CIS LEC4 Speaking

7/25/2019 CIS LEC4 Speaking

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SPEAKINGSPEAKING


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What is Speaking?What is Speaking?

To talk, to utterwords or particular soundsTo talk, to utterwords or particular sounds

with ordinary speech modulations.with ordinary speech modulations.

To convey thoughts,opinions or emotionsTo convey thoughts,opinions or emotions

orallyorally To express oneselfTo express oneself

To deliver and addressTo deliver and address

To convey a messageTo convey a message


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Speaking SkillSpeaking Skill

Speaking is the productive skill inSpeaking is the productive skill in

the oral mode. It, like the otherthe oral mode. It, like the otherskills, is more complicated than itskills, is more complicated than it

seems at rst and involves moreseems at rst and involves more

than just pronouncing words.than just pronouncing words.


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Speaking SituationsSpeaking Situations

There are three kinds of speakingThere are three kinds of speaking

situations in which we nd ourselves:situations in which we nd ourselves:

InteractiveInteractive

artially interactiveartially interactive

!on"interactive!on"interactive


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Speaking SituationsSpeaking Situations

Interactive speaking situations include face"to"Interactive speaking situations include face"to"face conversations and telephone calls, in whichface conversations and telephone calls, in whichwe are alternately listening and speaking, and inwe are alternately listening and speaking, and inwhich we have a chance to ask for clarication,which we have a chance to ask for clarication,repetition, or slower speech from ourrepetition, or slower speech from ourconversation partner.conversation partner.

Some speaking situations are partially interactive,Some speaking situations are partially interactive,such as when giving a speech to a live audience,such as when giving a speech to a live audience,where the convention is that the audience doeswhere the convention is that the audience doesnot interrupt the speech. The speakernot interrupt the speech. The speakernevertheless can see the audience and judge fromnevertheless can see the audience and judge from

the expressions on their faces and #ody languagethe expressions on their faces and #ody languagewhether he has understood or not.whether he has understood or not.

Some few speaking situations may #e totally non"Some few speaking situations may #e totally non"interactive, such as when recording a speech for ainteractive, such as when recording a speech for aradio #roadcastradio #roadcast


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Various aspects beforeVarious aspects before

speakingspeaking

$hen you are going to speak on a$hen you are going to speak on aparticular issue, it is necessary%particular issue, it is necessary%

To know a#out the interests and attitudesTo know a#out the interests and attitudes

of the audience and the occasion atof the audience and the occasion atwhich the speech is to #e made.which the speech is to #e made.

To consider a#out the existing level ofTo consider a#out the existing level of

knowledge and comprehension of theknowledge and comprehension of theparticipants to decide a#out the depth ofparticipants to decide a#out the depth of

knowledge to #e discussed.knowledge to #e discussed.

&se of polite language&se of polite language


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'!($ $)*T +(& $*!T T( S*+'!($ $)*T +(& $*!T T( S*+

By listening, thinking and formulating yourBy listening, thinking and formulating your

thoughts before you speak, you will increase yourthoughts before you speak, you will increase youreectiveness as a powerful communicator.eectiveness as a powerful communicator.

hink before you talk .hink before you talk .

!now your message.!now your message.

"et to the point #uickly. hen, it is easier for the"et to the point #uickly. hen, it is easier for thelistener to remember what you said.listener to remember what you said.

!now the outcome you want from your conversation.!now the outcome you want from your conversation.

$ractice the power of persuasion. %lmost everything$ractice the power of persuasion. %lmost everything

you say is an attempt to persuade the other personyou say is an attempt to persuade the other person

to accept your point of view.to accept your point of view.

&or successful networking, plan in advance what you&or successful networking, plan in advance what you

want to say and what you want to accomplish.want to say and what you want to accomplish.

!now something about the people you'll be talking!now something about the people you'll be talking

to.to.


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icro"skills of Speakingicro"skills of Speaking)ere are some of the micro"skills involved in speaking.)ere are some of the micro"skills involved in speaking.

The speaker has to:The speaker has to:

ronounce the distinctive sounds of a languageronounce the distinctive sounds of a languageclearly enough so that people can distinguish them.clearly enough so that people can distinguish them.This includes making tonal distinctions.This includes making tonal distinctions.

&se stress and rhythmic patterns, and intonation&se stress and rhythmic patterns, and intonationpatterns of the language clearly enough so thatpatterns of the language clearly enough so that

people can understand what is said.people can understand what is said. &se the correct forms of words. This may mean, for&se the correct forms of words. This may mean, for

example, changes in the tense, case, or gender.example, changes in the tense, case, or gender. &se voca#ulary appropriately.&se voca#ulary appropriately. &se the register or language variety that is&se the register or language variety that is

appropriate to the situation and the relationship toappropriate to the situation and the relationship tothe conversation partner.the conversation partner. ake clear to the listener the main sentenceake clear to the listener the main sentence

constituents, such as su#ject, ver#, o#ject, #yconstituents, such as su#ject, ver#, o#ject, #ywhatever means the language uses.whatever means the language uses.

ake the main ideas stand out from supportingake the main ideas stand out from supportingideas or information.ideas or information.


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(elivery Styles

Impromptu: !o planning

-xtemporaneous: lanning andractice

anuscript: ead from script


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&/0I1 S-*'I!2&/0I1 S-*'I!2

))$ublic speaking is the art of dil$ublic speaking is the art of dil

uting a two*minute idea with a twuting a two*minute idea with a tw

o*hour vocabulary.o*hour vocabulary.

++

ohn &it-gerald !ennedyohn &it-gerald !ennedy
http://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/public_speaking_is_the_art_of_diluting_a_two/148078.html


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&/0I1 S-*'I!2&/0I1 S-*'I!2

u#lic speaking is the process of speaking to au#lic speaking is the process of speaking to agroup of people in a structured, deli#erategroup of people in a structured, deli#eratemanner intended to inform, in3uence, ormanner intended to inform, in3uence, orentertain the listeners.entertain the listeners.

In pu#lic speaking, as in any form ofIn pu#lic speaking, as in any form ofcommunication, there are ve #asic elements,communication, there are ve #asic elements,often expressed as 4who is saying ,what ,tooften expressed as 4who is saying ,what ,towhom, using what medium, with what e5ects64whom, using what medium, with what e5ects64

The purpose of pu#lic speaking can range fromThe purpose of pu#lic speaking can range fromsimply transmitting information, to motivatingsimply transmitting information, to motivatingpeople to act, to simply telling a story. 2oodpeople to act, to simply telling a story. 2oodorators should #e a#le to change the emotionsorators should #e a#le to change the emotionsof their listeners, not just inform themof their listeners, not just inform them


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The Importance of u#lic SpeakingThe Importance of u#lic Speaking

o listen closely and reply well is theo listen closely and reply well is thehighest perfection we are able to attain inhighest perfection we are able to attain inthe art of conversation.the art of conversation.77

8rancois de 0a8rancois de 0a

ochefoucauldochefoucauld

Success in pu#lic speaking can open a wholeSuccess in pu#lic speaking can open a wholeworld of opportunities for you. It can help youworld of opportunities for you. It can help youcon9uer new frontiers. It can #roaden yourcon9uer new frontiers. It can #roaden yourhorions through personal development,horions through personal development,in3uence, and advances in your profession.in3uence, and advances in your profession.


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$ublic Speaking /mproves 0our$ublic Speaking /mproves 0our$ersonal (evelopment$ersonal (evelopment

2iving speeches helps the speaker2iving speeches helps the speaker

realie self"worth through the personalrealie self"worth through the personalsatisfaction he experiences whenever asatisfaction he experiences whenever agood speech is given. The speakergood speech is given. The speaker#ecomes more condent especially when#ecomes more condent especially when

the audience responds positively. It alsothe audience responds positively. It alsoreduces anxiety when asked #y anreduces anxiety when asked #y anauthority to speak in front of some peopleauthority to speak in front of some people


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$ublic Speaking /n1uences 0our Society$ublic Speaking /n1uences 0our Society

It is not only you who can #enet from the art ofIt is not only you who can #enet from the art ofcommunication #ut society as well. ostcommunication #ut society as well. ostgovernments heed the voice of their citiens% withgovernments heed the voice of their citiens% with

proper communication skills, you can representproper communication skills, you can representthe pu#lic in voicing out your rights and opinions.the pu#lic in voicing out your rights and opinions.

eople from all walks of life need to speak ineople from all walks of life need to speak inpu#lic, whether formally or otherwise. 8rom kidspu#lic, whether formally or otherwise. 8rom kids

reciting in school, to folks in a town meeting, toreciting in school, to folks in a town meeting, tocitiens voicing out national issues% from a plaincitiens voicing out national issues% from a plainmarket vendor, to a president of a company. Theremarket vendor, to a president of a company. Thereis really no way you can avoid pu#lic speaking.is really no way you can avoid pu#lic speaking.


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$ublic Speaking %dvances 0our $rofession$ublic Speaking %dvances 0our $rofession

u#lic speaking can help in your career, and eventually,u#lic speaking can help in your career, and eventually,your nances. &sually, success is gauged #y answers toyour nances. &sually, success is gauged #y answers to

9uestions like, 4)ow long have you #een in your jo#64 or9uestions like, 4)ow long have you #een in your jo#64 or4;o you hold an /* degree or something similar644;o you hold an /* degree or something similar64)owever, researchers have proven that the #est indicator)owever, researchers have proven that the #est indicatorof success in any profession is whether the person isof success in any profession is whether the person isoften asked to give speeches. Those who give moreoften asked to give speeches. Those who give morespeeches tend to have higher salaries than those whospeeches tend to have higher salaries than those who

give less or no speeches.give less or no speeches.

The longer you work for an organiation and the higherThe longer you work for an organiation and the higheryou clim# the organiational ladder, the more your #ossyou clim# the organiational ladder, the more your #osswill ask you to preside over meetings and to give talks towill ask you to preside over meetings and to give talks tothe sta5 and su#ordinates or the clients. The higher yourthe sta5 and su#ordinates or the clients. The higher your

position, the more your responsi#ilities in leading peopleposition, the more your responsi#ilities in leading peopleunder you% and the more you must speak e5ectively.under you% and the more you must speak e5ectively.


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&/0I1 S-*'I!2 TIS&/0I1 S-*'I!2 TIS -ncourage +ourself-ncourage +ourself

0isten To 2ood u#lic Speakers0isten To 2ood u#lic Speakers

Incorporate )andouts In +our u#licIncorporate )andouts In +our u#lic

SpeakingSpeaking

To ead or !ot To eadTo ead or !ot To ead Start +our Speech $ith oiseStart +our Speech $ith oise

(#serve +our 0isteners 1arefully(#serve +our 0isteners 1arefully

)ow to &se +our !otes)ow to &se +our !otes -mphasie 'ey $ords-mphasie 'ey $ords

;evelop +our Self"1ondence;evelop +our Self"1ondence

1apture and aintain Interest1apture and aintain Interest


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-ncourage +ourself-ncourage +ourself

ractice your speech every day and tell yourselfractice your speech every day and tell yourself

each day, I am getting #etter and #etter at myeach day, I am getting #etter and #etter at myspeech and I will deliver it with total condence.speech and I will deliver it with total condence.

+ou may think that listening to your inner voice+ou may think that listening to your inner voiceseems a little cray% however, if you pay closeseems a little cray% however, if you pay close

attention to your thoughts you will realie just howattention to your thoughts you will realie just howoften your inner voice tells you negative things.often your inner voice tells you negative things.

It is proven that people who do not acknowledge orIt is proven that people who do not acknowledge or#elieve in the power of their inner voice are less#elieve in the power of their inner voice are lesslikely to #e successful. 0isten to your inner voice,likely to #e successful. 0isten to your inner voice,repeat positive a5irmations to yourself, practice yourrepeat positive a5irmations to yourself, practice yourspeech and you will #e successful at pu#lic speaking.speech and you will #e successful at pu#lic speaking.


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0isten To 2ood u#lic Speakers0isten To 2ood u#lic Speakers

Take time out to listen to as manyTake time out to listen to as many

speeches as possi#le. * good listener is aspeeches as possi#le. * good listener is a

successful communicator. ;on


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Incorporate )andouts In +our u#licIncorporate )andouts In +our u#lic

Speaking%Speaking%

2ive out fun and colorful handouts to2ive out fun and colorful handouts to

get your audience involved. ake yourget your audience involved. ake your

handouts on colorful paper and easy tohandouts on colorful paper and easy toread. ;epending on your audience, it isread. ;epending on your audience, it is

pro#a#ly not wise to get too technicalpro#a#ly not wise to get too technical

or make them too long so people willor make them too long so people will

not get #ored.ake handing them outnot get #ored.ake handing them outan enjoya#le part of your speech.an enjoya#le part of your speech.


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o 2ead or 3ot o 2eado 2ead or 3ot o 2ead

;o not read your speech ver#atim. That;o not read your speech ver#atim. Thattechni9ue is highly likely to #ore your listeners.techni9ue is highly likely to #ore your listeners.

The only instance you read a speech is whenThe only instance you read a speech is whenyou do it on #ehalf of someone else. -ven whenyou do it on #ehalf of someone else. -ven whenyou do that, make it #rief or summarie it. *tyou do that, make it #rief or summarie it. *tthe end of the summary, give out the entirethe end of the summary, give out the entirespeech in the form of a handout.speech in the form of a handout.

The written language and the spoken languageThe written language and the spoken languageare di5erent forms of expression. $hat isare di5erent forms of expression. $hat is#eautifully written may not sound #eautiful#eautifully written may not sound #eautifulwhen it is spoken.when it is spoken.


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Start 0our Speech With $oiseStart 0our Speech With $oise

;o not appear to #e hurried and hassled when you;o not appear to #e hurried and hassled when youare a#out to #egin your speech. +ou will look likeare a#out to #egin your speech. +ou will look likeyou


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4bserve 0our 5isteners 6arefully4bserve 0our 5isteners 6arefully

If you o#serve these > #ehaviours in yourIf you o#serve these > #ehaviours in yourlisteners, it is very likely there are #ored withlisteners, it is very likely there are #ored withyour speech and you need to change youryour speech and you need to change yourapproach.approach.

" * lot of listeners sit with their arms folded." * lot of listeners sit with their arms folded." ?acant looks @ no smiles or nodding of the" ?acant looks @ no smiles or nodding of thehead.head.

" ost of the people are yawning." ost of the people are yawning." olite coughs which are more than usual." olite coughs which are more than usual.

" !onver#al gestures like audience" !onver#al gestures like audiencefre9uently looking at their watches, #itingfre9uently looking at their watches, #itingtheir nails, shuAing their feet, looking attheir nails, shuAing their feet, looking ateach other, and worse, starting to exit theeach other, and worse, starting to exit the

venue.venue.


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7ow to 8se 0our 3otes7ow to 8se 0our 3otes

+ou can use your notes when you are+ou can use your notes when you are

making your presentation #ut #e suremaking your presentation #ut #e surethat they donC index cards is all right./e sure your entire speech does not go/e sure your entire speech does not go#eyond seven cards. * single sheet of#eyond seven cards. * single sheet of

paper with an outline of your speech ispaper with an outline of your speech isstill the #est. /e sure the letters on thatstill the #est. /e sure the letters on thatsingle sheet are #ig enough to read.single sheet are #ig enough to read.


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9mphasi-e !ey Words9mphasi-e !ey Words

To emphasie a word, speak it in a di5erent wayTo emphasie a word, speak it in a di5erent wayfrom the others words that surround it.from the others words that surround it.

In other words, if you were speaking at a normalIn other words, if you were speaking at a normalvolume, raise your voice when you speak anvolume, raise your voice when you speak an

important word. (r, if you have #een talkingimportant word. (r, if you have #een talkingloudly, utter the emphatic word in a deli#erateloudly, utter the emphatic word in a deli#eratewhisper@and you have intense emphasis.whisper@and you have intense emphasis.

If you have #een going fast, go very slow on theIf you have #een going fast, go very slow on theemphatic word. If you have #een talking on a lowemphatic word. If you have #een talking on a low

pitch, jump to a high one on the word you arepitch, jump to a high one on the word you areemphasiing. If you have #een talking on a highemphasiing. If you have #een talking on a highpitch, take a low one instead.pitch, take a low one instead.

Sometimes, for #ig emphasis, you can stressSometimes, for #ig emphasis, you can stress

every single sylla#le in a word.every single sylla#le in a word.


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(evelop 0our Self*6on:dence(evelop 0our Self*6on:dence

;evelop your self"condence with practice,;evelop your self"condence with practice,practice and more practice.practice and more practice.

0ook for every chance to give a speech. The more0ook for every chance to give a speech. The moreyou face the audience, the more you will developyou face the audience, the more you will develop

self"condence.self"condence.

/egin with very short speeches that last three to/egin with very short speeches that last three tofour minutes. *lways #ear in mind that a shortfour minutes. *lways #ear in mind that a shortspeech can #arely go wrong.speech can #arely go wrong.

Impromptu speeches make good practice.Impromptu speeches make good practice.

1oncentrate and #e natural. ;o not try to pretend1oncentrate and #e natural. ;o not try to pretendto #e someone else. aster your topic. /elieve into #e someone else. aster your topic. /elieve in

yourself. If you don


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6apture and ;aintain /nterest6apture and ;aintain /nterest

)ere are D ways to capture and maintain)ere are D ways to capture and maintain

the listener


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ST( T*0'I!2 *!; 0IST-!ST( T*0'I!2 *!; 0IST-!

6onversation should be like a tennis match,6onversation should be like a tennis match,each person having a turn to give andeach person having a turn to give andreceive. he true art of conversation isreceive. he true art of conversation istalking and listening.talking and listening.

%llow your conversation partner to speak.%llow your conversation partner to speak. 2espect the other person's point of view.2espect the other person's point of view. 6oncentrate on the conversation. 4nly6oncentrate on the conversation. 4nly

hearing >while thinking about what you willhearing >while thinking about what you will

say rather that actively listening will causesay rather that actively listening will causeyou to miss vital information.you to miss vital information.

7elp individual


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T)I!' /-8(- +(& T*0'T)I!' /-8(- +(& T*0'

/f you give attention to what you will say, you/f you give attention to what you will say, youincrease your chances of persuading the otherincrease your chances of persuading the otherperson to your point of view. 0ou will alsoperson to your point of view. 0ou will alsodecrease the chances of making mistake ordecrease the chances of making mistake orsocial blunder.social blunder.

$ause, think and consider what you want to say.$ause, think and consider what you want to say. 6hoose appropriate words that clearly e@press6hoose appropriate words that clearly e@pressyour message.your message.

(ecide on the tone you want in your(ecide on the tone you want in yourconversation.conversation.

(etermine the outcome you want from your(etermine the outcome you want from yourinterchange.interchange. !now your audience, and if possible, their!now your audience, and if possible, theirviewpoint and level of understanding about theviewpoint and level of understanding about thesubAect matter.subAect matter.

Shape your message to be easily understood.Shape your message to be easily understood.

/-0I-?- I! +(& -SS*2-/-0I-?- I! +(& -SS*2-


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/-0I-?- I! +(& -SS*2-/-0I-?- I! +(& -SS*2-

Believe in your message because this isBelieve in your message because this is

the cru@ of any successful communicationthe cru@ of any successful communication.When you passionately believe in your.When you passionately believe in yourmessage, your verbal and non verbalmessage, your verbal and non verbalcommunications will 1ow freely.communications will 1ow freely.

Speak with passion and conviction.Speak with passion and conviction. %llow your feelings, delivery, body%llow your feelings, delivery, body

language and voice to 1ow naturally.language and voice to 1ow naturally. Show your enthusiasm.Show your enthusiasm. %void faking it or you risk loosing your%void faking it or you risk loosing your

credibility.credibility.


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--*T *=( (I!TS--*T *=( (I!TS

2epetition reinforces the speakers2epetition reinforces the speakers

main points and aids in listener'smain points and aids in listener's

retention.retention.

!now your maAor points.!now your maAor points.

$araphrase, as needed, in dierent$araphrase, as needed, in dierent

ways throughout your conversation toways throughout your conversation to

re*emphasi-e.re*emphasi-e.

actfully ask your listener foractfully ask your listener for

feedback.feedback.

%sk #uestions that will indicate the%sk #uestions that will indicate the


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)idden 1auses of u#lic Speaking)idden 1auses of u#lic Speaking

StressStress

Thinking that pu#lic speaking is inherentlyThinking that pu#lic speaking is inherentlystressful EitFs notG.stressful EitFs notG.

Thinking you need to #e #rilliant or perfect toThinking you need to #e #rilliant or perfect tosucceed Eyou donFtG.succeed Eyou donFtG.

Trying to impart too much information orTrying to impart too much information orcover too many points in a short presentation.cover too many points in a short presentation.

)aving the wrong purpose in mind Eto get)aving the wrong purpose in mind Eto getrather than to giveHcontri#uteG.rather than to giveHcontri#uteG.

Trying to please everyone Ethis is unrealisticG.Trying to please everyone Ethis is unrealisticG. Trying to emulate other speakers EveryTrying to emulate other speakers Everydi5icultG rather than simply #eing yourselfdi5icultG rather than simply #eing yourselfEvery easyG.Every easyG.

8ailing to #e personally revealing and hum#le.8ailing to #e personally revealing and hum#le.


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)idden 1auses of u#lic)idden 1auses of u#lic

Speaking StressSpeaking Stress /eing fearful of potential negative/eing fearful of potential negative

outcomes Ethey almost never occur andoutcomes Ethey almost never occur andeven when they do, you can use them toeven when they do, you can use them toyour advantageG.your advantageG.

Trying to control the wrong things Ee.g.,Trying to control the wrong things Ee.g.,the #ehavior of your audienceG.the #ehavior of your audienceG.

Spending too much time over preparingSpending too much time over preparingEinstead of developing condence and trustEinstead of developing condence and trustin your natural a#ility to succeedG.in your natural a#ility to succeedG.

Thinking your audience will #e as critical ofThinking your audience will #e as critical ofyour performance as you might #e.your performance as you might #e.

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CIS LEC4 Speaking