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CIS 2420 Data Structures. Course Objectives and Methods:. Students will acquire the skill of designing and implementing abstract data structures in a high-level programming language. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CIS 2420 Data Structures
Introduction 2
Course Objectives and Methods:
Students will acquire the skill of designing and implementing abstract data structures in a high-level programming language. CIS*242 will convey the concept of layered software by separating the application from the implementation using abstraction. When building data structures students will review methods of performance and complexity analysis of algorithms used for implementation.
Introduction 3
Data structures will include lists, vectors, queues, stacks, trees, dictionaries, hash-tables, and graphs. Algorithms used include searching, sorting, text processing using the above data structures. On assignments, students are asked to program data structures using a high-level programming language. On exams and quizzes, students are asked to solve problems using analytical methods and programming skills acquired from lectures and assignments to demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of course material.
Introduction 4
Prerequisite(s): CIS*2650, (CIS*1900 or MATH*2000). Text Book: M.T.Goodrich and R.Tamassia Data Structures & Algorithms in Java
(2nd Edition),WILEY,1997.
Introduction 5
Course Format and Schedule:
Course webpage can be found at: http://www.cis.uoguelph.ca/~welazmeh/cis242/fall03
Students will attend lectures presented by the professor and lab-tutorials presented
by a teaching assistant. The lectures schedule is:
Tuesdays/Thursdays 08:30-09:50 MACN 105 Office hour: Email for an appointment
Introduction 6
Labs Schedule:
Starting Monday, Sept. 8, 2003, students must sign up
for a lab section. Labs start on Sept. 15, 2003.
The labs are limited to 30 students per lab section. To register in a lab section, pick a suitable time and write your
ID in the registration list posted outside Reyn 321.
The spaces are reserved for the first 30 students registered on that
list. (please do not change groups unless approved by yourinstructor).
Introduction 7
Course Evaluation:
(1) 4 Assignments: equally weighted 5%20%
(2) 2 Quizzes: weighted 15%, 15% 30%
(3) Final Exam: 50% *** in order to pass the course (minimum
passing grade), students MUST obtain at least 50% on the weighted average of the quizzes and final exam. Total: 100%
Introduction 8
Course Topics:
1. Intro algorithm complexity analysis 2. Stacks,queues,vectors,and lists 3. Trees 4. Priority queues 5. Dictionaries and hashing 6. Search trees 7. Sorting 8. Text Processing 9. Graphs
Introduction 9
Prof. Xining [email protected] Bkdg 1389 Ext: 56548Prof. William [email protected] 321 Ext: 58762
Instructor Information:
Introduction 10
Important Dates:
Tuesday 09/09/2003: Classes beginMonday 29/9/2003: Assignment #1 DueMonday 13/10/2003: Assignment #2 DueThursday 16/10/2003: Quiz #1 (in class)Monday 03/11/2003: Course Drop DeadlineMonday 03/11/2003: Assignment #3 DueThursday 20/11/2003: Quiz #2 (in class)Monday 24/11/2003: Assignment #4 DueFriday 28/11/2003: Last Day of ClassWednesday 03/12/2003: Final Exam
Introduction 11
Important Notes:
Late assignments or labs are NOT ACCEPTED. Missed quizes result in a mark of zero, unless (see next
item). Illness and severe circumstances may be
accommodated, email your instructor at least 48 hours before the due time and provide certification whenever possible.
An excused absence from quizzes or labs is not provided to accommodate personal inconveniences and other minor problems.
Marks Posting: When ready, you may be able to examine your marks through the course webpage (the marks will be posted during the term).
Introduction 12
Important Notes: Your final grade will be based on the grading system
published in the university calendar. To appeal a mark on an assignment, a lab or a quiz, you
must do so within two weeks after they are handed back.
Each assignment will indicate its due time and date. Academic misconduct includes the submission of
program code or assignment answers that appear so similar to another student's work as to be semantically indistinguishable. Misconduct cases will be handles swiftly, discreetly,and summarily by the Department in accordance with University principles.
Introduction 13
Java = C++ --
Java is a general purpose object-orientedprogramming with extensions to supportGUI and network (client/sever) applications. Java is architecturally neutral. It is aninterpreted language. It is supported by avariety of hardware platforms and operatingsystems.
Introduction 14
Source-level and executable-level portability:
Programs written by a high-level programming language aresource-level portable (some special cases). Source-code programs are not directly executable, they mustbe compiled. A compiler could be designed to generate two types ofexecutable code: bytecode or binarycode. Bytecode programs are executable-level portable, they areexecuted by an interpreter (virtual machine, emulator ...). Binarycode programs are not portable, they are executed byhardware.
Introduction 15
Three alternatives for running Java programs:
Java interpreter. It translates Java bytecode on-the-fly. It is usually slow, sometimes at only 3-10 percentthe speed of compiled C code. JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler. It converts Javabytecode into native (binary) code. This can result insignificant performance improvements, but sometimes
aJIT compiler takes an unacceptable amount of time andmemory to do the compilation. Java chip. It is a dedicated Java processor, nativelyunderstand Java bytecode without the overhead of aninterpreter or JIT compiler.
Introduction 16
Types of Java programs:
Standalone application: main()
Applet - code executed by a web browser: no main()
Introduction 17
Object-Oriented Programming:
type: defines value domain
name: symbolic identifierData: value: a specific value
location: memory reference operations: predefined on
basic types.
class: define state domain name: symbolic identifier
Object: state: current state
location: memory reference
methods: pre/user defined
Object-Oriented programming: glues data and their related operations into one piece - object.
Introduction 18
Object-Oriented concepts:
Class: The fundamental structure in Java. Class = Structured_type + Associated_operations. Inheritance: A relation between classes that allows for the
definition and implementation of one class to be based on that of other existing classes. The inheritance relation is often called the “is a" relation.
Encapsulation: A language construct that enables programmers to limit access to parts of an object.
Overloading: The ability to use the same name for multiple methods.
Polymorphism: In general, polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form. In OO, it indicates the ability to deal with multiple types based on a common feature.
Introduction 19
Class Modifiers:
Modifier Meaning
(default)
class is visible in this package
public class is visible in other packages
abstract class must be extended
final class must not be extended
Introduction 20
Method Usage Modifiers:
Usage Modifier
Meaning
final cannot be overridden
static attached to a class not an object
abstract must be overridden
native not written in Java
synchronized entry to the method is mutual-exclusive
Introduction 21
Method Scope Modifiers:
Scope Modifier Meaning
public visible everywhere
protected visible in this package and visible in subclasses in other packages
(default) friendly
visible in this package
private protected
only visible in this class and its subclasses
private only visible in this class so can never be declared abstract
Introduction 22
Variable Modifiers, Their Scopes and Extents:
There are three kinds of variables in Java:
instance variables, class variables and
local variables. Characteristics related
with variables are types, modifiers,scopes, extents, and initial values.
Introduction 23
Variable usage modifiers:
Usage Modifier
Meaning
final the variable's value cannot be changed
static a class variable
transient reserved for future use
volatile the variable can be changed asynchronously
Introduction 24
Variable scope modifiers:Scope Modifier
Meaning
public visible everywhere
protected visible in this package and in subclasses in other packages
default (friendly) visible in this package
private protected in this class and its subclasses
private only visible in this class
Introduction 25
Extent of a variable:
Variable Kind
Extent
instance variable
T(creation) - T(no_more_references)
class variable T(loaded) - T(no_more_references)
local variable T(enter_code_block) - T(exit_code_block)
Introduction 26
Declarations:The general form of data declaration:<Modifiers> <type_name><variable_name> [= <initial_value>]; The general form of object declaration: <Modifiers> <type_name><variable_name> [= new
<costructor>]; Object declarations (without an initialization)
do not create objects. For example: Bicycle blackice; // no blackice object yet
Bicycle blackice = new Bicycle(...); // create an object blackice
Introduction 27
Operators and Expressions:
There are factors that influence the final value of an expression:
Precedence: it says that some operations bind more tightly than others.
Associativity: it defines the tie breaker for deciding the binding when we have several operators of equal precedence strung together.
Evaluation_order: it tells the sequence (for each operator) in which the operands are evaluated.
Introduction 28
The Basic Statements:
selection: if and switch statements iteration: for, while, and do statements control transfer: return, throw,
continue, break, and goto statements guarding: synchronized statement method call: object.method(arg_list);
Introduction 29
The Object Class: In Java, nearly everything is an object. Every
class is ultimately inherited from the ultimate superclass Object, i.e., any object obj in a Java program can be converted to an object
of Object by casting (Object) obj.Most Java utility classes require the use of
instances of Object. However, variables of basic types are not instances of Object yet.
Thus Java provides a simple way to promote them when needed.
Introduction 30
The class version of basic types:
Basic Type Corresponding Class
boolean Boolean
char Char
integer Integer
Long Long
float Float
double Double
Introduction 31
An example of moving an int to anInteger object and an Integer to an
int,using methods from the Integer class:
Integer iobj;int i = 42;iobj = new Integer(i); // to Objecti = iobj.intValue(); // to int
Introduction 32
Interfaces: Interfaces are skeletons of classes. They are used to
specify the form that something must have, but not actually provided the implementation.
An interface only declares methods and defines constants (variables).
An interface can be implemented by any class. A class can implement several interfaces at once.
(different from inheritance, a class can only extend one parent class).
An interface is a static (compile-time) protocol. (An abstract class implies inheritance, which may select a proper method at runtime).
Any methods or variables declared in a public interface are implicitly public.
An interface may extend any number of other interfaces.
Introduction 33
1. A program written in the JavaTM programming language can run on
any platform because...
A. Java programming is derived from C++.B. The Java Virtual Machine(JVM) interprets the program for the native operating system.C. The compiler is identical to a C++ compiler.D. The APIs do all the work.
Introduction 34
2. An applet will run in almost any browser because...
A. The server has a built-in JVM. B. The browser has a built-in JVM. C. The source code is interpreted by the browser. D. Applets don't need a JVM.
Introduction 35
3.What is the purpose of the main method?
A.To build a user interface. B.To hold the APIs of the application. C.To create buttons and scrollbars. D.To act as the entry point for the program.
Introduction 36
4.The Applet class provides...
A. A browser to run the applet. B. Methods to define the applet's behavior and appearance. C. A special HTML page. D. Permission to communicate with the server.
Introduction 37
5.Which method will a web browser call first on a new applet?
A. main method B. start method. C. init method. D. paint method.
Introduction 38
6.What is the advantage of using import statements?
A.To avoid having to declare variables. B.To refer to a class without using prefixes. C.To avoid calling methods. D.To import the images you want to use.
Introduction 39
7.When a program class implements an interface, it must provide behavior for...
A. Two methods defined in that interface. B. Only certain methods in an interface. C. Any methods in a class. D. All methods defined in that interface.
Introduction 40
8.A constructor is used to...
A. Free memory. B. Initialize a newly created object. C. Import packages. D. Create a JVM for applets.
Introduction 41
9.The BorderLayout class provides static fields for...
A. Introducing new methods. B. Adding components to specific areas of a container. C. Starting an applet. D. Specifying font size and color.
Introduction 42
10.Servlets are typically used for...
A. Creating graphics. B. Extending a web server by providing dynamic web content. C. Storing information in applets. D. Loading buttons and menus.