and Directories:/dev/etc/fstab/etc/mtab

VMware:vmware-config-tools.pl - must be run to finish installing

these tools 

Page 86: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Next Class

Assignment: Check Calendar Page on web site to see what is due next week.

Quiz questions for next class:

• What device name would you use to specify the fifth partition on the second SCSI drive?

• What command could be used to put a ext3 file system on /dev/sda6?

• What is the maximum number of primary partitions a drive can have?

Page 87: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Backup

Page 88: CIS 191 – Lesson 2

Some commands

Add ssh server access to Ubuntu:sudo aptitude update sudo aptitude install openssh-server

List of top level directories sorted by size:du –s /* 2> /dev/null | sort -g