City Street Data Profile on Ethnicity, Economy and Migration

This data emerges from an ESRC funded project on

Super-diverse Streets:Economies and spaces of urban migration in UK cities (ES/L009560/1)

This project is hosted by LSE Cities in the Department of Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

By Suzanne Hall, Julia King and Robin FinlayDecember 2015

Narborough Road, Leicester

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 2

Preface

Narborough Road, Leicester : Super Diverse Streets

Phase 1, ‘Super-diverse streets’ data profiles, 2015

The ‘Super-diverse streets’ project is an ESRC-funded research exploration of the intersections between city streets, ethnic diversity and economic adaptations in the context of accelerated migration (ref: ES/L009560/1). The research is based on a comparative analysis across UK cities and aims to explore how urban retail economies and spaces are shaped by and shape migrant practices. The first phase of this project incorporates a qualitative survey conducted in 2015, and focuses on four ‘super-diverse’ high streets: Rookery Road (Birmingham); Stapleton Road (Bristol); Narborough Road (Leicester); and Cheetham Hill (Manchester). Each street was selected for its location in an ethnically diverse as well as comparatively deprived urban locale. Furthermore, Birmingham, Bristol, Leicester and Manchester are amongst the UK cities that have the highest percentage of ‘country of birth’ citizens from outside of the UK, after London. From this grounded perspective we trace emerging capacities as well as old and new inequalities. We also record the diversification of bodies, spaces and micro-economic networks in a world that is increasingly mobile and bordered. In total, the face-to-face surveys across four streets incorporate 910 units, 596 units include retail, service and civic activities of which 480 are retail units and 68 units were vacant. 351 proprietors were surveyed. The data incorporated in this report includes the core of our survey in both tabular and graphic form. The purpose is to provide an overview briefing of the survey data itself. Analytic perspectives of how and why migrant proprietors arrive on these specific streets, and how and why their shops both flourish and fail, are developed in further papers. Our aim in disseminating the comparative data sets for each of the four streets, is to provide detailed data to inform debates and policy around: • the future of ‘British’ high streets; • ethnic minority and/or migrant enterprise; and • the role of historic and contemporary migrations in shaping cities and streets across the UK.

The Phase 1 survey of these four streets was conducted by Suzanne Hall, Robin Finlay and Julia King.- To cite this report, or to use an image from it: Hall, Suzanne, King, Julia and Robin Finlay (2015) City Street Data Profile on Ethnicity, Economy and Migration: Rookery Road, Birmingham, an ESRC report, November 2015.- To download companion reports, click on: Rookery Road (Birmingham); Stapleton Road (Bristol); and Cheetham Hill (Manchester). For further information on the Super-diverse Streets project please go to: https://lsecities.net/objects/research-projects/super-diverse-streets

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 3

Contents

Introduction p. 4

City Locale p. 5

World to Street p. 6

Street Survey p. 7

Histories of Arrival p. 8

Diverse Uses p. 9

Unit Variation and Value p. 10

Streetscape p. 11

Street Layers p. 12

Narborough Road, Leicester

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 4

Introduction

Narborough Road is located to the south-west of Leicester city centre, and falls primarily within the Westcotes Ward. Drawing on the latest national Census data from 2011, 33.6% of those living in Leicester were born outside of the UK, closely correlating with the 33% of those living in the Westcotes Ward. Narborough Road is within areas that are ranked as amongst the 10% and 20% most deprived in England, according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2015. Key points to highlight with respect to our survey of proprietors along Narborough Road are:• Of the 222 units along the street, 151 are retail units, 28 are service units and 6 are civic units. • 9% of the non-residential units were vacant, and 43% of proprietors have been on the street for 5 years or less.• 60% of 60 proprietors surveyed reported to have been in another area of employment before setting up shop.• Food-related retail accounts for by far the most prominent activity on the street (44%).• We recorded on average 4.4 jobs within respective non-residential units including retail, service and civic. Based on our average of jobs per unit, we estimate that there are approximately 814 jobs within the retail, service and civic units along the street. • Using survey input from 56 proprietors, 54% of those employed are reportedly non-family members.• There were 22 countries of birth represented among the 108 proprietors we surveyed. This was by far the most varied range of proprietors by country of birth across the four surveyed streets. The highest representation of countries of birth amongst the proprietors include: UK (32%); India (21%); and Turkey (7%). • Long-established retailers on Narborough Road include proprietors from Uganda, Malawi and Kenya who fled in relation to the East African Asian refugee crisis. In the last 10 years, the origins of proprietors on Narborough Road include India, Turkey, Iraq and Kurdistan. • 79% of proprietors speak more than one language, while 63% speak three languages or more.

Narborough Road, Leicester

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 5

((((

0 100 200km

0 2 4km

0 0.25 0.5km

((((

0 100 200km

0 2 4km

0 0.25 0.5km

City Locale

67.0%

7.1%

6.6%

1.1%5.2%

3.0%

4.9%3.8%1.0%0.2%

UK

Europe | Poland

Europe | Other

Africa | NigeriaAfrica | Other

Middle East

Asia | IndiaAsia | OtherThe AmericasOther

Westcotes WardPopulation 11,644

((((

0 100 200km

0 2 4km

0 0.25 0.5km

N

Narborough Road

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Other

The Americas

Asia | Other

Asia | India

Middle East

Africa | Other

Africa | Kenya

Europe | Other

Europe | Poland

UK

66.4%

1.9%4.0%

2.2%7.5%

1.3%

11.3%

4.1%1.1%0.2%

UK

Europe | PolandEurope | Other

Africa | KenyaAfrica | Other

Middle East

Asia | India

Asia | OtherThe AmericasOther

LeiscesterPopulation 329,839

StationWestcotes Ward

((((

0 100 200km

0 2 4km

0 0.25 0.5km

N

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Other

The Ameri

Asia | Othe

Asia | India

Middle Eas

Africa | Oth

Africa | Nig

Europe | O

Europe | P

UK

((((

0 100 200km

0 2 4km

0 0.25 0.5km

England and WalesPopulation 56,075,912 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Other

The Americas

Asia | Other

Asia | India

Middle East

Africa | Other

Africa | Nigeria

Europe | Other

Europe | Poland

UK

86.7%

4.8%2.3%0.5%

4%1.2%0.3%

UK

EuropeAfricaMiddle EastAsiaThe AmericasOther

Country of Birth

((((

0 100 200km

0 2 4km

0 0.25 0.5km

Leicester

Manchester

Bristol

Birmingham

London

N

Country of Birth Country of Birth

Narborough Road, Leicester : Based on 2011 Census data from the Office of National Statistics

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 6Narborough Road, Leicester : A survey of proprietors by country of birth (2015)

World to Street

0m 50m

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 7Narborough Road, Leicester : A summary of core survey data (2015)

Street Survey

Food

Miscellaneous

Commercial Services (including health practitioners, accountants, solicitors)

Beauty

Civic (library, college, temple, community centre, church and hall X2)

Clothing

Technology

Total

Total units (excluding residential) - 204

Total surveyed - 108

Total vacant units - 19

Activities (excluding residential) Employment Figures Number of Languages Spoken Duration (excluding residential)

Not full survey data

60%: 60 proprietors surveyed responded to the question: ‘What work did the proprietor do before trading in the shop?’

*56 proprietors surveyed responded to the question: ‘How many employees are family or non-family members?’

Experience of other occupation

Tertiary education

For our purposes, a proprietor incorporates the owner of a business including retail and services. We have also included civic services in calculations for employment figures, number of languages spoken, and duration.

Total retail - 151

Total services - 28

Total civic - 6

44%

19%

15%

9%

3%

5%

5%

100%

IndependentRetail

Surveyed number of Jobs

Family

Non-Family

Average jobs per unit

Estimated total number of Jobs

68%

366

46%*

54%*

4.4

814

More than 1

3 - 4

5 +

79%

49%

14%

5 years or less

6 - 19 years

20 + years

43%

33%

24%

Countries of birth amongst proprietors – 22:Afghanistan, Cameroon, Canada, India, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Kurdistan, Lithuania, Malawi, Pakistan, Poland, Somalia,

Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, UK, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 8Narborough Road, Leicester : Duration of proprietors in relation to historic events (2015)

Histories of Arrival

0

5

10

45+

20

30

40

2015

2010

2005

1970

1995

1985

1975

Paki

stan

Afgh

anist

an

Lith

uani

a

Zim

babw

e

Cana

da

Kurd

istan Ira

q

Mal

awi

Uga

nda

Zam

bia

Som

alia

Cam

eroo

n

Tanz

ania

Turk

eyUK

Iran

Pola

nd

Sri L

anka

Indi

a

Keny

a

1999

1972Expulsion of Asians from Uganda

(East African Asian Crisis 1968-1976)

Asylum and Immigration Act (UK)

2004EU enlargement (Europe)

2008Global Financial Crisis

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 9Narborough Road, Leicester : Activity on the street over time (2015)

Diverse Uses

KEYTechnology

MiscellaneousService

CivicBeauty

FoodClothing

0

5

10

45

20

30

40

2015

2010

2005

1970

1995

1985

1975

dura

tion

of sh

op

24%

30%

46%

20+

year

s6-

19 y

ears

5 or

less

shop units coloured by type

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 10Narborough Road, Leicester : The range of units and the market value (2015)

Unit Variation and Value

10m 20m4m0m

Typical retail unitaverage rent: £1000 / month *

~ 60 sq m

Largest retail unitclothing store

~ 380 sq m

Smallest retail unitsub-divided hair and nail salon

~ 10 sq m

number of employees (for ‘typical unit’ based on average from survey data)

rental values drawn from fieldwork including interviews with estate agents and tenants*

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 11Narborough Road, Leicester (2015)

Streetscape

Narborough Road, Leicester (2015)

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 12

Street Layers

Narborough Road, Leicester : Shop Type and Languages (2015)

±

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.025Kilometers

Legend

±0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.025

Kilometers

Legend±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

LegendLanguages

No_Lang

12

3 - 45 - 6

7 - 8

0 50 100m

±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

LegendLanguages

No_Lang

12

3 - 45 - 6

7 - 8

0 50 100m

Shop Types

Languages Spoken

NN

Super-diverse Streets. ESRC Project (ES/L009560/1)© p. 13

Street Layers

Narborough Road, Leicester : Employment and family employment (2015)

±

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.025Kilometers

Legend

±0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.025

Kilometers

Legend±

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.025Kilometers

LegendTotal EmploymentTot_Emp

1 - 56 - 1011 - 1516 - 2021 - 2526 - 30

±

LegendProp Family EmploymentNo_Fam_Emp / Tot_Emp

81% - 100%61% - 80%41% - 60%21% - 40%0% - 20%

0 50 100m

±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

LegendShop type

<all other values>

Shop_Type

Technology

Miscellaneous

Service

CivicBeauty

Food

Clothing

Residential

Closed

0 50 100m

±

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.025Kilometers

LegendTotal EmploymentTot_Emp

1 - 56 - 1011 - 1516 - 2021 - 2526 - 30

±

LegendProp Family EmploymentNo_Fam_Emp / Tot_Emp

81% - 100%61% - 80%41% - 60%21% - 40%0% - 20%

0 50 100m

Total Employment

% Family Employment

NN