Cities and Cities and CivilizationsCivilizations

World HistoryWorld History

Cities and CivilizationsCities and Civilizations

We begin at about 8,000 BCwhen village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

NEW STONE AGE

What is the What is the REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION?? A A TOTALLYTOTALLY new way of living: new way of living:

From From Hunter-Gatherers

to Agriculture

The invention of Agriculture The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived.changed the way people lived.

Agriculture (Farming)Agriculture (Farming)

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities

Division of Labour Division of Labour (Specialization)(Specialization)

TradeTrade

Writing and MathematicsWriting and Mathematics

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY influenced the influenced the development of river valley development of river valley

civilizations. civilizations.

Click on the map for an interactive website map of the four earliest river valley civilizations.

Early River Valley CivilizationsEarly River Valley Civilizations

• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable• No natural barriers• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

EnvironmentEnvironment

SumerSumer

EgyptEgypt

Indus Indus ValleyValley

ChinaChina

• Flooding of the Nile predictable• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages

• Deserts were natural barriers

• Indus flooding unpredictable• Monsoon winds• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers

• Huang He flooding unpredictable• Mountains, deserts natural barriers• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentMesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The Sumer – The Earliest of the River Earliest of the River Valley CivilizationsValley Civilizations

Sumerian Sumerian Civilization grew up Civilization grew up along the Tigris and along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Euphrates Rivers in what is now what is now Kuwait.Kuwait.

Look at the map in your textbook.Look at the map in your textbook.Define “Define “Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent.”.”

Define Define “Fertile Crescent”“Fertile Crescent” A well-watered and fertile area, A well-watered and fertile area,

the fertile crescentthe fertile crescent arcs across the arcs across the northern part of the Syrian desert. It is northern part of the Syrian desert. It is flanked on the west by the flanked on the west by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Mediterranean and on the east by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and includes all or parts of Israel, the West includes all or parts of Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. From antiquity this region was the site From antiquity this region was the site of sophisticated settlements. of sophisticated settlements.

Greeks called the Greeks called the northern partnorthern part of the of the Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent

Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers”Mesopotamia “Between Two Rivers”

(Tigris River and Euphrates River)(Tigris River and Euphrates River)

The The southern partsouthern part of Mesopotamia was of Mesopotamia was called Babylonia, originally Sumer.called Babylonia, originally Sumer.

Which country is Which country is MesopotamiaMesopotamia today? today?

(Iraq)(Iraq)

Sumer - Sumerians Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)(Kuwait)

ca. 3500 to 3000 BCca. 3500 to 3000 BC

Sumer gave us the city-state.Sumer gave us the city-state.

Define: city-state

Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. Each city state has its own government, even when it shares a culture with neighboring city states.

Sumerian Writing: Sumerian Writing: cuneiform cuneiform

Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

Click on the picture for more information about cuneiform.

Sumerians invented: invented:

Brick technologyBrick technology WheelWheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degreesBase 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in

a minutea minute 12 month lunar calendar12 month lunar calendar archarch rampramp zigguratziggurat

Ziggurat – Holy Mountain – Holy Mountain

Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.

BabylonBabylonGave us the first know written law code Gave us the first know written law code and was the first civilization where the and was the first civilization where the citizens live by the citizens live by the “Rule of Law”“Rule of Law”

Define “rule of law”

Government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.

Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi’s Code - - 1792 BC1792 BCHammurabi’s Code was this law code.Hammurabi ruled the Babylonian Empire for 42 years. At the end of his longreign, Hammurabi’s legal decisions were collected and inscribed on a stone tabletin a Babylonian temple. The 282 laws of the Code of Hammurabi represent one of the earliest known legal systems.

For more information about Hammurabi’s Code, click here and on the picture.

““If a man stole the property of church or If a man stole the property of church or state, that man shall be put to death;state, that man shall be put to death;

also the one who received the stolen goods also the one who received the stolen goods from his hand shall be put tofrom his hand shall be put to

death.”death.” The laws governed The laws governed

such things as lying, such things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection In seeking protection for all members of for all members of Babylonian society, Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise retaliation, otherwise known as “an eye for an known as “an eye for an eye.”eye.”

EGYPTEGYPT“The Gift of the Nile”“The Gift of the Nile”

(Herodotus)(Herodotus)Look at the map and answer the following question:What did Herodotus mean when he said that Egypt is the “gift of the Nile?”

Nile River

Sahara Desert

Because of the geography of the area, without the Nile River, there would be no Egypt.

Egyptians invented:Egyptians invented:

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics Pyramids Geometry Advances in medicine and surgeryAdvances in medicine and surgery

HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics

Early Egyptian writing found on Early Egyptian writing found on tombs was indecipherable.tombs was indecipherable.

Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics

Sacred Carving

No one could read these sacred carvings until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone.

Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.Click on the picture to see your name in hieroglyphics.

Video: Write a short summary of Video: Write a short summary of the finding, translation, and the finding, translation, and

importance of the Rosetta Stone.importance of the Rosetta Stone.

For more information on the Rosetta Stone, log on to one of the following web sites.

http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone

OR

http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/t/the_rosetta_stone.aspx

Papyrus is Papyrus is one of the one of the first examples first examples of paper. It is of paper. It is created from created from reeds reeds growing growing along the Nile along the Nile River.River.

PapyrusPapyrus

Indus River Valley Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC2500 BC – 1500 BC

Around 2600 B.C. Around 2600 B.C. the various regional the various regional cultures were united cultures were united in what is called the in what is called the Indus Valley Indus Valley Civilization. It is also Civilization. It is also commonly referred commonly referred to as the to as the Harappan Harappan culture after the culture after the town of town of HarappaHarappa (where it was first (where it was first discovered.)discovered.)

Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley Click on the map for more information about ancient Indus River valley civilizationscivilizations

Excavations at the ancient Excavations at the ancient Harappan and Mohenjo Daro Harappan and Mohenjo Daro mounds revealed well planned mounds revealed well planned cities and towns built on massive cities and towns built on massive mud brickmud brick platforms that platforms that protected the inhabitants against protected the inhabitants against seasonal floods. In the larger seasonal floods. In the larger cities the houses were built of cities the houses were built of baked brick while at smaller baked brick while at smaller towns most houses were built of towns most houses were built of sun-dried mud brick. Each city is sun-dried mud brick. Each city is laid out in a laid out in a grid patterngrid pattern and and shows signs of stunningly shows signs of stunningly modern plumbing systems.modern plumbing systems.

Much writing has been found at these sites, but it has not yet been translated.

Chinese civilization Chinese civilization extends backwards in extends backwards in history in an unbroken history in an unbroken chain for nearly four chain for nearly four thousand years. thousand years. Throughout this time, the Throughout this time, the Chinese people have Chinese people have been instrumental in been instrumental in developing new developing new technologies and technologies and advancing human advancing human knowledge.knowledge.

China - China - Four Thousand Years Four Thousand Years of Civilizationof Civilization

Lack of contact with Lack of contact with foreigners helped give the foreigners helped give the Chinese a strong sense of Chinese a strong sense of identity and superiority. identity and superiority. They regarded their land as They regarded their land as the only civilized land and the only civilized land and called it Zhongguo or the called it Zhongguo or the Middle Kingdom. This Middle Kingdom. This Chinese isolation Chinese isolation contributed to the Chinese contributed to the Chinese belief that China was at the belief that China was at the center of the earth and the center of the earth and the sole source of civilization.sole source of civilization.

Turn to the map. Note the geographic features which isolated China.

ZhongguoThe Middle Kingdom

The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty ruled China from ruled China from around 1600 B.C. until around 1600 B.C. until 1100 B.C. During this 1100 B.C. During this 500 year period of 500 year period of history, Chinese history, Chinese tradition states that 30 tradition states that 30 separate kings ruled separate kings ruled from a succession of 7 from a succession of 7 different capitals. different capitals.

Shang ChinaShang China1600 BC – 1122 BC1600 BC – 1122 BC

The Chou set up a The Chou set up a new economy, new economy, rearranging the rearranging the affairs of the affairs of the kingdom. As they kingdom. As they did so, the borders did so, the borders of their kingdom of their kingdom swelled, and they swelled, and they were able to were able to maintain control maintain control over the people they over the people they conquered conquered effectively.effectively.

CChou Expansionhou Expansion

By 221 B.C. a man by the By 221 B.C. a man by the name of Qin had overthrown name of Qin had overthrown all remaining members of the all remaining members of the Zhou Dynasty, and all other Zhou Dynasty, and all other opposition, allowing him to opposition, allowing him to place himself as the ruler of place himself as the ruler of China. In order to show his China. In order to show his importance and power, Qin importance and power, Qin added a new name to his added a new name to his own. He began calling own. He began calling himself Qin Shi Huangdi, himself Qin Shi Huangdi, which means Qin, the first which means Qin, the first emperor of China.emperor of China.

The Qin DynastyThe Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty would The Qin Dynasty would only last about 11 only last about 11 years. Yet during these years. Yet during these short years, this short years, this dynasty would make dynasty would make changes that would changes that would affect the history of affect the history of China for thousands of China for thousands of years. So influential years. So influential was Qin, that the name was Qin, that the name of the nation, China, is of the nation, China, is a derivative of his a derivative of his name.name.

““China”: Derivative of China”: Derivative of “Qin”“Qin”

The first true emperor of The first true emperor of China, China, Shi Huangdi.Shi Huangdi.

Shi Huangdi’s most remarkable Shi Huangdi’s most remarkable achievement was the Great Wallachievement was the Great Wall..

Click here for a panoramic tour of the Great Wall. Click on the picture above to see Click on the picture above to see more information on the Great more information on the Great Wall. Wall.