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Writing@CSU Writing Guide
Citation Guide: Modern Language Association (MLA)This Writing Guide was downloaded from the Writing@CSU Web Site atColorado State University on July 19, 2017 at 11:40 AM. You can view theguide at https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=9. Copyrightinformation and a citation can be found at the end of this document.
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Introduction
For the most part, the MLA style documentation system is used in the humanities in fieldsof study such as English, Philosophy, and Art.
This guide provides information regarding how to format the document, incorporatein-text citations, and develop the Works Cited page. This guide is not fullycomprehensive. For more information regarding MLA format, refer to the MLA Handbookfor Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) or visit the Additional Resources page.
To access this guide, click on the sections listed in the Contents area to the right.
You can also navigate by using the Continue>> or Previous<< links at the bottom ofeach page.
To print the complete guide, select the Print-Friendly Format located at the Resources section.
General Format
Information in this section (located at the menu on the right) includes details regardinghow to set-up the Document Format, In-Text Citation Format and a Works CitedPage. Additionally, information has been provided about using Visual Materials in thedocument -- for example, tables, charts, maps, or graphs.
Document Format
MLA formatting requires one inch margins on all areas of the 8 1/2 x 11 paper (top,bottom, sides). Set the font as Times New Roman (size 12) and use double-spacingthroughout the document. MLA does not require a title page and features a heading withthe following information: the writer's name, the name of the instructor, the courselisting, and the date (go to Sample Documents for an example).
Additionally, located in the header of the document (top right hand corner, 1/2 inch fromthe edge of the paper) is the page number reference which includes the writer's lastname and the page number. Pagination starts on the first page (unless your instructorindicates otherwise).
Check with your instructor regarding binding preferences - most prefer the use of staples,paper clips, or binder clips.
In-Text Citation Format
In-text citations are used to acknowledge another author's ideas, words or facts. In-text
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citations must be included when quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing the original workand the citation must reference an item included in the Works Cited page.
In general, the parenthetical reference will include the author's last name (or source) anda page number, such as (Ahmed 104). The citation is usually located at the end of thesentence with the punctuation following the parenthetical reference. See the section In-Text Citations for variations.
Works Cited Page
Page Formatting:
The Works Cited is a selective bibliography list that represents only the information citedin the document and does not include all sources consulted during the writing process. The Works Cited page is located at the end of the document. The title "Works Cited" isplaced one inch from the top and centered. Double spacing is used throughout thedocument with hanging indentions -- the first line is flushed left and any subsequent linesare indented 1/2 inch (about five spaces).
The list is alphabetized based on the author's last name or by the first entry (such as titleof the article) with A, An and The ignored. If the title starts with a number, use thespelling of the number to alphabetize. For example, 1952 would be alphabetized as"Nineteen-Fifty Two."
Common Abbreviations for unknown information:
n.pag. = unknown pagen.p. = unknown publisher or sponsorn.d. = unknown date
Date Formatting:
24 May 2012 (Day Month Year)
With the exception of May, June, and July, all other months should be abbreviatedas follows:Jan. (January)Feb. (February)Mar. (March)Apr. (April)MayJuneJulyAug. (August)Sept. (September)Oct. (October)Nov. (November)
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Nov. (November)Dec. (December)
Capitalization:
Capitalize the following items in the title or subtitle:
NounsPronouns (for example: he, she, our)VerbsAdjectivesAdverbsSubordinating Conjunctions (for example: because, before, when, if, that, after,although, unless)
Do not capitalize the items below if located in the middle of the title or subtitle:
Articles (for example: a, an or the)Prepositions (for example: to, of, between, against, in)Coordinating Conjunctions (for example: but, and, in, of, to, so, nor, yet, or)"To" in infinitives (for example: How to Write an Essay)
Publisher Information:
Do not include articles (A, An or The), business information (Corp., Inc., Ltd., etc.),or other descriptive items (Press, Publisher, Books, House). If multiple publicationcities are listed, include the first city only. Cite the surname of the publisher if itincludes an individual's name. For example, change "W.W. Norton & Company" to"Norton." Use other common abbreviations as listed below:
Acad. = AcademyAssn. = AssociationCambridge UP = Cambridge University PressERIC = Education Resources Information CenterGPO = Government Printing OfficeHoughton = Houghton Mifflin Co.Macmillan = Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.MLA = Modern Language Association of AmericaNorton = W.W. Norton and Co., Inc.P = PressSt. Martin's = St. Martin's Press, Inc.U= University
Two or More Works from Same Author
If there are two or more items from the same author, the subsequent entries arelisted as ---. (three hyphens and a period) instead of repeating the name. Forexample:
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Jacobi, Tobi. "Speaking Out for Social Justice: The Problems andPossibilities of
US Women's Prison and Jail Writing Workshops." Critical Survey 23.3
(2011): 41-54. Print.
---. "Writing for Change: Engaging Juveniles through Alternative
Literacy Education." Journal of Correctional Education 59.2
(2008): 71-93. Print.
Visual Materials
Table Formatting
Tables are labeled as Table and include a number and a title. This label should be flushedleft and located above the table. Below the table, list the Source. An example has beenprovided below.
Table 1English inflectional affixes
Nouns Plural –sPossessive (genitive) –‘s
the booksJohn’s book
Verbs 3rd Person SG nonpast–sProgressive –ingPast tense –edPast participle –en/-ed
He reads well.He is working.He worked.He has eaten/studied.
Adjectives Comparative –erSuperlative –est
the smaller onethe smallest one
Source: Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction; Eds. William
O'Grady et al.; Boston; St. Martin's; 2005; 127; Print; table 4.15.
Note that semicolons ";" are used to separate the source information listed in thetable (not commas or periods).
Figures and Examples Formatting
Visual materials such as a map, chart, graph, or photograph are labeled as Fig. (Figure)
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Visual materials such as a map, chart, graph, or photograph are labeled as Fig. (Figure)and include a number and a caption. If musical illustrations are provided, the items arelabeled as Ex. (Example) and include a number and a caption. The notations should belisted below the figure or example provided, as shown below:
S = NP + VP(Sentence = Noun Phrase + Verb Phrase)
Fig.1. Basic sentence structure
Sample Documents
The "Document Sample" and "Works Cited Format Sample" are located in the RelatedResources on the menu to the right. To return to the guide after viewing the samples,select the back arrow button on your browser.
In-Text Citations
The in-text citation includes an attribution (author's last name or source) and ordinarily areference (page number). The citation is usually located at the end of the sentence withthe punctuation following the parenthetical reference. In the examples and variationslisted below, the parenthetical references are highlighted.
Work with One Author
As noted in the Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers, Reid
explains that "the purpose of a summary is to give a reader a
condensed and objective account of the main ideas," and this
provides helpful information for those who may be
composing a summary of a text (137).
If the attribution is not included in the sentence, list the information within theparenthetical reference as shown below:
In the publication, Violence of Literacy, the author
makes a claim that literacy is "entrenched [in]
class structures" and further notes that "those
who have power have a vested interest in keeping it,"
which provides an interesting perspective (Stuckey vii).
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Work with Two or Three Authors
Similar to a work with one author, include the attribution and page reference (ifavailable).
In the article, "The Cognition of Discovery," Flower and Hayes
indicate it became clear during the study that "one of the most
powerful strategies" for writers to use was "planning what one wanted
to do...for one's reader" during the writing process (473).
When three authors are present, include all last names in the sentence or with theparenthetical reference as noted below.
With regard to discourse, the authors claim that there are "threedifferent visions,"
specifically, "cultural literacy, the literacy of social and culturalcritique, and
community literacy," and this distinction helps to expand the meaningof the
term discourse (Peck, Flower, and Higgins 1101).
Work with More Than Three Authors
Include only the last name of the first author and the phrase "et al." ("and others" inLatin) or list all the last names.
The authors make a recommendation "that attention be paid to the talk
that goes on in our writing classrooms," as a means to betterunderstand
the capabilities of students (Hull et al. 803).
or
The authors make a recommendation "that attention be paid to the talk
that goes on in our writing classrooms," as a means to betterunderstand
the capabilities of students (Hull, Rose, Fraser, and Castellano 803).
Two or More Works within the same Parenthetical Reference
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Separate the works with a semi-colon.
There are multiple authors supporting the claim that shame may
have a positive impact (Biddle 121; Probyn xiii; Lynd qtd. Scheff 92).
Work with Corporate Author
If the author is an organization, a government agency, or a corporation, include theappropriate attribution in the sentence or the parenthetical reference.
The study published by the National Council for Teachers of English
noted the importance of using discussion to further students' thinkingabout
literature (4).
Work with Unknown Author
Include the complete title or a shortened version, for example ("Who Killed"). Usequotation marks for titles of articles and italicize book titles.
According to the author, "newspapers are now an endangered species,"as
circulation numbers are declining throughout various countries
worldwide ("Who Killed the Newspaper?" 193).
Work with Page Number Unknown
If the work does not have a page number (as often occurs with Web sites or Websources), it is appropriate to omit the information as shown in the example below. If thesource provides page numbers (such as a PDF file) include the reference. If the sourcenumbers the paragraphs, include the abbreviations "par." or "pars." with the citation, forexample (Hayes, par. 2).
In the article, "What is Critical Literacy," the author definesliteracy
as "learning to read and write as part of...becoming conscious of
one's own experience...within specific power relations," whichprovides
a key insight into the complexities of this theory (Shor).
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Work from an Indirect Source
This type of citation is used when the author's words are included within a source writtenby another individual.
The author's goal of presenting these specific examples is to connect
closely with Langstraat's previously written article which argues that
"we must help our students to historicize and denaturalize their own
emotional reactions" (qtd. in Samuels 454).
Plays and Poems
For verse plays provide the act, scene, and line number.
From the beginning of Othello, Shakespeare provides insight into thecharacter's
point of view. For example, when Iago exclaims, "I know my price, I amworth
no worse a place" (1.1.11).
For works of poetry, include the part, stanza and line numbers. For example,(1.13.25-33). If the poem is not divided into stanzas or parts, list the line numbers asshown in the example below. Following the first parenthetical reference, it is appropriateto list only the numbers for any subsequent citations.
Rich begins the work with the image of "the old, scratched, cheap woodof the
typing stand" (line 1) and indicates that this is something "only achild can see
or the child's older self, a poet" (2-3).
Sacred Texts
When information from the Bible, Talmud, or Koran is listed, include an entry in theWorks Cited that notes the edition consulted. For the in-text citation, include the nameof the work consulted, the book, the chapter, and the verse, as shown in the examplebelow. For more information regarding abbreviations of common parts for the Bible referto the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers in Section 7.7.1.
"Thou art all fair my love; there is no spot in thee" (Holy BibleOnline,
Song of Sg., 4:7)
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Works Cited--Print Books
The format for a book features the author's name, the title of the work (italicized --separate a subtitle with a colon), the city of publication (followed by a colon), the name ofthe publisher (followed by a comma), the year of publication and the medium (type ofwork consulted -- in this case, Print). Other variations and examples are listed below.
Book - Author
Last Name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Medium.
Sloane, Sarah Jane. The I Ching for Writers: Finding
the Page Inside You. Novato: New World Library,
2005. Print.
Book - Author in an Anthology or Collection
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Item in the
Collection." Title of Collection.
Ed. Name of Editor(s). Edition number
(if applicable). Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Page Numbers. Medium.
Ortiz, Simon. "The Language We Know." Living Languages: Contexts
for Reading and Writing. Eds. Nancy Buffington, MarvinDiogenes,and
Clyde Moneyhun. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1997.
40-47. Print.
Book - Author with Editor
Last Name, First Name (Author). Title. Ed. First Name, Last Name(Editor).
Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Year. Medium.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford
Books, 1994. Print.
Book - Multiple Authors
If two or three authors are present, change the order ("first name last name" without a
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comma) and include the word "and" before the final listing.
Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title.
Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year. Medium.
Timpson, William M., and Sue Doe. Concepts and Choices for Teaching:
Meeting the Challenges of Higher Education. 2nd ed. Madison:Atwood.
2008. Print.
If the book has four or more authors listed, include all names or display only the name ofthe first author followed by "et al." ( "and others" in Latin). Also, please note there is noperiod between "et" and "al."
Last Name, First Name, et al. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year. Medium.
Roark, James L., et al. The American Promise. Boston: Bedford, 1998.Print.
Book - Unidentified Author
If an author is not included, begin with the title.
Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium.
Sir Gawain and the Green Night. New York: Ballantine, 1975. Print.
Dictionary or Encyclopedia
Publication information (place of publication: publisher) is not needed when listingreference books that are widely used. Publication information should be provided if thework has only one edition.
Last Name, First Name (if provided). "Title of Entry."
Title of Dictionary or Encyclopedia. Edition (if provided).
Year. Medium.
"Tonga." World Book Encyclopedia. 2010 ed. 2010. Print.
Introduction, Preface, Foreword or Afterword
Last Name, First Name. Introduction, Preface, Foreword or Afterword.
Title. By First Name Last Name (Author). Editor (if provided).
Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Pages. Medium.
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Dyson Haas, Anne. Foreword. Until We are Strong Together: Women Writers
in the Tenderloin. By Caroline E. Heller. New York: TeachersCollege P,
1997. xiii-xv. Print.
Republished Edition
Include the year of the first publication and the year of the new publication.
Last Name, First Name. Title. Edition (if provided). Year of FirstPublication.
Place of New Publication: Publisher, Year of New Publication.Medium.
Zinsser, William. On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing
Nonfiction. 30th ed. 1976. New York: Harper Collins, 2006. Print.
Sacred Texts
If a named version is included, place the information at the end of the entry and includethe abbreviation "Vers."
Title. Editor (if listed). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.Medium.
The Holy Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, n.d. Print. King James Vers.
The Koran: with a Parallel Arabic Text. London: Penguin, 2006. Print.
Works Cited--Print Periodicals
Newspapers, magazines and journals are considered print periodicals as the items arepublished regularly. The basic information for the entry includes listing the author'sname, the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the periodical (italicized),the series number (for a scholarly journal only: list as "2nd ser." or similar), the volumenumber (for a scholarly journal only), the issue number (for a scholarly journal only), thedate (for scholarly journal: list the year, include a parentheses, and follow with a colon --for a newspaper or magazine: list the day, month, year without a parentheses and followwith a colon), page numbers, and the medium.
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Last Name, First Name. "Title of article."
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Journal Name Series Number (if applicable). Volume.
Issue Number.(Year): Page Numbers. Medium.
Sweeney, Meghan. "The Wikipedia Project: Changing
Students from Consumers to Producers."
TETYC 39.3 (2012): 256-67. Print.
Article in a Magazine
For magazines published weekly, include the complete date (day, month, and year), andfor items published monthly list only the month and year. If the article is printed onnon-consecutive pages, list only the first page number followed by a plus sign "+" -- forexample, "21+"
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Magazine Name Date: Page Numbers.
Medium.
Plotnick, Arthur. "You Can Conquer Writer's Block." The Writer Magazine May 2012:
32-34. Print.
Article in a Newspaper
Do not include A, An or The for English-language publications (for example, list as DenverPost, not The Denver Post), and add the city in square brackets if it is not included withthe name of the publication (for example, Star-Ledger [Newark]). If the newspaper isnationally published (such as Wall Street Journal) the publication city is not needed.
Include the publication date in full (day, month and year) followed by a colon, but do notlist the volume or issue number even if the information is provided. When editions areincluded on the nameplate, list the information after the date with an abbreviation "ed."(for example, natl. ed.), and place the colon before the page numbers. For sections thatare paginated separately, list the section title and include the abbreviation "sec". (Forexample, Sports sec.). Non-consecutive pages should be listed with the plus sign "+" asshown in the example below.
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Name of Newspaper
Date: Page Numbers. Medium.
Kyle, Sarah Jane. "2012 Baby Comes Ahead of Schedule."
Fort Collins Coloradoan 2 Jan. 2012: A1+. Print.
Editorial
Following the title, add the descriptive label Editorial, as shown in the example below.
Last Name, First Name (if known). "Title." Editorial. Periodical Name
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Last Name, First Name (if known). "Title." Editorial. Periodical Name Date,
Edition (if needed): Page. Medium.
"Bigotry on the Ballot." Editorial. New York Times 30 Apr. 2012, natl.ed.: A22. Print.
Letter to the Editor
Following the name of the author, include the descriptive label Letter, as shown in theexample below. If the item is in response to a letter, the descriptive label is listed as"Reply to the letter of..." and includes the name of the author of the original letter (notshown).
Last Name, First Name. Letter. Periodical Name Date, Edition (ifneeded): Page. Medium.
Feld, Louise. Letter. New York Times 30 Apr. 2012, natl. ed.: A22.Print.
Works Cited--Print Other
Advertisements
After the product name, institution or company name, include the label Advertisement, asshown in the example below followed by the publication information based on the sourceconsulted.
Name. Advertisement. Publication Date: Page. Medium
The Great Courses. Advertisement.
Writer's Digest May-June 2012: 7. Print.
Brochure, Pamphlets and Press Release
List the information similar to a book. Include the date (day and month) if it is a pressrelease, as shown in the second example.
Last Name, First Name (if known). Title. Place of
Publication: Publication, Year. Medium
T.a.l.e.s. Kits: Take Away Literacy Enhancement Skills.
Fort Collins: Poudre River Public Library District,
2012. Print.
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Carpenter, Delph E. Statement for the Upper Colorado
River States. Fort Collins: Colorado State U, 18 June 1926. Print.
Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses
List the information similar to a book (as shown in the template below). Include the labelDiss., MA thesis, or MS thesis, and the university name. If the item was privatelypublished, replace the publisher name with "privately published," followed by the year. Ifthe item is unpublished (as shown in the example below), enclose the title with quotationmarks.
Last Name, First Name. Title. Diss. University,
Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium.
Doe, Sue R. "The Lived Experiences of Teacher Formation among 1st-Year
Graduate Teaching Assistants in a Composition Program." Diss.
Colorado State U,
2001.
Government Publication
List the government agency as the author (unless a writer is named) and provide thename of the government followed by the agency name and usual publication informationas shown on the title page. Federal publications are often published by the GPO(Government Printing Office) in Washington, D.C., or the HMSO (Her -- or His --Majesty's Stationary Office) located in London.
Last Name, First Name (if known). Name of Government.
Name of Agency. Title of Publication. Place of Publication:Publisher, Year. Medium.
United States. Dept. of Transportation. North I-25 EnvironmentalImpact
Statement Record of Decision. Washington: GPO, 2011. Print.
Legal Publications
The templates below can be used as a guide, however, as noted in the MLA Handbook forWriters of Research Papers, "citations of legal documents and law cases may becomplicated," and consulting The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation isrecommended (205).
Court Case
Plaintiff v. Defendant. Law Report Number. Court. Year. Title.
Publication Information.
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Historical Document
Last Name, First Name (if known). Year of the Document. Title.
Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page.Medium.
Legislative Act
Name of Act (do not italicize or place in quotes). Public LawNumber
(for example, Pub. L. 103). Statutes at Large (for example,110 Stat. 3045).
Date (listed as day month year). Medium
Manuscripts or Typescript
A manuscript (MS) is handwritten, a typescript (TS) is done by a machine.
Last Name, First Name. Title (or a descriptive label), Year [n.d. ifunknown].
Medium (MS or TS and number if provided). Name and Location (whereit is kept).
Cary, Lucy. The Lady Faulkland Her Life. n.d. MS 20H9. ArchivesDeparartmentales du Nord,
Lille, France.
Review
If the work being reviewed is by an editor, translator or director instead of an author, usethe appropriate abbreviations (ed., trans., dir.) and do not include "by" (example notshown).
Last Name, First Name (of Reviewer). Rev. of Title, by First Name LastName (of Author).
Publication Information (based on source). Medium.
Kroll, Keith. Rev. of Gateway to Opportunity? A History of theCommunity
College in the United States by J. M. Beach. TETYC 39.3 (2012):312-14. Print.
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Works Cited--Electronics/Online
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Periodical Name
Volume.Issue (Year): Page. Medium. Date of Access.
Tirrell, Jeremy. "A Geographical History of Online Rhetoric
and Composition Journals." Kairos 16.3 (2012): n.pag.
Web. 1 June 2012.
Article in a Scholarly Journal (from a library database)
Include the name of the database (italicized) following the page number(s) listed.
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Periodical Name
Volume.Issue (Year): Page. Database. Medium.
Date of Access.
Palmquist, Mike. "A Brief History of Computer Support
for Writing Centers and Writing-Across-the-
Curriculum Programs." Computers and Composition
20.4 (2003): 395-413. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 23 Nov. 2011.
Article in a Magazine
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Magazine Name.
Publisher of Site. Date of Publication. Medium. Date of Access.
Paskin, Willa. "Risk-free Internet TV." Salon.com
Salon Media Group. 16 May 2012. Web. 16 May 2012.
Article in a Newspaper
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Title of Newspaper. Publisher,
Date of Publication. Medium. Date of Access.
Marchione, Marilynn. "Coffee Buzz: Study Finds Java Drinkers LiveLonger."
DenverPost.com. Denver Post, 16 May 2012. Web. 16 May 2012.
Article in a Newspaper (from a library database)
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Include the name of the database (italicized) following the page number(s) listed.
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Publication Date of Publication: Page
Database. Medium. Date of Access.
Meyer, Jeremy P. "Homeless Numbers Grow." Denver Post 8 May 2012: 2A.
LexisNexis Academic. Web. 16 May 2012.
Blog post and Video posts
Use the phrase (Weblog entry.) or (Weblog comment.) without quotation marks if thereis no entry title provided (example not shown).
Last Name, First Name. "Entry Title." Blog Name. Sponsor or Publisher(n.p. if none),
Date of Publication or Last Update. Medium. Date of Access.
"Plastic-Eating Fungi Found in the Amazon May Solve the World's WasteProblem."
The Yoga Hub. n.p., 15 May 2012. Web. 16 May 2012.
Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Diss. University, Year. PublicationLocation:
Database. Medium. Date of Access.
Salwierak, Marian. "Emerging Voices of Undergraduate Writers: A Studyof the
Phenomenon of Writing Changes During the College Years." Diss. Uof Oklahoma,
2007. Oklahoma: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Web. 1 June 2012.
E-Books
Last Name, First Name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
Medium (Kindle file, Nook file, EPUB file, PDF file or Digitalfile).
Blackwell, John and Jan Martin. A Scientific Approach to Scientific
Writing.
New York: Springer, 2011. PDF file.
Last Name, First Name (Author). "Title of Message." (if included).
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Message to First Name Last Name (Recipient). Date. Medium.
Feal, Rosemary. "New MLA Job Information List Services."
Message to Jennifer Lawson. 23 May 2012. E-mail.
Forum and Discussion Boards
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Web site. Sponsor,
Date of Publication or Last Update. Medium. Date of Access.
Patterson, Nancy. "Call for Manuscripts." Teaching and Learning Forum.
NCTE, 29 May 2012. Web. 1 June 2012.
Podcast
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Host. Publication Name. Sponsor orPublisher,
Date of Publication or Last Update. Medium. Date of Access
Rhodes, Gabriel. "So Crazy it Just Might Work: Act One. Mr Holland'sOpus."
Host Ira Glass. This American Life.org. Public RadioInternational.
11 Nov. 2011. MP3 file. 16 May 2012.
Include the author's name and user name if known. Do not change capitalization in thetweet. The date and time are based on the time zone of the reader (not the writer of thetweet).
Last Name, First Name (User Name). "Entire Text of the Tweet"
Date of Entry, Time of Entry. Tweet.
Shirky, Clay (cshirky). "China re-loads The Matrix: Internet userstemporarily blocked
from all foreign websites." 12 Apr. 2012, 11:08 a.m. Tweet.
YouTube
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Title of Site (if known). YouTube,Date of Publication or
Last Update. Medium. Date of Access.
Berkun, Scott. "How to Write 1000 Words." ScottBerkun.com YouTube, 21
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Dec. 2010.
Web. 16 May 2012.
Web site
The URL is no longer needed (unless requested by your instructor). If it is requested,place the information following the date of acces and enclose with angle brackets, asshown in the second example below.
Last Name, First Name (Author, Editor or Corporate Author - if known). "Title of Page."
Title of Site. Sponsor or Publisher, Date of Publication or LastUpdate.
Medium. Date of Access.
Modern Language Association. "Frequently Asked Questions about the MLAHandbook."
MLA, 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 1 June 2012.
Or
Modern Language Association. "Frequently Asked Questions about the MLAHandbook."
MLA, 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 1 June 2012.
<http://www.mla.org/style/handbook_faq>
Wikis
As wikis are edited openly by users, do not include an author's name.
"Title." Name of Publication. Sponsor or Publisher, Date ofPublication or Last Update.
Medium. Date of Access.
"Rhetoric." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 13 May 2012. Web. 16 May2012.
Works Cited--Other Sources
Cartoon
Note that there is a space between the publication source and the date of publication (nota comma).
Last Name, First Name. "Title." (if any) Cartoon.
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Publication Date: Page. Medium.
Hamilton, W.M. Cartoon. New Yorker 26 Mar. 2012:
68. Print.
Comic Strip
For sections designated by title, list the name of the sectionfollowed by "sec." -- for example Comic sec., as shown in the example below.
Last Name, First Name. "Title." Comic Strip.
Publication Date: Page. Medium.
Adams, Scott. "Dilbert." Comic Strip. Denver Post
13 May 2012. Comics sec.: n.pag. Print.
Film or Video Recording
This format is appropriate for a DVD, slide program, filmstrip, videocassette, laser discand film. For subtitled or dubbed films in English, provide the English title and theoriginal title listed with square brackets and italicized. For example, Life isBeautiful [La vita è bella]. Other data such as the screenwriter, producers (prod.),and performers (perf.) may be included, as shown in the example.
Title. Director. Distributor, Year. Medium.
Pride & Prejudice. Dir. Joe Wright. Perf. Keira Knightley,
Mathew Macfadyen, Donald Sutherland, and Judi Dench.
Universal Studios, 2005. DVD.
Interview
Interviews may be broadcasted, published or conducted in person. If the interview hasbeen published or broadcasted, include the title with the following three variations: 1)The title should be placed in quotes if it is part of a program or publication. 2) The titleshould be placed in italics if it is published independently. 3) If no title is present, usethe label Interview. The remaining publication information listed is based on the source,and the intereviewer's name may be included if relevant, as shown in the example below.
Example of a radio program interview is shown below:
Last Name, First Name (Person interviewed). Title of Interview. Titleof Program.
Network Name. Call Letters, City. Date. Medium.
Blum, Andrew. Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air.
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Natl. Public Radio. WHYY, Philadelphia. 31 May 2012. Radio.
If the interview is conducted in person, use the format listed below:
Last Name, First Name (Person interviewed). Type of Interview
(Personal interview or Telephone interview). Date.
Coke, Pamela Dr. Personal interview. 13 Feb 2012.
Lecture or Speech
For an oral presentation, use the format shown below.
Last Name, First Name. "Title." (if known). Sponsor (if applicable).Location.
Date. Medium. (Lecture, Address, Keynote, Reading or Speech)
Bell, Gwen. "Writing and Violence: A Community Literacy Training."
Community Literacy Center. Colorado State U, Fort Collins.
17 Feb 2012. Lecture.
Letter or Memo
There are three categories - published, unpublished, or received. 1) For a publishedletter, cite the information based on the collection (anthology or similar) and include theletter's date along with the assigned number by the editor (if provided). 2) If the letter isunpublished, use the manuscript citation format (shown in Works Cited-Print Other). 3) For a letter received, cite the item as shown below.
Last Name, First Name. Letter to the author. Date. Medium.
(TS for typescript, MS for manuscript)
Smith, John. Letter to the author. 17 May 2012. TS.
Memos should be treated similarly to a letter. The title of a memo should be placed inquotes and listed after the writer's name (example not shown).
Last Name, First Name. Memo to (Recipient). Date. Medium.
Stromberger, Mary. Memo to Tim Gallagher. 08 Sept. 2011. TS.
Musical Score
Cite the score similar to a book and include the original year of composition (if known)and series information (if applicable).
Last Name, First Name (Composer). Title. Year of Composition.
Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium. Series.
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Haydn, Joseph. Missa in Tempore Belli: Paukenmesse. 1796. New York:Kalmus, 1962. Print.
Kalmus Miniature Orchestra Scores.
Map or Chart
Cite the map or chart similar to an article or book and include a label (Map, Chart).
"Title." Map (or Chart). Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. Medium.
"The Map of Fort Collins and Colorado State University: City and
Campus Maps for 2011." Map. Fort Collins: Out & About FortCollins,
2011. Print.
Publication on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM
Last Name, First Name (Author, if provided). Title.
Name of Editor, Compiler or Translator (ed., comp., or trans., ifneeded)
Edition (or Release or Version, if provided), Place ofPublication: Publisher,
Year. Medium (CD-ROM or DVD-ROM).
ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Disease andRelated Health Problems.
2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005. CD-ROM.
If the CD-ROM or DVD-ROM has been leased to a vendor to distribute the information (forexample, ProQuest) it's important to include the vendor information in the citation, asshown in the template below.
Last Name, First Name (Author, if provided). Title. Place ofPublication: Publisher,
Year. Medium (CD-ROM or DVD-ROM). Title of Database. Vendor.Publication Date of
Database.
Sound Recording
Name (Performer, Composer, Conductor, Ensemble). "Title of Song." Title of Recording.
Artists. (if different from person or group listed). Manufacturer,
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Artists. (if different from person or group listed). Manufacturer,Year.
Medium (Audiocassette, Audiotape, CD, or LP).
Case, Neko. "Fever." Middle Cyclone. Perf. Paul Rigby. Epitaph, 2008.CD.
Television Episode or Radio Broadcast
"Title of Episode (or Segment)." Title of Program or Series. NetworkName (if any).
Call Letters, City (if any). Date of Broadcast.
Medium (Radio or Television).
"Our Mrs. Reynolds." Firefly. Fox Broadcasting. WNYW, New York. 04 Oct2002.
Television.
If the work is based on the contributions of an individual, list the information prior to thetitle as shown in the example below.
Magliozzi, Ray, and Tom Magliozzi. "The Black Hole of AutoMetaphysics." Car Talk.
WBUR-FM, Boston. 19 May 2012. Radio.
Work of Visual Art
List the "Collection of" prior to the institution (if needed), as shown in the example below.
Last Name, First Name (if provided). Title. Year (n.d. if unknown).Medium.
Institution (where the item is kept), City.
Monet, Claude. Waterloo Bridge. 1903. Oil paint on canvas.
Collection of European & American Art, Denver Art Museum, Denver.
Additional Resources
Print Resources
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed.
New York: MLA, 2009. Print.
Online Resources
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Modern Language Association
http://www.mla.org/
Purdue Online Writing Lab
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Citation Information
Jennifer Lawson, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, and Laurel Nesbitt.. (1994 -2012). Citation Guide: Modern Language Association (MLA). [email protected] State University. Available athttps://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=9.
Copyright Information
Copyright © 1994-2017 Colorado State University and/or this site's authors, developers,and contributors. Some material displayed on this site is used with permission.
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