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CITACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA
A) SEGÚN ESTILOS
http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.php
APA Citation Style Guide, 6th ed.
Developed by the American Psychological Association, this style is widely used in thesciences and social sciences.
This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, consult the printmanual at Sawyer or Schow Reference (call number: BF76.7 P83 2010). See also APAStyle Blog.
Each citation consists of two parts: the in text citation, which provides brief identifyinginformation within the text, and the reference list (list of sources used) which providesfull bibliographic information.
How to Format: In Text Citations | Reference Lists
How to Format In Text Citations
(For more detailed information see Publication Manual Chapter 6, pp 174-179)
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APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author'slast name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the articleto refer the reader to complete information in the reference list.
(Austin, 1998)
If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given:
Austin (1998) compared institutional support
Two authors. Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use theampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the runningtext.
(Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)
Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function …Three to five authors. Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; insubsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
First reference:
(Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998)
Subsequent references:
(Parker et al.)Six or more authors. Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. andthe year for the first and subsequent citations.
(Parker et al., 1998)
Group or corporate authors. Use the name of the body in the citation:
(World Bank, 1998)
Unknown author. Use the first few words of the title as the reference in the text (capitalizeall words in title):
("Structuring Lawmaking", 2002)
Author is listed as "Anonymous". Use it as if it were the author's name.
(Anonymous, 2003)
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When paraphrasing, APA style does not require page numbers in the in-text citation.However, authors are encouraged to include page numbers if it will help the reader locatethe relevant information in longer texts. Consult with your professor regarding the need for page numbers for paraphrased information.
If the reference is to an exact quotation, the author, year and page number must beincluded. The page number can be given in parentheses at the end of the exact quotation or incorporated into the in-text citation.
Newman (1994) concluded "sibling conflict is so common that its occurence is taken for granted" (p. 123).
Such findings have prompted one researcher to conclude, “Sibling conflict is so commonthat its occurrence is taken for granted” (Newman, 1994, p. 123).
For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if
available. If the paragraphs are not numbered, but there are headings, use the heading nameand count the number of paragraphs after the heading to the paragraph containing thequotation. (Publication Manual, Chapter 6.05, p. 171)
(Smith, 2003, para. 1)
(Greene, 2003, Discussion, para. 4)
For citations taken from secondary sources, include the secondary source in thereference list and mention the original work in the text.
Text citation:Goldman and Goldman's study (as cited in Linebarger, 2001) found ....
Reference List:
Linebarger, D. L. (2001). Learning to read from television: The effects of using captionsand narration. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 288-298.
How to Format Reference Lists
Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished
Books
(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02)
Single author Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Multiple Calarco, M., & Atterton, P. (2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings
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authors in continental thought . New York, NY: Continuum.
Edited Book Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: GuilfordPress.
Group or corporate
author
World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and
North Africa: women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.
Chapter or essay in book
Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in internationalrelations. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of
international relations (pp. 119-136). London, England: Sage.
Article from areference book
Chen, J. Q. (2003). Intelligence: Multiple intelligences. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (pp. 1198-1201). New York, NY: Macmillan.
If there are no page numbers, the entry title is sufficient. For an entry in areference work with no author, place the entry title in the author position.(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02)
Articles
(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01)
A new element to journal article citations with the 6th edition of the Publication Manual isthe addition of the DOI (digital object identifier), which provides a persistent way of accessing digital information. See DOI System for a detailed explanation and to resolve aDOI name. If the DOI is not provided in the online database, online journal, or article, tryCrossRef's free DOI look-up. Note: not all articles have DOIs. Do not include a period atthe end of the citation as it may be interpreted as part of the DOI.
Article in a journal(one author)
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in thesongs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5),786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Article in a journal(up to sevenauthors)
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F. (2009).The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addictionand online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 6,
598-605. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011
Article in a journal
(more than sevenauthors)
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R.,... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistencefoods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004
When authors number eight or more, include the first six names, thenthree ellipses, and then the last author's name. (Publication Manual,Chapter 7.01.2)
Article in a journal(advanced publication)
Levskaya, A., Weiner, O. D., Lim, W. A., & Voigt, C. A. (2009).Spatiotemporal control of cell signalling using a light-switchable proteininteraction. Nature. Advance online publication.doi:10.1038/nature08446
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Online-onlysupplementalmaterial for articles
Chandler, D. (2009). Liquids: Condensed, disordered, and sometimescomplex. [Supplemental material]. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of the United States of America, 106, 15111–15112.doi:10.1073/pnas.0908029106
If no author is given, move the title and bracketed description to theauthor position. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01.15)
Article in a popular magazine
Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4),28-31.
Article in anewspaper
Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher
Education, pp. A37-38.
If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include
"Retrieved from" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual,7.01.11)
Media
(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.07)
Music Score No example given in APA Publication Manual for music score.
Sound
Recording
Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time
out [CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987)
Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of the recording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of therecording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07)
VideoRecording
LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Real womem have curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video.
TelevisionDaniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt[Television series episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office.Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company.
Web/Online
(Publication Manual, Chapter 7, pp 198-215)
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Web page
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu")and You. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm
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BlogPost
McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of First Person in APA Style [Web logmessage]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/.
In blog posts, authors may adopt a screen name. Use that screen name as the author if that is the name under which that person posts messages.
OnlineVideo
BirdTricks. (2008, April 27). Tips for training a parrot to talk [Video file].Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89dZNPPYOdk
A screen name is used for the author name in this example.
DataSets
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. (2007). Eurobarometer 68.1: The European parliament and media usage, September-
November 2007 [Data file and code book]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/access/index.jsp
Government Information
(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.03, p. 205 and Appendix 7.1 References to LegalMaterials)
See Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library]
Unpublished
(Publication Manual Chapter 7.09)
Interview
In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or
recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not included in the referencelist. ( Publication Manual , chapter 6.20)
in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998)
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Chicago Manual of Style
http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago1.php
Documentary Note or Humanities Style
The Chicago Documentary Note, or Humanities Style is favored by many in the humanitiesand the arts. It is recommended for history research papers.
For other social sciences and sciences disciplines, use the Chicago Author-Date System.
This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see Chicago Manual
of Style or the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference Z253 .U69 2010.
About Notes | How to Format Notes and the Bibliography
About Notes
(For more detailed information see CMS, sec. 16.19-70)
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The Documentary Note or Humanities Style uses bibliographic notes rather than textcitations. It consists of two parts: a number in the text and a note either at the bottom of the page ( footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote). Notes are numbered sequentially, beginning with 1., throughout each article, chapter, or paper. The numbers in the text must be in superscript and should follow sentences, clauses, quotations, punctuation marks and
closing parentheses. The note should have a normal, full sized number.Subsequent references to sources already fully cited should be shortened whenever possible.
1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janis Revisited (London and New York: Verso,1997), 17.
2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft
Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.
3. Nairn, Faces of Nationalism, 176.Note consisting of several references documenting a single fact should be separated bysemi-colons.
Multiple citation of a single note should refer to the previous note.
15. See note 4 above.
For an unknown author start the note and bibliographic entry with the title of the work.
Ibid is used in place of the author's name, the title, and as much of the information as isidentical to the immediately preceding note. It cannot be used if the preceding note citesmore than one work.
6. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janis Revisited (London and New York: Verso,1997), 17.
7. Ibid., 39 - 43.
For direct quotations from sources without page numbers use subheading, chapter, paragraph number, or other organizational division of the work.
8. David Pilgrim, "The Mammy Caricature," Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia,http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/mammies/, under "Commercial Mammies."
Citations taken from secondary sources should be avoided as researchers are expected toexamine the works they cite. If the original work is not available, the original andsecondary source must be cited.
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9. Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States
(New York: D. Fanshaw, 1844), 31, quoted in Lyon Rathbun, "The Debate over AnnexingTexas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4, no. 3 (Fall2001): 479.
Notes and Bibliography Examples
Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished
Books
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.16-17.147)
Single author
note:
1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York:
Verso, 1997), 17.
bibliography:
Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited . London: New York:Verso, 1997.
Multiple
authors
note:
2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century
Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.
bibliography:
Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century
Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997.
Edited Book
note:
3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917
(New York: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.
bibliography:
Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 . NewYork: Academic International Press, 1999.
Group or corporateauthor
note:
4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge (Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,
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Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994), 433.
bibliography:
Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment
Challenge. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994.
Chapter or essay in book
note:
5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the
American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.
bibliography:
Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the
American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal AnnMarling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
Article from areference book
note:
6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George."
For online reference sources, include URL and date of access.
bibliography:
Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the
bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for moreinformation, see CMS )
Articles
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.148-17.203)
Article in a journal(one author)
note:
1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989):117.
bibliography:
Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social
Activism 14, no.3 (1989): 112-34.Article in a journal(multiple authors)
note:
2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal
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of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741.
bibliography:
Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of
Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79.
Article in a popular magazine
note:
3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16.
bibliography:
Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19.
Article in anewspaper
note:
4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining
Army's Role," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998."Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include severaleditions, and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188)
bibliography:
Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec.17.191) If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted asfollows:
Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army'sRole," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A.
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Article froma full-textdatabase
note:
5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business
Week , March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-
nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
bibliography:
Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week
March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
Article from note:
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an e-journalcollection
6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
bibliography:
Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Article froma free webe-journal
note:
7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996,
http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.
bibliography:
Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Media
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.263-17.273)
Music Score
note:
1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems,1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).
bibliography:
Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems,
1911-21, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications,1997.
"Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS17.263)
SoundRecording
note:
2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern
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Records NR 9003-CD.
bibliography:
Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records
NR 9003-CD. Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other personresponsible for the content. The performer may be added after the title. Therecording company and the number of the recording are usually enough toidentify the recording. (CMS sec. 17.265-268)
VideoRecording
note:
3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA :MGM/UA Home Video, 1992).
bibliography:
Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UAHome Video, 1992. Videocassette.
"Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, withthe addition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs)are treated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such ascritical commentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273)
Television
No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.
Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies:
Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed by David Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.
Web/Online
(Chicago Manual of Style, e-books: sec. 17.142-17.147, e-journals: 17.180-17.181, onlinemagazines: 17.187, online newspapers: 17.198, e-mail and web pages: 17.234-17.237, andarticles from full-text databases: 17.358-17.359)
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Web page note:
1. Norman R. Yetman, "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives," Bornin Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 ,
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http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
bibliography:
Yetman, Norman R. "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives." Born in
Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
Article froma free webe-journal
note:
7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996,http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.
bibliography:
Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Article froma full-textdatabase
note:
5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business
Week , March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
bibliography:
Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
Article froman e-journalcollection
note:
6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
bibliography:
Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Government Information
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(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.290-17.356)
CongressionalHearings
note:
1. House Committee on International Relations, The Threat from
International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before theCommittee on International Relations, 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1,1997, 6-8.
bibliography:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The Threat
from International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations. 105th Cong., 1st sess.,October 1, 1997.
ExecutiveDepartmentDocuments
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.317, 17.356)
note:
2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NationalInstitute of Justice, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O.Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin (Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 2001), http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.
bibliography:
U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute
of Justice. The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O.Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 2001. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.
Unpublished
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.210-17.237)
Interview note:
9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001.
bibliography:
Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001.
"Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in
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bibliographies." (CMS 17.205)
http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago2.php
Author-Date System
Developed by the University of Chicago, the Author-Date System is widely used by thesocial sciences and sciences disciplines. For humanities and the arts and for history papers,use the Documentary Note Style.
This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see Chicago Manualof Style or the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference Z253 .U69 2010.
In the Author-Date System each citation consists of two parts: the text citations, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the reference list (list of sourcesused) which provides full bibliographic information.
How to Format: Text Citations | Reference Lists
How to Format Text Citations
(For more detailed information see CMS, sec. 16.107-120)
The text citations in the Author-Date Style consists of the author's last name and the year of publication of the work cited. No punctuation is used between the name and the date.
Single Author
(Nairn 1997)
Multiple Authors
(Geis and Bunn 1997)
Group or Corporate Author
(Global Environment Coordination 1994)
For direct quotations the page number is also included.
(Nairn 1997, 73)
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For direct quotations from sources without page numbers use subheading, chapter, paragraph number, or other organizational division of the work.
(Yetman, under "Slave Narratives during Slavery and After")
Citations taken from secondary sourcesIs generally to be avoided as researchers are expected to examine the works they cite. If theoriginal work is not available, the original and secondary source must be cited. The originalauthor and date would be used in the text citation and as the beginning of the reference listentry.
text citation:
(Sedwick 1844, 479)
reference list:
Sedgwick, T. 1844. Thoughts on the proposed annexation of Texas to the United States. New York: D. Fanshaw. Quoted in Rathbun, L. 2001. The debate over annexing Texas andthe emergence of Manifest Destiny. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (3).
How to Format Reference Lists
Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished
Books
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.16-17.147)
Single author Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited . London: NewYork: Verso.
Multipleauthors
Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenth-century witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge.
Edited Book Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political
commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ.Press.
Group or
corporateauthor
Global Environment Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment
challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental operations. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,Environment Dept., The World Bank.
Chapter or essay in book
Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the
American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling,193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
Article from areference book
Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238).
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Articles
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.148-17.203)
Article in a journal
(one author)
Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of
Social Activism 14 (Fall): 112-34.Article in a journal(multiple authors)
Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression among femalelapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour . 54 (3): 797-802.
Article in a popular magazine
Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176.
Article in a newspaper
It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text(CMS 17.191).
Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on IsraeliPullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states...
If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list,follow this model:
Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on definingArmy's role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A.
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Article from a
full-textdatabase
Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business
Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
Article from ane-journalcollection
Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goodsin Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. SeeChicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Article from afree web e- journal
Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. SeeChicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Media
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.263-17.273)
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Music ScoreJohnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems,
1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
SoundRecording
"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In awork using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned inrunning text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound
Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265)
VideoRecording
"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In awork using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned inrunning text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video]Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265)
Television No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.
Web/Online
(Chicago Manual of Style, e-books: sec. 17.142-17.147, e-journals: 17.180-17.181, onlinemagazines: 17.187, online newspapers: 17.198, e-mail and web pages: 17.234-17.237, and
articles from full-text databases: 17.358-17.359)
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Web pageYetman, Norman R. "An introduction to the WPA slave narratives." Born in slavery: slave narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
Article from a
free web e- journal
Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. SeeChicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Article from afull-textdatabase
Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. BusinessWeek March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
Article froman e-journalcollection
Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods inKenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. SeeChicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Government Information
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.290-17.356)
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CongressionalHearings
"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing publicdocuments." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, usethe following format:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1997. The
threat from international organized crime and global terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations . 105th Cong., 1st sess.,October 1.
ExecutiveDepartmentDocuments
"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing publicdocuments." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, usethe following format:
U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Instituteof Justice. 2001. The threat of Russian organized crime, by James O.Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.
Unpublished
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.210-17.237)
Interview
"Unpublished interviews are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ...reference lists." (CMS 17.205)
Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php
MLA Style, 7th Edition
Developed by the Modern Language Association, this style is most widely used for research papers in the humanities.
This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, consult the printmanual at Sawyer or Schow Reference (call number: LB2369 .G53 2009).
Each citation consists of two parts: the parenthetical reference, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the works cited list , which provides full bibliographic information.
How to Format: Parenthetical References | Works Cited
How to Format Parenthetical References
(For more detailed information see MLA Handbook Section 6)
In MLA, in-text citations are called parenthetical references. They use the author's lastname followed by the page number referenced in the work. The reference is placed in parentheses usually at the end of the sentence before the period.
(Kurasawa 323).
Each source in the Works Cited list at the end of the paper or article corresponds to a parenthetical reference in the text.
If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, only the page number need appear inthe parentheses.
Kurasawa (323) found that ….
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If citing more than one work by the same author, put a comma after the author's name,add the title of the work (if brief) or a shortened version, and the page numbers.
(Dickens, A Christmas Carol 15)
Group or corporate authors. Use full name of group or a shortened form.(Modern Language Association 115)
(MLA 115)
Unknown Author. Use a few words of the title.
("Recent innovations" 231)
Two or three authors. Use the last names of each.
(AuthorA, AuthorB, and AuthorC 323)
More than three authors. Give all the authors' last names or just use the first and "et al"for the rest. In any case, use the same form as the entry in your Works Cited list.
(Bia, Pedreno, Small, Finch, Patterson 161)
(Bia et al. 161)
If the Works Cited list contains two or more authors with the same surname. In the
parenthetical reference, include the first initial.(A. DeCarrera 213)
If the initial is also the same, use the whole first name.
(Annette DeCarrera 213)
If the reference is to an exact quotation, the author and page number appear in parentheses after the quote.
It may be true that "the attitude of the observer is of primary importance" (Robertson 136).For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if available. If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in thetext the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list,instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.
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(Smith para 17)
As Smith points out....
Citations taken from a secondary source should generally be avoided; consult the
original work whenever possible. If only an indirect source is available, put theabbreviation qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source in the parenthetical reference andinclude the indirect source in the Works Cited. (MLA Style, sec. 6.4.7)
parenthetical reference
In a May 1800 letter to Watt, Creighton wrote, "The excellent Satanism reflects immortalhonour on the Club" (qtd. in Hunt and Jacob 493).
works cited list
Hunt, Lynn, and Margaret Jacob. "The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain." Eighteenth-Century Studies 34.4 (2001): 491-521. Print.
How to Format Works Cited List
Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished
Books
(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.5)
Single author
Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the
Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Print.
Multipleauthors
Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Print.
Edited Book Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry
on the Origins and Practice of their Art . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979.Print.
Group or corporateauthor
World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for
Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank,2002. Print.
Chapter or essay in book
Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays.Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print.
Article froma reference book
Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed. Ruth Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print.
Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia
Britannica, do not list the full publishing information, just the year of
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publication. If you are using more than one volume of a multi-volume work,
give number of volumes (x vols.) before place of publication. If you are using only one volume, use the example above. For greater detail, see section
5.5.14 of the MLA Handbook.
Articles
(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.4, 5.6.3, and 5.6.4)
Article in a journal (oneauthor)
Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute':Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249.Print.
Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume
numbers, for all items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook.
Article in a journal (multipleauthors)
Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Análisis Filosófico."Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35. Print.
Article in a popular magazine
Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All TheseYears." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print.
Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the
correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give thevolume and issue number, even if they are available.
Article in anewspaper
Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, lateed.: N1+. Print.
Article from a full-text database
Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of aMedium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP . Web. 9 March 2009.
Article from an e- journal collection
Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March2009.
Article from a free
web e-journal
Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing andRevealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9March 2009.
Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.
Media
(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.7)
Music Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus,
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Score
and Orchestra. Op. 46 . Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949.Print.
Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for
television and radio broadcasts of music.
SoundRecording
Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York City Opera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, MarisClement, John Lankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, ScottReeve. Cond. John Mauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD.
Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after
the date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc.
VideoRecording
Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by LauraEsquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, ReginaTorne. 1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.
Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information aboutciting films.
OnlineVideo
"The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug.2009.
Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of database or Website (italicized). Year of publication.
Format. Date of access. For more information see sections 5.7.3 and 5.6.2d.
In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or titleor beginning words of the title if author is not available. Put parenthetical
reference at the end of the sentence in your text.
Television"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal . Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. CraigHaffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.
Web/Online
(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.6)
Web page
Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist
Memorabilia. Ferris State University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009.
Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following
the date of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in anglebrackets (<>), and follow it with a period. For more details on citing
works on the Web, see section 5.6 of the MLA Handbook.
Blog Posting Kristoff, Nicholas. "How To Get Out in the Woods (and Survive theBears!)". Nicholas D. Kristoff: On the Ground. New York Times, 9 August2009. Web. 27 August 2009.
Note: For more information about citing works only on the Web, see
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section 5.6.2b of the MLA Handbook.
Online Video
"The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug.2009.
Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of database or Website (italicized). Year of publication.
Format. Date of access. For more information see sections 5.7.3 and 5.6.2d.
In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or
title or beginning words of the title if author is not available. Put
parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence in your text.
Article from afree web e- journal
Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009.
Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.Article from afull-textdatabase
Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a MediumPower after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded
Academic ASAP . Web. 9 March 2009.Article from ane-journalcollection
Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009.
Government Information
(MLA Handbook, 5.5.20)
See Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library]
Unpublished
(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.7)
Interview
Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mailinterview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998.
Note: See section 5.7.7 of the MLA Handbook for interviews in print or media.
See 5.6.2b for interviews on the Web.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php
ACS Style Guide
Developed by the American Chemical Society, this style may be used for research papers inthe field of chemistry.
This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see the print manualat Schow Reference QD8.5 .A25 2006.
Each citation consists of two parts: the in-text citation, which provides brief identifyinginformation within the text, and the reference list , a list of sources that provides full bibliographic information.
How to Format: In-Text Citations | Reference Lists
How to Format In-Text Citations
(For more detailed information see ACS Style Guide, pp 287-290.)
Select one of the three methods below to cite in-text references:
Superscript numbers
At the end of the cited information:Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluorideions necessary for remineralization.¹
Within the cited information:
Rakita¹ states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization.
Italic numbers
At the end of the cited information:
Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluorideions necessary for remineralization (1).
Within the cited information:
Rakita (1) states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such astoothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization.
Author name and year of publication
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At the end of the cited information:
Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluorideions necessary for remineralization (Rakita, 2004).
Within the cited information:
Rakita states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization (2004).
Note: for two authors use "and": Rakita and Smith. For more than two authors use "et al.":Rakita et al.
How to Format Reference Lists
Books | Articles | Theses, Patents, Conferences | Web/Online
Books
(ACS Style Guide, pp 300-305)
Single author Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2003.
Edited Book Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation andReactive Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.;Wiley: New York, 2004; Vol. 128; p 257.
Book in SeriesOmega-3 Fatty Acids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health Effects; Shahidi,F., Finley, J. W., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 788; American ChemicalSociety: Washington, DC, 2001.
Article from areference book
Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62.
Articles
(ACS Style Guide, pp. 291-299 and pp. 317-319 for online articles )
Article in ascientific journal
Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.
Article in a popular/non-scientificmagazine
Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181.
Article from anonline journal
Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-WellPotential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23,2007).
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Theses, Patents, Conferences, Technical Reports
(ACS Style Guide, pp 307-316)
Theses
Thoman, J. W., Jr. Studies of Molecular Deactivation: Surface-
Active Free Radicals and S(O)para-difluorobenzene. Ph.D.Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,MA, 1987.
or
Gehring, A. PhD. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998.
PatentsWilkins, T. D.; Tucker, K. D. Detection, Isolation, andPurification of Clostridium Difficile Toxin A with ToxinReceptors. U.S. Patent 5,098,826, March 24, 1992.
Conference/Meetings(full-text)
Winstein, S. In University Chemical Education, Proceedings of
the International Symposium on University Chemical Education,Frascati (Rome), Italy, October 16-19, 1969; Chisman, D. G.. Ed.;Butterworths: London, 1970.
Conference/Meetings(abstract only)
Kaplan, L.J.; Selder, A. Books of Abstracts, 213th ACS NationalMeeting, San Francisco, CA, April 13-17, 1997; AmericanChemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; CHED-824.
Technical Report or Bulletin
Crampton, S.B.; McAllaster, D. R. Collision and Motional Averaging Effects in Cryogenic Atomic Hydrogen Masers; WMC-AFOSR-002; NTIS: Springfield, VA, 1983.
Web/Online
(ACS Style Guide, pp 316-325)
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Web page National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology:Specialized Information Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessedAug 23, 2004).
Article froman online journal
Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-WellPotential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23,2007).
Article fromfull textdatabase
Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek
[Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com(accessed Aug 23, 2007).
Article Chung, J.M. and Peacock-Lopez, E. Cross-diffusion in the Templator model of
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publishedonline inadvance
chemical self-replication. Phys. Lett. A [Online early access].DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.04.114. Published Online: June 12, 2007.http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).
Computer Program
SciFinder Scholar , version 2007; Chemical Abstracts Service: Columbus, OH,2007; RN 58-08-2 (accessed Aug 23, 2007).
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B) SEGÚN FUENTES
http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/books.php
Books
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
Single Author
APA
in text:
(Austin, 1998)
reference list:
Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditationand consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chicago (Note)
note:
1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York: Verso,1997), 17.
bibliography:
Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited . London: New York: Verso,1997.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:
(Nairn 1997)
reference list:
Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited . London: New York:Verso.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Perle 183-185)
bibliography:
Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press,1991. Print.
ACS in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
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Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill:Boston, 2003.
Multiple Authors
APA
in text:(Calarco & Atterton, 2009)
reference list:
Calarco, M., & Atterton, P. (2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings in
continental thought . New York, NY: Continuum.
Chicag
o(Note)
note:
2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-CenturyWitchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.
bibliography:
Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century
Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Geis and Bunn 1997)
reference list:
Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenth-century
witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Higonnet and Templeton 191)
bibliography:
Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist
Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,1994. Print.
Edited Book
APA
in text:(Ickes, 1998)
reference list:
Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Chicago
note:
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(Note)
3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 (NewYork: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.
bibliography:
Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 . New York:Academic International Press, 1999.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Sarat and Stuart 1998)
reference list:
Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political
commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
MLA
parenthetical reference:
(Gibbons xii)
bibliography:
Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry on
the Origins and Practice of their Art . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Print.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation and Reactive
Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York,2004; Vol. 128; p 257.
By Group or Corporate Author
APA
in text:
(World Bank, 2004)
reference list:
World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa:
women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.
Chicago(Note)
note:
4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge
(Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept.,The World Bank, 1994), 433.
bibliography:
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Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment Challenge.Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept.,The World Bank, 1994.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:
(Global Environment Coordination 1994)
reference list:
Global Environment Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental operations. Washington,DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The WorldBank.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (World Bank 205)
bibliography:
World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for Eastern
Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank, 2002. Print.
Chapter/Essay in a Book
APA
in text:
(Herrmann, 2002)
reference list:
Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in international relations. InW. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of international
relations (pp. 119-136). London, England: Sage.
Chicago(Note)
note:
5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the
American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.
bibliography:
Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204.Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Roell 1994)
reference list:
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Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the
American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204.Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
MLA
parenthetical reference:
(Calvino 15)
bibliography:
Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans.Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print.
Article from a Reference Book
APA
in text:
(Chen, 2003)
reference list:
Chen, J. Q. (2003). Intelligence: Multiple intelligences. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (pp. 1198-1201). New York, NY: Macmillan.
If there are no page numbers, the entry title is sufficient. For an entry in a referencework with no author, place the entry title in the author position. (PublicationManual, Chapter 7.02)
Chicago(Note)
note:
6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George."
For online reference sources, include URL and date of access.
bibliography:
Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for more information, seeCMS )
Chic
ago(Author-Date)
in text:Include in running text. Example: "In his article on psychology in the 11th editionof the Encyclopædia Britannica, James Ward...."
reference list:
Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238).
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Loizou 351)
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bibliography:
Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed.Ruth Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print.
Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica,
do not list the full publishing information, just the year of publication. If you are
using more than one volume of a multi-volume work, give number of volumes (x
vols.) before place of publication. If you are using only one volume, use the exampleabove. For greater detail, see section 5.5.14 of the MLA Handbook.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed.;Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/articles.php
Articles
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
Journal Articles, One Author
APA
in text:
(Oware, 2009)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802.doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago (Note)
note:
1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14,no.3 (1989):117.
bibliography:
Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3(1989): 112-34.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:
(Bondonski 1989)
reference list:
Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of Social Activism 14(Fall): 112-34.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Wolff 231)
bibliography:
Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender andJuvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to LondonLabour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249. Print.
Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume numbers, for all
items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook.
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Journal Articles, Multiple Authors
APA
in text:
(Ko, Yen, Liua, Huanga, & Yen, 2009)
reference list:
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F.(2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors andinternet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 6, 598-605.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011
in text:
(Burger et al., 2007)
reference list:
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T.,Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potentialrisk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The
Total Environment, 384, 93-105.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004
When authors number eight or more, include the first six names,then three ellipses, and then the last author's name. (PublicationManual, Chapter 7.01.2)
Chicago(Note)
note:
2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741.
bibliography:
Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Liker and Szekely 1997)
reference list:
Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression amongfemale lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour . 54 (3):797-802.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Millán-Zaibert and Zaibert 33)
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bibliography:
Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El AnálisisFilosófico." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35.
Print.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of PhorboxazoleB. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.
Magazine Articles
APA
in text:
(Henry, 1990)
reference list:
Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time,135(4), 28-31.
Chicago(Note)
note:
3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16.
bibliography:
Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Birnbaum 1998)
reference list:
Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176.
MLA parenthetical reference:
(Lerner 42)
bibliography:
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Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All TheseYears." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print.
Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would
be the correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are available.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181.
Newspapers
APA
in text:
(Young, 2003)
reference list:
Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counselingand take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A37-38.
If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include "Retrievedfrom" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual, 7.01.11)
Chicago(Note)
note:
4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army'sRole," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998."Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include several editions,and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188)
bibliography:
Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec. 17.191)If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted as follows:
Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A.
Chicago(Author-Date)
It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text (CMS 17.191).
Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states...
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If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list, follow thismodel:
Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on defining Army's
role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Kennedy N1)
bibliography:
Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late ed.: N1+. Print.
Article from a Full-text Database
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
APA
APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles.Use the generic article citation example.
in text:
(Oware, 1995)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages inthe songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies,39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago(Note)
note:
5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week , March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
bibliography:
Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Zellner 2003)
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reference list:
Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-
nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Andreatta 51)
bibliography:
Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of aMedium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP . Web. 9 March 2009.
ACS
in-text citation:
See by style info
bibliography:
Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index.http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).
Article from an E-Journal Collection
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should
begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
APA
APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles.Use the generic article citation example.
in text:
(Oware, 1995)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages inthe songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies,39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago(Note)
note:
6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and PublicGoods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004):330,
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http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
bibliography:
Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public
Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004):327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers.See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information andexample.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:(Oakley 1998)
reference list:
Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers.See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information andexample.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Brooks 177)
bibliography:
Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web.9 March 2009.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum DoubleSquare-Well Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessedAug 23, 2007).
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Article from a free web e-journal
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
APA
APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles.Use the generic article citation example.
in text:
(Oware, 1995)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages inthe songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies,39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago(Note)
note:
7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25,1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.
bibliography:
Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers.See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information andexample.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:(Shrum 1996)
reference list:
Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers.See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information andexample.
MLA parenthetical reference: If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers,include in the text the name of the person that begins thecorresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook
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sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2."Castle points out..."
bibliography:
Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing andRevealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag.Web. 9 March 2009.
Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/media.php
Media
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
Music Score
APA
No example given in APA Publication Manual for Music Score
Chic
ago(Note)
note:
1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems,
1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).
bibliography:
Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997.
"Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS17.263)
Chicago(Author-
Date)
in text:
(Johnson 1997)
reference list:
Johnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems,
1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
MLA
parenthetical reference
(Schoenberg)
bibliography:
Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus, and
Orchestra. Op. 46 . Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949. Print.
Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for television and radio broadcasts of music.
Sound Recording
APA
in text:
(Desmond, 1959, track 3)
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reference list:
Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out
[CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987)
Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of therecording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of therecording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07)
Chicago
(Note)
note:
2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.
bibliography:
Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.
Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other person responsiblefor the content. The performer may be added after the title. The recording companyand the number of the recording are usually enough to identify the recording. (CMSsec. 17.265-268)
Chicago(Author-Date)
"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text andgrouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound Recordings.'" (CMS17.265)
MLA
parenthetical reference:(Bernstein)
bibliography:
Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York CityOpera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, JohnLankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, Scott Reeve. Cond. JohnMauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD.
Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after the
date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc.
Video Recording
APA
in text:
(LaVoo & Brown, 2003)
reference list:
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LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Real womem have
curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video.
Chicago(Note)
note:
3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA :
MGM/UA Home Video, 1992).
bibliography:
Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UA HomeVideo, 1992. Videocassette.
"Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, with theaddition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) aretreated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such as criticalcommentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273)
Chicago(Author-Date)
"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text andgrouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video] Recordings.'" (CMS17.265)
MLA
parenthetical reference:
("Like Water for Chocolate")
bibliography:
Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by LauraEsquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, Regina Torne.1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.
Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information about citingfilms.
Television or Radio Program
APA
in text:
(Writer, year)
reference list:
Daniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt [Televisionseries episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office. Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company.
Chicago(Note)
No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.
Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies:
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Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed byDavid Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.
Chicago
(Author-Date)
No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.
MLA
parenthetical reference:
("Frederick Douglass")
bibliography:
"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal . Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner.Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/online.php
Web and Online Materials
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.
Web Page
APA
in text:
(Centers for Disease Control, 2009)
reference list:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu")and You. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm
Chicago
(Note)
note:
1. Norman R. Yetman, "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives," Born in
Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938,http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
bibliography:
Yetman, Norman R. "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives." Born in
Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:
(Yetman)
reference list:
Yetman, Norman R. "An introduction to the WPA slave narratives." Born in
slavery: slave narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
MLA
in text:
(Pilgrim)
bibliography:
Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia.
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Ferris State University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009.
Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following the date
of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets (<>), and
follow it with a period. For more details on citing works on the Web, see section 5.6 of the MLA Handbook.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: SpecializedInformation Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004).
Article from a Full-text Database
APA
APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the genericarticle citation example.
in text:
(Oware, 1995)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802.doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago(Note)
note:
5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week ,March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
bibliography:
Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week
March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text: (Zellner 2003)
reference list:
Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week
March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
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MLA
parenthetical reference: (Andreatta 51)
bibliography:
Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP .Web. 9 March 2009.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online]July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug23, 2007).
Article from an E-Journal Collection
APA
APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the genericarticle citation example.
in text:
(Oware, 1995)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of
female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802.doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago(Note)
note:
6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenyaversus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
bibliography:
Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya
versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Chicago(Author-
in text:(Oakley 1998)
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Date)
reference list:
Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenyaversus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
MLA
parenthetical reference: (Brooks 177)
bibliography:
Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American
Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009.
ACS
in-text citation: See by style info
bibliography:
Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Potential.Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007).
Article from a free web e-journal
APA
APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the genericarticle citation example.
in text:
(Oware, 1995)
reference list:
Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802.doi:10.1177/0021934707302454
Chicago(Note)
note:
7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996,http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.
bibliography:
Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.
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http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:(Shrum 1996)
reference list:
Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25.http://slate.msn.com/id/.
Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.
MLA
parenthetical reference:
If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the textthe name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list,instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLAHandbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2."Castle points out..."
bibliography:
Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothingin History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009.
Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/govdocs.php
Government Information
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
Congressional Hearings
APA
Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona StateUniversity Library]
Chic
ago(Note)
note:
1. House Committee on International Relations, The Threat from International
Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on
International Relations, 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997, 6-8.
bibliography:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The Threat from
International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the
Committee on International Relations. 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997.
Chicago(Author-Date)
"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents."(CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1997. The threat from
international organized crime and global terrorism: Hearing before the Committee
on International Relations . 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1.ML
ACiting Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona StateUniversity Library]
Executive Department Report
APA
Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona StateUniversity Library]
Chicago(Note)
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.317, 17.356)
note:
2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and YuriA. Voronin (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001),http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.
bibliography:
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U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice.The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A.Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001.http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.
Chicago(Author-Date)
"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents."(CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format:
U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice.2001. The threat of Russian organized crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A.Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.
MLA
Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona StateUniversity Library]
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/unpublished.php
Unpublished Sources
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.
Williams College Archives
See the Williams Archives and Special Collections Citation Guide for guidance on citingall formats available in the College Archives.
Interview
APA
In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not included in the referencelist. ( Publication Manual , chapter 6.20)
in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998)
Chicago (Note)
note:
9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001.
bibliography:
Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001.
"Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in
bibliographies." (CMS 17.205)
Chicago(Author-Date)
in text:
(Rudolph 2001)
reference list:
"Unpublished interviews are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ...reference lists." (CMS 17.205)
Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15.
MLA parenthetical reference:
It is usually preferable to include in the actual text the name of the person in thecorresponding entry in the works cited list rather than using a parentheticalreference. Example: Harry Payne pointed out...
bibliography:
Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mail
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interview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998.
Note: See section 5.7.7 of the MLA Handbook for interviews in print or media.
See 5.6.2b for interviews on the Web.
Manuscript/Unpublished Document
APA See Publication Manual 4.16F.
Chicago(Note)
See CMS sec. 17.210-233.
Chicago(Author-Date)
See CMS sec. 17.210-233.
MLA See MLA Handbook 5.8.12-13.
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C) SEGÚN HERRAMIENTAS DE CITACIÓN
http://library.williams.edu/citing/tools.php
Citation Tools - EndNote and RefWorks
A citation tool stores all your citations in a searchable database so that you can:
• Format your footnotes or endnotes automatically in the style of your choice (APA,Chicago, MLA, etc.).
• Format your bibliography automatically.• Insert references into a Word document with a click.• Create and format an annotated bibliography.
The library supports two citation tools; EndNote and RefWorks.
Which one should I use?
EndNote RefWorks
Type of
Program
A software program that you need todownload on your computer or use inthe computer labs.
A web-based application. Need to useCollege proxy server for off-campusaccess.
How to Get It
Williams has a site license to thissoftware, available through OIT'ssoftware download.
Williams users can create a freeaccount.
Functionality
A robust program with lots of advanced functionality appropriate for sustained research projects such astheses. Learning curve can be high.
A more intuitive program with basicfunctionality. Can be used for larger projects, but its ease of use makes itappropriate for any research paper.
Updates
As with any software program, youwill need to check for updates to the program and filters.
Updates are done automatically.
Word
Processor
Plug-in
Cite While You Write plug-in isadded to Word when you downloadEndNote. Appears under Tools menu.
Need to download the Write-N-Cite plug-in on computer you are using.
Changing
Your MindConverting EndNote to RefWorks Converting RefWorks to EndNote
Getting
Started
Using EndNote
EndNote Tutorials EndNote YouTube Channel
Quick Start Guides and Tutorials
FAQ
Exporting
From
Databases
See EndNote filters pageExporting from FRANCIS Exporting from a Data Service (toRefWorks)
http://library.williams.edu/citing/annotated-bibliography.php
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Writing An Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph after each citation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and quality of the source cited.
Level of Detail
Some annotated bibliographies will call for a cursory description in preparation for aresearch project, while others will require more detailed analysis. Ask your professor aboutthe level of detail needed in the annotations.
Organization
Bibliographies are traditionally arranged by Author and then Title or Year, and thisarrangement can be used for annotated bibliographies as well. However, it may make moresense to organize an annotated bibliography thematically or chronologically. Use your own judgement, or ask your professor for guidance.
Research Process
An annotated bibliography should be the end product of a comprehensive literature review,and not simply the first 20 citations you find. Through bibliographies and references, eachsource you find will lead to others. As you gradually build up an understanding of your subject by following these connections, it will become clear which sources are most
relevant to your research.
If you're feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of all this research, or don't know where tostart, Ask A Librarian for assistance.
Examples
See the sample at right from Abstract expressionist women painters: an
annotated bibliography (Sawyer Ref ND212.5.A25 P8 1996)
For more examples, search FRANCIS for the keyword phrase annotated bibliography.
Formatting Citations
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When you store your citations and notes in a citation manager such as RefWorks or Endnote, it takes care of the formatting, allowing you to concentrate on research andanalysis.
To create an annotated bibliography using RefWorks:
1. Export citations (from FRANCIS, Article Databases, etc.) into RefWorks.2. Add your notes to the abstract field for each record in RefWorks.3. Use an Annotated with Abstracts style from the RefWorks Styles manager.4. Export the annotated bibliography to Word.
You can also organize your bibliography in different ways, such as by author, title or evenchronologically. This can be especially useful if you are following an artist's career or thehistory of research on a topic.
You can import records from most of our databases in just a few clicks, and export to Word
just as easily. Once you start using a citation manager, you'll wonder how you ever livedwithout it.
For more information, see the citation guide or Ask A Librarian.
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http://library.williams.edu/citing/game/
Citation Game
Pre-set Challenges
• ACS Chemical Burn: 10 rounds of ACS.• APA Psych Out: 10 rounds of APA.• Chicago Showdown: 10 rounds of Chicago (note).• Information Literacy: 11 rounds of Multiple Choice and Chicago (note).• MLA Master Blaster : 10 rounds of MLA.• The Everything Bagel: 20 rounds of ACS, APA, Chicago (note) and MLA.
Create Your Own
CitationStyles
ACS
APA
Chicago (note)
MLA
Rounds
þÿ
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http://web.williams.edu/wp-etc/acad-resources/survival_guide/