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CITY SANITATION PLAN

ALIGARH

Nagar Nigam Aligarh

REPORT 2014

Administrative Staff College of India

Hyderabad, India

CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 1

City Sanitation Plan Aligarh

2014

Administrative Staff College of India

Bella Vista, Hyderabad



CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 5

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 7

FROM DIRECTOR‟S DESK ..................................................................................................... 9

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................... 10

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 11

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 14

1.1 NUSP: The Background ............................................................................................................. 14

1.1.1 Concept of Totally Sanitized Cities ............................................................................... 14

1.1.2 Rating and Categorization of Cities .............................................................................. 15

1.1.3 National Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities .......................................... 19

1.2 Sanitation Related Policies and Laws .................................................................................... 19

1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 .............................................................................. 19

1.2.2 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) ........................................................................... 20

1.2.3 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) ............................. 21

1.2.4 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) ................................................................................................. 21

1.2.5 Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) .. 22

1.2.5 13th Central Finance Commission (CFC) ....................................................................... 22

1.3 Objectives of Aligarh City Sanitation Plan ........................................................................... 22

1.4 City Sanitation Planning and Research Methodology ........................................................ 23

1.4.1 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) .................................................................................. 23

Task 1. CSTF MEMBERS .................................................................................................................. 23

Task 2. CSTF Sensitization cum Orientation Workshop ........................................................... 23

1.4.2 Collection of Secondary Data ........................................................................................ 24

Task 1. Preparatory Work (Profiling Of NNA) ......................................................................... 24

Task 2. Review/Study of The Current Practices ........................................................................ 24

Task 3. Condition Assessment ........................................................................................................ 24

Task 4. Ward Profiling as Per City Sanitation Ranking Parameters .................................... 24

1.4.3 Primary Data Collection and Sampling ........................................................................ 24

Task 1. Sample survey results for the basic services ................................................................ 25

Task 2. Field Reconnaissance & Transact Walk ........................................................................ 25

1.4.4 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status .......................................................... 26

Task 1. Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options.............................................................. 27

Task 2. Communication Gap and Needs Assessment ............................................................... 27

Task 3. Developing a Situation Analysis Report ....................................................................... 27

1.4.5 Developing Aligarh CSP .................................................................................................. 27

Task 1. Formulation of Vision ........................................................................................................ 27

Task 2. Development of Strategy ................................................................................................ 28

Task 3. Preparation of Draft CSP ................................................................................................ 28

Task 4. Preparation of Implementation Road Map .................................................................. 28

1.5 .Contents of the Report ............................................................................................................. 29

CHAPTER 2. PROFILE OF ALIGARH CITY ........................................................................ 30

2.1 Location and Regional Linkages ............................................................................................. 30

2.1.1 Location ............................................................................................................................... 30

2.1.2 Municipal Area .................................................................................................................. 31

2.1.3 Economy .............................................................................................................................. 32

2.2 Physical Characteristics ............................................................................................................. 33



2.2.1 Climate ................................................................................................................................ 33

2.2.2 Geology & Geography ................................................................................................... 33

2.3 Demography ............................................................................................................................... 33

2.3.1 Population Growth and Trends ....................................................................................... 33

2.3.2 Population Projections ...................................................................................................... 34

2.3.3 Manual Scavenging .......................................................................................................... 36

2.3.4 Urban Poverty and Slum .................................................................................................. 36

CHAPTER 3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND MUNICIPAL FINANCE ................. 38

3.1 Institutional Arrangements ........................................................................................................ 38

3.1.1 Agencies Involved In Providing Urban Services .......................................................... 38

3.1.2 Urban Local Bodies ........................................................................................................... 38

3.1.3 Parastatal bodies .............................................................................................................. 38

3.1.4 Functions of the Nagar Nigam ........................................................................................ 38

3.1.5 Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA) ......................................................................................... 39

3.1.6 Aligarh Development Authority (ADA) .......................................................................... 40

3.1.7 UP Jal Nigam ..................................................................................................................... 40

3.1.8 Jal Kal Aligarh ................................................................................................................... 40

3.1.9 U.P. Housing and Development Board .......................................................................... 40

3.2 Overlap of Institutional Responsibilities ................................................................................. 41

3.3 Key Issues .................................................................................................................................... 42

3.3.1 Municipal-Parastatal Coordination ..................................................................................... 42

3.3.2 Managerial Coordination Issues ..................................................................................... 42

3.3.3 Jurisdictional Issues ............................................................................................................ 42

3.3.4 Grievance Redressal ........................................................................................................ 43

3.4 Financial Information for Municipal Service.......................................................................... 43

3.4.1 Financial Profile of the Nagar Nigam .......................................................................... 43

3.4.2 Water Supply .................................................................................................................... 45

3.4.3 Sewerage and Drainage ................................................................................................. 47

3.4.4 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................. 48

CHAPTER 4. SANITATION SITUATION ANALYSIS .......................................................... 50

SECTION A: SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 50

4.1 Water Supply Management Assessment .............................................................................. 50

4.1.1 Source of water ................................................................................................................. 51

4.1.2 Water Production capacity and Installed capacity ................................................... 52

4.1.3 Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities ..................................................... 52

4.1.4 Service Coverage ............................................................................................................. 52

4.1.5 Water Consumption .......................................................................................................... 53

4.1.6 Water service quality ...................................................................................................... 53

4.1.7 Water Demand and Deficit ............................................................................................ 53

4.1.8 Complaint redressal .......................................................................................................... 53

4.2 Sewerage and Drainage Systems .......................................................................................... 53

4.2.2 Storm water Drainage ..................................................................................................... 54

4.2.3 Storm Water Drainage Service Indicator Values ....................................................... 57

4.3 Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................................... 57

4.3.1 Generation of Solid waste .............................................................................................. 57

4.3.2 Street Sweeping ................................................................................................................ 57

4.3.3 Segregation of waste ....................................................................................................... 58

4.3.4 Waste Collection ............................................................................................................... 58

4.3.5 Transportation of waste ................................................................................................... 59

4.3.6 Waste disposal .................................................................................................................. 60



4.3.7 MSW Management System in Aligarh City ................................................................. 60

4.3.8 Complaint Redressal ......................................................................................................... 61

4.4 Assessment of Sanitation Facilities in Potential Areas........................................................ 61

4.4.1 Sanitation Facilities and Situation: Household Level ................................................... 61

SECTION B: PRIMARY DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 63

4.5 Situation Analysis at Household Level .................................................................................... 63

4.5.1 Open defecation ............................................................................................................... 63

4.5.2 Water supply to toilets .................................................................................................... 63

4.5.3 Households depending on community toilets ................................................................ 64

4.5.4 Wastewater disposal ....................................................................................................... 65

4.5.5 Solid waste disposal ......................................................................................................... 65

4.5.6 Community Toilets .............................................................................................................. 67

4.5.7 Affluent discharging.......................................................................................................... 67

4.5.8 Condition of the community toilets ................................................................................. 68

4.5.9 O & M Arrangements ....................................................................................................... 69

4.5.10 Sanitation Situation of Government Inst i tut ions ............................................. 69

4.5.11 Operation & Maintenance of Toi lets ................................................................ 70

4.5.12 Sanitation Faci l i t ies and Situation at Hospitals ......................................... 70

4.5.13 Sanitation Faci l i t ies and Situation at Schools ............................................. 71

4.5.14 Infrastructure faci l it ies in schools ....................................................................... 71

4.5.15 O & M of toilets ............................................................................................................... 72

4.5.16 Sanitation Facilities and Situation at Commercial/ Market Places ......................... 72

4.5.17 Toilet Facility ...................................................................................................................... 72

4.5.18 Waste collection ................................................................................................................ 72

4.5.19 Industrial Sanitation .......................................................................................................... 72

4.5.20 Sanitation Situation at Slaughter Houses ...................................................................... 73

4.5.21 Situational Analysis of Water Bodies ........................................................................... 74

4.5.22 Ward wise situation analysis .......................................................................................... 75

CHAPTER 5. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GAP ASSESSMENT ............................... 77

5.1 Water Supply............................................................................................................................. 77

5.2 Sewerage and Wastewater Generation .............................................................................. 78

5.3 Community Toilets: ..................................................................................................................... 79

5.3.2 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................. 80

5.3.3 Storm Water Drainage .................................................................................................... 82

5.4 SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 86

5.4.1 Water Supply .................................................................................................................... 86

5.4.2 Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage............................................................................ 87

5.5 Key Potential Issues ................................................................................................................... 88

5.5.1 Identification and Analysis of Key Potential Issues Using Matrix Method ............. 89

5.5.2 Prioritizing the Identified Potential Issues Using Matrix Method.............................. 90

CHAPTER 6. IEC AND AWARENESS CAMPAIGN ............................................................ 91

6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 91

6.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 91

6.3 Communication Methodology .................................................................................................. 91

6.4 Probes for Field Trips and FGDs ............................................................................................ 93

6.5 Problem Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 94

6.5.1 Open Defecation: .............................................................................................................. 94

6.5.2 Community Toilets .............................................................................................................. 94

6.5.3 Public Toilets: ...................................................................................................................... 95

6.5.4 Underground Sewerage System .................................................................................... 95

6.5.5 Solid Waste Management: ............................................................................................. 95



6.5.6 Water Supply: ................................................................................................................... 95

6.5.7 Other issues: ....................................................................................................................... 95

6.6 Sanitation Consciousness – Current Status of Services and Behaviours ........................... 96

6.7 Messages for Stakeholders ...................................................................................................... 98

CHAPTER 7. SECTOR SPECIFIC STRATEGIES ................................................................. 101

7.1 City-Level Vision and Goals of Aligarh CSP ...................................................................... 101

7.1.1 Guiding Principles ........................................................................................................... 102

7.1.2 Framework ........................................................................................................................ 102

7.1.3 Timeline ............................................................................................................................. 102

7.2 City-Level Critical Problem Areas, Strategy and Recommendations ............................. 103

7.2.1 Sewerage Management ................................................................................................ 103

7.2.2 Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 104

7.2.3 Design Premises ............................................................................................................... 105

7.2.2 Access to Toilets ............................................................................................................... 109

7.2.3 Storm Water Management Sector .............................................................................. 112

7.2.4 Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................ 115

7.3 Action Plans ............................................................................................................................... 117

7.3.1 Technology Options ........................................................................................................ 117

7.3.2 Financial Options ............................................................................................................. 119

7.3.3 Institutional & Governance Options ............................................................................. 123

7.3.4 Capacity Enhancement & Awareness Generation Options ..................................... 126

7.3.5 Inclusive Approach .......................................................................................................... 128

Task 1. Transect Walks and Ward & Slum Profiling; ........................................................... 129

L I S T O F T A B L E S

Table 1: Color Codes: Categories of Cities ................................................................................................ 15

Table 2: Methodology and NUSP Rating of the City of Aligarh............................................................ 16

Table 3: Schedule details of MSW Rules, 2000 ..................................................................................... 19

Table 4: ILCS Scheme Details ........................................................................................................................ 20

Table 5: Tasks and Related Research Tools ............................................................................................... 25

Table 6 : Broad Framework of Situation Analysis ..................................................................................... 26

Table 7 Population Growth Trends ............................................................................................................. 33

Table 8 Administrative Zone Wise Population ........................................................................................... 34

Table 9 Functions of Various Organisations in Aligarh ........................................................................... 41

Table 10 Roles and Responsibilities of various institutions ....................................................................... 41

Table 11 Financial status of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ................................................................................. 43

Table 12 Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh .......................................................................................... 44

Table 13 Expenditure of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ...................................................................................... 44

Table 14 Opening Revenues of Nagar Nigam Aligarh.......................................................................... 45

Table 15 Revenue - Collection of Against Demand .................................................................................. 46

Table 16 Annual Operating Revenues ........................................................................................................ 47

Table 17 Cost Recovery in Sewage Management .................................................................................... 47

Table 18 Efficiency in Collection of Sewerage charges .......................................................................... 48

Table 19 Extent of Cost recovery in SWM ............................................................................................... 48

Table 20 Water Supply SLB indicator values ............................................................................................ 51



Table 21 Water supply-demand statistics - Aligarh city ....................................................................... 51

Table 22 Water Reservoirs in city of Aligarh ............................................................................................ 51

Table 23 : Length of Water distribution network ...................................................................................... 52

Table 24: Water supply service coverage ................................................................................................. 52

Table 25: Water Consumption & billing- Aligarh city .............................................................................. 53

Table 26: Service Quality – Water Supply ............................................................................................... 53

Table 27: Complaint Redressal ..................................................................................................................... 53

Table 28: Sewerage Service Indicator Values .......................................................................................... 54

Table 29: Type of Drains ............................................................................................................................... 54

Table 30: Sewerage Pumping Stations in Aligarh .................................................................................... 55

Table 31: Service Indicators for Water Drainage .................................................................................... 57

Table 32: Generation of Solid Waste......................................................................................................... 57

Table 33: Coverage of Door to Door service ............................................................................................ 59

Table 34: Waste Handling Equipment with NNA ...................................................................................... 60

Table 35: Government schools in Aligarh ................................................................................................... 71

Table 36: Type of industries .......................................................................................................................... 72

Table 37: List of sanitary wards ................................................................................................................... 75

Table 38: Open defecation sites .................................................................................................................. 76

Table 39: Water Demand Projection ........................................................................................................... 85

Table 40: Indicators & Guidelines for CSP .............................................................................................. 102

Table 41: Phases & Timelines for City Sanitation StrateGy................................................................. 103

Table 42: Assumptions for Strategic PlaNNing ....................................................................................... 103

Table 43: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Sewerage Management Sector .......................... 104

Table 44: Design Inputs - Sewerage Management System ................................................................. 105

Table 45: Phase wise design components of CSP .................................................................................. 105

Table 46: Assumptions for provision of Toilet Facilities in Slum Areas ............................................... 109

Table 47: Design Inputs - Access to Toilets Strategy ............................................................................. 109

Table 48: Analysis of existing community toilets .................................................................................... 110

Table 49: Design Phases - Access to Toilets Sector ................................................................................ 111

Table 50: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Storm water Management Sector ...................... 113

Table 51: Benefits of Source Control Techniques ................................................................................... 113

Table 52: Source Control Strategies ......................................................................................................... 113

Table 53: Source Control Initiatives .......................................................................................................... 114

Table 7-54: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Solid Waste Management Sector .................. 116

Table 55: Technology Action Plan ............................................................................................................. 117

Table 56: Capital Investment Plan ............................................................................................................ 119

Table 57: O&M Expenditure Plan ............................................................................................................. 121

Table 58: Property Based Tax Options ................................................................................................... 121



Table 59: Financing Source and Related Options .................................................................................. 122

Table 60: Institutional and Governance Action Plan .............................................................................. 124

Table 61: Capacity Enhancement & Awareness Generation Action Plan .......................................... 126

Table 62: Inclusive Approach Action Plan ................................................................................................ 128

L I S T O F F I G U R E S

Figure 1: Data Assimilation Process .............................................................................................................. 26

Figure 2: Essential Components of CSP ........................................................................................................ 28

Figure 3 Location map of Aligarh ............................................................................................................... 30

Figure 4 Population growth of Aligarh city ................................................................................................ 34

Figure 5 Population Projection Graph – Aligarh city ............................................................................... 35

Figure 6 Total population V/s Slum population (decedal) ...................................................................... 36

Figure 7 location of slums in Aligarh CITY ................................................................................................. 37

Figure 8 : Operating Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ...................................................................... 46

Figure 9 : Operating Expenses of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ...................................................................... 46

Figure 10: Annual opening revenues ............................................................................................................ 48

Figure 11: cost recovery in sewerage ......................................................................................................... 48

Figure 12 Coverage of water supply .......................................................................................................... 50

Figure 13 Coverage of Toilets in Aligarh City ........................................................................................... 54

Figure 14 Solid waste dumped in the streets of Aligarh City ................................................................ 58

Figure 15: Method of Solid waste collection in city of Aligarh ............................................................... 59

Figure 16: open dump site ............................................................................................................................. 60

Figure 17: total staff for solid waste management .................................................................................. 61

Figure 18: Sanitation facilities at household level ..................................................................................... 61

Figure 19: Household Toilet in Bhojpur slum ............................................................................................... 62

Figure 20: sanitation situation in slum AREAS ............................................................................................. 62

Figure 21: Service Satisfaction of Community Toilets ............................................................................... 64

Figure 22: Reasons For not having Toilets ................................................................................................... 64

Figure 23: Disposal of Household Waste ................................................................................................... 65

Figure 24: Disposal of Solid Waste ............................................................................................................. 65

Figure 25: user charges for solid waste managemenT ............................................................................. 65

Figure 26: open dumping sties ...................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 27: frequency of collection and sweeping ..................................................................................... 66

Figure 28: Fecal sludge management .......................................................................................................... 68

Figure 29 : Condition of Community toilet .................................................................................................. 68

Figure 30 : Situation of community toilets Turkman gate ......................................................................... 69

Figure 31: Situation of community toilets ..................................................................................................... 69

Figure 32 : Availability of Water Supply for Community toilets ........................................................... 70

Figure 33: Primary school at Bhojpur area of Aligarh city .................................................................. 71



Figure 34: Condition of toilets in schools bhojpur ...................................................................................... 72

Figure 35 waste management in industries................................................................................................. 73

Figure 36: OPEN Slaughter House ............................................................................................................... 74

Figure 37 : Open defication sites in aligarh ............................................................................................... 75

Figure 38: Focused Group Discussion at Slum Nagala Aashik Ali .......................................................... 77

Figure 39 : Water Supply Analysis .............................................................................................................. 78

Figure 40 : Waste Water Management ..................................................................................................... 78

Figure 41: Waste Generation in City .......................................................................................................... 79

Figure 42 : Solid waste management Analysis .......................................................................................... 82

Figure 43: Broad Instrumental Outcomes of the Detailed Action Plan ............................................... 123

A N N E X U R E S 1 - 1 6 … … … … … … … … … G I V E N I N S P E R A T E F O L D E R



F R O M D I R E C T O R ‟ S D E S K

“Water is Life and Sanitation is Dignity.”

The above quote well impresses upon one the fact that sanitation is the most important aspect for a

healthy and dignified living.

Often sanitation is considered to be synonymous to just the solid waste management, especially in the

ULBs. To set right this flawed concept, sanitation ideally can be defined as a culmination of efforts to

manage the access to toilets, safe management of human excreta, liquid and solid waste, including

their safe confined treatment, disposal and associated hygiene-related practices. With increasing

urbanization sanitation is becoming a severe problem in all cities in our country.

There arises a need for integrated solutions to take account of the various elements of environmental

sanitation, fecal management and disposal, solid waste management; management of industrial and

other specialized/hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the management of the quality of the drinking

water supply. This is the main aim and purpose underlying the preparation of City Sanitation Plan.

We take an opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the officials who have helped and

supported us throughout the process which made the completion of the report possible. Extensive and

rigorous discussions with ULB officials have well-defined the efforts and the resulting outcomes. The

City Sanitation Plan for the city of Aligarh presents effective strategies for the greater access to

sanitation for the city population coupled with safe disposal of solid and liquid waste generated

throughout the city by suggesting environment friendly and sustainable technical options.

Prof Srinivas Chary Vedala

Dean & Director Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad



A C K N O W L E D G M E N T

Thanks can never be expressed in plain words.

We wish to place on record our gratitude to Honorable Mayor Shrimati Shakuntala Bharati, Nagar

Ayukt Shri Salin Kumar Singh and CSP Nodal Officer Shri A K Singh for supplementing and whole-

heartedly supporting the efforts towards action research and the development of City Sanitation Plan

for the city of Aligarh.

Our Special thanks to Gyan Jyoti Shiksha Samiti of Agra for undertaking the primary survey of city

and their continuous support. This study would not have been possible without the facilitation and

cooperation of Nagar Nigam Aligarh and respective parastatal agencies.

We express our sincere thanks to all the people who supported us and helped to finish this document

with all the specifications.

Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala Dean & Director Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad

On behalf of the entire ASCI team which has put forth dedicated efforts towards the development of

this CSP report -

Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala

Colonel Jagdish Jamwal



A B B R E V I A T I O N S

ASCI Administrative Staff College of India

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BOOT Buy-Own-Operate and Transfer

BPL Below Poverty Line

BSUP Basic Services to the Urban Poor

CAA Constitution Amendment Act

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CSP City Sanitation Plan

CT Community Toilets

CSTF City sanitation Task Force

DPR Detailed Project Report

FGD Focus Group Discussions

GoI Government of India

HHs Households

HSC House Service Connections

IEC Information, Education, Communication

ILCS Integrated Low Cost Sanitation

MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

MSL Mean Sea Level

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

NRW Non-Revenue Water

NUSP National Urban Sanitation Policy

OD Open Defecation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PSP Public Stand Posts

RWA Residents Welfare Association

SI Sanitary Inspector

SLB Service Level Benchmarking

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

SWM Solid Waste Management

ULB Urban Local Body

UGD Under Ground Drainage

WC Water Closet

Units of Measure

lpcd liters per capita per day

m meter

MLD million liters per day

sq.m square meter

TPD tonnes per day



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document presents City Sanitation Plan (CSP) of Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA). Aligarh is one of the 8 cities whose CSPs are being prepared by ASCI in partnership with Government of Uttar Pradesh and respective Nagar Nigam. The CSP process in Aligarh city endeavor‟s to identify the various areas that are affected by various issues with different sectors of sanitation, (viz. sewerage, solid waste management, storm water drainage and water supply) and also to provide guidance towards the solutions of the said issues. This has been made possible through an extensive participatory approach including field visits, repeated discussions with various stakeholders, sample surveys, etc. Acquiring and assimilation of varied secondary information also formed an important part of the process. The plan preparation process was carried out using methodology requiring wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop robust analysis and produce outputs. The data collection included both primary and secondary sources and detail analysis of them. The analysis in turn has paved the way for the preparation of the proposal for various strategies to alleviate the sanitary conditions of the places, so that Aligarh city may well overcome the various plaguing issues and thereby a healthy sanitized environment prevails for the citizens. The report has two major sections –

The Situational Analysis

The Sanitation Strategies

The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to sanitation. The aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of sanitary facilities, identify the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioural aspects of various sections of the society. This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 4. The later section thereafter provides gap identification, strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps, mitigate the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing and proposed strategies and projects. The Situational Analysis

Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it. This is followed by the step-by-step methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the CSP for the Aligarh city. The process of collection of baseline information – both primary and secondary, has been explained at length. Also presents a review of the policies & programmes that are prevalent and followed in Uttar Pradesh to improve the sanitation conditions in the urban areas. It gives detailed insight into the NUSP 2008 and the sanitation ranking of cities, the MSW 2000 rules, the ILCS scheme, Rajiv Awas Yojana, UIDSSMT and 13th FC which have been taken up for the improvement of access and coverage of sanitary facilities. Chapter 2 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in order to get a fair idea about the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages, demography, economic, land use and housing profiles, the slum and squatter settlements are discussed in brief. Chapter 3 summarizes the Institutional Arrangements in Aligarh and Finance Information of NNA. Functions of NNA and Parastatal bodies and overlap of institutional responsibly is also briefly discussed. Later part of chapter discusses financial information of NNA related to Water Supply, Sewerage & Drainage and Solid Waste Management. Chapter 4: Section A covers the Service Profile of Aligarh City. The aim of the chapter is to present a clear picture of the existing systems of sanitation in the city. It contains four sectors; Water supply system, Sewerage & Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and, Storm Water Drainage system of the city. The performance of each of the sectors is evaluated through Service Level Benchmarking (SLB)



indicators. In Section B discusses Sanitation Situation in Aligarh City based on information collected by primary sample survey. In this chapter situation analysis is done both at the Household and community level.

The Sanitation Strategies

Chapter 5 covers the Gap Identification and Analysis. In this chapter four sectors (Water supply system, Solid waste Management Sewerage and sanitation and, Storm water drainage system) are analyzed based on the captured and available information. Within each sector, the gaps and issues in access and coverage are identified, the problem areas are clearly demarcated, and projections are also made for the future years, later part covers the communication need assessment. Chapter 6 This chapter discusses sanitation consciousness and appropriate IEC & communication methodologies for Aligarh city. Chapter 7 The City Wide Sanitation Strategies and Roadmap are presented. It provides the vision for the CSP and its goals. Thereafter, recommendations of most appropriate options and basic guiding strategies for Water Supply, Solid Waste Management, Sewerage and Drainage are suggested. Strategies have been provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities in phased manner. Concluding the report budget plan to implement effectively the short term proposal and, overall plan for mid-term and long term is also proposed.



CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

T o p i c s o f D i s c u s s i o n

NUSP: The Background

Sanitation Related Policies and Laws

Objectives of City Sanitation Plan

City Sanitation Planning & Research Methodology

1.1 NUSP: The Background

The National Urban Sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns

become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental

outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the

urban poor and women.”

With this vision, the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) intends to facilitate provision of

appropriate sanitation facilities in all cities and towns, through policy, institutional, technical and

financial interventions. Some of the areas to address under NUSP include open defecation free towns,

providing access to toilets for poor people, waste water and solid waste treatment and disposal and

achieving public health outcomes and environmental standards.

The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized,

healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include – (1) Awareness Generation and Behavior

Change; (2) Open Defecation Free Cities; (3) Integrated City-Wide Sanitation; (4) Sanitary and Safe

Disposal, and (5) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations.

Against this background, and in recognition of its importance to national and state development, the

Integrated City-Wide Sanitation Plan for Aligarh City is prepared to provide city-wide systematic

approach and framework to achieve the goals contemplated under NUSP. Govt. of India shall

support the following components under NUSP:

Awareness Generation

Institutional Roles

Reaching the Un-Served and Poor Households

Knowledge Development

Capacity Building

Financing

National Monitoring & Evaluation

Coordination at the National Level

1.1.1 Concept of Totally Sanitized Cities

A totally Sanitized City will be one that has achieved the outputs or milestones specified in the

National Urban Sanitation policy, the salient features of which are as follows:

Cities must be open defecation free

Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel protection

equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers.

Municipal wastewater and storm water drainage must be safely managed

Recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable applications should be implemented

wherever possible.

Solid Waste collected and disposed off fully and safely

Services to the Poor and Systems for Sustaining Results

Improved Public Health Outcomes and Environmental Standards



1.1.2 Rating and Categorization of Cities

The rating of cities in regard to their performance in sanitation improvements will be based on set of

objective indicators of outputs, processes and outcomes.

Three Categories of Indicators

The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators:

Output Related Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different

dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection, treatment

and disposal without harm to the city‟s environment. There are nine main output-indicators accounting for

50 points of the total of 100 points.

Process Related Indicators: pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced by the city

agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators accounting for 30 points

of the total of 100 points.

Outcome Related Indicators: include the quality of drinking water and that of water in water-bodies

of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in the city over a

time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of a total of 100 points1.

Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes are regularly collected by city authorities

but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data available. This rating exercise will help

in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators.

On the basis of the said rating scheme, cities will be placed in different categories as presented in

Table 1-1 and the distribution of the 436 cities is also depicted. National rating survey data will utilize

these categories for publication of results. On the basis of plans prepared and implemented, cities will

be able to measure the results of their actions, and be able to clearly chart out their improvements

over time compared to their baseline situation

Table 1: Color Codes: Categories of Cities

NO. CATEGORY POINTS NO. OF CITIES

DESCRIPTION

1 Red ≤33 204 Cities on the brink of public health and environmental “emergency”; needing immediate remedial action

2 Black 34-66 228 Needing considerable improvements

3 Blue 67-90 4 Recovering but still diseased

4 Green 91-100 0 Healthy and Clean city

.On achievement of remarkable results, i.e. coming into the Green category (Healthy and Clean City),

cities will typically become eligible for the national award. Other cities showing remarkable

incremental performance or selective achievements may also be given special or honorary awards.

Cities in different size-classes may also be considered for category-wise awards. Based on results of

the Rating survey and selection of awardees, cities will be invited to participate in a National Urban

Sanitation Award ceremony.

Findings of a survey commissioned by MoUD rated 423 Class-I (with a population of more than

100,000) Indian cities on safe sanitation practices. Aligarh has been ranked at 227 out of 423 Class I

cities, scoring 33.88 marks out of 100 marks and in Black category. This means performance of

Aligarh in regard to safe sanitation is abysmal on various indicators. A complete profiling of Aligarh

against 19 parameters has been presented below in a table, indicating the present status and

identifying few targets which can be achieved in a phase wise manner – short-term, mid-term and long

term.


Table 2: Methodology and NUSP Rating of the City of Aligarh

INDICATORS POINTS

POINTS SCORED BY ALIGARH

1 OUTPUT RELATED 50 11.4

A No open defecation 16 7.9

i. Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households (including slums) - individual and

community sanitation facilities 4 2

ii. Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations - adequate public sanitation facilities 4 0.93

iii. No open defecation visible 4 1

iv. Eliminate Manual Scavenging and provide personnel protection equipment to sanitary workers 4 4

B Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected (6 points for 100%) 6 0.5

C Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed off (6 points for 100%) 6 0

D Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed off (3 points for 100%) 3 0

E Proportion of treated water that is recycled and reused for non-potable applications 3 0

F Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and safely managed (3 points for 100%) 3 3

G Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected (4 points for 100%) 4 0

H Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely disposed off (4 points for 100%) 4 0

I City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city limits (5 points for 100%) 5 0

2 PROCESS RELATED** 30 16.5

A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation 4 0

B All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no ex-filtration (Not applicable for cities

without sewerage systems) 5 5

C Sewage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed after treatment, from on-site systems

in the city (Maximum 10 marks for cities without sewerage systems) 5 5

D Underground and surface drainage systems are functioning and are well maintained 4 2



INDICATORS POINTS

POINTS SCORED BY ALIGARH

E Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are efficient (and are in conformity with the MSW

Rules, 2003) 5 2.5

F There is clear institutional responsibility assigned; and there are documented operational systems in practice

for b/c) to e) above 4 1

G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid out and followed in practice 3 1

3 OUTCOME RELATED 20 6

A Improved quality of drinking water in city compared to baseline 7 6

B Improved water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to baseline 7 0

C Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population compared to baseline 6 0

GRAND TOTAL 100 33.9

URBAN SANITATION RANKING



Based on the survey conducted in the City of Aligarh to assess the sanitation situation against the defined nineteen (19) indicators grouped under the three

categories related to output, process and outcome; it may be fairly inferred that there are areas under the three categories which require immediate attention in order to

improve the condition of sanitation.

1.1.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AREAS

CITY SANITATION PLAN FOR ALIGARH


1.1.3 National Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities

In order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country (as provided for in the National

Urban Sanitation Policy and Goals 2008) and to recognize excellent performance in this area,

Government of India has instituted an annual award scheme for cities. The award is based on the

premise that improved public health and environmental standards are the two outcomes that cities

must seek to ensure for urban citizens. In doing so, governments in states and urban areas will need to

plan and implement holistic city-wide sanitation plans, thereby put in place processes that help reach

outputs pertaining to safe collection, disposal and disposal (including conveyance, treatment, and/ or

re-use without adverse impacts on the environment in and around the cities). It may be noted that the

awards will not recognize mere inputs, hardware or expenditure incurred in urban sanitation but

assess how these lead to achievements of intermediate milestones toward the final result of 100 %

safe disposal of wastes from the city on a sustainable basis. Cities will need to raise the awareness of

city stakeholders (households, establishments, industries, municipal functionaries, media, etc.) since

improved sanitation can ensure improved public health and environmental outcomes only if

considerable changes in behavior and practice take place across the spectrum of society.

1.2 Sanitation Related Pol icies and Laws

1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000

The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under the

notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In exercise of the

powers conferred by section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the

Central Government hereby made the rules to regulate the management and handling of the

municipal solid wastes, 2000.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) are applicable to every

municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and

disposal of municipal solids. The Rules contains four Schedules namely:

Table 3: Schedule details of MSW Rules, 2000

Schedule-I Relates to implementation Schedule

Schedule-II Specifications relating to collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing

and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW).

Schedule-III

Specifications for land filling indicating; site selection, facilities at the site, specifications

for and filling, Pollution prevention, water quality monitoring, ambient air quality

monitoring, Plantation at landfill site, closure of landfill site and post care.

Schedule-IV Indicate waste processing options including standards for composting, treated leachate

and incinerations.

The MSW Rules -2000 categorically state the roles and responsibilities of ULBs, the State Govt., the

Union Territory Administrations and the Pollution Control Boards. The roles of the ULBs as stated are

as follows:

Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for

the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for

collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.

The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-I, for grant

of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills from the

State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation programme laid down

in Schedule I.

The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid

down in Schedule I.

The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report -

o To the Secretary-in-charge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State

or as the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a metropolitan city; or



o To the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other towns

and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of

June every year.

1.2.2 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)

The programme envisages construction of new sanitary latrines in households not having latrines

by adopting the low-cost leach pit system, with an objective to eliminate dry latrines and manual

scavenging. The scheme is being implemented with 63% HUDCO loan, 32% Government of India

subsidy and 5% of contribution of beneficiary. Initially during the year 1992 the Integrated Low

Cost Sanitation Scheme was taken up in 34 municipalities, subsequently extended the programme

covering all the Urban Local Bodies in a phased programme. The scheme was implemented in all

113 Urban Local Bodies with HUDCO financial assistance.

Table 4: ILCS Scheme Details

EARLIER PROVISION REVISED PROVISION

1

The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town

basis' and the towns having population less

than 5 lakh are being covered

The earlier programme was town-wise for

population up to 5 lakh as per 1981 census

which need not be restricted any more as the

whole country is to be declared as scavenger

free. The new guidelines will cover all towns on

"All Town" basis.

2

Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing

loan and a mix of subsidy from the Central

Government in a synchronized manner as per

the following financing pattern.

Category/Subsidy/Loan/Beneficiary Contribution

EWS/45%/50%/5%

LIG/25%/60%/15%

MIG/HIG/Nil/75%/25%

75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries 15% of

State's contribution and 10% of Beneficiaries

contribution.

3

The present unit cost for different categories of

sanitary latrines is as follows:- 5 user unit

Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user

unit Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not

included.

Provision of subsidy including the superstructure

in case of individual toilets: An upper ceiling of

Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush

units with superstructure.

4

No provision of IEC component. It is proposed to include the Information,

Education and Communication (IEC) component

with 1% of the total central allocations under

the scheme in each of the financial year with

the Ministry. In case the funds retained are not

utilized, these may be utilized in the projects.

5

No involvement/ participation of NGOs at

implementation stage.

NGOs may be involved by the State

Governments in the implementation of the

scheme in various activities meant for the

benefit of EWS population under the scheme

with maximum charges upto 15% over and

above the total project cost to be borne by the

Centre and States in the ratio of 5:1 at

different stages of implementation.



1.2.3 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

The aim of JNNURM is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities.

The prime focus of JNNURM is stimulate efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery

mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ parastatal agencies towards

citizens.

Objectives of JNNURM:

Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under the

Mission;

Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew of

reforms for long-term project sustainability;

Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;

Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban

corridors leading to dispersed urbanization;

Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to

the urban poor;

Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion; and

Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices,

improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal

services of the government for education, health and social security.

1.2.4 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

The Government has initiated a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers

and the urban poor. This scheme aims at providing Central support to States that are willing to assign

property rights to slum dwellers. The Government‟s effort would be to create a Slum-free India

through the implementation of RAY.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) has prepared Guidelines for Slum

Free City Planning to assist the preparatory activities under RAY and this has been circulated to all

States/UTs. RAY calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on the following aspects:

Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the same level of

basic amenities as the rest of the town/city.

Redressing the failures of the formal system that lead to the creation of slums; and

Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban

poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood

and employment.

Under the Slum Free City Planning guidelines, there is a requirement for the Urban Local Bodies

(ULBs) to build an inventory of existing spatial data available with various agencies. Often ULBs,

other than metropolitan cities, do not have centralized spatial data. Under RAY, it is planned to have

„Technical Cell‟, which will have responsibilities to coordinate and collect data from state governments,

NRSC/ISRO, Survey of India, National Informatics Centre (NIC) etc. If the city base map is not

available, a base map of the city would be generated using standard guidelines set forth under the

project.

As given in the Slum Free City Planning (SFCP) guidelines, the preparation of Slum-free City Plan will

broadly involve survey of all slums – notified and non-notified; mapping of slums using the state-of-

art technology; integration of geo-spatial and socio-economic data; and identification of

development model proposed for each slum. To achieve these things, a systematic approach is

essential which will be useful for various other developmental planning initiatives for the urban poor.

The present technical manual details the steps to be followed for slum mapping using satellite data,

GPS, Total Station Survey in preparing GIS database, MIS development of non-spatial data

collected and integration of GIS with MIS to enable generating Plan of Action (PoA) for slum free

cities.



PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF CITY-WIDE APPROACH

Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including

solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta, industrial

wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes;

Collection and management of storm water

drainage;

Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other

public spaces;

Environmental sanitation education;

Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

Monitoring the observance of environmental

standards

RAY envisages that each State would prepare a State Slum-free Plan of Action (POA). The

preparation of legislation for assignment of property rights to slum dwellers would be the first step

for State POA. The POA would need to be in two parts,

Part-1 regarding the upgradation of existing slums and Part-2 regarding the action to prevent new

slums; In Part-1 the State would need to survey and map all exiting slums in selected cities proposed

by the State for coverage under RAY. In Part-2 the Plan would need to assess the rate of growth of

the city with a 20 year perspective, and based on the numbers specify the actions proposed to be

taken to obtain commensurate lands or virtual lands and promote the construction of affordable EWS

houses so as to stay abreast of the demand. This part would need also to make necessary legislative

and administrative changes to enable urban land expansion, and in town planning regulations to

legislate reservations for EWS/LIG housing in all new developments.

Slum-free City Cell in Urban Local Body headed by the Municipal Commissioner/Executive Officer

will be primarily responsible for the preparation of Slum-free City Plans based on guidelines

provided by the concerned State Government and support extended by the Nodal Agency for Rajiv

Awas Yojana at the State level.

1.2.5 Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)

UIDSSMT aims at improvement in urban infrastructure in towns and cities in a planned manner. It shall

subsume the existing schemes of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and

Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP).

The objectives of the UIDSSMT scheme are to:

Improve infrastructural facilities and help create durable public assets and quality oriented

services in cities & towns

Enhance public-private-partnership in infrastructural development and

Promote planned integrated development of towns and cities.

1.2.5 13th Central Finance Commission (CFC)

Importantly, the report of 13th CFC released in February 2010 recommended general performance

grants and special area performance grants to be linked to performance of ULBs. Moreover,

allocations to ULBs would now be linked to divisible pool replacing the previous ad-hoc

allocation. Grants to the tune of Rs. 23,111 crores have been allocated to ULBs for the period 2010-

15, a four-fold growth over the 12th CFC allocation.

The 13th CFC recommends state governments and ULBs to focus on improved property tax revenues,

urban service standards, strengthened local body framework, improved municipal accounting,

introduce system of independent ombudsmen, and put in place a system of electronic transfer of

grants to ULBs among other things.

1.3 Objectives of Aligarh City

Sanitation Plan

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at

developing and maintaining a clean, safe and

pleasant physical environment in Aligarh city to

promote social, economic and physical well-

being of all sections of the population. It

encompasses plan of action for achieving 100%

sanitation in the city of Aligarh through demand

generation and awareness campaign,

sustainable technology selection, construction



and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

1.4 City Sanitation Planning and Research Methodology

CSP tries to detail out how the city plan is to deliver the sanitary outcomes defined in NUSP and state

strategy, in coordination with other line departments to ensure a well collaborated approach

engaging all stakeholders including governmental and non-governmental civic service providers. The

scope of CSPs broadly encompass following major tasks:

1.4.1 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)

The first step in making the cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the

mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the

city. As per the requirement of CSP, major role is to be played by the members of institutions,

organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local councilors, industry owners, consultants,

representatives of private sector, etc. Constitution of CSTF is facilitated by drawing members from

these groups in consensus with NNA who will be constantly supporting the CSP preparation by

analyzing the strengths and competencies required to overcome the current situation and for better

sanitation facilities.

For this purpose, CSTF has to be constituted in the ULB and it has to organize a multi-stakeholder,

multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 100%

sanitized. CSTF has been constituted by Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA). Refer to Annexure 1 for the

policy paper on the formalization of CSTF for city of Aligarh

The roles and responsibilities of CSTF will include:

Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign

Generating awareness

Approving materials and progress reports

Approving the City Sanitation Plan

Providing overall guidance

Fixing of responsibilities on a permanent basis.

Task 1. CSTF MEMBERS

The City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) plays a very important part in the formulation and

implementation of the CSP in a city. The importance of CSTF and their functions were clearly

portrayed to the NNA authorities. As per the guidelines of NUSP 2008, the NNA constituted the CSTF

for the city of Aligarh. Refer to Annexure 2 for the list of CSTF members & meetings details of Aligarh

city.

Task 2. CSTF Sensitization cum Orientation Workshop

With this background knowledge, a NNA level sensitization cum orientation workshop involving CSTF

members, NNA officials and identified stakeholders was organised on 12 November 2010 at Aligarh

to sensitize them about the framework of NUSP 2008 and know the concerns of citizens about the city

sanitation. Shri Ashutosh Varshney, Mayor & Shri Vinod Kumar Panwar, Nagar Ayukt Aligarh

chaired the meeting and Col J Jamwal, Advisor ASCI Hyderabad gave a comprehensive presentation

about the importance of sanitation issues in the development of the city.

The purpose of the workshop was to highlight the need to engage with issues relating to sanitation

access and arrangement especially in slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and

practices; community participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from

policy to action on ground; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be

addressed in CSP and its various steps of preparation.

About one hundred and five prominent citizens, NNA officials and others stakeholders participated and actively expressed their views about the state of city sanitation. Refer to Annexure 3 for the

issues & concerns discussed in CSTF meetings and FGDs at Aligarh city.



CSTF MEETING AT ALIGARH ON 12 NOV 2010

Source: ASCI, Hyderabad

1.4.2 Collection of Secondary Data

Secondary data collection and review of available information from various sources has been

conducted as per the underlying objectives of CSP. The officials of NNA, ADA, AJK, UP Jal Nigam,

DUDA and other parastatal agencies shall be duly involved in the validation process. The following

steps define the process of secondary data collection -

Task 1. Preparatory Work (Profiling Of NNA)

As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of NNA will be undertaken using SLB indicators and

City Sanitation Rating to highlight the open defecation free (ODF) status, sanitation situation, health

indicators and current projects. This will also be strengthen the further investigation by transect walks,

field visits and primary data collection.

Task 2. Review/Study of The Current Practices

This includes a review of sector strategies in water, sanitation and solid waste management at state

and city level. DPRs prepared on these sectors will be studied in detail and analysed. Also regional

and state urban strategies to know the dynamics of urbanisation pattern will be studied and

examined in details.

Task 3. Condition Assessment

Choices of toilet in the city and their effectiveness along with pictures on super structure, below

ground, design models and materials used for different uses like residential, industries, public spaces

and new areas.

Task 4. Ward Profiling as Per City Sanitation Ranking Parameters

City as a number of spatial units will look at indicators pertaining to the practice of open defecation,

access to sanitation (individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and

liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles

and responsibilities and improvements in health and environment as per the “City Sanitation Rating”.

1.4.3 Primary Data Collection and Sampling

Data collection is facilitated to a limited extent through rapid field surveys, sample surveys, case

studies, consultations, transect walks, FGDs, etc., to validate and supplement the secondary data. The

data will be collected as per formats/templates and questionnaires after brief orientation to the

stakeholders. Random stratified sampling in typical cases (slums, schools, wards commercial places,

public latrines, surface drains, solid waste arrangements, industries, health and educational institutions

etc.) evenly distributed all over the city to cover all representative types of situations.



Task 1. Sample survey results for the basic services

Purpose: The objective of conducting the sample field survey was to assess the services at the customer

level / field level and validate the information given by the officials.

Methodology: Samples were taken across the different parts of the city to validate the information.

The distribution of the samples is given in the table as follows.

Areas covered: The survey covered spatially all parts of the city, but the main focus was given to the

following areas -

ACTIVITIES FOCUSED AREAS TOOLS SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE

1 Household survey of

residential & slum

areas

Household level Questionnaire Random

Sampling

500 HHs

2 Communication need

assessment through

Focused Group

Discussions (FGDs)

Slum areas,

residential areas,

elected

representatives, and

other potential areas

Check list Random

Sampling

10 – 12 FGDs

3 Institutions Collector office, NNA

office, Bus & Rail

station

Questionnaire Random

Sampling

10 (in Nos)

4 Community Toilets All potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling

50 – 100%

5 Public Toilets All potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling

50 – 100%

6 Hospitals All Hospitals with

100+ beds or 50 –

100 beds


Sampling

10 – 12 (in

Nos)

7 School Sanitation Govt, Primary,

Secondary, High

schools


Sampling

50 – 100%;

10% (>10

lakh)

8 Slaughter Houses Potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling

1– 2 (in Nos)

9 Commercial/ market

areas

Potential areas

(target groups include

both shopkeeper &

customers)


Sampling

5-8 (in Nos)

10 Industries Potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling

5 – 6 (in Nos)

11 Secondary Data - Check list - -

12 Water Bodies Potential areas Questionnaire Random

Sampling

50 – 100%

Task 2. Field Reconnaissance & Transact Walk

ASCI team oganized city wide field reconnaissance and transact walks along with NNA officials and

other stakeholders to gauze and access first hand sanitation situation of Aligarh city.

1.4.3.1 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

Table 5: Tasks and Related Research Tools

TASKS RESEARCH TOOLS

1 Social and environmental issues

Literature Review

Baseline Survey

Case Studies

Consultations/FGDs



TASKS RESEARCH TOOLS

2

Policies, acts, operational procedures to

address, mitigate and manage the social and

environmental issues

Literature Review

Survey/FGDs

Case studies/Discussions

Stakeholder Consultations

3

CAN: Perception on sanitation, its maintenance

and investment (Analysis of data), mitigate

adverse/negative impacts

Literature Review

Secondary Information Review

Case Studies /Rapid survey data

Analysis

FGDs /Stakeholder Consultations

4 Existing institutional arrangements in managing

and mitigating social and environmental issues

Literature Review

FGDs Stakeholder Consultations

Survey Data Analysis

1.4.3.1.1 Process Followed for Data Assimilation:

1.4.4 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status

The Situation Analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions,

and assessment of the present sanitation situation and broad framework as indicated below:

Table 6 : Broad Framework of Situation Analysis

SECTORS SPATIAL UNTIS FINANCIAL

MECHANISM

INSTITUTIONAL SET-

UP

Service levels and

benchmarks

Household Sanitation

Slum/LIG

Cost Recovery–Policy–

Tariffs–Collections

Institutional

Arrangement – Policies,

Plans, implementation,

management.

Sewerage and

Sanitation

Public Sanitary

Conveniences Budget Transfers.

Staffing and

manpower

Solid Waste

Management School Sanitation PPPs.

Organization &

Competencies

Water Supply Institutional Sanitation

Map spatially

Study of current

programmes (SJSRY,

ILCS, etc.)

Inter departmental

functioning and

relations

Storm Water Drainage Any town specific

areas.

Sharing of resources

and responsibilities

FIGURE 1: DATA ASSIMILATION PROCESS



Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Formats, Transect Walks along with schedules of interviews (Slum,

industrial areas, water bodies), FGDs, Technical Analysis, Impact, Indicators, Stakeholder Consultations at

City level, etc.

Task 1. Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options

Followed by situational analysis, problem and challenges have been identified in coverage, access,

treatment and disposal, institutional, financial, social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns.

Comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options have been reviewed

including but not limited to industrial and municipal sewerage; the sewage treatment options

considered have varied from conventional and low cost options to centralized and decentralized

systems, with both separate and combined effluent disposal options, and separate programs for

schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc. have also

been given a special thrust.

The purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible and sustainable technical, financial and

institutional solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and

environmental benefits, (iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land

use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a

resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and last but not the least (x) political commitment.

Task 2. Communication Gap and Needs Assessment

IEC needs assessment will be carried out and broad communication strategy is developed in

consultation with the NNA officials and other stakeholders.

Task 3. Developing a Situation Analysis Report

The situation analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions,

and assessment of the present sanitation situation. It will include inputs from all the above activities

with the details of existing household sanitation arrangements, public sanitary conveniences,

wastewater disposal, solid waste management and water supply. The report will also include an

analysis of the NNA legal framework and byelaws, financial analysis of the NNA, data on key public

and environmental health, user charges, willingness to pay, etc.

1.4.5 Developing Aligarh CSP

Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific

quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations

and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and

maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.

Project priorities for sanitation need to consider:

Serving the unserved Urban Poor

Serving the unserved Schools

Serving the unserved Public Areas

Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring

Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private

developers)

Rehabilitation of existing facilities

Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment)

Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority)

Task 1. Formulation of Vision

This involves understanding the major aspirations with respect to urban development in the State

through consultations and building an overarching vision that may be appropriate to the articulations.

This involves following:



Secondary information, data analysis and report review

Brainstorming with key stakeholders and focus groups

Understanding visions of concerned sectors and other constituents e.g., cities and development

agencies and concerned authorities.

Task 2. Development of Strategy

This involves understanding the major issues of the sector, priorities laid down and an assessment of

how the current arrangements are working with respect to urban development in the city. Also, the

key strengths, major weaknesses, potential opportunities as well as likely threats would also be

analysed to move towards the identification of the action areas/intervention areas that form the

strategy development. This involves:

Completion of information analysis, even with quick estimates, and review of current policies and

priorities

Consultations with key stakeholders/ focus groups concerning

Detailed discussion with departments/ agencies/ cities/ authorities

Task 3. Preparation of Draft CSP

Finalization of CSP along with recommendations based on the situation and solutions for making city

open defecation free and totally sanitized, public toilet and community toilets models and

operational models; proto - type design recommendation for all typical situations, waste disposal

mechanisms, starters for sewerage layouts and estimation of requirement in terms of capacities,

quantity and finances.

Task 4. Preparation of Implementation Road Map

This involves identifying and documenting interventions for the improvement of sanitation. The cost

estimates of such interventions; the institutional responsibility as well as broad timelines for

implementation will be indicated in the CSP

FIGURE 2: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF CSP



1.5 .Contents of the Report

The report has two major sections –

I. The Situational Analysis (Chapter 1 to Chapter 5)

II. The Sanitation Strategies (Chapter 6 & Chapter 7)

The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to sanitation. The

aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of sanitary facilities, identify

the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioral aspects of various sections of the society.

This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5.

The later section thereafter provides strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps, mitigate

the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing and proposed

strategies and projects. There have been presented in Chapter 6 & 7.

I. The Situational Analysis

Chapter 1 gives insight into the NUSP and the sanitation ranking of cities thereafter an introduction to

CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it. This is followed by the step-by-step

methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the CSP for the particular city. The process

of collection of baseline information both primary and secondary has been explained at length. Later

half of Chapter presents a review of the policies & programmes that are prevalent and followed in

the state for the improvement of access and coverage of sanitary facilities while developing the

sanitation conditions in the urban areas.

Chapter 2 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in order to

get a broad overview of the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages, demography,

economic, land use and housing profiles, the urban governance, the slums and squatter settlements are

discussed.

Chapter 3 is presented in two sections - Section A highlights the prevailing sanitation conditions of the

city in the sectors of water supply, sewerage system, solid waste management and storm water

drainage system as part of the primary data, compiled from the various surveys conducted in the city.

It contains zone wise analysis of the data. Section B highlights the service profile of the sectors of

water supply, sewerage system, solid waste management and storm water drainage system based on

the secondary sources of information. The performance of each of the sectors is evaluated through

Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, and projections are also made for the future years.

Chapter 4 aims to evaluate the institutional capacity and the financial structure, to assess the capacity

of NNA along with its associated organizations to cater to the sanitation needs of the city, with

regards to both adequate qualified personnel and adequate financial resources.

Chapter 5 identifies the gaps and issues in access, coverage and service delivery within each sector,

the problem areas are clearly demarcated.

II. Sanitation Strategy

Chapter 6 brings out the need assessment for the IEC and awareness campaign in the city.

Chapter 7 presents the strategies – Section A presents the technological strategies and Section B

demonstrates the respective financial strategies. The chapter provides the vision for the CSP and its

goals, and the basic guiding principles on which the strategies are based. Thereafter, strategies have

been provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities, to implement effectively the

various proposals, and options and mechanisms for effectively financing the strategies and proposals

along with proper phasing mechanism.



CHAPTER 2. PROFILE OF ALIGARH CITY


Location and Regional Linkages

Physical Characteristics

Demography

2.1 Location and Regional Linkages

2.1.1 Location

Aligarh is an ancient city in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative

headquarters of Aligarh District, Aligarh Police Range and Aligarh Division.

Aligarh was known by the earlier name of Kol or Koil before the 18th century. The name

has originated from the name of a sage whose ashram‟s name was kohila. Aligarh is situated in

the western part of Uttar Pradesh in the north of Brijj mandal. At the time of Lord Krishna this place

was called Kor and then Koil. When Lord Krishna became the emperor, the name of this place was

combined with the name of Aali Radhika and thus called Aaligarh which later became famous as

Aligarh.

The city is well known for its historic movements, popularly known as Aligarh Movement which

helped in starting of Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875,

today known as Aligarh Muslim University. It is popularly known as the 'Mecca of Education'. It is

also famous for its lock industry and popularly known Tala Nagri.

Figure 3 Location map of Aligarh

Due to rapid urbanization, the city of Aligarh was subjected to outward expansion of municipal limits

in different intervals during the years 1971, 1989, 1999 and 2006. Located at 27°53′N 78°35′E, it

has an average elevation of 178 m (587 feet) above the sea level. The Grand Trunk Road passes

through the cityand linked to Agra and Anoop Shahar by National Highway 93 and to Delhi by

National Highway 91. It is linked to Mathura by State Highway 80 and Khairnagar by State

Highway 22. Aligarh is located on the main railway route of Kolkata to Delhi and is thus linked to

other important cities by rail. It is 125 km from Delhi, 308 km. from Lucknow, 1408 km. from Kolkata,

and 86 km. from Agra.



2.1.2 Municipal Area

Municipal body was formed for Aligarhh city in 1975, while the formation of Aligarh Development

Authority was taken place in 1981. The first and second master plan were drafted in 1981and 2001,

respectively. The city has been divided into 70 wards in the year 2008.

Figure 5: Growth of Aligarh City



FIGURE 6 MAP OF ALIGARH CITY

2.1.3 Economy

There are a total of 5006 industrial units in Aligarh city. Of these, there are 3500 small scale

industries, 2000 medium scale and 6 large industries. Majorly there are three kinds of

industries- lock/steel industry, household industry and food processing industry. The city offers

a variety of occupational opportunities in various manufacturing sectors. The city has a pool of

large number of skilled and semi skilled workers (61% of total workers) who are involved in

various tertiary industries associated with Aligarh Muslim University, banks, post offices, health,

communication, trade and commerce etc.



2.2 Physical Characterist ics

2.2.1 Climate

Aligarh has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate, typical of north-central India. Summers,

which start in April is hot with temperatures peaking in May. The average temperatures range

between 28–33 °C (82–91 °F). The monsoon starts in late June, continuing till early October, with

high humidity levels. Aligarh gets most of its annual rainfall of 800 millimeters (31 inches) during these

months. Temperatures then decrease, and winter start in December, and continue till early February.

Temperatures range between 12–16 °C (54–61 °F). Winters in Aligarh are generally mild, but fog

and cold snaps may occur.

2.2.2 Geology & Geography

Aligarh city is located almost in the centre of the central low-lying tract. The average elevation of the

city from mean sea level is 178m. The flat monotonous plain of the city is dotted many water bodies

like Gursikharan, Sheka and few more. Rivers Ganga and Yamuna flow along the boundary of

Aligarh district which being reason to find alluvial soil all around the district. The large part of Aligarh

city falls under alkaline and saline type of soil.

Aligarh is drained in to river Kali. It is seasonal river and becomes very significant during rainy

season. Various natural drains are also found in the region which are seasonal, and not source of

water.

2.3 Demography

2.3.1 Population Growth and Trends

Post-independence period Aligarh experienced growth of industries in residential areas. The 1971

census categorized Aligarh as an industrial – cum service centre.

The present population of the city as per Census 2011 is 8.72 lakh which grew from 6.69 lakhs in the

year 2001. The city experienced a high growth rate of 49.75% during the years 1981-91 due to

immigration from nearby villages. The year 1991-2001 also has a high growth rate of 39.24% due

to the expansion of Nagar Nigam Aligarh boundary limits in the year 1994 in which, villages

population is also included.

TABLE 7 Population Growth Trends

Year Population Decadal Growth Rate in % age Decadal Increase

1951 1,41,668

1961 1,85,020 30.6 43352

1971 2,53,314 36.9 68294

1981 3,20,861 26.7 67547

1991 4,80,520 49.8 159659

2001 6,69,087 39.2 188567

2011 872,575 30.4 203488

Source: Census 2011 & Master Plan Aligarh 2001-21



Figure 4 Population growth of Aligarh city

There are about Seven Administrative Zones in the Aligarh City and Administrative zone-wise

population data is provided in table 2-2 below. There are 70 municipal wards whose population and

other details are given at Annexure 4.

TABLE 8 Administrative Zone Wise Population

ADMINISTRATIVE

ZONE

NO. OF WARDS POPULATION AS PER

CENSUS 2011

(PROVISIONAL)

NO OF HHS AS PER

CENSUS 2011

(PROVISIONAL)

Zone -1 7 59275 11855

Zone-2 8 94041 18808

Zone-3 9 94124 18825

Zone-4 10 139926 27985

Zone-5 10 130419 26084

Zone-6 13 140148 28030

Zone-7 11 147927 29585

Total 70 805860

2.3.2 Population Projections

In the context of the City Sanitation Plan, population estimation and projection are being carried out

with the following objectives: (1) to obtain a realistic estimate of the total current population in the

city and the spatial distribution of the same through empirical methods; (2) to take informed strategic

decisions on provision of sanitation infrastructure and services for the city as a whole and for different

parts of the city; (3) In taking strategic decisions, to strive for a reasonable balance between the risks

of adequacy and viability in the future.



Please refer Table 9 below for detailed population projections and the assumptions made in the

process.

As an initial exercise, the population for 2011 is taken from the census data. The population

projections are made for the years 2012 – 2045 based on the following assumptions - the decadal

growth rate witnessed during 2001-2011 is 30.4% and the same decadal growth rate has been

assumed for the years 2011-2021.

It is further assumed that efforts shall be made by the city administration to achieve a lower decadal

growth rate for the years 2021-2045. The ultimate goal shall be to achieve a steady decadal

growth rate of 2% with the underlying objective to stabilize and sustain the growth of the city. The

results are tabulated below.

TABLE 9 Projected Populations and City level Infrastructure demand

YEAR 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

PROJECTED POPULATION (IN LAKHS)

11.86

13.23

14.75

16.45 18.35 20.47 22.85

GROWTH RATE (IN

PERCENTAGE)

WATER DEMAND AT CONSUMER END (MLD)

177.97 198.48 221.33 246.81 275.28 307.15 342.89

SEWAGE GENERATION

(MLD)

142.38 158.79 177.06 197.45 220.22 245.72 274.31

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

(METRIC TONNE)

533.91 595.45 663.99 740.43 825.84 921.44 1,028.66

FIGURE 5 Population Projection Graph – Aligarh city

The infrastructure demand corresponding to the projected populations have also been computed at

the city level. The per capita demand of water as per the recommendations in CPHEEO manual has

been considered at 150 lpcd and the corresponding sewerage generation is estimated at 80% of the

water consumption; while the per capita solid waste generation is assumed as 0.4 kg/per capita/per

day.



2.3.3 Manual Scavenging

Manual scavenging is still prevalent in the slum

areas of Aligarh city. They are called Bhangi,

Valmiki or Dhanuk. As shown below women from

poor families are forced into this job for their

livelihood. They receive some money, food and

clothes in return.

Source: ASCI Primary survey, 2012

2.3.4 Urban Poverty and Slum

Recently Nagar Nigam Aligarh and DUDA has rationalize the slum settlements and there are a total

of 114 slum settlements in Aligarh city. The slum population has increased from 1,74,300 in 2001 to

approximately 3,67,134 in 2011. The ward-wise population details and number of households are

given in Annexure 2.2. The percentage of slum population to total population has increased from

26% in 2001 to 44% in 2011. The total number of slum households is approximately 66455 in

2011. The percentage of slum households to total households is 44% in 2011.

FIGURE 6 TOTAL POPULATION V/S SLUM POPULATION (DECEDAL) Source: NNA & DUDA 2011-12

Locations of slum are shown below in Map. Refer Annexure 5 for the slum profile of Aligarh city.



FIGURE 7 LOCATION OF SLUMS IN ALIGARH CITY

CITY SANITATION PLAN FOR ALIGARH

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page

38

CHAPTER 3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND MUNICIPAL FINANCE

Topics of Discussion

Institutional Arrangements

Overlap of Institutional Responsibilities

Financial information for Municipal Services

3.1 Insti tutional Arrangements

In Aligarh, steep growth in population from 1991-2011 has put tremendous pressure on urban

infrastructure such as water supply, sewerage, drainage, solid waste etc. The primary responsibility

of providing water supply and sanitation rests with state government and more specifically with

municipal government. Jal Kal Aligarh deals with water supply and sewerage system while NNA

deals with social infrastructure such as community toilets, health and medical services and basic civic

services.

3.1.1 Agencies Involved In Providing Urban Services

Department of Urban Development GoUP

Director of Local Bodies, GoUP

Public Works Department

State Pollution Control Board

UP Tourism Department

Superintendent of Police, (Traffic)

3.1.2 Urban Local Bodies

Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA)

Jal Kal Aligarh

3.1.3 Parastatal bodies

UP Jal Nigam

Aligarh Development Authority (ADA)

UP Housing & Development Board, Aligarh

District Urban Development Agency (DUDA)

3.1.4 Functions of the Nagar Nigam

The UP Municipal Corporation Adhiniyam, 1959 as amended from time to time provides for majority

of the function listed in the 12th schedule of the constitution. These are:

Urban planning including town planning

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings

Planning for economic and social development

Roads and bridges

Water Supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes



Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management

Fire services

Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the society, including the handicapped and

mentally retarded

Slum improvement and up gradation

Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds

Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetics aspects

Burials, burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums

Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals

Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths

Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences

3.1.5 Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA)

3.1.5.1 FUNCTIONS OF NNA

The NNA is administered under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Adhiniyam, 1959. The Act

has been amended in 1994 by UP Act 12 of 1994 (wef 30 May, 1994), UP Act 26 of 1995 (wef

30 May 1995) and incorporates the amendments made in 74th CAA, 1992 including the functions

given in 12th schedule of the constitution.

The duties and powers of the Nagar Nigam authorities are detailed in Sections 114 of the said Act.

The major functions being performed by NNA currently are:

Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management

Urban poverty alleviation

Provision and maintenance of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens,

playgrounds.

Provide and maintain the lighting of the public streets, corporation markets, and public

buildings and other places vested in the corporation

Maintenance of ambulance services

Registration of vital statistics including births and deaths. Regulation of slaughter houses and

tanneries

Operation and Maintenance of burial grounds, cremation grounds, etc. Though water supply

and sewerage are also obligatory functions of Municipal Corporation as per the 12th

schedule of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), in the case of Aligarh it is looked

after by Jal Kal.

3.1.5.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The corporation is divided into two wings, viz. elected wing and the administrative wing. The

corporation has an elected Mayor-in-Council System. The administrative wing of the corporation is

headed by a Nagar Ayukt appointed by state government and supported by two Addl. Nagar

Ayukt also appointed by the state government.



3.1.6 Aligarh Development Authority (ADA)

The State Government established the Aligarh Development Authority in 1974. It has been

responsible since its inception for providing infrastructure related development to Aligarh City as the

city expands. It operates primarily at the outskirts of the NNA and newly developed areas.

The major functions of ADA are:

Overall development of city

Making & implementation of Master Plan

Planning for infrastructure for ADA colonies and its construction

Zoning of the city

Maintenance of ADA colonies till its handing over to NNA.

3.1.7 UP Jal Nigam

In 1975 Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam under the Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1975,

was formed. Under the Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1975, UP Jal Nigam has to

carry out the functions of preparation, execution, and promotion of water supply and sewerage

schemes, state plans for water supply, sewerage and drainage and to establish standards for water

supply and sewerage in the state.

3.1.8 Jal Kal Aligarh

Jal Kal Aligarh was established under UP Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1975 to provide a

specialized organization to focus on operating and maintaining water supply and sewerage

services.

In order that the Jal Kal responded to the aspirations and requirements of citizens, it had the Mayor

of the NNA as the Chairman of Jal Kal Committee. The committee comprised of following members

besides the Mayor as Chairman;

General Manager; Jal Kal;

Nagar Ayukt NNA;

Superintending Engineer, Jal Nigam;

Senior Accounts Officer, nominated by Jal Nigam;

Joint Director, Medical and Health;

Director, Local Bodies, UP Government Lucknow.

3.1.9 U.P. Housing and Development Board

U.P. Housing and Development Board have been set up under the Act of 1965 in April 1966. It has

been established to implement the various housing and development schemes in a planned way and

to bring harmony by keeping in mind the state level and national level residential policy and

programmes.

The main objectives of U.P. Housing and Development Board are to:

Make the plan for all residence related activities in the urban areas and to get them

implemented fast and in effective way;

Receive grant and loan from central and state government, commercial bank, financial

organizations, public bodies etc;



Acquire the land and construct roads, electricity, water supply, and other urban facilities and

to arrange and distribute the land and constructed houses according to the demand from

registered people;

Make special arrangement for the houses for the backward class and scheduled caste and

tribe, security workers and freedom fighters.

The functions of the organizations involved in urban management are as follows:

TABLE 9 Functions of Various Organisations in Aligarh

S.No. Organisation Functional Domain

a) Nagar Nigam Aligarh Civic and infrastructure development, Sanitation and solid waste

management

b) ADA Land use, area & housing project development

c) UP Jal Nigam Planning, design and implementation of water supply, sewerage

and drainage projects

d) Jal Kal Maintenance of water supply, sewerage and drainage in the city

e) UP Housing &

Development Board

Developing housing projects

f) PWD Maintenance of some of the roads in the city

g) DUDA Slum improvement

Source: NNA 2011-12

3.2 Overlap of Insti tutional Responsibil i t ies

The multiplicity of organizations involved in providing urban services makes the management of

affairs of the city highly complex. It becomes essential to define the roles and responsibilities of each

of the Agencies very clearly. The inter-relationships of various departments play an important role in

making available good quality of services to the community /citizens of the city. More-over

overlapping of some of the functions requires a high level of coordination. The following table

indicates the service-wise planning, implementation and operation and maintenance function being

carried out by various agencies involved in providing services in Aligarh Urban Area. It will be seen

that many services are being provided by more than one agency resulting in avoidable delays at

the time of handing over the assets who has to ultimately maintain them.

TABLE 10 Roles and Responsibilities of various institutions

Sector Planning Implementation Operation and

Maintenance

Land use/ Master Plan/

Building Byelaws

ADA ADA ADA

Water supply UPJN/ ADA/ UPHB

for colonies

developed by

them/ DUDA for

slum area

JKA/ UPJN/ DUDA

for slum

JKA



Sewerage JKA/ UPJN JKA

Roads/Bridges/Flyovers/Mu

ltilevel Parking

Traffic Control and

Management Systems City

Public transportation

PWD/ ADA/ NNA

SP Traffic/

RTA/NNA

NNA/ADA/PWD/Hou

sing Board/UPSIDC

NNA/Traffic Police

NNA/ADA/PWD/H

ousing

Board/UPSIDC

NNA/Traffic

Police/RTO

Street Lighting NNA NNA NNA

Storm Water Drainage NNA NNA NNA

Solid Waste Management NNA NNA NNA

Parks/Playground/Beautific

ation of Road

Intersections/Urban Forest

NNA/Forest/ADA/

UPHB

NNA/ADA/UPHB/For

est

NNA/ADA/UPHB/

Forest

Air, Water and Noise

Pollution Control

SPCB Pollution Control

Board

Pollution Control

Board

Slum Development NNA/ DUDA DUDA DUDA

Urban Poverty Programme NNA/ DUDA DUDA DUDA

Housing for EWS ADA/UPHB/DUDA ADA/UPHB/DUDA ADA/UPHB/DUDA

Public Conveyance RTO RTO RTO

Source: NNA 2011-12

3.3 Key Issues

Lack of clarity in local functions: The Constitution 74th Amendment Act, 1992 envisages that the

functions listed in 12th schedule of the Constitution is entrusted to elected municipalities. This is with a

view to minimize ambiguities and overlapping functions between local bodies and other authorities.

However, in practice, several agencies are responsible for the functions and in some cases local

bodies have no role.

3.3.1 Municipal-Parastatal Coordination

There is a Lack of coordination between urban local bodies and parastatals in areas such as inter-

municipal, inter district and inter-state roads, storm water drainage and sewerage, common

amenities like whole -sale markets, truck terminals, bus stations, garbage dumping yards, landfill

sites. The real problem is noticed in plan implementation. No clearly defined mechanism exists to

take up such works in an integrated manner taking into account the geographical factors.

3.3.2 Managerial Coordination Issues

There are many managers connected with city service delivery and infrastructure management. All

these make the task of city management highly complex and difficult. In addition to general

coordination between urban and rural local authorities, there are several inter-departmental and

inter institutional coordination issues, which arise in day to day administration of the city area.

3.3.3 Jurisdictional Issues

It is very difficult to arrive at a common boundary for all services. The geographical area required

for internalizing the costs and benefits of a service like urban transport, water supply, storm water

drainage etc. If such matching is not ensured, there will be perennial problems of service revenues



falling short of service costs, increased cost of public administration, and lack of integrated

development and imposition of high social cost on the public. Thus it is important that the jurisdictional

issues are sorted out carefully.

3.3.4 Grievance Redressal

The Grievance Redressal mechanism in the city needs further improvement to strengthen the existing

system. There is also no proper platform to provide information to the citizens on all services. Lack of

awareness and information is affecting the citizen‟s access to grievance redressal mechanisms.

Though citizen‟s charters are established for the service providing agencies, majority of the public is

not aware of the duties and rights under the same.

3.4 Financial Information for Municipal Service

3.4.1 Financial Profile of the Nagar Nigam

The Income – Expenditure Accounts of the Nagar Nigam for the last financial years i.e. year 2009-

10, 2010-11, 2011-12 were obtained and have been analyzed for the financial assessment. The

current accounting system has been transfer to double entry accrual system i.e. Credit & Debit heads

are maintained on cash receipt/ payment basis. Expenses on new projects are treated as Capital

Expenditure and expenses towards maintenance are treated as Revenue Expenditure.

TABLE 11 Financial status of Nagar Nigam Aligarh

Financial Status of Nagar Nigam Aligarh

Revenue & Expenditure Statement

Year ending 31 March 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

upto Nov

11

Sources of Funds Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh

Opening Balance 1555.67 3099.45 1786.3 437.01 1162.43

1 All Taxes 1133.1 1264.11 1420.3 1703.58 909.33

2 Municipal Revenue

other than Taxes

310.55 392.77 387.7 321.78 143.57

3 Grants & Loans

a. SFC 4398.85 3230.64 4078.9 4742.09 3467.93

b. others 314.83 209.88 203.19 587.24 382.34

4 Misc 632.42 677.42 613.3 496.07 264

Total Sources 8345.42 8874.27 8489.69 8287.77 6329.6

Uses of Funds Rs in

Lakh

Rs in

Lakh

Rs in

Lakh

Rs in

Lakh

Rs in Lakh

1 General Admin &

Salaries

2179.56 2210.55 3052.02 3405.93 3334.04

2 Health Dept. 459.53 467 561.91 445.83 348.9

3 Public Works 690.15 2410.62 2011.84 1370.93 850.76



4 Public Safety 54.92 58.52 82.06 102.5 59.03

5 Water Works 974.72 531.67 266.79 338.2 240.78

6 Drainage 121.8 425.4 355.03 241.93 228.64

7 Misc 765.29 984.21 1723.03 1220.02 137.68

Total Uses 5245.97 7087.97 8052.68 7125.34 5199.83

Closing Balance 3099.45 1786.3 437.01 1162.43 1129.77

Source: NNA 2011-12

Table 12 Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh

TABLE 13 Expenditure of Nagar Nigam Aligarh



3.4.2 Water Supply

Table below presents financial status of water supply department.

TABLE 14 Opening Revenues of Nagar Nigam Aligarh

Operating Revenues Rs. Lakh

Arrears at the beginning of previous year (2009-10) 185.00

Revenue demand from user charges 0.00

Revenue demand from tax/cess - Water Service only 145.00

Revenue demand from other revenues (eg. connection costs/Donations

etc)

420.00

Total Revenue Demand for previous year 565.00

Source: NNA 2011-12

TABLE 16: Opening expenses of Aligarh Nagar Nigam

Operating Expenses Rs. Lakh

Regular Staff and administration 259.54

Outsourced/Contract Staff Costs 40.00

Electricity Charges/Fuel Costs 465.13

Chemical Costs 6.36

Repairs/Maintenance Costs 88.56

Bulk (Raw/Treated) Water Charges 0.00

Other Costs 13.40

Total Operating Expenditure 872.99

Source: NNA 2011-12



FIGURE 8 : Operating Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh

FIGURE 9 : Operating Expenses of Nagar Nigam Aligarh

TABLE 15 Revenue - Collection of Against Demand

Rs. Lakh

Total Revenue Demand for previous year (from user charges, taxes etc) 565.00

Collection against arrears (2009-10) 47.00

Collection against the current demand of previous year (2009-10) 500.13

Source: NNA 2011-12



3.4.3 Sewerage and Drainage

TABLE 16 Annual Operating Revenues

AnnualOperating Revenues R

Arrears at the beginning of previous year 112.80

Revenue demand from user charges - sewerage only 0.00

Revenue demand from tax/cess - sewerage only 72.50

Revenue demand from other sources

(eg. connection costs/donations etc.)

2.70

Total Revenue Demand of the previous year

(Current Demand of previous year)

75.20

Source: NNA 2011-12

TABLE 17 Cost Recovery in Sewage Management

Extent Of Cost Recovery In Sewage Management

Annual Operating Expenses Rs. Lakh

Regular Staff and Administration 137.58

Outsourced /Contract Staff Costs 20.00

Electricity Charges /Fuel Costs 80.60

Chemicals Costs 0.00

Repairs/Maintenance Costs 34.55

Contractor Costs for O&M 0.00

Others (Specify) 0.00

Total NNAual Operating Expenses 272.73

Source: NNA 2011-12



FIGURE 10: ANNUAL OPENING REVENUES

FIGURE 11: COST RECOVERY IN SEWERAGE

TABLE 18 Efficiency in Collection of Sewerage charges

Efficiency In Collection Of Sewage Charges Rs. Lakh

Total Revenue Demand of the previous year (Current Demand of previous year) 75.20

Collection against arrears 1.30

Collection against current demand 70.80

Source: NNA 2012

3.4.4 Solid Waste Management

TABLE 19 Extent of Cost recovery in SWM

Extent Of Cost Recovery In SWM Services

Operational Expenditure on SWM during previous year Rs. In Lakh

Regular Staff & Administration 1714.91



Outsourced/Contracted Staff Costs 532.00

Electricity Charges/Fuel Costs 293.99

Chemical Costs 1.64

Repair/Maintenance Costs 50.05

Contracted Services Cost 14.1

Other Costs (Specify) 0

Total Operational Expenses 2606.69

Source: NNA 2011-12



CHAPTER 4. SANITATION SITUATION ANALYSIS


Secondary Data Analysis

Primary Data Analysis

The primary and secondary surveys have indicated that like most of the other municipalities, there is

a large gap between the level of infrastructure service requirement for the city to cater to the

demands of the proliferating population and the actual service level prevailing in the city. Besides

the accessibility deficiencies, there is also lack of operation and maintenance systems for the existing

infrastructure facilities and services resulting in the deterioration of the existing services and facilities

further worsening the sanitation conditions within the city limits. The city being facing huge amounts of

urbanization in recent times is also facing issues of inadequate amounts of services and poor

maintenance.

The following sections present the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the sanitation in the city

within the sectors of – (a) water supply with prime focus on the services of water supply at the

consumer end, (b) access to toilets, (c) sewerage management, (d) storm water management, and (e)

solid waste management.

SECTION A: SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Water Supply Management Assessment

The Service Level Benchmarks (SLB) established by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government

of India, for the sector of Water Supply attempts to compare the service levels against the nine (9)

key parameters as indicated in the spider chart. The spider chart demonstrates the desired level of

service in the water supply sector against the nine (9) key parameters vis-à-vis the existing level of

service.

FIGURE 12 COVERAGE OF WATER SUPPLY

Source: SLB NNA 2012

The spider chart denotes that the city administration needs to improve on continuity of water supply.

It has been observed that the city receives 3 hours of water supply in a day. Extent of monitoring of



water connections is absent in the city. The city of Aligarh also records low on coverage of water

supply connections.

TABLE 20 Water Supply SLB indicator values

Water Supply Indicator Values

Indicator Unit Value

Coverage of water supply connections % 30.5

Per capita available of water at consumer end lpcd 62.9

Extent of metering of water connections % 0.0

Extent of Non Revenue Water % 31.3

Continuity of water supply Hours/Day 3.0

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints % 99.1

Quality of water supplied % 92.4

Cost recovery in water supply services % 64.7

Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges % 88.5

Source: NNA SLB Data 2012

4.1.1 Source of water

Ground water is the major source of water in Aligarh. Water is drawn from 72 power wells

and 8 mini bore wells in the city. Also 4100 hand pumps are made available in various

localities.

TABLE 21 Water supply-demand statistics - Aligarh city

Water Sources/Reservoirs Total Working Not working/under repair

No. of Power Bores wells 72 72 0

No. of Mini Power Bores wells 8 8 0

No. of hand pump bores 4100 3906 294

Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2012

The list of water storage tanks with their capacities is given in Annexure 3.1.

TABLE 22 Water Reservoirs in city of Aligarh

Water Sources/Reservoirs Total Working Not working/under repair

No. of Storage Reservoirs 21

(17-overhead & 4

sump)

21 0

No. of tankers 10 tankers - 2500 litres 10 0



each


There are 17 overhead tanks with capacity of 20950 KL and 4 sump tanks with capacity 3280 KL.

Also the Jal Kal Department has 3 tractors and 10 tankers for supplying the drinking water in the

needed areas. There are 1870 public stand posts in Aligarh city which are provided by NNA for

convenience of the public.

4.1.2 Water Production capacity and Installed capacity

Aligarh is totally dependent on ground water sources. Almost 75.8 MLD of water is produced from

ground water sources. Total Installed capacity is 90.18 MLD and total water produced is 88.74

MLD.

TABLE 23: SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

Type of Source Unit Installed Production

Surface water MLD 0 0

Ground water (power pumps) MLD 75.8 75.8

Other sources MLD 14.38 12.94

Total MLD 90.18 88.74


4.1.3 Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities

The total length of distribution pipelines is 634 km and length of rising main is 65 km and this add

up to total length of distribution network to 699 km.

TABLE 23 : Length of Water distribution network

Length of distribution network 699 km ( 634km Pipeline + 65 km rising

main)

Average age of distribution pipes 25 years

Total service storage capacity in network 24.13 ML

Total area covered by distribution network 23.86 Sq. Km


4.1.4 Service Coverage

The city has 45012 domestic house hold connections and 381 commercial connections and a total of

1870 public standing posts as sanctioned by Nagar Nigam. The duration of water supply is 3 hrs

per day on an average.

TABLE 24: WATER SUPPLY SERVICE COVERAGE

Total Number of Service Connections 45393

Domestic House Service Connections 45012

Commercial Connections 381

Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) 1,870


Figure : Public Stand Post in Bhojpura slum Area



4.1.5 Water Consumption

Out of 88.5 MLD volumes of produced water, approximately 75.8 MLD water is billed and about

6.5 MLD is supplied free through the PSPs. The total volume of water consumed is 82.3 MLD.

TABLE 25: Water Consumption & billing- Aligarh city

Type of connection Unit Unmetered Total

House Service Connections MLD 70 70

Volume of water billed from Non domestic

Connections

MLD 5.8 5.8

Total Volume of water billed MLD 75.8 75.8

Total Volume of water unbilled (free supplies to

Public taps)

MLD 6.5 6.5

Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2011-12

4.1.6 Water service quality

TABLE 26: Service Quality – Water Supply

Average duration of water supply Hours/day 3

Average pressure in the system Meters 1.5-2.0

Residual pressure at critical measurement point Meters 1

Leaks reported in the year Number 1241

Leaks repaired in the year Number 1241

Details of Water Quality Lab Utility/Other Satisfactory

4.1.7 Water Demand and Deficit

The total volume of water supplied is 88.74 MLD while the required water supply is 134 MLD. So

there is a shortage of 45 MLD per day. Also the water available per capita per day is 62.9 lpcd

while required is 135 liters, so there is a shortage of 45 lpcd.

4.1.8 Complaint redressal

Complaints are being addressed frequently by Aligarh Jal Kal. Only 8% of complaints are being

unattended which has to be improved.

TABLE 27: Complaint Redressal

Complaints received during the year Number 141

Complaints resolved within 24 hours during the year 2011 Number 129

4.2 Sewerage and Drainage Systems

4.2.1 Sewerage Network and Waste Water Generation

The city has an underground sewer line of total length of 55 km out of which 6 km is trunk line. The

sewer lines have completed their term of usability and are not in a good condition.

The total waste water generated is 65.84 MLD out of total water consumption of 82.3 MLD. The

wastewater generated is calculated based on the sewage return factor taken as 0.8 which

indicates that 80% of water supplied returns as sewage. There is no sewerage treatment plant

Source: ASCI Primary Survey 2012



(STP) and other waste water treatment arrangement in the city and all the waste water is directly

discharged in to the nallas.

FIGURE 13 Coverage of Toilets in Aligarh City

Table 28: Sewerage Service Indicator Values

Sewerage Service Indicator Values


Coverage of Toilets % 37.6

Coverage of wastewater network services % 2.2

Collection efficiency of wastewater networks % 0.0

Adequacy of wastewater treatment capacity % 0.0

Extent of reuse and recycling of treated waste water % 0.0

Quality of wastewater treatment % 0.0

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints % 94.8

Extent of cost recovery in wastewater management % 27.6

Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges % 94.1


4.2.2 Storm water Drainage

There are a total of 50 large drains (nallas) with total length 68.33 and small drains (nali) with a

length of 1276.92 km. Thus the total length of drains is 1347.25 kms. The city of Aligarh is short of

579 km of storm drains. The details of various drains are given table ….

TABLE 29: Type of Drains



Type Length in km

Pucca Open Drains 1347.25 km (68.33km. nallas +1276.92km. nalis)

Kutcha Drains 50 km

Storm Water Drains 100 km

Total Length of Road Network 678.87 km.

Source: NNA 2011-12

TABLE 30: Sewerage Pumping Stations in Aligarh

Sewerage Pumping Station

S.No Pumping station Reason

1 Iglas Road This pumping station is an important station of old city. Out

of total 45 km. sewer line, 30 km. sewer line depends on

this pumping station. Other than this, Malgodam to G.T.

Road, Padao Dube, Ramlila ground, Busstand chauraha to

Agra Road, Bada nallas to Sasnigate, Bada Nallas of

Khair Bypass,Nallas of Jaiganj road are dependent on this

pumping station. This station has been designed for sewer

line and connected primary drains for pumping out the

water. It is not designed for the rainy season. So, water

logging occurs at some places connected to this pumping

station for some hours.

2 Chharra Adda 15 km. long sewer line in the Civil Lines area and

Ramghat road, Pan dariba, Gurudwara road, Mathura

road, Mairis road, Centre Point, Samad road, Lekhraaj

nagar, Begumbaag, Chandniyan, Sudamapuri,

Vishnupuri ,Surendranagar areas have their drains

pumped by this pumping station. Because of slope of Civil

Lines sewer line towards this pumping station, water

logging takes place in the areas around this station. This

station is also not designed for the rainy season.

3

Gular Road

Drainage S.

4

Sarai Rahman This station has been made to take part of the load of

Gular road pumping station. Places like Radhuveer puri,

Sarai Lavariya, Sarai Rahmaan, Rasalganj, G.T. Road,

Nai basti, Anauna House, Deewani kachehri, Tasveer

mahal, Jawahar Bhawan, Laldiggi road, Malkhan Nagar

are drained through this station

5 Awas Vikas Jail

Road This pumping station drains water from Awas Vikas

Colony, Masoodabad, Jail Road, G.T. Road, Nai Basti,

Basti behind Gagan school, ITI road and Jail road.



Other Drainage Pumping Stations

S.No Pumping Station Reason

1

Charakhbalan From this station, ADA Colony, Shanti Niketan, area

around Eidgah ,Shahjamal, Turkman gate bypass areas

are drained.

2 Shakti nagar From this pumping station, BNNAadevi, area near fire

station, Shaktinagar, Masoodabad, Gular road (some

portion), Jameerabad are drained.

3 Vikas nagar From this pumping station, Vikas nagar, Naurangabad

Chhavni, Dori nagar and Tikaram colony are drained.

4 Kalidah kali mandir Near this drainage pumping station, there is a big pond

(pokhar) in which people have illegally constructed

buildings and during the rainy season, water logging takes

place in this area. To maintain the water level in the pond,

water is pumped by this pumping station.

5 Kalidah Pokhar This pumping station maintains the water level of Kalidah

Pokhar. This pond receives the water from Krishnapuri

mathiya, Hanumanpuri, Mahendranagar, Premier nagar,

Bapu nagar, Bihari nagar and Pala.

6 Nagla Masani From this pumping station, Shakti nagar, Nagla Masani,

Balmiki basti, Gular road lane 1 and other nearby areas

are drained.

7 Kwarsi Bamba By this pumping station, Sanjay Gandhi colony, Tikaram

colony and Ravan Tila are drained.

8 Chharra Adda Pul

Kali Mandir By this pumping station, Gandhi nagar, Motimil compound,

Achal Taal, G.T. Road, Primary drain of Padao Dube Bus

stand are drained.

9 Jal kal Parisar In the rainy season, Jalkal Parisar gets waterlogged as it

is much below road level. Also water from Uday Singh

Jain road, area behind new Ashok nagar waterworks also

gets logged in Jalkal Parisar, so it is drained by this

pumping station.

10 Panchnagri Sasnigate

The city needs at least six more drainage pumping stations because of heavy water logging

particularly in rainy season. These areas are:

1. Swarnajayanti nagar, Ramghat road

2. Idgah Shahjamal



3. Dorinagar, Naurangabad

4. Ravantila, Surendranagar

5. Charutaal Badarbaag Jail Road

6. Nagla Kalar, Prince Nagar

4.2.3 Storm Water Drainage Service Indicator Values

TABLE 31: Service Indicators for Water Drainage

Storm Water Drainage Service Indicator Values


Coverage of Storm Water Drainage Network % 60

Incidence of water logging/flooding Number 108


4.3 Solid Waste Management

4.3.1 Generation of Solid waste

The city has been divided into seven sanitary wards for managing the solid waste. For keeping a

check on the sanitary condition and effective management of solid waste, seven sanitary inspectors

have been appointed in seven sanitary wards. These inspectors inspect the sanitary condition

particularly solid waste every day and take care of the complaints.

The daily solid waste generated in the city is approximately 250 MT. The solid waste generated

category-wise is as given in below Table 32 :

TABLE 32: Generation of Solid Waste

Category of Genertion of Solid Waste

Residential MT / Month 140

Street Sweeping MT / Month 52

Hotels & Restaurants MT / Month 21

Markets (e.g. Veg markets, Mandis) MT / Month 32

Commercial establishments (incl. offices, institutions) MT / Month 05

Total MT / Month 250

Source: NNA 2011-12

4.3.2 Street Sweeping

Street sweeping starts in the morning at 7.00 AM and continues up to 12.00 PM. The sweepers are

provided with jharoo (brooms), pans, favda, handcarts, panji (bamboo stick used to clean drains)

and gayti (pointed favda to clean roads). They collect the waste on road/street sides, which is then

transported to the nearby dustbins by means of handcarts and then transported to open dumping

sites. A large amount of garbage is dumped on the streets and roadsides.



FIGURE 14 Solid waste dumped in the streets of Aligarh City

Source: ASCI, Primary Survey 2012

4.3.3 Segregation of waste

During the survey it has been observed that there is no segregation of waste at source.

4.3.4 Waste Collection

4.3.4.1 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION

4.3.4.1.1 Shops and Commercial establishments

For the collection of garbage from shops and commercial establishments, seven tempos and

about fifty tricycles have been arranged along with a route chart. Under this arrangement, the

shopkeepers have been requested not to dump garbage on the roadside or in the drain but to dump

it directly in the tempo. These tempos will collect garbage from morning 9 am to afternoon 2 pm.

Around 60 hotels/ restaurants and 70 commercial establishments are covered by this door-to-door

service



FIGURE 15: Method of Solid waste collection in city of Aligarh

Source: ASCI Primary Survey 2011-12

4.3.4.1.2 Households

As per our survey during 2011-12, about ten thousand households in about eight municipal wards

around the university area and civil lines are covered by door-to-door collection of municipal waste

by A2Z Infrastructure Ltd. However it was planned to scale up the door-to-door collection in other

wards covering the whole city.

TABLE 33: Coverage of Door to Door service

Number of Establishments & Households Covered by Door-to-Door Service

Households Number 10,000

Hotels & Restaurants Number 60

Commercial establishments (incl. offices, institutions) Number 70

Total 10,130

0 Source: NNA 2011-12

4.3.5 Transportation of waste

The sanitary equipment for lifting the solid waste are 10-20 years old so their capacity for lifting

the waste have been reduced and it affects the solid waste management system. The city needs new

equipment for lifting the solid waste so that it can be collected every day. New equipment have

been procured including 3 JCBs, 7 hydraulic tippers, 200 RC Bins, 15 hydraulic trolleys, 300

dumper placer bins, 7 hydraulic tempos, 11 dumper placer vehicles, 3 mechanical loaders, 450

hand vehicles, 6 tractors, 1 robotic skid stair loader and 4 mobile toilets. Robartic skid stair loader

(robart) is very new addition to the inventory of equipment. It will lift the garbage, take out silt from

the drains and sweep the road.



Arrangements have been made for the collection of waste from the main routes and market places.

For this at night four tractors have been put on work to lift and clear the garbage from the market

places.

TABLE 34: Waste Handling Equipment with NNA

Type Tractor/trolley in use

For lifting of waste at night 5

Mechanic loader 4

Truck tripper 10

Small tripper 1

J.C.B. 3

Refuse collector 4

Refuse collector bins 210

Dumper placer 13

Dumper placer bins 375

Drain cleaning machine 1

Rickshaw 350

Source: NNA 2011-12

4.3.6 Waste disposal

Presently the municipal waste of about 7500 MT/month is disposed at open dump sites. The

integrated solid waste management plant along with scientific refill site is under construction by A2Z

Infrastructure Ltd under the UIDSSMT scheme at Aligarh.

FIGURE 16: OPEN DUMP SITE

Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2012

4.3.7 MSW Management System in Aligarh City



The staff strength of 2007 managed the disposal of municipal solid waste of Aligarh city. The

details of type and number of staff for solid waste management is as under:

FIGURE 17: TOTAL STAFF FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Type of Staff

Number of Staff in Solid Waste Management Department (including street & drain cleaning)

Class I Number 1

Class II Number 1

Class III Number 7

Class IV Number 1,186

Contracted Number 812

Total Manpower Number 2007

Source: NNA 2011-12

4.3.8 Complaint Redressal

A control room has been set up for the redressal of complaints. The complaints are registered from

morning 6 am to night 11 pm. During 2011, number of complaints registered relating to solid waste

management are 2278, drinking water are 987, and street lighting are 524. Among these,

98% complaints have been solved.

4.4 Assessment of Sanitation Facilities in Potential Areas

4.4.1 Sanitation Facilities and Situation: Household Level

Aligarh has a total of approximately 1.5 lakh households in slum and non-slum areas combined with

a population of 8, 66,000. An analysis of the sanitation facilities at the household level is as below

FIGURE 18: SANITATION FACILITIES AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL



Source: Nagar Nigam Aligarh , 2011-12

FIGURE 19: HOUSEHOLD TOILET IN BHOJPUR SLUM


FIGURE 20: SANITATION SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS



SECTION B: PRIMARY DATA ANALYSIS

4.5 Situation Analysis at Household Level

A survey was conducted of around 500 households in the residential and slum areas to know the

present sanitation situation of the city. The average household size is around 5.75. An analysis of the

survey results is given in succeeding paragraphs.

4.5.1 Open defecation

Open defecation is 48% in the slum areas which is a very high percentage 51% HHs individual

toilets and surprisingly very few citizens access the community toilets.

4.5.2 Water supply to toilets

Water supply to toilets: 45% of the households are dependent on hand pumps, 42% are

dependent on munic ipal s upp l y and 11% have their o wn a r rangemen t . This shows that

t he people are dependent mostly on hand pumps. The municipal supply is not adequate in 57%

of the cases.



Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12

4.5.3 Households depending on community toilets

The people are not very sat i sf ied with the present condi t ion of communi ty to i lets

because of their poor condit ion and bad maintenance.

FIGURE 21: Service Satisfaction of Community Toilets


FIGURE 22: Reasons For not having Toilets


Maximum numbers of households are unable to construct their own toilet due to affordability to

connecting to sewer. The above graph shows that 65% of the households are unable to construct



toilet because they cannot afford to connect to sewer. 11% of the households are unable to

construct toilet because of affordability. 17% are having space constraint and 2.8 % have lack of

water supply to the toilet. Most of the people prefer to have community toilet over open

defecation. The people are willing to have pay and use toilets and monthly pass is preferred.

FIGURE 23: Disposal of Household Waste

Source: ASCI Primary survey2011-12

4.5.4 Wastewater disposal

5 % of households dispose off wastewater (from kitchen/bath/wash other than latrine) directly

into public drains/nallas/ponds. The survey reveals that 46 % of people are affected with

diseases like malaria, diarrhea, cholera and skin disease in the last one year. The people are

spending a lot of money on their healthcare

FIGURE 24: Disposal of Solid Waste

4.5.5 Solid waste disposal

The solid waste is disposed at open dumping sites by about 79% of the households. 12 % of

HH dispose solid waste in roadside bins, 6 % of

HH dispose solid waste into drains and there is

only 20% door to door collection of solid waste

by A2Z Company. Also for 60 % of population

distance to disposal spot is around 100 to 200

m.

FIGURE 25: USER CHARGES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT




Almost 88 % of population pay municipality for the waste collection. The people pay Rs. 20-25 and

Rs. 25 -30 per month for the collection of waste.

Figure 26: open dumping sties

Source: ASCI Primary survey, 2011-12

The frequency of collection of waste is once in two days in 60% of the cases and once in 3 days in

30% of the cases.

FIGURE 27: FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION AND SWEEPING


Road sweeping is done once in a week in 80% of the cases. The drains are cleaned mostly once in a

week. Maximum areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains.

Only 4.7% of residents are connected with the sewer system and rest of 95% are yet to be

connected. On the parameter of consumer satisfaction 70 % of citizens are partially satisfied with

the system and 23 % citizens consider status of services to be bad.

Source: ASCI Primary survey 2011-12



4.5.6 Community Toilets

There are thirty seven community toilets in the city mainly in slum areas. As of now these toilets are

not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are

in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and

broken doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance. Such

toilets are seen in Turkmangate, Nagla Ashik Ali, Sarai Miya, Dodpur etc. Community toilets near

Chamad Chowk, Sarai Hakeem, Kanwariganj and Hajira Nallas are non-functional and closed down

by NNA.

Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a common

sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are allowed to use the

community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers defecate in and around the community

toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to devise a plan

of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst case scenario this

may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating infrastructure such as

cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper operation and

maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet usage. Where

the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open defecation.

Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn arrest the

open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is recommended

to bring the change in the behavior of people.

Ward-wise list of community toilets along with the number of seats, households served, connection to

sewer or septic tank and funding organization are given in the Annexure 4. A comprehensive survey

was conducted of community toilets in Aligarh city and their analysis/ findings are as follows:

4.5.7 Affluent discharging

81% of the toilets are connected to septic tank, 6% are having sewer connection and remaining are

directly discharging effluent into drains/nallas. Fecal Sludge management connecting by sewer line

is only done in 6% cases.



FIGURE 28: FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT

Urinals/Bath/washbasin

Urinals:

The above graph shows that

24% of the community

toilets do not have urinals

and 76% of them have 1-5

number of urinals.

Baths:

Also 29% of the toilets do not

have bath facility and 71% of

them have 1-5 numbers of

baths.

Washbasins:

About 71% of the community toilets

do not have washbasins and 29%

have 1- 5 number of washbasins.


4.5.8 Condition of the community toilets

FIGURE 29 : CONDITION OF COMMUNITY TOILET




The graph shows that 81% of the toilets are having average condition and only 19% are in good

condition. Cleaning is not done at all in 12% of the toilets and in 65% of them, it is done once a

day.

4.5.9 O & M Arrangements

The operation and maintenance is done by NEDA, NNA, Sulabh International and DUDA. It was

observed during our survey that the maintenance of community is very bad and needs a tremendous

improvement in maintenance of community toilets.

FIGURE 30 : SITUATION OF COMMUNITY TOILETS TURKMAN GATE


4.5.10 Sanitation Situation of Government Insti tutions

A survey was conducted of 10 institutions namely Bus stand, Jila Sarkari Bank, Vikas Parisar,

Bhartiya Jivan Beema Nigam, U.P Jal Nigam, Jila Panchayat, Jila Karyalaya, B.S.A. Office and

Nagar Nigam. The analysis of the survey gives the following results:

FIGURE 31: SITUATION OF COMMUNITY TOILETS




As shown in graph above, only 10% of the toilets are in good condition, 60% are in bad condition

and 30% of the toilets are in worst condition. The toilet facilities are provided to male and female

staff separately.

FIGURE 32 : Availability of Water Supply for Community toilets


The toilets have the basic infrastructure facilities including water supply, doors with bolts, buckets

and lights.

4.5.11 Operation & Maintenance of Toilets

The state of routine upkeep and maintenance of most of the toilets in the institutions is quite poor

because no one is responsible for their cleanliness. A lot of improvements are required to ensure the

proper serviceability of the toilets.

4.5.12 Sanitation Facili t ies and Situation at Hospitals

A survey was conducted of ten hospitals and the analysis gives the following results:

Segregation of waste: There is no segregation of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

Bio-medical Waste disposal: In almost 20% of the hospitals, waste is disposed by the municipality,

70% hospitals have private arrangement for waste disposal and only 10% have their own

arrangement.

Frequency of collection of waste: In 60% of the hospitals it is collected daily, in 40% of the

hospitals it is collected within 2 days.




4.5.13 Sanitation Facili t ies and Situation at Schools

There are about 108 government primary schools in which 10353 students are enrolled in Aligarh

city.

FIGURE 33: PRIMARY SCHOOL AT BHOJPUR AREA OF ALIGARH CITY


There are 4 upper primary schools with 300 student strength and 122 higher secondary schools.

There are 4 universities in Aligarh. These are Aligarh Muslim University, Varshney University, Tikaram

Kanya University and Gyan University.

TABLE 35: GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS IN ALIGARH

Level No. of schools No. of Students

Primary+ EGS 108 10353

Upper Primary 4 300

Higher Secondary 122 100,000

Total 234 110653

Source: NNA & BSA 2011

A survey was conducted of twenty government primary schools and the analysis is given below.

4.5.14 Infrastructure facil i t ies in schools

Most of the government primary schools infrastructure is in dilapidated state. There is no provision of

proper drinking water, toilets, urinals & washbasins. Moreover the schools are not properly

ventilated and do not have electricity or water connection.



FIGURE 34: CONDITION OF TOILETS IN SCHOOLS BHOJPUR

4.5.15 O & M of toilets

There is no staff deputed to clean the toilets regularly. Moreover no specific budget is allocated for

the routine upkeep and maintenance of the toilets.

4.5.16 Sanitation Facilities and Situation at Commercial/ Market Places

A survey was conducted of the commercial/market places of Aligarh city such as Centre Point,

Railway Station Road, Aandhi Chowak, Sabji Mandi etc. The sanitation facilities are far below the

expectations. The outcome of the customer‟s survey gave the following outcomes/results:

4.5.17 Toilet Facility

Maximum market places do not have toilet facility at all. There is no awareness about public toilets

in the area. The shopkeepers mostly defecate openly when needed. Also, they are not willing to

have pay and use toilets.

4.5.18 Waste collection

Roads/streets sweeping is undertaken by safai karamcharis at least once in two days and piled up

the waste on roadside. The solid waste is generally collected in the roadside bins and lifted by

NNA vehicles on alternate days . The shopkeepers pay Rs.100-300 per month for their waste

collection.

Most of customers are not aware of toilet facility in the markets. They mostly defecate in the open.

They are willing to have pay and use toilets. They face problems with garbage accumulated on the

roadside in the market. They suggested that there should be a public toilet and the market places

should be cleaned daily.

4.5.19 Industrial Sanitation

There are a total of 5006 industrial units in Aligarh city. Of these, there are 3500 small scale

industries, 2000 medium scale and 6 large industries. Majorly there are three kinds of industries-

food processing, lock industry and household industry.

TABLE 36: TYPE OF INDUSTRIES

Name & Type of Number of Number of Number of Total




Industries Large-Scale

Industries

Medium Scale

Industries

Small-scale

industries

Food Processing 6 0 0 6

Lock Industry 0 2000 0 2000

Household Industry 0 0 3000 3000

Other 0 0 500 0

Total 6 2000 3500 5006

A survey was conducted of medium and large scale industries and it gave the following results. Most

of the small scale lock industries are located in the residential and slum areas of the city and

discharging their hazardous liquid waste in the nallas/drains and dumping the solid waste in open

spaces.

FIGURE 35 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRIES


The solid waste is managed by private agencies in 73% of the industries, in other cases it is

managed by the municipality. The payment made to private agency is as below: Around 54% of the

industries pay Rs. 1001-2000 to private agencies for the disposal of solid waste. Although

treatment plant is present in all the industries, the liquid waste is disposed off in the open drains and

nallas.

4.5.20 Sanitation Situation at Slaughter Houses

The slaughter house is located at Maqdoom Nagar Road. It is an open slaughter house functioning

for the last 25 years. The animals are being slaughtered in the open as shown below in Figure No

38 and then the raw meat is being transported to other places. The slaughtered animals solid

waste is thrown and dumped in the open and the liquid waste is washed away and discharged in



the kuccha nallas around the slaughtering area. This area is totally polluted with foul smell, filth

and flies all around. The state of this area is so pathetic that one cannot stand there. The whole area

is Kuccha and the condition of this place become worse during the rainy season. It is totally polluted

with foul smell and filth all around. There is no veterinary doctor looking after the slaughter house.


There is no systematic arrangement of cleaning/maintenance. The waste is dumped in the open.

There is a proposal to construct a proper scientific slaughter house under PPP. The other slaughter

houses surveyed are at Bhujpura, Jamalpur and near Bamma. The condition of these slaughter houses

are also very bad and need immediate attention of NNA.

FIGURE 36: OPEN SLAUGHTER HOUSE

4.5.21 Situational Analysis of Water Bodies

In Aligarh city, the water bodies which were surveyed are: Pond at Shahjamal, Chawani ki pokhar,

Pond at Dori nagar, Kaliday ki pokhar,pond at Sahibavad, Achal mansarovar, stream at Kaliday,

stream at Shah Jamal, stream at Eita Chungi and stream near Sasni gate. All these water bodies are

managed by NNA.

All the water bodies are very dirty and accumulating the waste water of the city. In fact all the city

drains and nallas are discharging their waste water in to the water bodies. In certain cases like pond

at Dori Nagar and stream near Sasni Gate open defecation is quite prevalent. Toilet discharge also

goes into the water bodies at Shahjamal, Eita chungi and Sasni gate. All the water bodies are

clogged with dumping solid waste in them. The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted.

The upkeep and maintenance of these water bodies is far below the expectation.




FIGURE 37 : OPEN DEFICATION SITES IN ALIGARH

4.5.22 Ward wise situation analysis

Open defecation is seen in the wards where slums are prominent. Lack of individual toilets has been

observed to be major problem. It is observed that waste is not being segregated at source or at

waste dumping site. Situation of sanitation and solid waste management is very worse particularly in

slum areas located at the outskirts of the city.

TABLE 37: LIST OF SANITARY WARDS

Sanitary Ward Electoral Municipal Wards

Sanitary Ward 1 50, 41, 25, 26, 4, 47, 17.

Sanitary Ward 2 12, 32, 7, 9, 17, 63, 23, 18.

Sanitary Ward 3 16, 14, 2, 42, 15, 36, 6, 56, 34.



Sanitary Ward 4 5, 22, 21, 54, 8, 55, 62, 38, 57, 65, 10.

Sanitary Ward 5 67, 13, 27, 1, 64, 70, 30, 20, 33, 11, 3.

Sanitary Ward 6 53, 52, 28, 40, 33, 49, 66, 58, 69, 68, 37, 59, 60.

Sanitary Ward 7 61, 39, 45, 31, 24, 44, 48, 40, 43, 51, 29.

Ward wise population and its density is given at Annexure 4. List of open defecation sites is given

below in Table 38 as well in above map Figure 39.

TABLE 38: OPEN DEFECATION SITES

10 Rorawar

11 Nagla Ashique Ali

12 Bhujpura

13 Pala Sahibabad

14 Bapu Nagar

15 Kaliden

16 Shastrinagar Chawni

17 Vikas Nagar

18 Dori Nagar

19 Nagla Tikona

S. No. Open Defecation Areas

1 Nagla Bhunda

2 Hamdard Nagar

3 Nagla Kalar

4 Lachhimpur

5 Nagla Kunjalpur

6 Nagla Mdulvi

7 Shadi Jamal

8 Krishnapur

9 Nagla Jahar



CHAPTER 5. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GAP ASSESSMENT

There are about 44% of slum households and 56% of non slum households in Aligarh city. About 2%

of households are having the flush latrines with septic tanks. About 47% of slum households are not

having access to toilets and thus defecating in open particularly recently included villages in the

Nagar Nigam. 30% of slum households are using the „Khudi‟ which is a small structure built with

bricks and directly discharging the effluent in open nallas. Approximately 3900 households are

using the services of 37 community toilets in the slum and non slum areas. No proper mechanism for

the safe disposal of solid and liquid waste including the sludge & septage of households

FIGURE 38: FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT SLUM NAGALA AASHIK ALI

Source: ASCI, Primary Survey 2012

More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual scavenging. A very high proportion 79% of the

respondents claimed to be depositing solid waste at designated container/open site. The frequency

of collection of waste is once in two days in 60% of the cases and once in 3 days in 30% of the

cases. The people complained that the service of the municipality is bad. Road sweeping is done

once in a week in most of the cases. The drains are cleaned mostly once in a week. An overwhelming

majority said they take their water and sanitation complaints to elected representatives. The

complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially satisfied

with the system.

5.1 Water Supply

Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of

water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public

awareness, as most people don‟t seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To

overcome the shortage of water, Jal Kal has installed hand pumps in the slum/LIG areas. Besides this

large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand pumps. Illegal

connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in mismanagement &

supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not unusual that people of

Aligarh city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for domestic purpose. The per capita

water supplied is only 91 lpcd against the national level of 135 lpcd. Coverage of water supply

connections is 45 %. Water is supplied is daily for 4hours per day. The water quality testing is not

as per BIS IS -10500 laid down guidelines and standards.



FIGURE 39 : WATER SUPPLY ANALYSIS

Source: Jal Kal & NNA ,2011

5.2 Sewerage and Wastewater Generation

In Aligarh city, there is only 10 % coverage of sewerage network. The households are having septic

tanks or kuddis. An integrated sewerage network needs to be laid out in the city. There is no sewage

treatment plant. Most of the sewerage goes into the open drains and nallas.

In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soak pits. The water from septic tanks

goes directly into drains which are very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to cover more areas in

Aligarh city.

Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned

regularly. The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and

regular upkeep/maintenance.

The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and thus

difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of the city are

improved.

There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people

particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be

constructed in the city.

FIGURE 40 : WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Source: Jal Kal & NNA ,2012

In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soak pits. The water from septic tanks

goes directly into drains which are very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to cover more areas in

Aligarh city.



Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythene bags and it should be cleaned regularly.

The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and regular

upkeep/maintenance. The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries,

shopkeepers etc and thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary

conditions of the city are improved. There is no Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) the city. There is no

institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and maintenance of water bodies. General

awareness about the importance of sanitation and health issues is far below among the people of

the city.

5.3 Community Toilets:

As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building,

leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance

person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Most of the toilets were reported to

be in bad or worse condition implying they were in unsanitary or dilapidated condition.

Investing in Community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M work is being shared

by a host of organizations including Nagar Nigam, DUDA, NEDA and Sulabh International. No

Correlation has been found between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M.

FIGURE 41: WASTE GENERATION IN CITY

Source: Nagar Nigam Aligarh , 2011-12

The community toilets in the city and mainly in slum areas are not looked after properly and having

several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with

crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water

arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance.

Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a common

sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are allowed to use

the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers defecate in and around the

community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to

devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst case

scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating

infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired.

Proper operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting

toilet usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of

open defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage

and in turn arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs

and SHGs is recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people.



5.3.1.1 PUBLIC TOILETS IN COMMERCIAL PLACES

According to our survey, there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or markets of

the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of urinals particularly

for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum people urinate in open

drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use toilets if proper toilet facilities

are made available. Our survey results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are

experiencing difficulties due to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option was

found to be low. In such a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create demand for

toilets. Then it could be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and use terms.

Shopkeepers could opt for monthly passes and customers pay per use.

Sanitation Facility at Market Place

There are Very few proper public toilets in the markets. Most of the market places do not have toilet

facility. There is no awareness about public toilets in the area. Also there is no arrangement of proper

cleanliness of the public toilets and urinals. There is No willingness to pay and use the toilet facilities

among the shopkeepers. However, the customers are willing to have pay and use toilets

5.3.1.2 SCHOOL SANITATION

Most of the government primary schools are not having proper arrangement of toilet and drinking water

facilities. There are no dedicated staffs available in the schools for the upkeep, cleanliness and

maintenance of toilets and other facilities. No proper budget is being allocated for the O & M of toilets.

Most of the schools dispose their waste on the roadside or throw in the open site.

5.3.1.3 OPEN DEFECATION

There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people particularly in

slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be constructed in the city. The

outskirts of the Nagar Nigam Aligarh are lacking in the civic development. Most of the households in

these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum people open defecate in the

fields around these localities.


There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in the

city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the city. There is

a need to organize the solid waste management on priority. The municipal waste is not disposed off

scientifically as per MSW Rule 2000. The waste is disposed off at open dump sites. No scientific landfill

site exists. No community involvement in managing the solid and liquid waste of the city. Only 4.6% city

wide door to door collection of solid waste is done.

5.3.2.1 SEGREGATION AT SOURCE

The waste generators in Aligarh city do not segregate the waste prior to disposal. They dump mixed

waste into the DP containers, drains, open sites and low-lying areas. As a standard practice, MSW has to

be segregated into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes and disposed off in separate

containers to aid in efficient waste processing and disposal mechanisms.

5.3.2.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

Nagar Nigam Aligarh has taken initiative in providing door-to-door collection service to its residents but

only 2% of the households are covered which is a very small proportion. The residents of city dump the

household waste outside their residences from where sweepers of NNA collect waste by means of

handcarts and dump the same into the DP containers or roadside (open dump).



The Safai Karamcharis employed by the NNA do street sweeping, collect drain silt & waste, put heaps

on roadsides and transport them at nearby open dumps. These unorganized disposal methods have

resulted in accumulation of solid waste on roadsides and vacant plots, low lying areas and drains/nallas.

Door to door collection service has to be provided to households as well as commercial establishments.

Containers/dustbins should be put near the shops and some agency should be there to collect garbage

regularly. The roadside waste collected by street sweepers must be directly dumped into a separate bin

at the secondary waste collection point.

5.3.2.3 SECONDARY STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE

There are very few containers available for secondary storage of MSW. At places where containers

are available, either they are rusted or damaged. At other places, waste is dumped on open dumps

which have evolved over a period of time. In the absence of secondary storage facility for MSW, it

is dumped at any location in the vicinity-drains, vacant plots, street corners, low lying areas, or other

open areas. Heaps and stretches of un-segregated waste in open areas causes environmentally

hazardous and unhygienic conditions across the city, thus, creating conducive conditions for breeding

of mosquitoes, insects or grazing by cattle.

Separate coloured bins must be provided at the secondary storage location for bio-degradable

and non-biodegradable and recyclable wastes. The bins must be covered and cleared at the

scheduled time to prevent storage of waste for a long time and littering of waste outside the bins.

5.3.2.4 SOLID WASTE IS TRANSPORTATION

Most of the times, solid waste is transported in open trolleys hauled by tractors. These open trolleys are

overloaded with waste, resulting in road littering during transportation. The loading and unloading of

waste is done manually and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any Personal Protection

Equipment (PPE) for their protection. The waste transportation vehicles must be covered at all times

except while loading and unloading activities and the loaded waste should not exceed the capacity of

these vehicles.

5.3.2.5 SOLID WASTE AT COMMERCIAL AREAS AND MARKETS

Roads and streets sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles

up fast on the roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets

and the people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in

most these areas is collected once in two or three days. There is very poor solid waste disposal and

collection mechanism for commercial and market areas. The common and prevalent problems faced by

general public in markets areas is improper garbage disposal causing the blockage of roads, foul smell,

clogging of drains/nallas.

5.3.2.6 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

Waste from slaughter houses is dumped in open and low-lying areas. As such, there is no provision of

safe disposal in the city. Slaughter house waste should be collected separately and disposed off by

controlled incineration, burial, anaerobic digestion and other approved processing methods.

5.3.2.7 BIOMEDICAL WASTE

The private hospitals and nursing homes do not segregate their waste. Waste is not dumped in the dual

bin system (green and blue) and it is not segregated and is dumped along with MSW. Most of the

hospitals do not follow the Bio-medical rules -1998 and, there is no scientific arrangement of treating the

bio-medical liquid waste of hospitals and nursing homes. All the bio-medical liquid waste is discharged in

nallas/drains. Bio-medical waste segregation, handling and disposal mechanisms adopted by all medical

institutions must be strictly in compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Rules 1998.

5.3.2.8 COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE

The construction/demolition waste generated by local residents is transported in tractor trolleys and

disposed off in open/low-lying areas in the vicinity, privately. The construction and demolition waste



(from private or NNA sites) must not be dumped in any open area in an unorganized manner .It must be

handled under the guidance of NNA staff.

5.3.2.9 DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IS NOT APPROPRIATE

The solid waste collected from various sources is disposed off in open dumpsites indiscriminately without

segregation or pre-processing. There is no engineered sanitary landfill for safe disposal of solid waste.

According to MSW Rules 2000, biodegradable waste should be processed and converted into compost

or used for power generation; recyclables should be segregated and sold to recyclers; no hazardous

waste be dumped along with MSW; construction waste to be segregated and used for filling low lying

areas and only remaining waste should be dumped into engineered landfill facility.

5.3.2.10 MANUAL HANDLING OF SOLID WASTE

Safaikaramchar is involved in primary collection of MSW do not use any Personal Protection Equipment

(PPEs)such as face masks, disposable gloves, boots, hats, and proper safety clothing (sturdy colored

uniform) to avoid direct contact with waste and reduce the likelihood of on the job injury. Manual

handling of solid waste during primary collection is an acceptable practice in Aligarh city.

5.3.2.11 LACK OF AWARENESS AMONG CITY RESIDENTS AND CIVIC AUTHORITIES

The NNA staff is responsible for managing MSW in Aligarh city in accordance with the MSW Rules

2000.The NNA staff needs to understand the environmental, social and economic implications of an

unorganized MSW management system. Likewise, public participation is very essential in successful

implementation of the MSW management plan in the city. Therefore, a planned and concerted effort is

required to bring about awareness among the public and make them realize their responsibilities as

individuals and as a community. In summary, public awareness, community participation, transparent

administration, accountability at all levels is the need of hour so as to ensure success of any MSW

management plan.

FIGURE 42 : SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS

Source: Nagar Nigam Aligarh , 2012

5.3.3 Storm Water Drainage

The drainage system is quite old and need immediate repairs. The drainage system is heavily silted

because of lack of routine upkeep and regular maintenance. Most of the city drains and nallas are

discharging in the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment.

5.3.3.1.1 Water Bodies

The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted. There is no system in place to ensure the proper

upkeep and maintenance of water bodies. Most of the nallas/drains of the city are discharging their



wastewater in these water bodies which is completely unhygienic and hazardous for the city. In some

cases like pond at Dori nagar and stream near Sasni Gate open defecation is also found.

Toilet discharge also goes into the water bodies at Shahjamal, Eita chungi and Sasni gate.

There is high risk of waterborne diseases because of accumulation of sludge and wastewater in the water

bodies. The water flow is clogged in the water bodies at Kaliday, Eita Chungi, Shah Jamal and Sasni

gate. The stagnated water and filth in the water bodies is causing the foul smell and acute air pollution in

the surrounding areas. There is no institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and

maintenance of water bodies like Pond at Shahjamal, Chawani ki pokhar, Pond at Dori nagar, Kaliday ki

pokhar, pond at Sahibavad, Achal mansarovar, stream at Kaliday, stream at Shah Jamal, stream at Eita

Chungi and stream near Sasni gate.

Gaps Identification

Household

Level

48% of Open defecation in slum areas.

Unsafe disposal of water closet waste in slum areas

Unhygienic conditions of household toilets in slum areas and also non slum

areas

Community toilets are in bad state, many community toilets are not in a

usable state.

No O&M of community toilets and its infrastructure.

No proper faecal sludge management - The faecal sludge collected from

these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and

they dispose it into nearby nallas.

There is no proper effluent waste management. There are all let into open

drains.

Commercial/ market places don‟t have any kind of toilet facilities within the

complex.

Community

Level

In addition to the proposals stated above - there should be immediate

attention required for the Community/ public toilets.

Addressing sludge management issues at household toilets and community

toilets.

Commercial/

Market Places

The toilet facilities at commercial complexes that require immediate

construction.

The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market

areas due to improper garbage disposal are – blocking the roads, smell

from road side bins and also smell from chocked nallas.

Proper operation and maintenance of all the public toilets located at

commercial/ market places.

Proper garbage disposal of garbage management at commercial/ market

places.

Proper sludge management of public toilets.

Sanitation at Many commercial workers open defecate



Commercial/

Market Places

The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is minimal and there is

incidence of open defecation by the customer populations in commercial

areas.

Institutional

Buildings

The toilet facilities at institutional building require immediate attention/

improvements/ rehabilitation

The other toilets provided at public institutional buildings should be

rehabilitated with proper infrastructure facilities and requires O&M.

Schools Many schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the

surroundings of the school

Many governments schools toilets are not in working conditions.

Most schools do not have flowing water facilities in school toilets.

No proper infrastructure facilities.

There are many schools which are not having water connection in the toilets.

Schools are not having wash basin facilities

Toilets at schools are not cleaned properly or not well maintained and not in

proper shape i.e. these are almost in broken stage.

No O&M for schools toilets and no proper budget allocation for

improvements.

Almost all the schools dispose their waste in the road side bins or open sites.

Hospitals No scientific disposal of solid and liquid waste generated at all the hospitals.

Public Toilets Required more number of public toilets for floating population particularly

at the outskirts of the city.

Industries Immediate attention towards proper solid and liquid waste management.

Sewerage &

Drainage

Old sewerage network need immediate repairs and rehabilitation

Gaps Identification at Service Level

Water Supply Outskirts of the city area not covered with water supply distribution network; further expansion of existing water supply network

There is disparity in supply/demand position in various localities; requirement of additional of potable water.

The supply per capita should be increased from 90 lpcd to 135 lpcds per MoUD norms.

Improvements and rectifications in the distribution network

High extent of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) due to old and leaky pipelines –

Improvements and rectification in the distribution network.

Unreliability of supply hours, which often become erratic because of erratic

water supply.

Poor quality of drinking water. Should follow BIS 10500 standards for



drinking water quality.

Sewerage and

Drainage

Larger city area not covered with sewer network.

Illegal discharge of bio-medical liquid waste into drains and sewers without primary treatment.

Old sewers are choked and broken – contamination of ground water and drinking water.

Choked or overflowing sewers – connected to drains – contamination of drains.

Tendency to throw household waste has to be tackled.

Solid Waste

Estimations show that about 30 percent of bio-medical waste is getting mixed up with other type of MSW.

The dumping grounds, by roadside and elsewhere, are unhygienic and have deplorable look.

Disposal of waste into drains leads to choking of drains

Rains washed out part of garbage from these depots into drains and Nallas which lead to silting.

Mixing of Bio-medical and other forms of waste with municipal waste is a serious health hazard.

Lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source

Lack of scientific disposal of slaughter generated from slaughter houses.

Large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning activities

Shortage of staff and lack of motivation amongst the existing staff

As per recommendations of the CPHEEO Manual, city level water demand and sewage generation has

been projected considering 135 lpcd for residential requirements. This figure includes retail, non-domestic

consumption such as commercial development, but does not include non-residential bulk consumers like

large-scale industries, industrial estates, large institutions, etc. It also doesn't include UFW (Unaccounted

for Water). It is assumed that end of pipe consumption is 135 lpcd. Eighty percent of this quantity is taken

as sewage generation. Solid waste generation is taken as 400 gm. per capita as prescribed by CPHEEO

guidelines.

TABLE 39: Water Demand Projection

Projected

Projection

Population Water Demand

(MLD) (@ 150

lpcd)

Sewerage

Generation

(MLD) @ 80%

Solid Waste

Generation

(TPD)(@

0.45 kg per

capita)

2015 1,131,098 169.66 135.73 508.99

2020 1,247,605 187.14 149.71 561.42

2025 1,379,425 206.91 165.53 620.74

2030 1,528,567 229.29 183.43 687.86

2035 1,697,374 254.61 203.68 763.82

2040 1,888,574 283.29 226.63 849.86



2045 2,105,346 315.80 252.64 947.41

Waste Water Conveyance

Projected

Projection

Projected

Households

Street Collector

Sewers (1.50

m / HH)

Branch

Sewers (0.75

m / HH)

Trunk Sewers

(0.40 m / HH)

2015 226220 339329 169665 90488

2020 249521 374282 187141 99808

2025 275885 413827 206914 110354

2030 305713 458570 229285 122285

2035 339475 509212 254606 135790

2040 377715 566572 283286 151086

2045 421069 631604 315802 168428

5.4 SWOT Analysis

The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and

opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it can

therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The ideal

outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage of

external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that it is

simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a particular

strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential threats then it

can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT Analysis is the

foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely opportunities and threats

from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the sector that

affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which the sector operates helps in

forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-making

process of the particular sector in the context of Aligarh.

5.4.1 Water Supply

SWOT Analysis for Water Supply

Strengths

High table level of ground water.

Weaknesses

Poor piped water supply coverage

Leakages

Using private electric pumps to suck water

Illegal connections

Unwillingness to use water at the consumer

end due to contamination in the supply line



Water borne diseases due to poor quality of

water supplied

Opportunities

Rehabilitation of the existing

lines

IEC campaign to overcome

illegal connections from rising main

Improving the quality of

drinking water

IEC to bring forth change in the

mind set to go for Individual

metered connections

Threats

Poor services particularly in outskirts areas

Contamination due to household &

commercial liquid waste directly leading to

open drains and nallas

BIS 10500 water quality standards are not

followed

Source: ASCI, 2012

5.4.2 Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage

SWOT Analysis for Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage

Strengths

Extensive nalla and drain network

10 % city covered by sewer lines

Weaknesses

No STP

Black and gray water not treated

Household and commercial waste directly

lead to open drains and nallas

Opportunities

To plan sewerage network and STPs

IEC campaign against throwing

garbage in storm water drains

Threats

No treatment of waste water

Nallas /drains discharging in water bodies

Stagnated water bodies are major source

of pollution and health hazard

Source: ASCI, 2012

5.4.2.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

SWOT Analysis - Solid Waste Management

Strengths

New Integrated Solid waste Management

Project is under progress

Willingness to pay for the user charges

Weaknesses

Limited door to door collection

Gap between the waste generated

and collected in the city

Open dumping sites are located inside

the city

No system in place for tracking

the collection and



transportation of the waste

Opportunities

Effective IEC campaign to illustrate

and explain the hazards of unscientific

disposal of municipal waste can stop

the citizens from dumping the garbage

in open

Willingness to pay for the user

charges can be converted in educating

people to give the waste in a

segregated mNNAer

CBOs are more than willing to

participate in any sort of campaign to

improve the quality of life

Threats

Gap between generation and

collection has let large amount of

garbage in the city leading to

public health hazards

Open dumping of garbage is a

public health hazards

Source: ASCI, 2012

5.4.2.2 OPEN DEFECATION, COMMUNITY TOILETS AND PUBLIC TOILETS

SWOT Analysis - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets

Strengths

Community / Public toilets have been built for

the population of the cities

Weaknesses

No M & E system for tracking Open

Defecation

Few community toilets for large

slum population

Number of community toilets are in

unusable condition

Most of community toilets leading

waste to open drains

Opportunities

Increasing number of Community Toilets

would bring down the instances of open

defecation to a large extent

Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets

BOT models in building toilets have high

chances

IEC & Behavioural Change campaign can bring

down the cases of open defecation

Threats

Open Defecation has become a

major public health hazard

Mosquitoes leading to several

diseases and instances of skin

diseases

Source: ASCI, 2012

5.5 Key Potential Issues



5.5.1 Identification and Analysis of Key Potential Issues Using Matrix Method

Some of the prominent issues faced by Aligarh to maintain sanitation are put in a matrix to show their low

to high occurrence versus low to high consequences so as to prioritize solutions in CSP.

Impact Scale/

Priority Rank

I II III

I 1/1

Open Defecation

½

10%ewerage coverage and

No treatment of waste water

1/3

HH waste disposed

in open drains

II 2/1

Schools with poor

O&M of toilets

No public toilets at

commercial /market

places

2/2

No proper Fecal sludge

management of community and

public toilets and even at

household level (those using septic

tank)

Low drinking water quality No

proper maintenance of

Institutional toilets

2/3

Slaughter house

waste disposal into

open/nallas

Industrial waste

disposal into nallas

without primary

treatment

III 3/1

Poor arrangements

of operation and

maintenance of

both community and

public toilets

3/2

Limited door to door collection of

HH waste

Unscientific disposal of liquid

waste and faecal sludge from

hospitals, community toilets and

public toilets

3/3

Encroachments,

waste dump sites -

water bodies

Source: ASCI, 2012

The existing situation of the city i.e. key problems are listed out – further, analysis for their

consequences and their impacts. A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that need to

be addressed by NNA.



5.5.2 Prioritizing the Identified Potential Issues Using Matrix Method

PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX

METHOD:

Impact Scale/

Priority Rank

I II III

I 1/1

Individual toilets

Community toilets

1/2

Strom water drainage

1/3

Sewerage system

II 2/1

Public toilets

School sanitation

2/2

Fecal sludge

management

Water Quality

Institutional toilets

2/3

Proper disposal of

slaughter

house waste

III 3/1

O&M arrangements of

community toilets

3/2

Solid waste

management

Proper disposal of

BMW

3/3

Upkeep/maintenance

of water bodies

Source: ASCI, 2012



CHAPTER 6. IEC AND AWARENESS CAMPAIGN

6.1 Introduction

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Communication strategy are integral to the core

issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet effective

awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to trigger

behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in

improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It

will evolve a method, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic,

folk) including advocacy with opinion leaders NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver

awareness strategy in the city. The experience of previous awareness programmes organized in the

city has also been taken into account to integrate the innovative ideas and strategies used.

6.2 Objectives

The objective of IEC & Communication Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of sustainable

programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and enhanced

awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in Aligarh City. The

strategy is designed to:

Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA) through training and

capacity building;

Evolve methodology to sensitize public for adopting water wastage minimization,

segregation & management of solid waste and open defecation free practices through IEC

campaign.

By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and consultations is

fostered leading to participation

6.3 Communication Methodology

Water and sanitation services in UP cities face specific challenges. Aligarh is an industrial city and

there is large population of industrial workers. Migrants come and live in Aligarh for varying periods

of time. Water and sanitation challenges faced by the city due to massive influx of people list high

among the concerns expressed by citizens; These pose challenges to the city administration with

respect to toilets, solid waste management and water supply. National sanitation rankings survey has

ranked Aligarh low at 227 with 33.83 points out of 423 cities of India. Moreover, the city faces the

major challenges in water and sanitation and needs due attention for improving the sanitation

situation. It was found that communication is a crucial element in improving service delivery standards.

However, apart from educating citizens on health and hygiene, improving municipal processes by

way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal. Without citizen inputs right

from the design stage implementation of water and sanitation projects risk failure; Communication

Needs Assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information, Education and

Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services –

(1) Awareness, (2) Process and (3) Compliance.

While it is generally understood that these stages would lead to better citizen participation in the

schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders to be appraised of them from their own specific

stand points. Awareness includes an understanding of health and hygiene related education

specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal leaders about the

problems face by all the residents including slum and middle class households, sanitation workers. This

awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, we propose that open and specific appraisals be

carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to

create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could include citizen



participation in community toilet maintenance, outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private

partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing citizen grievance resolution

systems to name a few.

A consolidation of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the rules. As

system of „incentivizing‟ desirable behaviors and weeding out undesirable behaviors must be

developed, these programmes, processes and goals will be set by the urban local body.

The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as the

strategy to go with expansion of infrastructure. Following steps were identified before visiting the

field:

Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication

Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks.

Topic Guides prepared for each stakeholder group.

Data Collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out.

These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs assessment

for Aligarh. Case study approach offers the best possible method for evolving a Information,

Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. As the city is large a random sample

based survey will cost a lot and will be labor intensive - Such as survey is likely to conceal extreme

situations within a large city. A case study approach utilizing information sampling can reveal much

more through discussions with citizens on the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.

Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and

implementation of communications strategies. These include the followings:

Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers,

Corporators, Community elders,

City media: newspapers reporters,

RWA office bearers,

NGOs,

Safaikaramcharies union office bearers,

Heads of Commercial establishments and shopkeepers, including public Places such as bus stands

Slum /LIG/MIG/HIG areas residents

School student, teachers, employees etc.

Hospital employees and doctors

Residents, establishments and NNA officials; Resident include all those living within city municipal

limits; they can be classified as HIG, MIG, LIG and slum dwellers. Shop keepers and commercial

establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market and industrial waste.

FGDs, Transect Walks, Interview/Discussion: In Aligarh city, 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) and

various transect walks with slum residents in various parts of the city were conducted. Interview and

discussions included officials from various departments, councilors, elected members of industrial

association, residents in middle class areas, sanitation workers, NGOs involved in water and

sanitation sector, shopkeepers, media persons etc. Locations for FGDs must be selected to represent

the variety of samples. Slum locations can be classified based on local knowledge. Generally, slums in

outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. Aligarh city is having old town areas

with predominantly Muslim populations- this represents diversity in terms of demography. Similarly

there are slum with predominant SC or ST populations. Slums along railway lines and those along

water main pipelines form an essential typology. Vicinity to industry constitutes another significant

parameter.



6.4 Probes for Field Trips and FGDs

Residents Including Slum Residents

Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding ill-

effects of lack of sanitation

ODF, Hand washing, SWM, water logging, community and individual toilet use etc

Awareness regarding government policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP, SUDA,

DUDA, Sources and channels of such knowledge and communication

Awareness regarding technical options such as Toilet options

Willingness to upgrade: financial and behavioral constraints

Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, Agencies that carried the

campaign and learning‟s from the campaign

Activities of local SHG's and other community organization, areas of engagement, in non-slum

areas - check for RWAs

Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc (also in non-slum areas)

Information regarding demography of the slum, Quality of water supply (also in non-slum areas),

(To be gathered from surveys)

Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal with

water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to NNA, extent of

satisfaction with current arrangement of civic services.

FOCUS GROUPED DISCUSSIONS AT NAGLA ASHIK ALI

Source: ASCI Primary survey 2011-12

NNA Officials



Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP

Channels of communication are at ULB‟s disposal, Extent to which these channels are being

exploited

Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in implementing Water

and Sanitation schemes

M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible

patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal

Details of any specific communication campaign being take up, Content, Channels used,

budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media

Kinds of training are given to safaikaramcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their

satisfaction at what has been provided

Commercial Establishment and Public Places

Observation regarding sanitation is these places

Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as segregation, shopkeeper

participation

O&M, regular upkeep of public places

Major Complaints, redressal mechanisms, willingness to participate

Residents often refer to Aligarh city as „the armpit of Uttar Pradesh‟ due to widespread

pollution.

Aligarh is an industrial city with hazardous waste producing steel and iron industry.

6.5 Problem Analysis

6.5.1 Open Defecation:

A glaring example of a sustained IEC campaign bearing fruit can be found in the Bhojpura, Turkman

gate -slum commercial area, Nagla Aashik Ali, Mulla Padha, Jamalpur and other malan bastis. Most

of the residents of these slum areas particularly men and children are defecating in the open areas

or drains. It is noticed that women folks particularly from muslim community are using the temporary

constructed toilets locally known as KHUDIS.

6.5.2 Community Toilets

Community toilets need better operations and maintenance. Most of the community toilets in the city

are plagued with issues like dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks,

broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance person. The areas with

sub-standard community toilets are – Turkman Gate, Nagla Aashik Ali, Bhojpura, Mulla Padha, etc.

Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in proximity of community toilets are a common sight. It is

essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets

would need the following measures. In worst case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire

toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats

and doors need to be repaired. Operation and Maintenance of toilets assumes significance in the

context of promoting toilet usage. Where the toilets are not maintained well people tend to go back

to the habit of open defecation. Cleaner community toilets with community participation in

maintenance of toilets and its operations will help better toilet usage. An IEC campaign involving

local NGOs, SHGs, NNA officials etc is required.



6.5.3 Public Toilets:

In terms of the infrastructure, the public toilets are in a good condition especially when compared to

community toilets; however, they are inadequate in number compared to the demand based on the

visitors‟ footfall. However, most of the 09 public toilets/urinals in Aligarh built on its main roads are

not operational through the day. Some operators complain lack of public use forcing them to keep in

shut while some others do not seem to have a maintenance person. Operation and maintenance issues

need to be sorted out by the NNA.

6.5.4 Underground Sewerage System

Underground sewerage system is plagued by problems especially in slum areas. For example in

main city area underground sewage system is dysfunctional and no connection has been given. There

are internal and external engineering issues. There is a need to develop a STP. Internally the lanes

and by lanes in slums are so small that it is very difficult to lay the line with so many bends. Even if

these are laid the line will be prone to frequent clogging. Clogging of UGS will become a regular

maintenance problem for them

6.5.5 Solid Waste Management:

Solid waste management is one area where Aligarh can make gains. Aligarh‟s public places, markets

are marked by the unsanitary scenes of garbage dumps. Garbage collection points are typically

overflowing garbage. Local shopkeepers burn the waste generated by them at the source. Solid

waste management has been awarded to a private concessionaire under a BOOT project, but there

is still a wide gap in waste being generated and being safely disposed

6.5.6 Water Supply:

Public support is important to control leakages. In areas such as Bhojpura connection taken directly

from the raising mains caters to entire communities. There is ample scope for public awareness, as

most people don‟t seem to bother as of now. Due to supply shortages Hand pumps have been

provided by the NNA are preferred over supply water for drinking purposes. Illegal connection and

resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common that it has the effect of supplying contaminated

water to Aligarh. In such a scenario it is not unusual that people of Aligarh do not drink the supply

water. They take water from hand pumps to drink and from the piped supply for domestic use.

6.5.7 Other issues:

6.5.7.1 COMMERCIAL AREAS

Commercial areas and markets are lacking in toilets. Several shop complexes share a common toilet

facility. Sweeping is regular on daily basis but waste piles up fast in the busy commercial streets.

Shops in Railway Road and area are coexisting with small scale industries and lock factories. This

poses a major challenge for solid waste management

6.5.7.2 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Aligarh is having large number of small scale industrial units. This is a thriving business and

employment avenue for the poor urban people and most of these units are located near the slum

areas of the city. Most of these small scale units are discharging their industrial hazardous waste

untreated in the drains or dumping in open sites. There is a need to educate the workers of these

small scale units about the scientific disposal of the waste.

6.5.7.3 LOCK FACTORIES

Bhojpura area is home to several lock factories in Aligarh. The nearby nalas and water body in the

middle of this area is collecting most the waste of the Bhojpura area. The solid waste is burnt and the

intoxicating fumes have to be put out by residents living over the shops. The nalas are cleaned by

municipality at irregular intervals such as once in a year before the id festival.



6.6 Sanitation Consciousness – Current Status of Services and

Behaviours

As noted in the methodology section slum locations can be classified based on local knowledge.

Generally, slums in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. Some cities have old

town areas with predominantly Muslim populations- this represents diversity in terms of demography.

Similarly there are slums with predominant SC or ST populations especially in the outskirts of Aligarh.

Slums along railway lines and those along water pipeline as Naga Aashik Ali form an essential

typology. Based on these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their

behavioral patterns –

STAKEHOLDER

GROUPS

AREAS OF HABITATION SOCIO-CULTURAL/BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS

SLUMS OUTSKIRTS Nagla Jamalpur,

Firdous Nagar,

Nagla Aashik Ali,

Bhojpura, Ambedkar

Colony etc Other

areas as marked

on the map.

Open defecation is prevalent.

In Bhojpura, Nagla Aashik Ali slum areas, there is

need for perceptible change in people‟s behaviour.

Street plays involving children can be staged as means

Of educating people about toilet use, hand wash,

segregation of waste etc.

Houses in these areas have not been given permission to

build toilets because these are not notified slum areas.

Most community toilets in these areas are in a state of

neglect and have fallen to disuse.

There is no provision of door to door collection but residents

throw garbage in the open areas

People by and large have tapped into the water supply

rising main. Most of these slum areas do not have

access to to pipe water because of lacking piping network.

SLUMS INNER CITY Nagla Nikona, Gandhi

Park and other such

Areas as marked

on the map.

This area is marked with community toilets with several

operation and maintenance challenges.

Open defecation by children in drains and open

spaces is common.

Water scarcity and poor state of community toilets forces

elders also to defecate in open but, it is not very common.

Some toilets do not have water of electricity connection with broken toilet seats force people to defecate in vicinity.

People are in some ways constrained in going out to

defecate in the inner city areas. Open areas such as

designated Public Park lands have become open

defecation spots.

Some community toilets near railway line leave overflowing

waste from septic tanks into open drains. Slums along the



STAKEHOLDER

GROUPS

AREAS OF HABITATION SOCIO-CULTURAL/BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS

railway line have serious and peculiar problems.

People defecating along the railway line are prone to

significant risks. Some people in the area especially elderly

have lost their lives and limbs in the process.

Community toilets in inner city slum are by and large in a

state of neglect. Some fall in disuse soon after building.

Pigs stray in and around community toilets.

Hygiene and sanitation awareness of residents is lacking

Open defecation is normal practice.

SHOPKEEPERS Commercial Areas/

Public Places: and

other areas on map

Aligarh is commercial and industrial town. It is know for lock peta and iron works. Both these industries are sources of pollution.

Most shopkeepers complain about the waste generated by peta factories and polluting the area.

Slaughter houses in this area throw animal waste in the

nala. The nala is cleaned by NNA at irregular intervals such as once in a year before the Id festival.

HIG RESIDENTS Areas locatable on

map

Residents of this area have UGD connections.

Irregular water supply is a major issue for the residents.

Some recent surveys have been undertaken to monitor water supply quality and quantity in this area.

LIG RESIDENTS All other Residential

areas.

Marked by individual toilets, regular sweeping of street, occasional clearing of drains.

Residents tend to install motors to draw up water to first and second floors. These motors are attached directly to the supply pipe posing problems to those down the line.

MUNICIPAL

OFFICIALS

City Wide Fogging activities are being taken up in malaria prone areas.

Officials should call meetings with SHGs and

shopkeepers specially butchers to raise awareness about

hygiene and to promote safe practices.

Municipal officials need help to enhance their capacities for

better implementation of projects.

A better co-ordination between various departments

such as water department is required.

New public toilets on the main roads are falling into

disuse- municipality needs to look into this.



6.7 Messages for Stakeholders

National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India

has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multi-

stakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs,

media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of

Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by Corporators of the concerned wards and comprising

members from NNA, office bearers of RWAs, safai karamcharies is recommended. The messages

that need to be put across to the stakeholders are presented Table … below –

TARGET AUDIENCE MESSAGES/THEMES CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION

Councilors/ Commissioner/ Engineers

Sanitary use of Community Toilets Organise walks of NNA officials around the slum areas to dispel mistrust specially for the slum residents

Status of community toilets

How the toilets should be designed for social acceptance

Promoting septic tank latrines in slum areas

CSTF meetings, CSP workshops

How to ensure compliance from people, rewards/punishments

Newspaper advertisements, calling for meeting/participating in transect walks

Better implementation of sanitation projects

Press conferences- sharing the goals and plan of action for CSP with press persons

Safe handling of garbage by sanitation workers

Short films on best practices- SWM, Water & Sanitation etc.

Councilors, Office Bearers, Slum Resident Federations representing Slums in inner City

Consultations on preventing open defecation

Organise walk around slum area with local councilors or NNA officials, RWA etc. Improved sanitation and

hygienic practices in community toilets, hand washing etc.

Safe disposal of human excreta

Contamination due to fecal matter

Do not burn garbage

Segregation of household waste, and disposal in designated bins

Health and hygiene

Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies

Consultation on problems with current toilets, taking stock of the community toilets status

Door to door campaign

Consultation on water supply situation

Newspaper advertisements, calling for meeting at ward level

Consultation on environmental sanitation

Press conference

Councilors, Office

Bearers: Slum

Resident Federations

Representing Slums in City

Outskirts

Consultation on land tenure, voter ID card address related issues

Organize meetings with local councilor or NNA officials

Consultation on problems with community toilets, household toilets, hand washing

Improved sanitation and hygienic practices in community toilets




Health risks due to open defecation

Toilet options two pit, septic tank RWA meeting with local councilor and NNA officials

Safe disposal of human excreta Door to door campaign

Health and hygiene, Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies etc

Newspaper & cable TV advertisement, posters etc.

Consultation on water scarcity,

water quality problems etc

Press conference by NNA officials

Office Bearers: of Residents

Welfare Association

Middleclass Localities

Consultation on problems with

Public/community toilets

RWA meetings with concerned

NNA officials

Consultation on septic tank cleaning

Consultation on environmental sanitation

Door to door campaigning

Consultation of water supply situation

Newspaper & cable TV advertisements

Consultation of willingness to pay for user charges for solid waste

Press conference by NNA officials

Meetings with RWA officials

Water and Sanitation

Officials

Display numbers of responsible officials esp. Sanitation Inspectors prominently in their Zones

Printed pamphlets given with newspapers, newspaper & cable TV advertisements, painting on elevated/underground reservoirs

Establish grievance redressal mechanism.

Print the phone numbers of responsible NNA officials on the municipal garbage tractors

Emphasis on time bound resolution of public grievances

NNA officials

Water and Sanitation

Workers

Importance of safe handling of waste

Meetings and workshops to include NGO and A2Z company employees along with NNA workers

Do not burn garbage

Do not dump garbage on roads leading to dump yard

Educating people on waste segregation

Shopkeepers/ Commercial/ Industrial/ Slaughterhouses

Do not dump garbage in by-lanes Meeting of the local shopkeeper associations to sort out the problems among themselves, meeting with NNA officials and councilors.

If you need to dispose hazardous waste call the municipality and ask for a tractor.

Slaughter house waste

disposal consolations

Specific meetings with owner of

slaughter houses on waste disposal

City Wide Keep house and neighborhood

Neat & clean

Road side billboards

Keep your community toilets clean

Boil/filter the water before drinking Newspaper, radio and TV ads

Wash your hands before and City Cable TV ads




after eating/drinking

Don‟t allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighborhood

Press conference

Immunize children Know your city and transect

walks

Don‟t share clothes of persons infected with skin diseases

Short films for screening in local theatres etc.



CHAPTER 7. SECTOR SPECIFIC STRATEGIES

Topics of Discussion

City-Level Vision and Goals of Aligarh CSP

City-Level Problem Areas, Strategy and Recommendations

City-Level Action Plans

o Technology

o Finance

o Institution & Governance

o Capacity Enhancement and Awareness

o Inclusiveness

The key challenge looming large at the cities is devising an implementation strategy for the City Sanitation Plan (CSP). The development of the implementation strategy entails detailed planning; initiatives supported by incentives, guidance system / sound financial systems; innovations; context specific solutions, prioritization; supportive context; and most importantly, ownership and leadership. The prime responsibility of implementation of the CSP rests with Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA), however, it is imperative that NNA shall engineer and institutionalize the collaborative efforts of all stakeholders involved to help achieve the defined goals as part of the implementation strategy.

The implementation strategy is evolved based on the detailed analysis of the situation in the major sectors of sanitation namely; (a) sewerage; (b) access to sanitation – toilets; (c) storm water and (d) solid waste (please refer to Chapters 3 and 4). The sanitation mapping, initial and final analysis of the baseline data, and projection of demand for various sanitation services in the defined sectors have helped identify the level of deficiency in respect of sanitation in Aligarh.

A broad city level strategy for implementation of the City Sanitation Plan for Aligarh is outlined along the five strategic intervention domains namely, (1) Technology Options; (2) Financial Options; (3) Institutional and Governance Options; (4) Capacity Enhancement and Awareness Generation Options; and (5) Inclusive Approach.

7.1 City-Level Vision and Goals of Al igarh CSP

Vision Statement - “Aligarh shall be environmentally safe and totally sanitized & liveable city so as to ensure good public health standards, human dignity, and privacy for all citizens”

The broad goals for Aligarh City shall reflect thus -

Goal 1 - The entire population of the city shall have access to toilets in the form of either individual toilets, shared toilets or community toilets, with adequate water supply by 2017;

Goal 2 -All major public places shall have adequate number of public toilets in fully serviceable condition by the year 2017;

Goal 3 -The quality of drinking water shall be improved and the entire population shall have access to quality drinking water by the year 2017;

Goal 4 -All the households shall be connected to the sewerage network, centralized or decentralized by the year 2025

Goal 5 – All the waste water generated in the city shall be collected and conveyed through an appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to acceptable quality levels and disposed, recycled or reused by the year 2025;

Goal 6 -All households as well as non-residential users shall have access either to a door-to-door collection of garbage or to a secondary collection facility within easy accessible distance by the year 2015;

Goal 7 -All the solid waste generated in the city shall be segregated, collected, transported and either processed for reuse or disposed of in a sanitary landfill by the year 2015;



Goal 8 -The entire sanitation system as visualized above is socially, environmentally and economically sustainable and effectively managed by a capable team in the municipality, maintaining adequate standards of safety for the workers.

7.1.1 Guiding Principles

The guiding principles for the realization of the vision and hence the defined goals as articulated above are enumerated below –

Equity

Sustainability – Technical, Financial, and Environmental

Transparency

Local Adaptability

Improved Public Heath

Inclusiveness

7.1.2 Framework

The National Urban Sanitation Policy, Uttar Pradesh Urban Sanitation Strategy, and the National Rating and Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities by Government of India, provide a good framework for defining the guidelines to prepare the City Sanitation Plan and its implementation strategy.

TABLE 40: Indicators & Guidelines for CSP

INDICATORS AS PER NUSP 2008

GUIDELINES FOR CSP

OUTPUT RELATED Proposals to provide safe access to household sanitation and serve entire population by toilets

Proposals for safe disposal of waste water, storm water and solid waste

Proposals to meet the national standards for safe disposal of liquid and solid wastes

PROCESS RELATED Proposals to ensure the efficient design of the system in conformity with applicable rules and regulations

Proposals to ensure clear devolution of responsibility and accountability in the institutional system

Proposals to ensure competent documentation of the operational and monitoring systems

Proposals to ensure the formulation of prudent sanctions for deviances / violations of the system both at individual / institutional level and ensure the enactment

OUTCOME RELATED Proposals to ensure the systems facilitate and sustain good public health and environmental conditions

7.1.3 Timeline

The system shall be designed under the broad framework as per the guidelines for a design period of 30 years; however, the planning shall entail the implementation of the design in phases to meet the ultimate goals of the CSP.

The phased approach aims to navigate through the challenges posed by the limitations in investments, institutional capacities, and community engagement in a proficient manner. The phases and the corresponding timelines are defined as stated below –



TABLE 41: PHASES & TIMELINES FOR CITY SANITATION STRATEGY

PHASE YEAR

IMMEDIATE-TERM 2013 - 2016

SHORT-TERM 2013 - 2018

MID-TERM 2013 - 2030

LONG-TERM 2013 - 2043

TABLE 42: ASSUMPTIONS FOR STRATEGIC PLANNING

PHASE/YEAR

SHORT-TERM 2013 - 2018

MID-TERM 2019 - 2030

LONG-TERM 2031 - 2043

ASSU

MPTIO

NS

ASSU

MPTIO

NS

Efforts initiated to eradicate slums and award land tenure and achievement of eradication of slums and award of land-tenure - regular small houses replace slum

settlements

Regular Houses for all Regular Houses for all

Efforts initiated towards public outreach and education and 80% literacy rate is achieved

90% Literacy rate is achieved 95% Literacy rate is achieved

Efforts initiated to generate awareness campaigns to promote better hygiene and sanitation practices

Citizens adopt the better hygiene and sanitation practices and sustain the systems

Citizens adopt the better hygiene and sanitation practices and sustain the systems

Efforts initiated to regularize the participatory planning and budgeting

Participatory planning institutionalized

Participatory planning institutionalized

Efforts Initiated to enhance employment rates through local adaptivity and productivity and 70% of the population is employed and has regular income

90% of the population is employed and has regular income

100% of the population is employed and has regular income

Efforts initiated to promote 3R Principle - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle and citizens adopt the 3R Principle - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle in all sectors.

Water Conservation practices are prevalent; Storm Water Source Control Mechanism are regularized; Reduction/Reuse/Recycle of liquid/solid waste is achieved

Water Conservation practices are prevalent; Storm Water Source Control Mechanism are regularized; Reduction/Reuse/Recycle of liquid/solid waste is achieved

Efforts initiated to provide 135 lpcd water supply to all citizens and water connections to all has been achieved.

Water connections to all has been achieved and 135 lpcd water supply is achieved

Water connections to all has been achieved and 135 lpcd water supply is achieved

Source: ASCI, 2011-12

7.2 City-Level Crit ical Problem Areas, Strategy and Recommendations

7.2.1 Sewerage Management

7.2.1.1. CRITICAL PROBLEM AREAS

CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 1 – There is limited sewerage network in the city and No STP. CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 2 – Total sewage generated in the city is untreated leading to environmental pollution and health hazards. CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 3 – Adverse risk to public health due to improper and non-compliant septic tanks and septage management leading to contamination of water bodies/water supply distribution system and incidences of water borne diseases. Manual Scavenging has also been observed.



7.2.2 Strategy

Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the sewerage sector and the identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term phases of the city sanitation planning.

TABLE 43: TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS IN SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT SECTOR

COMPONENT OF SERVICE

DESIRED LEVEL OF SERVICE

DELIVERY

EXISTING LEVEL OF SERVICE

DELIVERY

TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS

IMMEDIATE-TERM

2013-2016

SHORT-TERM

2013-2018

MID-TERM 2013-2030

LONG-TERM 2013-2043

Collection of Waste Water

Coverage of sewer network (% of city area)

100% 10% 30% 50% 100% 100%

Collection efficiency of waste water

100% 10% 20% 50% 100% 100%

Extent of reuse and recycling of treated water

100% 0% 25% 50% 100% 100%

Conveyance of waste water

100% 0% 20% 50% 100% 100%

Treatment capacity of STPs

100% 0% 20% 50% 100% 100%

Cost Recovery

Extent of cost recovery 100% 0% 20% 50 % 100% 100%

Efficiency in collection of sewage charges

100% 0% 80% 100% 100% 100%

Customer Service

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80% 10% 20% 50% 80% 100%

Source: ASCI 2011-12

The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include the sewerage network system for use in the immediate phase while engaging in the assessment of further requirement in both the sewer network coverage and treatment and disposal systems. The possibility of a judicious blend of centralized and decentralized systems to meet the demands of the city shall be thoroughly investigated. The technology and service delivery options shall be designed to ensure the sewerage is managed efficiently through the entire cycle of operations originating at the generation of wastewater and culminating in the ultimate disposal.

All stages of the complete cycle are carefully planned to extend services to the entire city population cutting across all sections of the society and all levels of the settlements. The several options are designed with a focus on energy efficiency and overall sustainability of the system, keeping in mind the existing limitations of technical, financial and social capacities of NNA. The service delivery options shall enmesh the community participation and NGO involvement to complement NNA capacities.

Given the fact that the city is largely characterized by population with a low awareness in terms of the available sewerage management services and also the adverse impacts of the current malpractices leading to disintegration of health and environment; hence the proposals shall bear in mind the requirement for generation of awareness in the community alongside the provision for educating theses masses. This approach shall ensure sustainability of the proposed systems. Refer to Chapter 6 for IEC & Awareness Campaign strategy.



7.2.3 Design Premises

The proposals shall be based on the following parameters –

Projected Populations and Households

Existing Situation vis-à-vis the Key Issues at Ward Level

Projected Sewerage Generation

Existing Institutional Capacities

Existing Financial Capacities

Table below represents the design inputs for the development of the sewerage management system with respect to the projected populations considering the growth and development patterns within the city –

TABLE 44: DESIGN INPUTS - SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Projected Projection

Population Water Demand (MLD) (@ 150

lpcd)

Sewerage Generation

(MLD) @ 80% of water demand

Solid Waste Generation

(TPD)@ 0.4 kg per capita

2015 1,131,098 169.66 135.73 508.99

2020 1,247,605 187.14 149.71 561.42

2025 1,379,425 206.91 165.53 620.74

2030 1,528,567 229.29 183.43 687.86

2035 1,697,374 254.61 203.68 763.82

2040 1,888,574 283.29 226.63 849.86

2045 2,105,346 315.80 252.64 947.41

Source: ASCI 2011-12

With increase in population there would be a tremendous increase in septage generation, for which the present treatment and disposal capacities may not be adequately furnishing the need. Sewage management has to be taken care as soon as possible for future and more critically for present. Refer Annexure 13 for the detailed overview of Septage Management.

7.2.3.1.1 Design Phases

TABLE 45: PHASE WISE DESIGN COMPONENTS OF CSP

PHASE DESIGN COMPONENTS

IMMEDIATE-TERM (2013-2016)

Sewage network feasibility study;

Connections to the households;

Initiate primary collection and conveyance system ;

Initiate sewage management system;

Initiate to make DPR for sewerage network.

SHORT-TERM (2013-2018)

Finalize collections to households and the conveyance system;

Implement STP for sewerage network;

Septage treatment & disposal

MID-TERM (2013-2030)

Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population;




Replacements of components and operation & maintenance.

LONG-TERM (2013-2043)

Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population

Replacements of components and operation & maintenance.

7.2.3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

7.2.3.2.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 1 – „The coverage of sewerage network in

the city is grossly deficient and the willingness of households to connect is

low‟

Immediate Action Directives

As an immediate measure it is recommended that NNA release a „tender‟ requesting expression of interest and subsequent award of the contract of building of sewerage network and pumping stations to a Private Service Provider (PSP) on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis.

Feasibility Study

Feasibility study shall be conducted to investigate the suitability of technologies in the decentralized systems or onsite solution in the city based on (1) area available within the city, (2) topography and gradient – ease and energy efficient sewer network development potential, (3) population densities – present and future, (4) hydraulic and organic load, (5) energy efficiency and financial considerations, (6) recycle and reuse potential, (7) waste to energy considerations, (8) carbon-credits and Clean Development Mechanism value assessment potential, (9) financing and operation models and (10) willingness of households to adopt, operate/maintain the system and user charges

DPR

Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare a DPR to conceptualize and design the decentralized systems in the city which shall also include - (1) design of streamlined connection mechanism , along with the master map of the conveyance system, supporting reliable collection service (2) development of capacity management, operation & maintenance program (CMOM) and Sewer Connection Assessment Program (SCAP).

Administrative and Regulatory Measures

Institutionalizing of the Household Connection Mechanism–The connection will be undertaken by certified plumper, who is authorized by NNA. Training courses for the plumber is to be organized by NNA at the end of which the „certification and license‟ shall be provided.

Institutionalizing Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Mechanisms – M&E mechanisms for the design implementation/asset development as well as operation & maintenance of the assets shall be developed under the technical wing of NNA supported by a dedicated team of engineers and laborers to handle the O&M of the system. „Training and certification‟ of the technical team and laborers shall be organized by NNA which shall include the use of sophisticated instrumentation required for the O&M.

Develop and Regularize Municipal Bye-Law– Municipal Bye-Laws or Building Codes shall be introduced to make connectivity mandatory for grounds situated in a defined distance from the next sewer line. Grounds, with exceeding distance maybe allowed installing onsite systems. Connectivity applies for all black or grey water outlets.

Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better hygienic and sanitation practices and also advocate the efficiency and benefits of the sewerage management systems designed for the community. Through the campaigns, NNA shall encourage the residents to connect to the existing and proposed network through financially sustainable mechanisms and cross-subsidy mechanisms;



Ring Fence Sector Specific Budgets–Budgets shall be established and the dedicated Sewerage Sectoral Unit under the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the communities) in order to promote efficient „cost recovery mechanisms‟. „Impact benefit tax‟ is also proposed to be levied upon regularization of services.

Establish Connection Fee – Each ground will be provided with a nominal connection fee, which is to be reinvested into the system for capital investment and not for O&M cost. Connection for lower income groups shall be subsidized.

7.2.3.2.2 Solution for the Critical Problem 2 – „The sewage treatment and disposal

system in the city is lacking and the total sewage generated in the city is

untreated leading to environmental pollution and health hazards‟


As an immediate measure it is recommended that NNA to finalise the first phase in Sewerage till the 2016 and starts second phase immediately, in this manner the target would be 2030 to get the full coverage of sewer connections in the city – (1) built STP to meet the demands of the short-term phase with a horizon of year 2018.


Establishing Dedicated Sectoral Unit – It is recommended to establish a „dedicated unit for Sewerage Sector‟ under the Sanitation Department. The technical wing and the O&M unit developed under this sectoral unit shall be managed by technically competent resources certified through institutionalized „training and certification‟ programs to handle O&M and M&E ;

Institutionalizing Capacity Building – „Training calendar‟ shall be developed and regular training programs shall be conducted to upgrade the skills of the resources in technical and O&M wing in accordance with the calendar schedule; „vocational training units‟ shall be established to train the community to participate in the O&M of the sewerage systems in their locality;

Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better hygienic and sanitation practices and also advocate the efficiency and benefits of the sewerage management systems designed for the community. Through the campaigns, NNA shall „encourage the community to participate in the O&M‟ activities/plan of the sewerage systems in their respective areas;

Establish Cost Recovery Mechanisms – Effective „cost and tariff structures‟ shall be institutionalized, impact benefit taxes shall be designed and imposed on the citizens to meet the O&M expenses and if feasible capital costs as well, hence ensuring the financial viability.

7.2.3.2.3 Solution for the Critical Problem 3 – „Adverse risk to public health due to

improper and non-compliant septic tanks and septage management leading

to contamination of water bodies/water supply distribution system and

incidences of water borne diseases‟

Feasibility Study

In order to establish a sustainable sewage clearance and management system for the city, a study shall be conducted to assess the possibility of integrating the sewage management into the sewerage or the solid waste management system. It may be recommended to strategize the management separately for the existing and the future septic tanks.

„Premises‟ 1– The septage clearance from the existing septic tanks shall be integrated with the solid waste management primary collection system and the sewage either disposed to the solid



waste management facility or the STP site. The sewage treatment again shall be integrated either with the solid waste treatment or the sewerage treatment process.

„Premises‟2 – The septage clearance from the future septic tanks shall be integrated into the sewerage network system, while the sewage treatment shall be integrated either with the solid waste treatment or the sewerage treatment process.

The scope of the feasibility study shall include –

Assessment of the ward wise demand for de sludging facilities and the feasibility of separation of black and grey water;

Assessment of the sewage characteristics in ward-wise and sewerage zone-wise manner in the city so its potential of integration into sewerage treatment or solid waste treatment may be established;

Assessment of the potential of use of septic tanks as interceptor tanks for the sewerage systems – assess the design options of septic tanks for the new constructions so connection to the sewer network is feasible;

Assessment of the potential of the waste to energy options to ascertain the viability of the integration of sewage treatment into the sewerage or solid waste treatment process

Assessment of the vehicle options to collect sewage along with solid waste to make the system more financially viable and sustainable.

DPR

Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare a DPR for the – (a) rehabilitative and up-gradation works of the existing septic tanks and (b) planning and design of the new sewage management system that shall integrate the sewage management with either sewerage or solid waste management. The scope shall include – (1) Procedures for rehabilitation of septic tanks to arrest seepage as well as upgradation into interceptor tanks to integrate into proposed off-site sewerage system , (2) develop design guidelines for eth septic tanks to be adopted by the city so sewage management system including clearance & treatment gradually can be integrated into the future/proposed off-site sewerage system(s) or solid waste systems, (3) develop GIS based asset registry system for sewage management and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M&E system - this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.


Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be developed and conducted to propagate the benefits of integration of the existing septic tanks into the off-site sewerage systems so it may increase the acceptance of the procedures by the community and their willingness to pay for the management services may be reinforced;

Regularize Municipal Bye-Laws and Building Codes – Municipal bye-laws and building codes shall be developed and enforcing mechanism shall be institutionalized by NNA to promote sustainable septage management system for the city. The directive shall (1) mandate the stringent compliance mechanism for the design of septic tanks along with the approval of new constructions; (2) Regulatory oversight mechanisms to penalize the citizens violating the establishing regulation and standards; (3) Approve construction of septic tanks only if CPHEEO guidelines are followed (certification mechanism), which include - (i) includes only the discharge of black water (toilets), (ii) does not exceed population density of 300 capita/hectare, (iii) exclude use of soak pits in areas with impermeable soil, hard rock or high groundwater table.

Institutionalize Incentive Schemes–Incentives shall be introduced in the form of property tax rebates in order to achieve connectivity (can be linked with sewerage issue!)



7.2.2 Access to Toilets

7.2.2.2 CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA

CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 4 - Inadequate number and inappropriately designed, operated and maintained individual and community toilets in urban poor areas leading to open defecation and eventual health and environmental risks.

7.2.2.3 STRATEGY

Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the access to toilet sector and the identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term phases of the city sanitation planning.

The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include the rehabilitation and up gradation of the existing sanitary facilities for use in the immediate phase while engaging in the assessment of further requirement in the individual and community category as well as toilets in municipal schools, commercial and market areas.

Given the fact that the city is largely characterized by population with a low awareness in terms of the available sewerage management services and also the adverse impacts of the current malpractices leading to disintegration of health and environment; hence the proposals shall bear in mind the requirement for generation of awareness in the community alongside the provision for educating theses masses. This approach shall ensure sustainability of the proposed systems. Refer to Chapter 6 for IEC & Awareness Campaign strategy.

7.2.2.3.1 Design Premises

The proposals shall be based on the following parameters –

The Population Densities

Development Pattern of the City – Present & Future Land-Use

Opportunities of means of livelihood

Existing Institutional Capacities

Existing Financial Capacities

Existing Situation vis-à-vis the Key Issues at Ward Level

Based on the primary survey and the focus group discussions conducted in the slum areas the following assumptions have been defined to strategize the improvement of access to toilets –

TABLE 46: ASSUMPTIONS FOR PROVISION OF TOILET FACILITIES IN SLUM AREAS

PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT ACCESS TO TOILETS

STRATEGY

30% Develop individual toilets with support of different schemes ILCS/RAY/BSUP

25% Develop shared toilets - 1 toilet amongst 5 households

40% Willing to develop individual toilets if assured water supply / sewerage management

5% Develop Community Toilet Complexes - 1 seat per every 35 users

Based on the above assumptions, the design inputs for the interventions to improve the access to toilets in the city of Aligarh are presented in subsequent sections.

TABLE 47: DESIGN INPUTS - ACCESS TO TOILETS STRATEGY

City Wide

Population 8,66,000

Households without access to toilets 31310



No. of individual toilets required 9393

No. of shared toilets required 7827

No. of community toilet complexes required 38

Following table illustrates the additional requirement of community toilet complex as per specified

norms.

TABLE 48: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING COMMUNITY TOILETS

City Wide Households dependent on functional community toilets 3900

Population dependent on functional community toilets 23400

Community toilet seats required as per norm (1 seat per 35 user) 668

Existing community toilet seats 780

Households without access to toilets 31310

Population without access to toilets (6 per HH) 187860

Community toilet seats required (for 5% of population) 56358

Additional Community toilet complex (15 seater) required 38

7.2.2.3.2 Design Considerations

The various boundary conditions that influence the design of the community toilets and enhance the acceptability levels amongst the community and also promote sustainability of the developed assets and the overall sanitation system are presented below -

Location

Proximity to settlements – preferably 100-200 m

Visibility

Safety aspect

Near sewage lines

Co-location – compatible use

Signage

Directional and Labeling

Gender Sensitive Design

Women and children specific

Disability Access

Elderly User Access

Well-lit / ventilated

Environmentally Sustainable

Energy Considerations

High degree of natural lighting

Low energy light fittings

Use of solar power

Passive ventilation

Recycled, recyclable, renewable and locally sourced source materials Water Considerations

Grey Water Flushing

Low-flow/water less urinals

Recycling of storm water for flushing



7.2.2.3.3 Design Phases

TABLE 49: DESIGN PHASES - ACCESS TO TOILETS SECTOR


IMMEDIATE (2013-2016)

Detailed survey of existing facilities to initiate rehabilitation and augmentation Repairs and up gradation of the existing toilets; Design & Construction of the new facilities in areas with no sanitation facilities Initiation of septage management

SHORT-TERM (2013-2018

100% coverage and infrastructure development Design of system to handle the human excreta

MID-TERM (2013-2030)

Finalization of septage management Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population Repairs & Maintenance

LONG-TERM (2013-2043)

Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population Repairs & Maintenance


7.2.2.4.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 4 – „Inadequate number and

inappropriately designed, operated and maintained individual and

community toilets in urban poor areas leading to open defecation and

eventual health and environmental risks‟


It is recommended to release a notice to invite expression of interest for the design, rehabilitation and up-gradation of the existing toilet facilities on a Rehabilitate, Operate and Transfer (ROT) basis in People Public Private Participation (PPPP1) mode in the immediate phase with a horizon of year 2018 in the wards identified for OD. The community toilet facilities in these wards are in need of repairs and have inadequate capacity and design to handle the expected demand in the urban poor areas in compliance to established design guidelines by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and the design standards through relevant Government Orders. The scope shall also include the survey of the remaining city and ascertain the exact numbers and location for rehabilitation and up-gradation sanitation facilities

Launch a pilot project for the usage of mobile toilets as (a) temporary solution for CTCs wherever in-situ development of slums or relocation of the community is planned under RAY or areas where land tenure issues are flagged, (b) seasonal need for additional toilet seats is prevalent in area with floating population and (c) place constraint does not allow any permanent solution. The project can be tried in model Wards and will provide (A) a need assessment at the outset (B) develops an Operator model and a Financial Model for the capital investment as well as O&M cost, (C) prepares a sewage management plan (if direct connection to the sewerage system is not given) and (D) implements the ward level pilot project. Refer Appendix 11 for O&M Estimation of Community & Public Toilets by NNA.

Feasibility Study

The feasibility study shall be conducted to ascertain the model of toilets to be adopted in the city to address the access to toilets issue. – Shared/community/mobile. The scope shall include –(1) ward wise identification of demand for toilet facilities, (2) assessment of the land availability at household,/community/ward level in the areas which are prone to open defecation(3) assessment of opportunities for rain water harvesting systems and use of water thus tapped for operational & maintenance activities, (4) Based on the database of

1In the PPPP mode, people shall be treated as customers rather than as beneficiaries and hence shall contribute towards

both the capital and O&M investments as far as possible. People shall also be actively involved in the O&M activities leading to an enhanced sense of ownership and ultimate sustainability. The capital investment may also be in the form of labor, material as well.



spatial distribution of inadequacy of the toilet facilities , (5) the willingness to pay by the community and their participation interest levels in the O&M of the sanitation facilities in order to develop operator and finance models

DPR

Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare DPR. It is recommended to evolve a city-wide strategy through DPR, yet the city-wide plan shall be broken down into packages to ensure phase-wise development in order to ease the financial burden. The DPR is detailed as under -

DPR for the construction works of new toilets which shall include – (1) Design of toilets as per the design guidelines by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and the design standards through relevant Government Orders, (2)Detailing the construction procedure of shared toilets, and community toilets (b) Design the fecal sludge management system including clearance & treatment gradually integrating into the future/proposed off-site sewerage system(s) (c) Develop asset registry for toilet management and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M&E system –this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance

Administrative & Regulatory Measures

It is recommended to „establish a dedicated unit for Toilets Sector‟ under the Sanitation Department to streamline the design, construction, operation & maintenance processes within the sector with regular O&M training programs for the both the NNA officials and O&M team and the community and regular helpline.

Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better hygienic and sanitation practices and encourage the residents to adopt toilet facilities through financially sustainable mechanisms and cross-subsidy mechanisms. Along the lines of the National School Sanitation Initiative (NSSI), the awareness campaigns to promote behavioral change shall lay emphasis on personal hygiene, proper sanitation, clean toilet habits, safe drinking water, separate toilets for girl child, disposal of waste water, human excreta disposal/toilets, waste water recycling, waterless urinals, waste segregation, and compositing, food hygiene and creation, and conservation of green spaces. Schools shall be adopted as the prime media for the campaign.;

Regularize Municipal Bye-Laws and Building Codes– Municipal bye-laws and building codes shall be developed to encourage "Water Reuse Strategy," for utilization of the recycled water/waste water in the operation and maintenance of the toilet facilities; punitive measures shall be enforced to discourage the open defecation practices; Building codes enforced to adopt the prescribed design standards for toilets;

Develop and Institutionalize MIS System– NNA shall promote the documentation and mapping of the system. An asset register shall be maintained and the computerized maintenance management plan shall emphasize on the preventive and corrective maintenance; this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.

Financial Mechanism Interventions

Institutionalize Sector Specific Budgets– Budgets shall be established; and the dedicated Toilet Sector Unit under the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the communities on area up gradation plans) in order to promote efficient cost recovery mechanisms;

NNA shall assist in the construction of new shared toilets in densely populated areas at the rate of one toilet for every five households through micro-financing in areas lacking the basic services in the immediate and short-term phase with a horizon of year 2018;

7.2.3 Storm Water Management Sector

7.2.3.1 CRITICAL PROBLEM AREAS



CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 5 - Inadequate storm water drainage network along with poor maintenance and non-integration of source control measures with the existing storm water drainage network leading to a considerable number of water logging areas and ultimately unhygienic condition.

7.2.3.2 STRATEGY

Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the storm water management sector and the identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term phases of the city sanitation planning.

TABLE 50: TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS IN STORM WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR

COMPONENT OF SERVICE

DESIRED SERVICE

DELIVERY

EXISTING SERVICE

DELIVERY


IMMEDIATE-TERM

2013-2016

SHORT-TERM

2013-2018

MID-TERM 2013-2030

LONG-TERM

20134-2043

Coverage of Drainage Network

100% 50 70% 90% 100% 100%

Incidences of Water Logging / Flooding

Number 38 20 18 0 0

The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include a decentralized approach to storm water management in addition to the centralized storm water drain network to manage the run-off. This approach entails the introduction of systems that temporarily store or permanently remove storm water from the location of rainfall on impervious areas. New and evolving methodologies involving „source controls‟, green infrastructure, rain water harvesting methodologies, low impact development and best management practices are recommended to be adopted.

The objective of the said approach is to reduce storm water flow into the centralized storm water drain system while increasing soil infiltration and pollutant removal, providing urban ecological restoration opportunities, and increasing overall green spaces within watersheds. This shall facilitate the ground water recharge. There are three major source control techniques – (a) detention, (b) retention, and (c) bio retention/bio filtration and available technological source control measures include blue roofs, rainwater harvesting, vegetated controls, permeable pavements, and green roofs. Each source control technique provides certain benefits that can be matched to the city‟s needs.

TABLE 51: BENEFITS OF SOURCE CONTROL TECHNIQUES

BENEFITS DETENTION RETENTION BIO-FILTRATION

Reduces Drain Overflows X X X

Reduces Potable Water Consumption X

Reduces Flooding X X X

Reduces Backups X X X

Reduces Direct Discharges X X

Reduces Strain on Drains X X X

Potential source control strategies and initiatives are listed as below –

TABLE 52: SOURCE CONTROL STRATEGIES

BUILDINGS AND LOTS

Performance Standards for New Development

Performance Standards for Existing Buildings

Low- and medium-density residential controls

RIGHT OF WAY



Road reconstruction design standards

Sidewalk design standards

Right of way buildout

OPEN SPACE

Green Infrastructure - green streets, rain gardens and swales

TABLE 53: SOURCE CONTROL INITIATIVES

STRATEGY DESCRIPTION EFFECT

Blue Roof 2-in / 1-in Detention Install roof top detention systems Cost Effective method to detain water

Green Roof Install a green roof on at least 50 percent of a roof

Cost-effective storage or removal of runoff from new rooftops

Rain Water Harvesting Methodologies to capture run-off Cost-effective storage or removal of runoff from impervious surfaces

Side walk Bio-filtration Vegetated Controls Reduction in Annual run-off from catchment area

Greening of Parking Lots Implement vegetation and storm water controls in new parking lots

Reduction in Annual run-off from catchment area

Porous Parking Lots Commercial and community facility parking lots to plant street trees and perimeter and interior landscaping that will detain water or infiltrate to the soil as feasible.

Retention of storm water and reduction in run-off

Porous Concrete Sidewalk porous pavement on publicly-owned parking lots


Green Street New zoning amendment requires street tree plantings

Cost-effective infiltration of street storm water

Permeable Pavements Install and monitor porous pavement on publicly-owned lots and new construction of roads



7.2.3.3.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 5 – „Inadequate storm water drainage

network along with poor maintenance and non-integration of source

control measures with the existing storm water drainage network leading

to a considerable number of water logging areas and ultimately

unhygienic condition‟


It is recommended that NNA coordinate with the sewerage & solid waste management department and prioritize the activity of prevention of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and waste water discharge into the drains;

Feasibility Study

It is proposed to conduct a study to ascertain the feasibility of integrating the water bodies in the city into the future storm water drainage network system as rain water harvesting (RWH) structures to reduce the capacity requirement encumbrance on man-made drains as well as create a continuous drainage network.

It is also proposed to study the feasibility of constructing rain water harvesting structures / source controls in low-lying areas to address the storm water issue since the areas cannot be integrated into the surrounding drainage network owing to the undulating levels;

Conduct hydraulic modeling studies in few selected pilot areas of the city in order to improve the water retention potential within the city and decrease the run-off load for low lying areas as well as the downstream areas of river.



Assessment of the following parameters with respect to water bodies and the low-lying areas – (a) water quality analysis (b) influent characteristics (c) ground infiltration characteristics and sub-strata soil investigations (d) sedimentation analysis.

DPR

Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare DPR. The DPR is detailed as under -

DPR for the– (1) Design and construction works of new storm water drainage network, (2) design and construction works of source controls in the low-lying areas(b) Design and construction works of recreational facilities – water bodies (c) Develop asset registry for storm water management and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M&E system – this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance

Administrative & Regulatory Measures

It is recommended to establish a dedicated unit for Storm Waste Sector under the Sanitation Department to streamline the design, construction, operation & maintenance processes within the sector; personnel management system & Sanitation worker‟s training program shall be implemented to conduct occupational safety and health training campaigns to educate the sanitary workers with respect to the benefits of adopting best operating practices;

Municipal Bye-Laws shall be enforced to encourage the residents to adopt the practices of source control initiatives to promote reduce, reuse and recycle principle; Regulatory Mechanisms (polluter pays) shall be enforced to discourage open dumping of waste;

Awareness generation campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of source control initiatives;

NNA shall develop and institutionalize the MIS system to document and map the drainage network system. An asset register shall be maintained and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M &E system shall emphasize on the preventive and corrective maintenance; this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.


It is recommended to initiate incentives for adopting the source control initiatives;

Sector specific budgets shall be established; and the dedicated Storm Water Sectoral Unit under the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the communities on area up gradation plans) in order to promote efficient cost recovery mechanisms. Impact benefit tax is also proposed to be levied on properties in areas where services are provided.


7.2.4.1 Critical Problem Areas

Critical Problem Area 6 – The household coverage of solid waste management services as well

as the overall collection efficiency is inadequate and deficient. The solid waste management

services are inadequate in the industrial areas as well as the public areas resulting in adverse

health and environmental impacts.

7.2.4.2 Strategy

Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the SWM sector and the

identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the

planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city

including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the

financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term

phases of the city sanitation planning.



Table 7-54: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Solid Waste Management Sector

COMPONENT OF

SERVICE

DESIRED

LEVEL OF

SERVICE

DELIVERY

EXISTING

LEVEL OF

SERVICE

DELIVERY


2013-2016 2013-2018 2013-2030 2013-2043

Household Coverage 100% 20% 75 100% 100% 100%

Segregation at Source 100% 0% 50% 100% 100% 100%

Collection Efficiency

of MSW

100% 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%

Extent of Reuse &

Recovery

80% 10% 40% 100% 100% 100%

Extent of Treatment 100% 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%

Extent of Scientific

Disposal

100% 80% 100% 100% 100% 100%)

Cost Recovery

Extent of Cost

Recovery

100% 10% 50% 100% 100% 100%

Efficiency in Collection

of Sewage Charges

100% 30% 50%% 100% 100% 100%

Customer Service

Efficiency in redressal

of customer complaints

80% 50% 80% 80% 80% 80%

The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include the

coverage of entire households in the city under the collection services – primary and secondary

collection network. The cost recovery mechanisms need to be strengthened.. The service delivery

options shall enmesh the community participation and NGO involvement to complement NNA

capacities.

Given the fact that the city is largely characterized by population with a low awareness in terms of

the available sewerage management services and also the adverse impacts of the current

malpractices leading to disintegration of health and environment; hence the proposals shall bear in

mind the requirement for generation of awareness in the community alongside the provision for

educating theses masses. This approach shall ensure sustainability of the proposed system. Refer to

Chapter 6 for IEC & Awareness Campaign strategy.


7.2.4.3.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 6 – „The household coverage of solid waste

management services as well as the overall collection efficiency is inadequate and

deficient in urban poor areas leading to the dumping of solid waste in open areas and

drains resulting in health and environmental risks‟


In order to achieve 100% coverage the private concessionaire who holds the contract for the

city shall be enforced to implement the services per the contract.

IEC campaigns shall be initiated to promote segregation at source and also support the primary

collection and secondary collection processes.


It is recommended to establish a dedicated unit for Solid Waste Sector under the Sanitation

Department to streamline the design, construction, operation & maintenance processes within the



sector; personnel management system & Sanitation worker‟s training program shall be

implemented to conduct occupational safety and health training campaigns to educate the

sanitary workers with respect to the benefits of adopting best operating practices;

Municipal Bye-Laws shall be developed to encourage the residents to adopt the practices of

solid waste reduce, reuse and recycle; Regulatory Mechanisms (polluter pays) shall be enforced

to discourage open dumping of waste;

Awareness generation campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better

hygienic and sanitation practices and encourage the residents to adopt solid waste management

systems through financially sustainable mechanisms and cross-subsidy mechanisms

NNA shall develop and institutionalize the MIS system to document and map the collection &

transportation system. An asset register shall be maintained and the computerized maintenance

management plan coupled with comprehensive M &E system shall emphasize on the preventive

and corrective maintenance; this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to

facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.


Sector specific budgets shall be established; and the dedicated Solid Waste Sectoral Unit under

the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the

Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the

communities on area up gradation plans) in order to foster efficient cost recovery mechanisms.

Impact benefit tax is also proposed to be levied on properties where services are provided.

7.3 Action Plans

7.3.1 Technology Options

The technology and service delivery options shall be designed to ensure the sanitation services are managed efficiently through the entire cycle of operations. All stages of the complete cycle are carefully planned to extend services to the entire city population cutting across all sections of the society and all levels of the settlements. The several options are designed and phased keeping in mind the existing limitations of technical, financial and social capacities of NNA. The service delivery options shall enmesh the community participation and NGO involvement to complement the NNA capacities. Refer Annexure 14 for detailed overview of „Decentralized Wastewater Management‟ DEWAT process.

TABLE 55: TECHNOLOGY ACTION PLAN

PHASE SEWERAGE TOILETS STORM WATER

SOLID WASTE QULAITY OF WATER

Imm

edia

te

Initiation of collection and

conveyance System ;

Detailed survey of existing facilities to

initiate rehabilitation and up gradation

Finalize repairs and up

grradation of the storm water rains in the flood prone areas;

Finalize Primary Storage

and Primary Collection System;

Detailed study to

determine and map the contamination points

20

13

-16

Intermittent Measures for Septage Clearance

Finalize the Repairs and up gradation of the existing toilets;

Initiate the source control strategies and initiatives

Initiate Secondary Storage, Collection and Transport System;

Initiate the casing works for water supply pipes at the contamination points

Feasibility study for DEWATS as a permanent solution

Initiate the Design & Construction of the new facilities in areas with no sanitation facilities

Initiate the construction of the new drains;

Initiate Sanitary Landfill for existing Waste and Treatment Facility;

Initiate the shifting of the hand-pumps/stand-posts from the contaminations points



Intermittent DEWATS for existing waste generation areas served by Septic tanks;

Initiation of phasing out of the septic tanks

Initiate the procurement of the maintenance equipment and devices;

Initiate the Transfer Station

Initiate training programs for household water purification mechanisms

Finalize DEWATS if found feasible

Initiate the Design of System to handle the human excreta

Initiate the outfall drain structures/ supporting activities

Short

-Term

Finalization of collection & conveyance System

Finalize 100% coverage of toilets and supporting Infrastructure development

Finalize and operationalize ground water recharge initiatives

Finalize Secondary Storage, Secondary Collection and Transport

Finalize the casing works for water supply pipes at the contamination points / lengths

20

13

- 1

8

Initiate the Treatment and Disposal mechanisms – septage management zone wise

Finalize the system to handle the human excreta

Finalize construction works

Finalize and operationalize the transfer station

Finalize the shifting of the hand-pumps/stand-posts from the contaminations points

Intermittent arrangements for Septage Treatment & Disposal

Source Control Installations

Finalize Construction Works ISWM plant

Initiate training programs for household water purification mechanisms &

Repairs and Maintenance

Finalize procurement of the maintenance equipment

Finalize the Capping of Sanitary Landfill for existing Waste

Initiate the operations of Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility (ISWM)

Mid

-Term

Phasing out of Septic Tanks by institution of DEWATS / connections to central sewer system

Finalization of phasing out of Septic Tanks

Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands of developing city

Augmentation of the MSW system to meet the demands of growing population

Regular / Periodic / Preventive repairs and maintenance

20

13

–3

0



Replacements of components as per the maintenance plan

Annual Phases of the ISWM facility

Replacements/repairs of

Replacements/repairs of components &

Replacements of components as



components & maintenance

maintenance per the maintenance plan

Long-T

erm



Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands of developing city

Augmentation of the MSW system to meet the demands of growing population

Regular / Periodic / Preventive repairs and maintenance

20

13

– 2

04

3

Replacements/repairs of components & maintenance

Replacements/repairs of components & maintenance

Replacements of components as per the maintenance plan

Finalization of the Annual Phases of the ISWM facility

7.3.2 Financial Options

The implementation of the City Sanitation Plan necessitates substantial financial resources and the corresponding strategic planning for resource generation. The financial strategy shall encompass Capital Investment Plan, Operations & Management (O&M) Expenditure Layout and the financial assessment for the critical support activities like Community Mobilization, Awareness Workshops and Capacity Enhancement to ensure sustainability of the planned sanitation services.

The strategy shall align itself along the paradigm that the resource generation shall broadly target the funds earmarked for water and sanitation development within NNA and the Uttar Pradesh State Government budgets; however, it shall also access the funds from the 13th Finance Commission and other Center and State schemes for sanitation improvement.

7.3.2.1 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN

A conceptual capital investment plan is presented below which is corresponding to the strategic actions in the various sectors that are defined in the earlier sections. The unit rates considered for the calculation purposes are provided as Annexure12. This section outlines the Annual capital expenditure (capex) required, **An Annual inflation factor of 5% is applied for all capital expenditure (from 2013-14 onwards)

TABLE 56: CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN

SHORT-TERM MID-TERM LONG-TERM

ACTION PLAN ACTION PLAN ACTION PLAN

(2013-2018) (2019-2030) (2031-2043)

1 Population 11,31,950 13,79,425 18,88,574

2 Incremental Population 2,4,8327 509149

3 Households 1,88,516 2,29,904 3,14,762

4 Incremental Households 41,388 84,858

NEW SERVICES

1 Household Toilets

Strategy Address the deficiency

Address the additional requirement for the incremental




population population

Individual Toilets 9300 12300 25452

Shared Toilets 7750 10250 21214

Capital Investment Estimate 221650000 295150000 606658000

2 Community Toilets


Address the requirement for the incremental population

Address the requirement for the incremental population

Community Toilets 38 20 42

Capital Investment Estimate 3,80,00,000 2,00,00,000 4,20,00,000

3 Public Toilets


Address the additional requirement for the incremental population


Public Toilets 10 3 7


TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT-TOILETS 261650000 301750000 624858000

4 Centralized Sewerage System




a Household Connections 114694 41388 84858


5 Septage Management System

Strategy

Address the

deficiency


population


population

a Vacuum Trucks 45 - -

Capital Investment Estimate 90000000 - -

b Septage Sludge Drying Beds 2000000 - -

Capital Investment Estimate - -

TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT-WASTE WATER 2385880000 827801388 1697244858

7.3.2.2 OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT EXPENDITURE PLAN

In addition to the Capital Investment; recurring financial resources requirement is envisaged to support the O&M of the various sanitation service facilities. The O&M Expenditure layout is presented below; please refer to Annexure 12 for the unit rate analysis for both the CAPEX and the O&M expenditure for all the sanitation service sectors. The Annual O&M inflation is taken at seven



(5%) percent; all rates are as per 2011 rates for the tasks detailed in the unit rate analysis at Annexure 9.

As can be assessed from Table 6-4, O&M expenditure for Centralized Sewer System and MSW Management System would be a significant burden on NNA‟s finances. It is evident that NNA would be demanded to introduce tariff structure and charge user fees for the various sanitation services that it would provide, as outlined in the CSP

TABLE 57: O&M EXPENDITURE PLAN

SHORT-TERM ACTION PLAN

MID-TERM ACTION PLAN

LONG-TERM ACTION PLAN

(2013-2018) (2019-2030) (2031-2043)

Population 1131098 1379425 1888579

Incremental population 248327 509149

Households 188516 229904 314762

Incremental households 41388 84858

1 Community Toilets

Total Capital Investment Estimate 3,80,,00,000 2,00,00,000 4,20,00,000

Total O&M Expenditure Estimate @5% annually 19,00,000 10,00,000 21,00,000

2 Public Toilets

Total Capital Investment Estimate 20,00,000 60,00,000 14,00,000

Total O&M Expenditure Estimate @5%annually 1,00,000 30,000 70,000

GRAND TOTAL O&M EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE – TOILETS 20,00,000 10,30,000 21,70,000

3 Centralized Sewerage System

Total Capital Investment Estimate 2293880000 827760000 1697160000

Total O&M Expenditure Estimate @5%annually 114694000 41388000 84858000

GRAND TOTAL O&M EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE – WASTE WATER 116694000 42418000 87028000

7.3.2.3 COST RECOVERY OPTIONS

It is recommended to explore the possibility of levying user charges for the services, globally; user charges for sewerage disposal services are normally based on water charges, i.e., a set percentage of the water charge that has typically varied between 50-80% of user water charges. It is proposed that NNA shall levy a 50% sewage disposal surcharge to the user water charges. As regards MSW services, it is recommended that NNA levy a monthly user fee as indicated in the table below, this fee could vary for users belonging to various economic slabs and would also depend on the land-use category. However, it is recommended that user charges for the urban poor shall be levied with effect from 2014-15, i.e., after the citizens have witnessed a significant improvement in waste water disposal services. With the above indicated user charges, NNA would generate substantial revenue per annum, which shall enable NNA to undertake capital expenditure programs. Refer Annexure 12 for Water Tariff Structure Across India.

It is further proposed that NNA shall investigate the possibility of a judicious alignment of impact benefit fee closely with expected property owner benefits. The total revenues thus generated shall aim to cover Annual O&M expenditure, and also partly/substantially fund capital replacement in the long-term. The recommendations are presented thus –

TABLE 58: PROPERTY BASED TAX OPTIONS

PROPERTY BASED TAX

TAX ID VALUE

1 Solid Waste Benefit Tax 3% of Annual Ratable Value (ARV) of the Property

2 Drainage Benefit Tax 3% of Annual Ratable Value (ARV) of the Property



7.3.2.4 FINANCING SOURCES

It is established that Government of India (GoI) and Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) are both open to financially supporting the implementation of City Sanitation Plans. The table below presents the several scenarios of financing sources and the options that may be explored with each of the source –

TABLE 59: FINANCING SOURCE AND RELATED OPTIONS

FINANCING SOURCE OPTIONS

13TH FINANCE COMMISSION Pooling of the 13th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation Services Improvement Projects;

STATE FINANCE COMMISSION

The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of basic services to Urban Population including urban poor;

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM), GOI

The Urban Infrastructure and Governance component of JNNURM has fund allocations for developing sanitation services.

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEME FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM TOWN (UIDSSMT)

The funding supports infrastructure development for water supply, sanitation and solid waste management.

MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION (MOHUPA)

The construction of individual and shared toilets finds funding through the schemes of MoHUPA

INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION (ILCS), MOHUPA

Funding for the development of basic sanitation services - Central Contribution - 75% of Capital Expenditure; State Contribution - 15% of Capital Expenditure; Beneficiary - 10% of Capital Expenditure; Currently ILCS supports the construction of individual toilets for economically weaker sections of society.

RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY), MOHUPA

RAY assures Central Grants for slum redevelopment and achieves basic sanitary services in an inclusive approach; the possibility of the financial support under the IHSDP/RAY schemes of GoI for waste water disposal and MSW within Aligarh urban poor settlements may well be examined.

SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN (SSA), MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA component. The SSA component has considerable funding for school sanitation.

SARVAJANIK PRASADHAN YOJANA

A state-sponsored scheme that provides 100% grant to ULBs to build public toilets.

INTERNATIONAL DONORS/FUNDING AGENCIES

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULB) EQUITY

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be directed to the sanitation department for utilization for funding sanitation improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the operation & maintenance costs.

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately - (a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a management contract for



FINANCING SOURCE OPTIONS

operations and maintenance (O&M); (d) BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e)Joint Ventures between State Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

BENEFICIARY CONTRIBUTION - PUBLIC PRIVATE PEOPLE PARTNERSHIP (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that involves greater community participation and hence promote greater accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the development and O&M activities.

7.3.3 Institutional & Governance Options

The improvement in the urban infrastructure and hence the quality of urban life is explicitly associated with sound and reliable management and governance practices. The good management is facilitated by a committed and balanced institutional framework while the better governance practices stem from a persuasive policy framework.

It is the goal of the CSP to recommend the promotion of institution structures that provide the platform for management efficiency and the development of the good governance framework that shall effect sustainable and inclusive infrastructure development.

The institutional and governance action plan that shall dictate the accountability of the institution in service delivery vide clear roles and responsibilities. The governance framework shall infuse more accountability, transparency and participatory planning.

The following diagram illustrates the broad instrumental outcomes of the detailed action plan that follows:

FIGURE 43: Broad Instrumental Outcomes of the Detailed Action Plan



TABLE 60: INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNANCE ACTION PLAN

PHASE COMPONENTS

Short-Term

2014-2019

Initiate the restructuring of the institutional framework as per the

recommendation in the CSP with the help of institutional development

expert and streamline the operations

Corporatize the various sectors under the sanitation department – „Ring

Fence‟ the sectors (WSS, Solid Waste and Toilets) with supporting technical

services and O&M units

Water Supply & Sewerage (Water Supply, Sewerage & Storm

Water Units)

Solid Waste and

Toilets

Establish Sectoral Budgets

Create Business Plans for each sector

Develop Costing systems (costs & tariff structures) in collaboration

with the Finance & Accounts Department, Strategic Communication

Cell working with communities

Develop Asset Management system

Establish a dedicated „Policy Reforms‟ unit to continually implement policy

reforms that will support accountable governance and regulatory oversight

of the local bodies, service providers and the citizens as well to achieve

sustainability of the ever dynamic infrastructure development

Achieve the objectives of Model Municipal Law through

incentivized transition plan resulting in devolution of fiscal powers

and authority

Achieve the E-Governance using GIS/MIS

Initiate Property Tax Management System using GIS

Sector Regulations – Quality & Fiscal Standards

Monitoring & Evaluation performance

Enforcement Mechanisms - of rules, by-laws, municipal codes &

building codes

Realize transparency, disclosure and citizen education

Promote Private Sector participation and investment

Revamp the business processes and the financial management order of the

„Finance & Accounts Department‟ by putting in place new accounting

standards as per the directive of C&AG – ‘Accounting and Budget Formats

for Local Bodies’

Implement Double Entry Accounting System (DEAAS)

Revamp Audit & Account Procedures for each sector

Adopt Budgeting and Accounting Formats for each sector

Set up quality management information systems (MIS)

Set up & develop contract management team

Develop financial operating Plans (FOP) for each sector

Develop the design manuals, best management practices (BMP) manual,

system operating procedures, O&M Manuals, Condition Assessment

Programs (CAPs‟), sustainability rating tools for each sector in collaboration



PHASE COMPONENTS

with the technical and O&M experts;

Initiate the empanelment process for technical experts, third party technical

review agencies to assist with the preparation of design manuals/BMP

manual/O&M Manuals/SOP/CAP and periodic reviews of the efficiency

of the systems

Develop the strategic communication cell that shall ensure community

participation and implement participatory planning –

Confederate community representatives and link to city Ward

committees;

Form neighborhood groups;

Organize focused group discussions regularly and steer meetings

to plan area upgrading solutions;

Promote community oversight committees and community

contracting arrangements to involve the community in

implementation activities – means of livelihood, sense of

ownership and sustainability of systems in the corresponding

areas;

Pave way for community O&M systems;

Promote system to utilize community to collect user charges;

Establish Monitoring Cell and develop the M&E mechanisms and the

coordination framework with parastatal and State agencies

Establish the training cell and implement capacity enhancement strategy

Establish Capacity, Management, Operation & maintenance Program

(CMOM)

Initiate the staffing plan for the various sectoral units through re-

organization of existing staff, new-hires and transfers from state agencies :

Fill the top hierarchical level of both the technical services and O&M

unit

Initiate the staffing upto 50% at the mid-hierarchical level and

supplement with the private consultants

Initiate the staffing upto 70% at the low-hierarchical level and

supplement with the staff of the private service

provider/concessionaire

Complete the staffing plan for the Finance & Accounts departments –

Financial Analyst

Accounts Specialist

Tax Expert

Public Finance & Legal Advisor – Financing arrangements/Concession

Agreements

Infrastructure Insurance Experts

Micro-credit Product Development Specialists

Complete the staffing plan for the Strategic Communication Cell –

Social Development Experts

Community Organizers

Finalize the staffing plan for the Policy Reform unit –



PHASE COMPONENTS

Planners

Policy Advisors

Legal Advisors / Retired Judges / Policy Analysts

Finalize the staffing Plan for monitoring cell which will work with external

sector specific experts and third party agencies

Establish the sanitation cells at the city level as part of the state sanitation

strategy

Mid-Term

2019 - 2030

Finalization of the staffing plan across all sectors and departments

Review the procedures and implement amendments

Review the Policy Reforms and implement amendments

Reprocess the empanelment

Review and update the various manuals and operating procedures

Review and reengineer the M&E mechanisms

Long-Term

2031 - 2043

Finalization of Review and update mechanisms

Finalization of successful Institutional Structure and business operations &

processes

Achievement of Municipal Model Law objectives in totality

Successful implementation of City Financial Viability Mechanism

Establishment of Participatory Planning Process

Establishment of accountable governance framework

7.3.4 Capacity Enhancement & Awareness Generation Options

The assessment of NNA institutional set up has identified a major shortfall both in terms of resources and staff skills. The deficiency necessitates a thorough planning to develop forceful mechanisms that will enhance the capacities of NNA.

Participation from stakeholders throughout the city ensures good governance by augmenting the limited capacity of NNA by community based resources; awareness generation campaigns shall impart the education and the knowledge sharing vital for local capacity building.

The action plan details the approaches and technologies adopted and the new roles and responsibilities defined to improve the service delivery system.

TABLE 61: CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT & AWARENESS GENERATION ACTION PLAN

PHASE CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT AWARENESS GENERATION

Short-term 2013-2018

The Environmental Vision for Moradabad agar Nigam can be jointly drafted in a workshop supported by ASCI and subsequently approved by the Council;

Initiate the establishment of a permanent management representative responsible for environmental management;

Finalize the Inventory of all

Pilot awareness campaign to be conducted in two (2) wards

Awareness Campaign strategy to be developed

Initiate the Knowledge Exchange between ULB‟s and communities using either the web based knowledge platform or focused group discussions

Prepare effective IEC material




relevant regulations;

Initiate the assessment of the training needs regularly and to develop training calendar and program to impart trainings to staff across all categories;

Budget allocation for training and environmental activities;

Initiate the creation of a training database capturing a record of the name, position and function of the employee as well as the content, duration and date of the training programme participated in including participant feedback about the relevance and efficiency of the course to the roles and responsibilities;

To implement an internal and external communication protocol and train the ULB staff in accordance to the plan;

Establish HR Working Group

Initiate the formation of HR Department, and design of HR Policies, Performance linked Incentive Programs; Induction Program;

Finalize the Formulation of HR Policy for the ULB and Finalize the Induction Training Curriculum;

Develop Staffing Plan & Strategy and initiate recruitment in accordance;

Initiate the development of HR Information System

Initiate the development of Knowledge Exchange Mechanism among cities using the web based knowledge platform

Environmental Awareness Workshop for the ULB staff and elected representatives resulting in identification and prioritisation of all environmental aspects;

Create a State Level Steering Committee on Human Resource Development (HRD)

Prepare a City level Urban

for awareness campaign

Initiate School Sanitation Workshops

Initiate workshops on sanitation and related infrastructure

Involve NGOs to work continuously with the community to bring about change.

The consultants have a local partner who is involved from land use and infrastructure survey, stakeholder consultations, issue and target group identification, deciding the strategies for awareness campaign and pilot awareness campaign in 2 wards. There are other NGOs who are also involved as part of the CSTF. Thus several local NGOs are oriented to local sanitation issues and awareness needs.

Institutionalize the role of CSTF to disseminate the information on sanitation issues, projects undertaken and progress of each component

Press release of sanitation scenario of the city

Involve media in demonstrating healthy sanitation practices

Finalize school sanitation program – train school children and make them aware of the sanitation situation and need for healthy sanitation practices

Social mobilization by creating women‟s group and sensitise them about sanitation related issues

Create area sabhas/community groups specifically targeting their sanitation needs

Interpersonal Communication (IPC) to be used to reach out larger public

Build up institutional capacity of NNM to conduct awareness campaigns as part of their agenda

Address the tenure security issues of urban poor which in turn help them build basic




Management Plan;

Training Programme and training on Urban Management for the ULB

Establishment of a State level Urban Management Institute

Monitoring of cities with the ICD

services of permanent nature

Develop Information Management System

Mid-Term 2019 - 2030

Lateral recruitment of key positions

Update and upgrade Training Calendar and Training Programs

Update the HR Policies and Incentive programs

Conduct Environmental Workshops

Update the City level Urban Management Plan

Update and upgrade Monitoring & Evaluation Systems

NNA and the CSTF have to periodically take feedback from the community groups and provide necessary support.

Update IEC material and the sanitation awareness programs

Update Information Management System

Long-Term 2031 - 2043

Lateral recruitment of key positions

Update and upgrade Training Calendar and Training Programs

Update the HR Policies and Incentive programs

Conduct Environmental Workshops

Update the City level Urban Management Plan

Update and upgrade Monitoring & Evaluation Systems

A long term and permanent effect on awareness can be made by sustained effort from the NNA and community.

The CSTF is recognized as a body holding the sanitation campaign for Moradabad. The CSTF will also ensure long term influence in the sanitation scenario of Aligarh

NNA and the CSTF have to periodically take feedback from the community groups and provide necessary support.

7.3.5 Inclusive Approach

Traditionally, the net of service providers has excluded the urban poor, weaker sections, migrants, and the like. The CSP shall advocate an approach that shall ensure infrastructure planning shall serve all irrespective of the diverse situation of income, education and use. Participatory Planning processes shall be emphasized upon as critical elements of the sanitation infrastructure planning. This shall provide a strong impetus to sustain projects. The approach shall ensure regular and meaningful community participation to foster community ownership and consensus

The action plan shall detail the propositioned approaches and corresponding mechanisms to achieve inclusiveness in infrastructure planning at the city-level –

TABLE 62: INCLUSIVE APPROACH ACTION PLAN

PHASE COMPONENTS



PHASE COMPONENTS

IMMEDIATE TERM 2013-2016

Community Mobilization Strategy shall be defined by the Strategic Communication Cell, NNA;

Implement the Community Mobilization Mechanism to enable the inclusion of the needs & demands of the community in the CSP –

Task 1. Transect Walks and Ward & Slum Profiling; Task 2. Social and Gender Audits; Task 3. Confederating Community Groups & Linking to Ward Committees Task 4. Development of a SHG for each ward Task 5. Form Neighborhood Groups

Initiate GIS based information management systems to create central repository of community ideas, needs and prioritization of projects information

Institute Community Oversight Committees & Community Contracting Cell to involve communities in construction & O&M activities;

Design & Implement Participatory Planning Process in line with the Participatory Law, JNNURM Reforms, MoUD;

Initiate the institutionalization of the periodic meetings between Local Government and the community as part of participatory planning and review;

Identify NGO‟s with community mobilization skills, planning & implementation experience and establish contracting mechanism to institutionalize their participation;

Establish guidelines to translate the community participation into budget allocations and formalize the participatory budgeting; Task 6. Allocate budgets to implement pilot scale projects with Community

based organizations; Task 7. Allocate budgets to establish and institutionalize CBOs‟

Initiate the development of microfinance model to enable the urban poor to extend services within their areas; Task 8. Awareness Campaign to encourage households to invest in

connections and in-situ work of basic services; Task 9. SHG to help with group loans and savings accounts of individuals

that serve as collaterals; Task 10. NGO‟s and the Strategic Communication cell to help State owned

Banks to establish community mobilization cells to help design interventions and ensure high repayment rates;

Initiate the development of a revolving fund for poor through State Urban Infrastructure Fund to help with the micro-financing options;

Establish Guidelines and Initiate the Microenterprise Models in the service delivery Task 11. Provide Basic Services as microenterprises Task 12. O&M shall be the SHG/CBO‟s responsibility Task 13. Livelihood Mechanism

Cross-subsidy mechanisms to finalize the connection fees and tariff structures/user charges;

Establish capacity building initiatives to train the communities in the construction and O&M of the facilities

Citizen Report Cards and feedback mechanism to be institutionalized and formalized;

Short-Term 2017 - 18

Finalize the Microfinance Model; Finalize the Microenterprise Model; Institutionalize the mechanisms of participatory planning and budgets; Establish the City Community Vocational Training Unit(s) engaging the skilled

professionals from within community; Finalize GIS based information management systems to create central repository of

community ideas, needs and prioritization of projects information Establish the Revolving Fund Mechanism

Mid-Term 2019 - 30

Update and upgrade the mechanisms; Improve the participatory planning process & participatory budget mechanisms

based on monitoring and evaluation;



PHASE COMPONENTS

Review and reengineer the City Vocational Training Units and Curriculum;

Long-Term 2031 - 43

Update and upgrade the mechanisms; Improve the participatory planning process & participatory budget mechanisms

based on monitoring and evaluation; Review and reengineer the City Vocational Training Units and Curriculum;

Achievement of Municipal Model Law objectives in totality Successful implementation of City Financial Viability Mechanism Establishment of Participatory Planning Process Establishment of accountable governance framework

The Annexure 15 gives three best practices in sanitation across India.

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Documents

CITY SANITATION PLAN FOR KANPURnnaligarh.com/pdf/Aligarh_CSP_FinalReport_6jun14.pdf · CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 1 City Sanitation