Civil Technology Grade 12

8/15/2019 Civil Technology Grade 12

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Qrlvnr Gmms

Dl`f Z`cndsOngd Lff`s

HYMAL =9

J@R@FQLJGDNFNHP F L M

Y D L Y ‐ Z

H \ @ A L

JM[Z


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J`v`f QljgdnfnhyHrmal =9 Flmrdlr‐s Hu`al

ZMC[FL JN[P


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© Buturl Cmdmhlrs 9;=:

Mff r`hgts rlslrvla$ Dn pmrt nb tg`s inne cmy il rlprnaujla `d mdy bnrc& lfljtrnd`j& cljgmd`jmf&pgntnjnpy`dh& nr ntglrw`sl& w`tgnut pr`nr plrc`ss`nd nb tgl jnpyr`hgt nwdlr$ @ZID 087#=#88


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9

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Qgl [rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt Qmse

Xgmt `s m [rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt mse>Ql [rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt mse '[M ) `dvnfvls tgl alvlfnpcldt n m als`hd prnoljttgmt flmas tn tgl als`hd mda cme`dh n m prnaujt nr cnalf$ Q`s tmse cust il `d tgl

nrc n m prniflc snfut`nd$

Ql [M jnds`sts n m als`hd pnrt nf`n& wnre`dh armw`dhs mda m prnaujt.cnalf&wg`jg cust il jncpfltla nvlr tgrll tlrcs$ Ql [M jnds`sts n tgl mppf`jmt`nd mdalxljut`nd n tgl ednwflahl& se`ffs mda vmfuls `d tgl J`v`f ljgdnfnhy jurr`jufuc$ Ql [M `s `cpflcldtla aur`dh tgl rst tgrll tlrcs n tgl sjgnnf ylmr mda cust iludalrtmeld ms ndl lxtldala tmse irneld up `dtn a` lrldt pgmsls nr slr`ls n scmfflrmjt`v`t`ls cme`dh up tgl [M $

Xgmt `s m als`hd pnrt nf`n>M als`hd pnrt nf`n `s m anjucldt jndtm`d`dh mff `d nrcmt`nd nd m pmrt`jufmrprmjt`jmf prnoljt$ @t `s jncp`fla `d m pmrt`jufmr slquldjl mda tlffs tgl rlmalrlvlrytg`dh minut tgmt prmjt`jmf prnoljt$ @t `s dlmtfy inuda mda cust il jncpfltlail nrl tgl prmjt`jmf prnoljt cmy il jndstrujtla$ @t cust jndtm`d mff `d nrcmt`nd sntgmt mdy plrsnd jmd cmel `t$ Xgmt mrl wnre`dh armw`dhs>Qlsl mrl tgl armw`dh `dstrujt`nds dllala nr cme`dh tgl prnaujt nr cnalf$ Qly jnds`st n nrtgnhrmpg`j armw`dhs mda sljt`nd armw`dhs n tgl prnaujt tn il cmal$ Ql dmf wnre`dh armw`dhs ms `da`jmtla `d tgl cmre`dh clcnrmdauc w`ff ilmsslssla ms pmrt n tgl dmf prnaujt nr cnalf$ Qlsl cmres tglrl nrl nrc pmrt n tgl prnaujt nr cnalf mda jnudt nr 8< cmres$

Jncputlr#màla armw`dhs cust il andl udalr tgl suplrv`s`nd n tgl laujmtnr$ Xgmt `s m prnaujt nr cnalf>Q`s `s tgl lda prnaujt tgmt `s prnaujla ms m snfut`nd tn tgl tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss$@t jmd l`tglr il m uff#sjmfl prnaujt nr m sjmfl cnalf n m prnaujt$

Qgl tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss

Ql tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss ldjncpmssls mff mspljts n tgl als`hd prnjlss& dmclfy tgl àldt` jmt`nd n prniflcs& dllas mda nppnrtud`t`ls mda hldlrmt`dh pnssìflsnfut`nds$ @t `djfuals mff tgl stlps tgmt dlla tn il nffnwla wg`fl hldlrmt`dh mdaals`hd`dh tgl snfut`nds$ Ql tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss `s md `dtlrmjt`nd iltwlld tgmtwg`jg `s nislrvla mda m clssmhl tgmt `s sldt tn tgl irm`d5 tgl irm`d das m snfut`ndmda tgl gmdas plr nrc tgl tmse$

Xgmt `s als`hd>Als`hd `s tgl mrt n jrlmt`dh sncltg`dh dlw nut n md lx`st`dh prnaujt& sn tgmt `tsfnnes mda udjt`ndmf`ty mrl `cprnvla$ Ql als`hdlr‐s àlms mrl jndjl`vla tgrnuhglxplr`ldjls `d g`s nr glr nwd ldv`rndcldt$ Cmdy dlw prnaujt àlms mrl hldlrmtlatgrnuhg rlma`dh cmhmz`dls nr dlwspmplrs$


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[rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt Qmse =

Ql tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss jmd il l`tglr f`dlmr nr jyjf`jmf$ Q`s alsjrìl tgl vmr`nusstmhls tgmt tgl als`hd prnjlss hnls tgrnuhg$ Ql stmhls and‐t mfwmys nffnw m splj` jnralr aur`dh tg`s prnjlss$ Gnwlvlr& wgld jncp`f`dh m als`hd pnrt nf`n& `t `s lms`lrtn nffnw tgl stmhls ms slt nut `d tg`s jgmptlr$

Fmynut n m als`hd pnrt nf`nPnu jmd usl tgl nffnw`dh jndtldts f`st tn nrhmd`sl ynur als`hd pnrt nf`n `d sujg mwmy tgmt `t nrcs md l ljt`vl& dlmt mda mjjurmtl jnccud`jmt`nd p`ljl$ Mff pmhlssgnufa il jflmrfy ducilrla$ Ql glma`dhs mda sui#glma`dhs sgnufa il jflmrfy `da`jmtla$ Ql tljgd`jmf cm`dtldmdjl mda prlsldtmt`nd n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n `s vlry `cpnrtmdt$

=$ Jncp`f`dh m als`hd pnrt nf`n=$= Mff pmhls sgnufa ducilrla$=$9 Lvlry sljt`nd sgnufa gmvl jflmr glma`dhs mda sui#glma`dhs$=$: Zeltjgls jmd il andl iy gmda& w`tg `dstrucldts nr iy jncputlr$=$1 Flttlrs& qulst`nddm`rls mda @dtlrdlt anwdfnmas sgnufa mff il `djfuala ̀

tgly gmvl illd usla$

=$< [gntns n lvlry stlp n tgl cmdu mjtur`dh prnjlss jnufa il `djfuala$

Ztmhls `d tgl jncp`fmt`nd n m als`hd pnrt nf`n

Msslsscldt jr`tlr`m Als`hd prnjlss Alsjr`pt`nd

Ylslmrjg`dh mda jnffljt`dh `d nrcmt`nd

Z`tumt`nd • Jmd il m alsjr`pt`nd nr pgntn n m rlmf#f` l prniflc• @s m ir`l alsjr`pt`nd& jflmr mda mjtumf• @s npld tn `dtlrprltmt`nd• @da`jmtls ` `t `s m prniflc& dlla nr nppnrtud`ty$

Mdmfys`s n tgls`tumt`nd

• Mdmfysl tgl s`tumt`nd iy mse`dh qulst`nds sn ms tn alvlfnp m ilttlrudalrstmda`dh n tgl s`tumt`nd$

• @aldt` y ely wnras mda àlms$• Mdmfysl tgl s`tumt`nd tn altlrc`dl ` `t `s m prniflc& dlla nr nppnrtud̀ ty$• Lstmif`sg wgmt tgl rlmf prniflc `s$• Altlrc`dl wgltglr tgl s`tumt`nd gms mdy f`c`tmt`nds$• Xgn w`ff usl tgl mj`f`ty>• An splj`mf jndjlss`nds dlla tn il cmal& nr lxmcpfl& nr tgl a`smifla$• Xgmt w`ff tgl `cpmjt il nd tgl ldv`rndcldt>• Xgmt sm lty clmsurls anls tgl als`hd gmvl tn jncpfy>

Als̀ hd prnpnsmf • Alsjrìl tgl als`hd prnpnsmf w`tgnut f`c t̀`dh jrlmt`v`ty$• Xr`tl m s`cpfl stmtlcldt tgmt prnvàls m snfut`nd tn m prniflc nr nppnrtud`ty$• @t `s ir`l mda tn tgl pn`dt$• @t rl ljts tgl mjtumf prniflc& dlla nr nppnrtud`ty$• @t `da`jmtls mt wgnc tgl snfut`nd `s m`cla$

• @t `da`jmtls wgmt tgl snfut`nd sgnufa il mifl tn an$• Zuhhlst pnssìfl snfut`nds$• Il jflmr mda udmci`hunus$• An dnt alsjrìl tgl snfut`nd ̀ d mdy altm`f$


10/469

1

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy



Zplj̀ jmt`nds • @s m altm`fla alsjr̀ pt`nd n tgl jr t̀lr`m w t̀g wg`jg tgl prnaujt dllas tnjncpfy w`tg$

• F`c`tmt`nds `d jlrtm`d s`tumt`nds mrl alp`jtla nr `da`jmtla iy tgl jf`ldt ‚ ` `t `sdnt `da`jmtla& `t anls dnt dljlssmr`fy clmd `t `s dnt m f`c`tmt`nd$

• Ql f`c`tmt`nds slrvl ms pmrt n tgl splj` jmt`nds$• F`st mff tgl jr`tlr`m w`tg wg`jg tgl als`hd gms tn jncpfy$• Ducilr splj` jmt`nds ‚ `t w`ff glfp w`tg tgl lvmfumt`nd n tgl snfut`nd$• Zplj` jmt`nds slrvl ms jr`tlr`m aur`dh tgl alvlfnpcldt n tgl als`hd& ms wlff ms

nr tgl lvmfumt`nd mda tlst`dh n tgl dmf prnaujt$• Zplj` jmt`nds jmd `djfual?

‚ mlstglt`j mpplmrmdjl‚ ldv`rndcldtmf mspljts 'jndsàlrmt`nds)‚ a`smifla# r`ldafy ‚ jnsts‚ @s tgl prnaujt sm l tn usl>‚ Gnw sù tmifl `s `t nr usl>

@dvlst̀ hmt̀ nds • Jnffljt pgntns n tgl als`hd rnc innes mda cmhmz`dls 'tglsl pgntns nrcpmrt n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n)$

• An sncl rlslmrjg iy hmtglr`dh dlw ednwflahl mda `d nrcmt`nd minut tglprniflc$

• \sl m vmr`lty n rlslmrjg cltgnas tn lxpmda ynur udalrstmda`dh mdaednwflahl n tgl suioljt mda uft`cmtlfy tn hm`d ednwflahl nd gnw tn snfvltgl prniflc$

• [r`cmry rlslmrjg `s `d nrcmt`nd tgmt `s alr`vla rnc tgl np`d`nds n ntglrs ‚nitm`dla tgrnuhg ̀ dtlrv`lws& qulst`nddm`rls& jnrrlspndaldjl& tlflpgndl jmffs&l#cm`fs& tlxt clssmhls& ltj$

• Zljndamry rlslmrjg `s `d nrcmt`nd minut tgl suioljt tgmt mfrlmay lx`sts ‚nitm`dla tgrnuhg jndsuft`dh innes& rl lrldjl innes& ldjyjfnpmla`ms& tgl@dtlrdlt& ltj$

• Jncp`fl m f`st nr tgl iìf`nhrmpgy n mff tgl plnpfl mda innes ynu jndsuftla$

Hldlrmt`dh mda.nrals`hd`dh pnssìflsnfut`nds

Hldlrmt`nd n àlms • Zeltjg slvlrmf a` lrldt snfut`nds nr tgl prniflc& dlla nr nppnrtud`ty$• Zeltjg pnssìfl àlms mda mddntmtl tgly seltjgls 'a`clds`nds mda dntls)$• Maa lxpfmdmtnry dntls tn tgl seltjgls$• Lvmfumtl lvlry pnssìfl snfut`nd tn sll ` `t cllts tgl splj` jmt`nds& iy f`st`dh

mff tgl mavmdtmhls mda a`smavmdtmhls$• M hrma`dh sjmfl jmd il usla nd tgl splj` jmt`nds mda ntglr jr`tlr`m `d nralr tn

altlrc`dl tgl ilst npt`nd$

Alvlfnpcldt n tgl ilst àlm

• Aljàl 'mda h`vl rlmsnds nr) wg`jg snfut`nd nr jnci`dmt`nd n snfut`ndssgnufa il alvlfnpla ms m dmf àlm$

• Alvlfnp tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd iy f`st`dh tgl nffnw`dh altm`fs tgmt mrl dllalatn prnaujl tgl snfut`nd?‚ cm`d a`clds`nds mda ntglr `cpnrtmdt a`clds`nds‚ jndstrujt`nd altm`fs‚ cmtlr`mfs mda wglrl tgly w`ff il usla‚ wgmt typl n d`sg w`ff il usla‚ sm lty clmsurls tgmt sgnufa il nffnwla tn ldsurl tgl sm lty n wnrelrs$

• M lr tg`s stlp& tgl nrtgnhrmpg`j armw`dhs jmd il prnaujla$

Xnre`dh armw`dhs • Xnre`dh armw`dhs mrl tgl `dstrujt`nds rnc tgl armuhgtscmd tn tgl mrt s̀mdmda sgnufa jndtm`d mff tgl ̀ d nrcmt`nd dljlssmry tn cmel tgl prnaujt$

• Xnre`dh armw`dhs mrl usumffy andl nrtgnhrmpg`jmffy$• Qly mrl dnt cmrela ms pmrt n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n$• Ql stmdamra n tgl flmrdlrs‐ nrtgnhrmpg`j armw`dhs sgnufa il sujg tgmt tgly

jmd il gmdala ̀ d tn tgl cud`j`pmf`ty nr mpprnvmf$• Ql nffnw`dh nrtgnhrmpg`j armw`dhs sgnufa il armwd?

‚ nnr pfmd‚ tgrll v`lws? dnrtg& snutg& wlst nr lmst v`lw ' rndt& tnp& fl nr r`hgt v`lw)‚ vlrt`jmf sljt`ndmf v`lw tgmt sgnws tgl altm`f n tgl nudamt`nd$

Qlsl nrtgnhrmpg`j armw`dhs mrl cmrela us`dh tgl cmre`dh clcnrmdauc$


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Alvlfnp`dh ilst.prl lrrla snfut`nd

Cmtlr`mfs f`st mdai`ff n qumdt`t`ls

• @aldt` y tgl cmtlr`mfs tgmt sgnufa il usla$• \sl wnre`dh armw`dhs tn jncp`fl m i`ff n qumdt`t`ls$

Xnre prnjlaurlmda t`cl sjglaufls

• Zplj` y tgl tnnfs mda lqu`pcldt dllala tn jrlmtl tgl strujturl `d m rlmf#f` ls`tumt`nd$

• [ my mttldt`nd tn tgl jndstrujt`nd mda sm lty prnjlssls tgmt dlla tn il nffnwla

aur`dh cmdu mjtur`dh$• Ir`l y alsjr`il tgl stlps tgmt sgnufa il nffnwla tn cmel tgl sjmfl cnalf$ Qlstlps sgnufa nffnw m fnh`jmf slquldjl mda sgnufa il jflmrfy slt nut$

• \sl tgl jnrrljt tlrc`dnfnhy$• Jncp`fl m t`cl sjglaufl plr qumrtlr$

[rnaujtcmdu mjturl

• Jndvlrt tgl dmf `alm `dtn m prnaujt$• Znclt`cls tgl prnjlssls mda jndstrujt`nds and‐t hn mjjnra`dh tn pfmd$ Yljnra

tglsl jgmdhls mda tgl rlmsnds nr tglc mda mppfy tglsl jgmdhls tn tgl prnaujt$• \sl jnrl tmses 'sgnrt& prmjt`jmf& njusla mjt`v`t`ls) tn mjqu`rl tgl dljlssmry

ednwflahl mda se`ffs dllala tn cmel tgl prnaujt$

Lvmfumt`dh prnaujtnr cnalf

Lvmfumt̀ nd • Mppfy tgl nrcmt̀ vl lvmfumt`nd tn lvlry stlp ̀ d tgl alvlfnpcldt n tglsnfut`nd$

• Mppfy succmt`vl msslsscldt n tgl dmf prnaujt iy lvmfumt`dh lmjg als`hdsplj` jmt`nd$

• Lvmfumtl tgl dmf prnaujt mhm`dst tgl dllas mda splj` jmt`nds iy mse`dhqulst`nds$ Ql qulst`nds mda mdswlrs cust il clmd`dh uf sn tgmt tgly jmd ilusla ̀ d uturl lvmfumt`nds$

• @aldt` y al j`ldj`ls `d tgl prnjlss& strldhtgs mda wlmedlssls `d tgl als`hd&wg`jg prniflcs wlrl lxplr`ldjla mda gnw tgly wlrl rlsnfvla$

• @s tgl prnaujt l ljt`vl nr usl ms wlff ms jnst#l ljt`vl>• Lvmfumtl gnw mpprnpr`mtl tgl cmtlr`mfs& prnjlaurls& tljgd`quls mda prnjlssls

wlrl tgmt wlrl usla tn iu`fa tgl sjmfl cnalf$• Xms tgl pfmdd`dh l ljt`vl>• Xms t`cl usla lbj`ldtfy>• Xgmt flssnds wlrl flmrdt mda gnw jmd tgly il mppf`la tn `cprnvl tgl prnaujt

` `t sgnufa il cmal mhm`d>lst`dh • Mppfy succmt`vl msslsscldt n tgl lda prnaujt iy tlst`dh tgl prnaujt tn

altlrc`dl wgltglr `t anls wgmt `t `s suppnsla tn an$


12/469

2

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy


[rlsldt`dh als`hdpnrt nf`n

Jnccud`jmt`ndcla`m

• Jnccud`jmtl tgl prniflc#snfv`dh prnjlss `d tlxt nrc iy wr`t`dh `t nut iy gmda nr typ`dh `t up nd m jncputlr$

• Jnccud`jmtl tgl prniflc#snfv`dh prnjlss hrmpg`jmffy tgrnuhg seltjgls&`dstrucldt armw`dhs& pgntns& pgntnjnp`ls mda stldj`fs$

• Jnccud`jmtl tgl prniflc#snfv`dh prnjlss tgrnuhg m sjmfl cnalf n tglprnaujt$

`tfl pmhl @s usumffy jncpfltla fmst$Zgnufa ̀ da`jmtl tgl nffnw`dh?• Dmcl n sjgnnf• Dmcl n flmrdlr• Hrmal• Plmr• Zu`tmifl t`tfl• Zu`tmifl t`tfl pmhl ̀ ffustrmt`nd

Jndtldts pmhl @s jncpfltla sljnda#fmst$• @s andl nd m slpmrmtl pmhl• Zgnws mff sljt`nds• Zgnws mff suisljt`nds

• Zgnws mff pmhl ducilrs• Ldsurl tgmt tgl pmhl ducilrs nd tgl jndtldts pmhl jnrrlspnda w`tg tgnsl `dtgl anjucldt

Znurjl f`st.iìf`nhrmpgy

• Mfsn dllas tn il jncpfltla nd m slpmrmtl pmhl$• Yl lrldjl.snurjl f`sts sgnufa il andl jncpfltlfy mda jnrrljtfy$

Mt flmst tgrll n tgl nffnw`dh snurjls& rljnrala jnrrljtfy& sgnufa il f`stla?• Mt flmst nur rl lrldjl innes• Mt flmst twn plrsndmf `dtlrv`lws w`tg& nr lxmcpfl& m tlmjglr& jf`ldt& mrjg`tljt&

qumdt`ty survlynr& ltj$• Xlis`tls• Cmhmz`dls• Dlwspmplr mrt`jfls

• Ràln rljnra`dhs• lflv`s`nd• Yma`n prnhrmccls


Pnu w`ff mjg`lvl tg`s wgld ynu mrl mifl tn?• àldt` y m dlla nr prniflc `d m rlmf#f` l s`tumt`nd• alsjrìl m s`tumt`nd• mdmfysl m s`tumt`nd• h`vl m ir`l alsjr`pt`nd n wgmt tgl ilst snfut`nd `s tn tgl prniflc 'als`hd

prnpnsmf)• hmtglr `d nrcmt`nd tgrnuhg rlslmrjg• mdmfysl tgl prniflc mda jncp`fl splj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds$

Lvlry prnaujt tgmt lx`sts tnamy `s m rlsuft n m dlla nr prniflc tgmt gma tn ilsnfvla$ Xgld jncp`f`dh m als`hd pnrt nf`n& ynu rst dlla tn àldt` y tgl prniflcnr dlla$ Qld ynu dlla tn alsjrìl tgl prniflc 's`tumt`nd)& wg`jg `s nffnwla iy tgl als`hd prnpnsmf$ Ql als`hd prnpnsmf `s m ir`l alsjr`pt`nd n wgmt dllas tn ilals`hdla w`tg dn f`c`tmt`nds nd jrlmt`v`ty nr àlms& nr lxmcpfl& als`hd`dh md nioljttgmt jmd il usla ms stnrmhl nr jlrtm`d `tlcs$ Ql prniflc `s tgld mdmfysla us`dh vmr`nus rlslmrjg cltgnas tn hmtglr `d nrcmt`nd$


13/469

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Ylslmrjg cltgnas jnufa `djfual?• @d nrcmt`nd nitm`dla rnc innes& cmhmz`dls& tgl @dtlrdlt& tlflv`s`nd& ltj$• ]ulst`nddm`rls• Md `dtlrv`lw w`tg ynur tlmjglr nr mdy ntglr ednwflahlmifl plrsnd• Nislrvmt`nd mda lxplr`cldtmt`nd• Jnrrlspndaldjl w t̀g jncpmd`ls wglrl ynu mse nr rll irnjgurls mda ntglr

rlflvmdt ̀ d nrcmt`nd• Cmrelt rlslmrjg$

M lr tgl prniflc gms illd mdmfysla& ynu dlla tn altlrc`dl tgl splj` jmt`nds nrtgl prnaujt als`hd& tme`dh `dtn jnds`alrmt`nd mdy f`c`tmt`nds nd tgl als`hd$ Qlsplj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds mrl altm`fla alsjr`pt`nds n tgl jr`tlr`m tgmt prnaujtdllas tn jnd nrc tn mda jmd il usla fmtlr tn tlst mda lvmfumtl tgl prnaujt$

Lxmcpfl n m flttlr

Jndstrujt`nd Zjgnnf=9 [fmstlr ZtrlltJLCLDQ QNXD10:<= Omdumry 9;=9

Brll Gnusl [fmds[$N$ Inx :1<GNCL QNXD:


14/469

7

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Qgl tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss

Ql tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss `dvnfvls mff tgl stlps tn il tmeld `d als`hd`dh mdacmdu mjtur`dh nr jncpflt`dh m prnaujt nr prnoljt$ @d tg`s Flmrd`dh Nutjncl ynuw`ff lxpmda tgl ednwflahl mda se`ffs ynu gmvl mfrlmay hm`dla `d prlv`nus hrmals$

Q`s ylmr ynu mrl hn`dh tǹ aldt` y mda`dvlst`hmtl& als`hd& cmdu mjturlmdalvmfumtlrlflvmdt J`v`f ljgdnfnhy prnaujts mda.nr prnoljts mda tgldjnccud`jmtl ynur rlsufts us`dh vmr`nus cla`m mda mpprnpr`mtl tlrc`dnfnhy$

Lxmcpfl?Ql armw`dh sgnws m ilarnnc$ Ztuay tgl armw`dh mda?• alsjrìl tgl s`tumt`nd tgmt lx`sts glrl• wr`tl m su`tmifl als`hd ir`l • `da`jmtl sncl ims`j splj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds• wr`tl tn m rc nr `d nrcmt`nd$

Znfut`nd?Xgmt aà ynu sll `d tgl ilarnnc> Ql ilasàl fmcp& mfmrc jfnje& cuh mda inne mrl mff nd tgl hrnuda dlxt tn tgl ila$ Qlsl `tlcs mrl a`bjuft tn rlmjg mdacmel tgl nnr fnne udtày$

Dnw als`hd mda cmel md nioljt tgmt jmd gnusl tgl ilasàl fmcp& mfmrc jfnje& cuhmda inne$ Imsl ynur als`hd nd `d nrcmt`nd nitm`dla iy flttlr nr `dstmdjl$

Lxmcpfl n m flttlr?

Pnur maarlssJncpmdy‐s maarlss

Almr Z`r.Cmamc

BYLL B\YD@Q\YL IYNJG\YL

Pnur maarlss

Ms pmrt nb cy Hrmal =9 J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy jurr̀ jufuc& @ pfmdtn cmel m ilasàl jmi`dlt$ @ ilf`lvl ynu gmvl puif`sglam brll inneflt ‖Cmel ynur nwd burd`turl– w`tg uslbuf`dbnrcmt`nd$ Jnufa ynu pflmsl slda cl m jnpy>

Qgmde`dh ynu ̀ d mdt`j`pmt`nd$

Elmdu Hlfalrifnc

Xmff

Inne Mfmrcjfnje

Jn llcuh

Ilasàl fmcp

Xmff

[`ffnw

Auvlt.ifmdelts

Ila


15/469

0


Zplj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`ndsDnw jncp`fl m f`st n splj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds tgmt alsjrìl tgl ilasàljmi`dlt cnrl jflmrfy$ Xgmt sgnufa tgl jmi`dlt fnne fèl>• @t sgnufa il minut ms g`hg ms tgl ila$• Qlrl cust il subj`ldt spmjl nd tnp nr m fmcp& mfmrc jfnje mda cuh$• @t cust gmvl m armwlr tn gnfa innes$• Ql typl n t`cilr mda d`sg cust cmtjg tgl ilarnnc jupinmra$• Ql cmx`cuc a`clds`nds mrl tn il?


16/469

=;

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Hldlrmt`dh als`hd àlms

Pnu w`ff mjg`lvl tg`s wgld ynu mrl mifl tn?• alvlfnp `ddnvmt`vl mda nr`h`dmf snfut`nds imsla nd tgl splj` jmt`nds• hldlrmtl mftlrdmt`vl snfut`nds.als`hds nr snfv`dh m prniflc• jndvly ynur snfut`nds hrmpg`jmffy

• jr`t`jmffy mdmfysl prnpnsla snfut`nds iy dmc`dh tgl`r mavmdtmhls mdaa`smavmdtmhls• àldt` y mda cnt`vmtl tgl ilst snfut`nd `d rlfmt`nd tn tgl als`hd ir`l • alvlfnp tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd `d altm`f$

Ellp tgl nffnw`dh mspljts `d c`da wgld ynu hldlrmtl mda.nr als`hd snfut`nds?• B`da àlms ̀ d pgntns& armw`dhs mda rl lrldjl innes$• Gnfa hrnup a`sjuss`nds mda irm`dstnrc`dh slss`nds nr a`sjuss`dh àlms$• Cmel surl tgmt tgl àlms cllt tgl als`hd ir`l $• Zll ` tgl àlms cllt tgl prlaltlrc`dla splj` jmt`nds$• Zll ` tgl àlms mrl lmsìfl `d prmjt`jl$• Mrl tgl àlms dmdj`mffy v`mifl>• Lvmfumtl àlms iy f`st`dh tgl mavmdtmhls mda a`smavmdtmhls n lmjg$• Aljàl wg`jg àlm w`ff ilst cllt tgl als`hd ir`l mda cnt`vmtl tgl dmf jgn`jl$• Alvlfnp tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd `d cnrl altm`f$• Armw m seltjg sgnw`dh tgl dmf a`clds`nds& mpplmrmdjl& cmtlr`mfs& ltj$

Aur`dh tg`s prnjlss& ynu cust put anwd mdy àlm tgmt njjurs tn ynu$ Md mppmrldtfy s`cpfl nr `cpnssìfl àlm cmy flma tn m usl uf als`hd$ Ql cnrl pnssìfl snfut`ndsynu jmd put anwd& tgl i`hhlr tgl jgmdjl n m hnna dmf snfut`nd$ Ylclcilr tn`dslrt dntls lxpfm`d`dh mff tgl àlms$ A`clds`nds nr tgl àlms mrl mfsn `da`spldsmiflms tgly w`ff altlrc`dl wgltglr tgl als`hd `s intg v`mifl mda mttrmjt`vl$

Ql seltjg cmy il `d twn nr tgrll a`clds`nds '9A nr :A) mda andl rllgmda&cljgmd`jmffy nr ms m jncputlr#màla als`hd 'JMA)$

n p`je tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd& tgl ilst snfut`nd 'àlm) rnc mff tgl àlms hldlrmtla`s jndsàlrla$ Q`s jmd il andl iy wl`hg`dh up mff tgl mavmdtmhls mda a`smavmdtmhlsn lmjg nr jncpmr`dh tgl àlms w`tg lmjg ntglr& us`dh m slt n jr`tlr`m$ M cnt`vmt`nd

nr oust` y`dh tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd cust il pmrt n tgl prnjlss$

Ql wnre`dh armw`dhs& `$l$ tgl altm`fla sltt`dh#nut n tgl als`hd nr tgl mrt`smd iy marmuhgtsplrsnd& `s tgld cmal rnc tgl ilst àlm$

'DI? Xnre`dh armw`dhs mrl cmrela slpmrmtlfy$)


17/469

==


Ql tmifl ilfnw jmd il usla nr jncpmr`dh vmr`nus snfut`nds$

Jr`tlr`m @alm=

@alm9

@alm:

Ilst snfut`nd nr tgl prniflc

Cllts tgl splj` jmt`nds.f`c t̀mt`nds

M nrami`f`ty

Mpplmrmdjl

Z`zl

Cnalff`dh

ntmf

\sl tgl nffnw`dh rmt`dh?Lxjlffldt? <

Hnna 1Mvlrmhl :[nnr? 9Rlry pnnr =

Ql àlm sjnr`dh tgl g`hglst cmre `s tgl àlm tgmt sgnufa il alvlfnpla$

Lxmcpfl?Ql nffnw`dh seltjgls sgnw vmr`nus als`hds nr m imtgrnnc jmi`dlt als`hdla iy mstualdt nr g`s.glr mt$ Gl.sgl mpprnmjgls ynu nr tgl ilst snfut`nd$ Jncpfltl tgl

nffnw`dh tmifl tn sll wg`jg àlm prnvàls tgl ilst snfut`nd$

@alm = @alm 9 @alm :

C`rrnr nd `dsàl n annrC`rrnr wg`jg cnvlsC`rrnr nd annr


18/469

=9

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

\sl tgl nffnw`dh rmt`dh?Lxjlffldt <Hnna 1Mvlrmhl :[nnr 9Rlry pnnr =

Jr`tlr`m @alm = @alm 9 @alm :

Ilst snfut`nd nr tgl prniflc 9 1 1

Mpplmrmdjl 9 : 1

Z`zl : 1 1

Alhrll n a`bjufty tn cmel 9 : 1

\slr# r`ldafy 1 : 1

M nramifl 1 : :

ntmf =8 9; 9:

@alm : `s tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd tn il alvlfnpla$

Mjt`v`ty 9

=$ Ql sljur`ty humra& wgn jndtrnfs tgl ldtry n v`s`tnrs mt tgl sjgnnf hmtl& gmsdnwglrl tn s`t$ Als`hd m strujturl tgmt w`ff prnvàl sglftlr mda prntljt`nd$

9$ Dmcl tgl snurjls ynu wnufa usl tn da ̀ alms$:$ @aldt` y tgl splj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds tn il jndsàlrla `d als`hd`dh tgl

snfut`nd$1$ Zeltjg tgrll pnssìfl snfut`nds mda sgnw tgl mavmdtmhls mda a`smavmdtmhls n lmjg àlm$ Mttmjg jmpt`nds mda a`clds`nds tn tgl seltjg$


19/469


20/469

=1

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Aur`dh tg`s stmhl n tgl als`hd prnjlss& pfmdd`dh tgl cmdu mjtur`dh n tgl prnaujt`s maarlssla$ Ql altm`fla wnre`dh armw`dhs mrl usla tn jncp`fl i`ffs n cmtlr`mfs&qumdt`t`ls mda jnsts$ Mff tnnfs tgmt w`ff il usla `d prmjt`jl cust mfsn il `da`jmtla$Ql cmdu mjtur`dh prnjlss cust mfsn il slt nut `d fnh`jmf stlps mda cust `djfual mdlst`cmtl n tgl t`cl rlqu`rla nr lmjg stlp$

M stmrt jmd dnw il cmal w`tg cmdu mjtur`dh tgl prnaujts$ [gntns& seltjgls nralsjr`pt`nds jmd il usla tn sgnw tgl prnaujt mt vmr`nus stmhls$Ql rlmf`smt`nd n tgl prnaujt `s msslssla slpmrmtlfy$

Lxmcpfl n qumdt`ty f`stQl lxtlrdmf clmsurlcldts n m iu`fa`dh `s =; 7;; cc Ø 2


21/469

=<


Mjt`v`ty :=$ Ql rmclwnre n m imtgrnnc jmi`dlt `s sgnwd$ Ql a`clds`nds n tgl

jmi`dlt mrl? gl`hgt 3 • Gnw su`tmifl wlrl tgl cmtlr`mfs& prnjlaurls& tljgd`quls mda prnjlssls usla>• Gms tgl t`cl illd prnaujt`vlfy usla>

Jlrtm`d tlsts cust il jndaujtla tn sll ` tgl als`hd cllts `ts `dtldala purpnsl$ Bnrlxmcpfl& tn ldsurl tgmt mff tgl splj` la `tlcs t `dtn tgl prnaujt& tgly cust mff ilpgys`jmffy pfmjla `dtn `t$

Lvmfumt`nd mda tlst`dh cust il andl mt mff stmhls$ @d tg`s wmy prniflcs jmd ilàldt` la t`clnusfy mda jnrrljtla$\sl ynur qulst`nd mda mdswlr irm`dstnrc`dh slss`nds tn suhhlst `cprnvlcldts tntgl prnaujt$

Mjt`v`ty 1

=$ Lvmfumtl tgl fmynut n ynur J`v`f ljgdnfnhy jldtrl mda àldt` y `ts strldhtgs&sgnrtjnc`dhs mda mdy prniflcs ynu gmvl lxplr`ldjla$

9$ @da`jmtl gnw tgl sgnrtjnc`dhs mda prniflcs jmd il snfvla$:$ Gnw jmd ynu da nut ` m imtgrnnc c`rrnr `s mt tgl àlmf gl`hgt nr m wgnfl

mc`fy>


22/469

=2

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Qn prlsldt snfut`nds w`tg m vmr`lty n jnccud`jmt̀ nd cla`m

Pnu w`ff gmvl rlmjgla tg`s msslsscldt stmdamra wgld ynu mrl mifl tn?• slfljt mda mppfy su`tmifl tljgdnfnh`ls nr jnci`d`dh hrmpg`js mda tlxt$

Ql tljgdnfnh`jmf prnjlss `s alsjrìla `d tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n$ Zu`tmifl tljgdnfnh`lssujg ms jncputlrs& pgntnjnp`lrs& armw`dh mda wr`t`dh tlcpfmtls mda mua`n#v`sumfmàs jmd il usla nr jnccud`jmt`dh tlxt mda armw`dhs$

Ql nffnw`dh tljgdnfnh`ls jmd il usla nr prlsldt`dh ynur als`hd pnrt nf`n `d mtmstl uf cmddlr?• gmda#wr`ttld tlxt w`tg pgntnjnp`ls• jncputlrs nr wr`ttld tlxt& armw`dhs mda pgntnhrmpgs• jncputlrs nr wr`ttld tlxt mda armw`dhs mda pgntns tgmt mrl tgld pgntnjnp`la• mua`n#v`sumf rljnra`dhs jnci`d`dh tlxt mda hrmpg`js• armw`dh mda wr`t`dh tlcpfmtls jmd il usla tn ldsurl tgmt rllgmda armw`dhs mda

wr`t`dh gmvl m dlmt& prn lss`ndmf mpplmrmdjl$

Zltt`dh nut m als`hd pnrt nf`nNrhmd`s`dh m als`hd pnrt nf`n `d sujg m wmy tgmt `t iljncls md l ljt`vl& dlmt mdajnrrljt jnccud`jmt`nd jmd il s`cpf` la w`tg tgl usl n tgl nffnw`dh `dalx$ Mffpmhls cust il jflmrfy ducilrla mda glma`dhs mda sui#glma`dhs cust il jflmrfy `da`jmtla$ Ql tljgd`jmf la`t`dh mda prlsldtmt`nd n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n `s vlry `cpnrtmdt&

=$ `tfl pmhl9$ @dalx:$ [rniflc.dlla

:$= @aldt` jmt`nd n prniflc:$9 Als`hd ir`l :$: @dvlst`hmt`nds:$1 Zplj` jmt`nds:$< F`c`tmt`nds

1$ @alms1$= @alms mrl hldlrmtla1$9 Ql ilst àlm `s slfljtla1$: Xnre`dh armw`dhs


23/469

=8


Hldlrmf g`dts?• Mff snurjls cust il `djfuala `d ndl f`st$• Mff snurjls cust il mrrmdhla mfpgmilt`jmffy$• Innes mrl f`stla mjjnra`dh tn tgl mutgnrs 'wr`tlrs)$• Ntglr snurjls mrl f`stla mjjnra`dh tn tgl t`tfl nr dmcl n tgl snurjl$• Ql t`tfls n innes& cmhmz`dls& tlflv`s`nd nr rma`n prnhrmccls mda vàlns mrl

mfwmys udalrf`dla& wgld tgl mss`hdcldt `s gmdawr`ttld nr ntglrw`sl typla `d`tmf`js$

• Huàlf`dls tn f`st`dh snurjls?[flmsl dntl wglrl tgl uff stnps '$)& jnccms '&)& jnfnds '?)& "& `dvlrtla jnccms'‖ –) mda irmjelts '6 4) mrl pfmjla wgld tgl snurjl `s f`stla$

• Inne tgmt gms ndl mutgnrZurdmcl& dmcl nr `d`t`mfs$ Plmr n puif`jmt`nd$ `tfl$ [fmjl? [uif`sglr$

• Inne tgmt gms twn mutgnrsZurdmcl& dmcl nr `d`t`mfs " surdmcl$ Plmr n puif`jmt`nd$ `tfl$ [fmjl? [uif`sglr$

• Inne tgmt gms cnrl tgmd twn mutgnrsZurdmcl& dmcl nr `d`t`mfs " lt mf$ Plmr n puif`jmt`nd$ `tfl$ [fmjl? [uif`sglr$

• Cmhmz`dl mrt`jfl nr m dlwspmplr rlpnrtZurdmcl n onurdmf`st& dmcl nr `d`t`mfs& ylmr n puif`jmt`nd& dlwspmplr glma`dh$Dmcl n cmhmz`dl.dlwspmplr mda amtl? pmhl rl lrldjls$

• [lrsndmf ̀ dtlrv`lwsZurdmcl n `dtlrv`lwll& g`s.glr dmcl nr `d`t`mfs$ Oni alsjr`pt`nd& dmcl n rc&suioljt n `dtlrv`lw& amtl n `dtlrv`lw& jndtmjt ducilr& j`ty nr tnwd$

• Xlis`tl`tfl& wlis`tl 6lfljtrnd`j maarlss4 Uamtl anwdfnmalaS

Lxmcpfl n iìf`nhrmpgy

Imrelr& I$O$ =00:$Ql Znutg M r`jmd Inne N Gnusl [fmds$Jmpl nwd? Ztruè [uif`sglrs$Al R`ff`lrs& F$ 9;;2$Znutg M r`jmd Gnusl [fmds$ Jmpl nwd? Ztruè [uif`sglrs$Brll gnusl pfmds 6gttp?..www$scmrtarmw$jnc4 U=9 Blirumry 9;==S$Brll gnusl pfmds 6gttp?..lz`dlmrt`jfls$jnc4 U=7 Blirumry 9;==S$Hlfalrifnc& L$[mrldts$ lsdmsamf& 9< Omdumry 9;==$ ;9: :17 9;;;$ Xnrjlstlr$Hrniilfmmr& M$ 9;;2$Iu`fa`dh Jndstrujt`nd mda Hrmpg`j Ztmdamras$Ol lrlys Imy?Mdhfn Ymda$Gu`smcld& $Z`v`lfl lhdnfnh`l Ndalrwyslr&Iu`fa`dh Bnjus Zljndamry Zjgnnf$Jncp`fmt`nd n m Als`hd [nrt nf`n& =1 Blirumry 9;=9& ;80 9:1


24/469

=7

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Hrmal =9 J`v`f ljgdnfnhy 9;=$$$

[rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt mse '[M )

@dstrujt`nds tn tgl flmrdlr

`cl mffnwla? =st‚:ra tlrcs

Dmcl n flmrdlr?

DI? Q`s anjucldt mda msslsscldt cmtr`jls cust il inuda `dtn tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n$

@dstrujt`nds tn tgl flmrdlr?• Q`s [rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt mse jnudts 9


25/469

=0


Cmre mffnjmt`nd?Als`hd pnrt nf`n? 9


26/469

9;

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

9$=; [rnn n rlslmrjg? l$h$ flttlrs rljl`vla5 quntmt`nds n jnsts& @dtlrdlt rlslmrjg& ltj$9$== Flmrdlr‐s mss`hdcldt mda msslsscldt tnnfs usla nr lvmfumt`nd n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n& sjmfl armw`dhs

mda prnaujt.cnalf$9$=9 Als`hd m jnvlr nr ynur als`hd pnrt nf`n$9$=: Jncp`fl md `dalx.tmifl n jndtldts$9$=1 Jncpfltl tgl stmtlcldt n mutgldt`j`ty$9$=< [rlsldt tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n ‚ `djfual tgl mss̀ hdcldt mda tgl msslsscldt tnnfs$

:$ Armw tgl dmf wnre armw`dhs nr tgl npt`nd tgmt ynu gmvl jgnsld tn lxpnuda$Npt`nd ndl?Als`hd mda armw& us`dh md mpprnpr`mtl sjmfl?• Ql nnr pfmd n tgl mpmrtcldt• Ql dnrtg& snutg& wlst mda lmst lflvmt`nds n tgl mpmrtcldt• \s`dh tgl jnrrljt jnfnur jnals& ms prlsjrìla iy tgl Dmt`ndmf Iu`fa`dh Ylhufmt`nds.ZMDZ =;1;;& jnfnur

jnal mff tgl lflvmt`nds mpprnpr`mtlfy$Npt`nd twn?Als`hd mda armw& us`dh md mpprnpr`mtl sjmfl?• Ql nnr pfmd n tgl mpmrtcldt

• Ql vlrt`jmf sljt`ndmf v`lw n tgl mpmrtcldt• \s`dh tgl jnrrljt jnfnur jnals& ms prlsjrìla iy tgl Dmt`ndmf Iu`fa`dh Ylhufmt`nds.ZMDZ =;1;;& jnfnurjnal tgl lflvmt`nd mpprnpr`mtlfy$

Npt`nd tgrll?Als`hd mda armw& us`dh md mpprnpr`mtl sjmfl?• Ql nnr pfmd n tgl mpmrtcldt• Ql s`tl pfmd& `djfua`dh tgl slwmhl pfmd mda m sljt`ndmf armw`dh n tgl slwmhl systlc• Ql vlrt`jmf sljt`ndmf v`lw n m cmdgnfl tgmt ̀ ffustrmtls `ts jndstrujt`nd mda altm`fs• \s`dh tgl jnrrljt jnfnur jnals& ms prlsjrìla iy tgl Dmt`ndmf Iu`fa`dh Ylhufmt`nds.ZMDZ =;1;;&

jnfnur#jnal tgl lflvmt`nd mpprnpr`mtlfy$

Mff ynur armw`dhs sgnufa prl lrmify il lxljutla nd M: armw`dh pmplr mda prnvàla w`tg clmsurlcldts&

fmilfs& dntls mda sjmfls$Armw`dhs cust mfsn cllt tgl c`d`cuc rlqu`rlcldts altlrc`dla iy tgl ZMDZ.ZMIZ =;1;; 'Dmt`ndmfIu`fa`dh Ylhufmt`nds) mda ZMDZ.ZMIZ ;=1: Iu`fa`dh Armw`dh [rmjt`jl$

\sl tgl jr`tlr`m prnvàla `d tgl cmre`dh clcnrmdauc mppf`jmifl tn ynur npt`nd ms huàlf`dl nr ynurarmw`dhs$

1$ M lr jncpflt`dh tgl wnre`dh armw`dhs& iu`fa m sjmfl cnalf n tgl npt`nd ynu gmvl slfljtla$ Npt`nd ndl?

1$= Iu`fa m sjmfl cnalf n tgl mpmrtcldt$Ql sjmfl cnalf cust `djfual tgl nffnw`dh?• Mff tgl wmffs& w`danws mda annrs n tgl mpmrtcldt• Mff tgl nnr mda wmff jmi`dlts• Ql jncpfltl fmynut n tgl e`tjgld$

Npt`nd twn?1$9 Iu`fa m sjmfl cnalf n tgl upplr sljt`nd n tgl rnn $

Ql sjmfl cnalf cust `djfual tgl nffnw`dh?• M sljt`nd n tgl wmffs ildlmtg tgl rnn n tgl mpmrtcldt• Ql rnn jndstrujt`nd w`tg rnn trussls& rnn jnvlr mda pmrts n tgl huttlrs mda anwdp`pl's)• M sljt`nd n tgl jl`f`dh sfmts& jl`f`dh& jnrd`jl.jrnwd cnufa`dh mda jnvlr str`p$

Npt`nd tgrll?1$: Iu`fa m sjmfl cnalf n tgl slwmhl systlc mda cmdgnfl$

Ql sjmfl cnalf cust `djfual tgl nffnw`dh?• Mff tgl lxtlrdmf wmffs n tgl mpmrtcldt• Mff tgl smd`tmry tcldts• Mff tgl slwmhl p`pls mda tgl cmdgnfl$


27/469

9=


Lxmcpfl n m als`hd pnrt nf`n

J@R@F LJGDNFNHP

ALZ@HD [NY BNF@N BNY MD M[MY CLD

DMCL? HMIY@LFFL BYMDZCMD

HYMAL? =9 I

PLMY? 9;=9

ZJGNNF? I\@FA@DH ZLJNDAMYP ZJGNNF

LA\JM NY? CY G\@ZMCLD

Znutg lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Xlst lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Lmst lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Dnrtg lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Bfnnr pfmdZjmfl =?=;;

E`tjgld

IlarnncFnudhl

X`danw sjglaufl


28/469

99

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

JND LD Z=$ [YLZLD M @ND=$= `tfl pmhl=$9 Jndtldts=$: Flmrdlr‐s rljnra`dh sgllt nr tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n=$1 Ztmtlcldt n mutgldt`j`ty

9$ ALRLFN[CLD NB ALZ@HD [YN[NZMF9$= Z`tumt`nd =9$9 Als`hd ir`l .prnpnsmf =9$: Zplj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds =

:$ @DRLZ @HM @ND MDA MDMFP @JMF @DBNYCM @ND:$= Rmr`lty n rlslmrjg cltgnas?:$=$= @dtlrv`lw`dh tgl jf`ldt 9:$=$9 ]ulst`nddm`rl 9:$=$: @dtlrv`lw`dh laujmtnr 1

:$=$1 Ylflvmdt pgntns n als`hd 1:$=$< Ylslmrjg ‚ innes <:$=$2 Ir`l <:$=$8 @dtlrdlt rlslmrjg 2:$=$7 Iu`fa`dh rlhufmt`nds ‚ fnjmf mutgnr`ty 2

1$ ALRLFN[@DH ALZ@HD @ALMZ1$= [nss`ifl snfut`nds 71$9 Lvmfumt`nd n pnss`ifl snfut`nds 71$: Cnt`vmt`nd n prl lrrla jgn`jl 0


29/469

9:


Hrmal =9 J`v`f ljgdnfnhy 9;=$$$

Yljnra sgllt? Als`hd pnrt nf`n[fmjl tg`s sgllt `d tgl rndt n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n$

Dmcl n stualdt?

lrc =

Msslsscldt jr`tlr`m Als`hd prnjlss Jnccldt Cmre nutn 8

Cmresmjg`lvla

Alvlfnpcldt n als`hd ir`l ?

Alsjrìl s`tumt`nd

Xr`tl als`hd prnpnsmf

Zplj` jmt`nds mda f`c`tmt`nds

@dvlst`hmt`ndmda mdmfyt`jmf`d nrcmt`nd?

M vmr`lty n rlslmrjgcltgnas sujg ms?

@dtlrv`lws

]ulst`nddm`rl

B`da su`tmifl pgntnhrmpgs mda cnudt tglc

Lxpfm`d purpnsl n pgntns

Xr`tl m flttlr tn rlqulst `d nrcmt`nd

Yl lrldjls& l$h$ iu`fa`dh rlhufmt`nds& ltj$

Alvlfnpcldt n als`hd àlms?

Zeltjg mt flmst tgrll ̀ alms n pnssìfl snfut`nds

Ql mavmdtmhls mda a`smavmdtmhls n lmjg àlm

[`je tgl ilst àlm mda cnt`vmtl ynur jgn`jl ' rstjgn`jl)

Jnccud`jmt`nd n àlms? Alvlfnp tgl prl lrrla snfut`nd iy urd`sg`dh cnrlaltm`fs

Jncp`fl m f`st n cmtlr`mfs tgmt w`ff il dllala tnprnaujl tgl snfut`nd ̀ d rlmf f` l

Jncp`fl m f`st n cmtlr`mfs mda lqu`pcldt nr tglmjtumf prnaujt`nd

Alsjrìl tgl stlps dllala nr cme`dh tgl sjmfl cnalf

Armw up m t`cl sjglaufl nr cme`dh tgl sjmfl cnalf

Jmfjufmt`dh qumdt`t`ls

lrc 9

Xnre`dh armw`dhs? Brndt& fl mda tnp v`lw

Jrnss#sljt`nd v`lw

Xlst v`lw

Lmst v`lw


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91

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

lrc :

Lvmfumt`nd n prnaujt`nd n cnalf?

Lvmfumtl tgl sjmfl cnalf iy mse`dh qulst`nds wgltglrtgl mspljts `da`jmtla `d tglsl jr`tlr`m gmvl illdmjg`lvla

Lvmfumtl tgl prnaujt mda sll wgltglr ̀ t cllts tgljr`tlr`m

[rlsldtmt`nd? `tfl pmhl

Jndtldts pmhl

I`if`nhrmpgy

Maaldauc

ntmf nr als`hd pnrt nf`n nut n $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?

Jndvlrtla tntmf nut n 9


31/469

9<


Z M LCLD NB M\ GLD @J@ P

J@R@F LJGDNFNHP

[YMJ @JMF MZZLZZCLD MZE

DMCL NB ZJGNNF?

DMCL NB FLMYDLY?

DMCL NB LA\JM NY?

@ glrliy aljfmrl tgmt tgl [rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt mse suic`ttla iy cl nr msslsscldt `s cy nwd nr`h`dmf wnre mda tgmt `t gms dntilld suic`ttla nr cnalrmt`nd il nrl$

Z@HDM \YL NB FLMYDLY?

AM L?

n cy ednwflahl& tgl minvl stmtlcldt iy tgl jmda`amtl `s trul mda @ mjjlpt tgmt tgl wnre suic`ttla `s glr.g`s nwd wnre$

Z@HDM \YL NB LA\JM NY?

AM L?

ZJGNNF Z MC[


32/469

92

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Alvlfnp`dh m als`hd prnpnsmf

=$ Z`tumt`nd.DllaM s`dhfl hrmaumtl gms aljàla tn `djfual tgl jndstrujt`nd n md mpmrtcldt `d g`s dmdj`mf pfmdd`dh$ Z`djlgl gms ndfy oust ldtlrla tgl fminur cmrelt& gl anls dnt qumf` y nr m gncl fnmd$ Gl jmd prnvàl sljur`ty

nr m plrsndmf fnmd `d nralr tn iu`fa tgl mpmrtcldt$

Ms m Hrmal =9 J`v`f ljgdnfnhy stualdt& @ wms mpprnmjgla tn als`hd tgl mpmrtcldt& armw tgl pfmds mdaiu`fa m sjmfl cnalf n tgl mpmrtcldt$

9$ Als`hd ir`l Als`hd md m nramifl mpmrtcldt tn cllt tgl rlqu`rlcldts n m hrmaumtl$ Ql mpmrtcldt cust il fmrhlldnuhg tn nr g`c.glr tn rljl`vl g`s.glr pmrldts& mc`fy mda r`ldas$

:$ Zplj` jmt`nds:$= Z`dhfl#stnrly gnusl

:$9 Cust il mlstglt`jmffy pflms`dh

:$: Mrlm n tgl mpmrtcldt cust dnt lxjlla 2; c 9

:$1 Z`zl n pfnt? 9< c Ø 9< c

:$< Mpmrtcldt cust gmvl tgl nffnw`dh rnncs?• = Ilarnnc• Npld#pfmd e`tjgld w`tg f`v`dh mrlm• Imtgrnnc• n`flt

:$2 Cud`j`pmf wmtlr mda slwmhl jnddljt`nds mrl mvm`fmifl:$8 LZENC lfljtr`j`ty jnddljt`nd `s mvm`fmifl

:$7 Ql typl n sn`f ‚ hnna qumf`ty hrmvlf

:$0 Cust il ldv`rndcldtmffy r`ldafy

:$=; Cust il mjjlssìfl tn a`smifla plrsnds

1$ F`c`tmt`nds1$= Cust il m nramifl nr tgl hrmaumtl

1$9 Ndfy cud`j`pmf slwmhl systlc mvm`fmifl


33/469

98


@dvlst`hmt`nd mda mdmfyt`jmf ̀ d nrcmt`nd

Zlfljt`nd n rlslmrjg cltgnas?

@dtlrv`lws]ulst`nddm`rls

Ylslmrjg? innes& cmhmz`dls& @dtlrdlt& ltj$FlttlrIu`fa`dh rlhufmt`nds

=$ Ylslmrjg? @dtlrv`lw`dh jf`ldtQl nffnw`dh qulst`nds wlrl put tn cy jf`ldt aur`dh md `dtlrv`lw?

]ulst`nd? Gnw cujg mrl ynu w`ff`dh tn splda nd tgl jndstrujt`nd n tg`s mpmrtcldt>Mdswlr? \p tn Y=2; ;;;&;;$

]ulst`nd? Ql lst`cmtla iu`fa`dh jnst plr squmrl cltrl `s mpprnx`cmtlfy Y: Mdswlr? Dn$

]ulst`nd? Cmy @ rlqulst `t> Mda wgn `s tgl survlynr>Mdswlr? Pls$ Ql survlynrs mrl MIJ Zurvlynrs& fnjmtla mt =12 Fmda Ztrllt$

]ulst`nd? An ynu wmdt tn jndvlrt tgl mpmrtcldt tn m uff& claùc#s`zla awlff`dh `d tgl uturl>Mdswlr? Dn$

]ulst`nd? An ynu gmvl mdy suhhlst`nds rlhmra`dh tgl mpmrtcldt& ms wlff ms ̀ alms nr lxpmda`dh>Mdswlr? Dn$

]ulst`nd? An ynu gmvl mdy splj` j dllas tgmt gmvl tn il maarlssla>Mdswlr? Dn$

9$ Ylslmrjg iy clmds n m qulst`nddm`rl nr jf`ldt tn jncpfltlQl jf`ldt jncpfltla tgl qulst`nddm`rl prnvàla glrl `d nralr tn prnvàl cnrl `d nrcmt`nd rlhmra`dh tglals`hd n tgl mpmrtcldt$

]ulst`nddm`rl rlhmra`dh tgl als`hd n tgl mpmrtcldt

[flmsl jncpfltl tgl qulst`nddm`rl `d ms cujg altm`f ms pnssìfl

@dtlrv`lwlr? H$ E$ Brmdscmd Amtl? 9< Omdumry 9;=9

9$= [lrsndmf altm`fs n jf`ldtJf`ldt? C`ss $ Zmdltgm[fnt ducilr? 91:97Ztrllt? :; Z`xtg FmdlJ`ty. nwd? [M J@ P

lflpgndl 'w)? ;91 1:8 :18= Jlff dn? ;2=


34/469

97

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

9$9 @d nrcmt`nd rlhmra`dh pfmddla mpmrtcldt@da`jmtl ynur jgn`jl iy t`je`dh `d tgl rlflvmdt spmjls$

Zgmpl n tgl awlff`dh?

Yljtmdhufmr F#sgmpla Ntglr 'splj` y)

Npld#pfmd 'splj` y wg`jg rnncs)? E`tjgld mda f`v`dh rnnc

Z`dhfl#stnrly Anuifl#stnrly

Jfmy stndl Bmjl ir`je Jlcldt ir`je

Jlcldt ifnjes Bfmt rnn w`tg pmrmplt wmffs [`tjgla rnn

Jfnsla lmvls Jfnsla lmvls Npld lmvls

Ynn t`fls Jnrruhmtla sgllt @IY

Qmtjg Ntglr 'splj` y)

Ztllf w`danw rmcls Xnnald w`danw rmcls Mfuc`dùc w`danw rmcls

Z`dhfl hmrmhl Anuifl hmrmhl Jmrpnrt

Maon`d̀ dh hmrmhl.jmrpnrt Zlpmrmtl hmrmhl.jmrpnrt

Xnnald hmrmhl annrs Ztllf hmrmhl annrs

Xnnald stm`rs Jndjrltl stm`rs

[fmst`j huttlrs mda anwdp`pls Bìrl#jlcldt huttlrs mdaanwdp`pls

Fmc`dmtla wnna msj`m inmras Bìrl#jlcldt msj`m inmras Ntglr 'splj` y)

Bìrlhfmss sw`cc`dh pnnf Jndjrltl sw`cc`dh pnnf

Nutannr irmm` @dannr irmm` B`rlpfmjl

9$: [fmdd`dh n mt

Alsjr`pt`nd @dtlrdmfclmsurlcldts ̀ d cc

Mrlm ypl n nnrjnvlr

Ducilr n wmff pfuhs

B`xla tt`dhs plrrnnc

Ilarnnc = 1 ;;; Ø : 28; =1&27 c 9 Fmc`dmtla nnrs = Iu`ft#`d jupinmras

E`tjgld 1 ;;; Ø 9


35/469

90


Jnrruhmtla z`dj sgllt

Ym tlr

[urf`d

Bmsj`m inmra

Imrhlinmra

[mrmplt wmff

Bfmsg`dh tn cmel wmffscn`st nd tgl `ds`al n tgltgrll pmrmplt wmffs

1$ Ylslmrjg? dlwspmplrs& cmhmz`dls& jmtmfnhuls& ltj$Ylslmrjg `djfuals pgntns n tgl nffnw`dh& wg`jg w`ff il `djfuala `d cy als`hd pnrt nf`n$

1$= Mpmrtcldts tgmt gmvl mt rnn s w`tgnut pmrmplt wmffs$

Bfmt rnn w`tgnut bd`sg mt lmvls

Qgl rnn anls dnt mpplmr mlstglt`j iljmusl tgl purf`ds mda rm tlrs mrl v`s`ifl$ Ztrndh w`das jmd fnnsld tglrnn sgllts$

Bfmt rnn w`tg lmvls

Qgl rnn fnnes mttrmjt`vl iljmusl tgl purf`ds mda rm tlrs mrl jnvlrla iy imrhl inmras mda msj`m inmras$

Bfmt rnn w`tg pmrmplt wmffs

[mrmplt wmffs flda m suplri& d`sgla mpplmrmdjl mda fnne aurmifl$ Qg`s ilst jncpflcldts tgl mpplmrmdjl n tgl mpmrtcldt$


36/469


37/469

:=


:< Als`hd Ztrllt[MQ J@QP87:19< Omdumry 9;=9

MIJ Zurvlynrs[$N$ Inx :07[MQ J@QP87:1

Almr Z`r.Cmamc

JN[P NB Z\YRLPNY#HLDLYMF‐Z A@MHYMC

@ mc m Hrmal =9 flmrdlr mt Iu`fa`dh Zljndamry Zjgnnf$ J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy `sndl nb cy suioljts mda bnr tgl [rmjt`jmf Msslsscldt Qmse @ gmvl tn als`hd mdmpmrtcldt bnr m jf`ldt& jncpfltl tgl wnre`dh armw`dhs mda iu`fa m sjmfl cnalfnb cy als`hd$

Cy jf`ldt& wgnsl altm`fs mrl prnv`ala ilfnw& gms h`vld cl plrc`ss`nd tn

rlqulst m jnpy nb tgl Zurvlynr#Hldlrmf‐s a`mhrmc$ Glrl mrl tgl altm`fs?Jf`ldt? C`ss Q$ Zmdltgm[fnt ducilr? 91:97Ztrllt? :; Z`xtg FmdlJ`ty.Qnwd? [MQ J@QP

Ldjfnsla& pflmsl da m jglqul 'ducilr 9;:


38/469

:9

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Ylhufmt`nds rlhmra`dh cmdgnfls?• Mdy lx`st`dh nr prnpnsla arm`dmhl systlc cust cllt tgl mppf`jmifl

splj` jmt`nds n tgl Iu`fa`dh Ylhufmt`nds Mjt mda mdy ntglr stmdamrasprlsjrìla iy tgl Mjt$

• Dn plrsnd cmy `d`t`mtl mdy alvlfnpcldt nd mdy prlc`sls il nrl tgl Ldh`dllrgms `dstmffla m slwmhl jnddljt`nd p`pl$

• Dn rm`dwmtlr nr stnrcwmtlr mda dn wmstlwmtlr& ntglr tgmd wmstlwmtlr mpprnvlaiy tgl Cud`j`pmf`ty& cmy il rlflmsla `dtn tgl arm`dmhl systlc$

• Ql Cud`j`pmf t̀y cmy altlrc`dl tgl pns t̀`nd n tgl slwmhl p`pl mda tgludalrhrnuda alptg mt wg`jg mdy arm`dmhl systlc cust il `dstmffla$

• Ql nwdlr cust cm`dtm`d tgl arm`dmhl systlc mt g`s.glr nwd lxpldsl$• Ql nwdlr n tgl prlc`sls cust ldsurl tgmt mff cmdgnfls mda smd`tmry nutflts nd

tgl prlc`sls mrl plrcmdldtfy v`sìfl mda mjjlssìfl$• M arm`dp`pl nr pmrt tglrln & cmy ndfy pmss tgrnuhg nr udalr m iu`fa`dh ̀ wr`ttld

mpprnvmf gms illd nitm`dla rnc tgl Ldh`dllr `d mjjnramdjl w`tg tgl jnda`t`ndsms altlrc`dla iy g`c.glr$


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::


Alvlfnp`dh als`hd àlms[nssìfl snfut`ndsLvmfumt`nd n pnssìfl snfut`ndsCnt`vmt`nd n prl lrrla jgn`jl

Hldlrmt`dh als`hds nr m ndl#ilarnnc mpmrtcldt

Ql nnr pfmds prnvàla ilfnw sgnw tgrll àlms tgmt wlrl hldlrmtla ms pnssìfl als`hds nr m ndl#ilarnncmpmrtcldt$

@alm =?

Q`s `s m hnna& pflms`dh als`hd w`tg spmj`nus rnncs$ Irlme mst dnne nr jnudtlr slrvls tn a`vàl tgl e`tjgldmda f`v`dh rnnc$ Npld#pfmd iltwlld f`v`dh rnnc mda e`tjgld cmels rnncs fnne spmj`nus$ Ql e`tjgldw`tgnut tgl jnudtlr `s F#sgmpla$ @t jmd il jgmdhla tn m \#sgmpl iy iu`fa`dh jmi`dlts mhm`dst tgl npld wmff$Ql imtgrnnc gms twn slpmrmtl annrs& wg`jg cmel `t lms`fy mjjlssìfl$ Ql imtgrnnc `s dlxt tn tgl cmstlr

ilarnnc mda slrvls ms md ld su`tl tn prnvàl pr`vmjy$ Qlrl mrl ldnuhg iu`ft#`d jupinmras `d tgl ilarnnc$M anuifl ila w`ff t `d lms`fy& wg`fl fmrhlr ilas cmy jnd dl tgl spmjl$

M c`rrnr jmd il cnudtla nd tgl sàl n tgl jupinmra$ Jg`farld rudd`dh `d mda nut wgld hulsts mrl rljl`vlacmy jmusl m a`sturimdjl$ M e`tjgld annr jmd lms`fy il `dstmffla$ Ql mpmrtcldt gms vl lxtlrdmf mdhfls.jn`dwmffs mda ndl `dtlr`nr mdhfl$ Xnre sur mjl `d tgl e`tjgld `s cnrl tgmd subj`ldt$ Qlrl mrl cmdy pnssì`f`t`lswgld `t jncls tn lxtlds`nds$ M sljnda ilarnnc jmd il maala mt c`d`cmf jnst ` tgl jupinmra `d tgl pmssmhl`s rlcnvla$

Imtgrnnc w`tg sgnwlr mda imtg `s àlmf nr snclndl wgn fèls tn imtg mda sgnwlr$ Gnwlvlr& `t `djrlmsls tglmrlm n tgl mpmrtcldt$

@alm 9?

Imtgrnnc Q`fls

Cm`d ilarnncXnnald bnnr

E`tjgld Q`fls

F`v`dh rnnc Q`fls

[mssmhl Q`fls

Imtgrnnc Q`fls

Cm`d ilarnncXnnald bnnr

E`tjgld Q`fls

F`v`dh rnnc Q`fls


40/469

:1

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Ql als`hd n tgl mpmrtcldt `s pflms`dh& w`tg spmj`nus rnncs$ @t `s udjt`ndmf mda tgl jndstrujt`nd sgnufa illjndnc`jmf$ Zlrv`dh jnudtlr slrvls tn a`vàl tgl e`tjgld mda f`v`dh rnnc$ \s`dh md npld pfmd iltwlld tglf`v`dh rnnc mda e`tjgld cmels tgl rnncs mpplmr cnrl spmj`nus$ Ql e`tjgld w`tgnut tgl jnudtlr `s àlmffy su`tla nr md F#sgmpla fmynut$ Ql twn lxtlrdmf annrs an dnt rlstr`jt mjjlss& wg`jg `s vlry udjt`ndmf$ @t `s`dlxplds`vl tn iu`fa s`djl `t gms ndfy jn`d wmffs.lxtlrdmf mdhfls$

Ql imtgrnnc `s cnalrd& jncpmjt mda ljndnc`jmf w`tg ndl annr tn mffnw v`s`tnrs mda rlsàldts mjjlss$ @t`s àlmf nr snclndl wgn prl lrs tn sgnwlr$ Ql imtgrnnc mda ilarnnc mrl dnt v`sìfl rnc tgl f`v`dhrnnc& wg`jg ldsurls pr`vmjy$ Ql spmj`nus ilarnnc n lrs spmjl nr maa`t`ndmf iu`ft#`d jupinmras$ @t jmdmjjnccnamtl l`tglr m e`dh#s`zl nr m qulld#s`zl ila$

Cnrl rnncs jmd il maala nd$ M hmrmhl nr maa t̀`ndmf ilarnnc jmd il maala dlxt tn tgl cmstlr ilarnnc$Qlrl mrl subj`ldt wnre sur mjls `d tgl e`tjgld$

@alm :?

Q`s `s m hnna& pflms`dh als`hd w`tg spmj`nus rnncs$ Irlme mst dnne nr jnudtlr slrvls tn a`vàl tgl e`tjgldmda f`v`dh rnnc$ Ql npld pfmd iltwlld tgl f`v`dh rnnc mda e`tjgld cmels tgl rnncs fnne spmj`nus$ Qle`tjgld w`tgnut tgl jnudtlr tnp `s \#sgmpla$ Ql mpmrtcldt gms ndfy ndl annr `d tgl f`v`dh rnnc$ Qlpns`t`nd n tgl annr& wg`jg slrvls ms ldtrmdjl& `s dnt àlmf s`djl `t `s mr rnc tgl rnma$ Mdntglr annr tgmtprnvàls ldtrmdjl sgnufa il jndsàlrla `d tgl e`tjgld$ Ql mpmrtcldt gms vl lxtlrdmf mdhfls.jn`d wmffs mdandl `dtlrdmf mdhfl& wg`jg `djrlmsls tgl iu`fa`dh jnsts$ Qlrl `s ldnuhg wnre sur mjl spmjl `d tgl e`tjgld$Mdy maa`dh nd tn tgl lx`st`dh strujturl w`ff rlqu`rl lxtlds`vl strujturmf jgmdhls$ n maa md maa`t`ndmfilarnnc& tgl jupinmra `d tgl pmssmhl ms wlff ms tgl sgnwlr wnufa gmvl tn il rlcnvla `d nralr tn prnvàlpmssmhl tn tgl sljnda ilarnnc$ Ql imtgrnnc& w`tg m sgnwlr mda m imtg& `s àlmf nr snclndl wgn fèlssgnwlr`dh mda imtg`dh$ Gnwlvlr& `t `djrlmsls tgl mrlm n tgl mpmrtcldt$ Ql imtgrnnc mda ilarnnc mrlslpmrmtla rnc tgl e`tjgld mda f`v`dh rnnc& wg`jg n lrs pr`vmjy$

[rl lrrla jgn`jl?@alm wn cllts mff tgl splj` jmt`nds mda w`ff il alvlfnpla$ Qnuhg tgl als`hd `s pfm`d& tgl mpmrtcldt fnnesmlstglt`jmffy pflms`dh mda aurmifl$ Ql jnsts n jndstrujt`nd mrl w`tg`d tgl f`c`ts n tgl hrmaumtl wgn `s cy jf`ldt$ Ql mpmrtcldt pnsslssls m vmr`lty n maa`dh#nd npt`nds$

Imtgrnnc Q`fls

Cm`d ilarnncXnnald bnnr E`tjgld

Q`fls

F`v`dh rnnc Q`fls


41/469

:<


Jnccud`jmt`nd n `alms

Alvlfnp`dh tgl prl lrrla ̀ almCmtlr`mf f`stF`st n tnnfs mda lqu`pcldtZtlps nr jndstrujt`dh tgl prnaujt

`cl sjglaufl]umdt`ty f`st

Jnccud`jmt`dh tgl prl lrrla ̀ alm

=$ Alvlfnp`dh tgl prl lrrla ̀ almQl armw`dh ilfnw `ffustrmtls cy prl lrrla jgn`jl wg`jg w`ff dnw il lxpnudala$

=$= E`tjgld fmynutn mj`f`tmtl udrlstr`jtla cnvlcldt

iltwlld tgl s`de& rl r`hlrmtnr& nvld& tglmppf`mdjls m tr`mdhufmr fmynut `s prl lrrla$Cmel surl tgmt tglrl `s ldnuhg wnrespmjldlxt tn tgl mppf`mdjls$ [ns`t`nd tgllqu`pcldt nr mppf`mdjls tn ldsurl tgmttgl wmfe`dh a`stmdjl iltwlld tglc anlsdnt lxjlla slvld cltrls$

Ql nvld& rl r`hlrmtnr mda s`de mrlpns`t`ndla mjjnra`dh tn tgl wnre tr`mdhfl$

Znutg lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Xlst lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Lmst lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Dnrtg lflvmt`ndZjmfl =?=;;

Bfnnr pfmdZjmfl =?=;;

E`tjgld

IlarnncFnudhl

X`danw sjglaufl

Br`ahl

Qgl a`stmdjl rnc MItn IJ tn JM n tgl wnre trm`dhfl cust dnt lxjlla8 cltrls


42/469

:2

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

=$9 Zplj` jmt`nds rlfmt`dh tn gnusl pfmds tgmt cust il jnds`alrla=$9$= Mrlms?

Mrlm n pfnt? 29< c9Mrlm n mpmrtcldt?


43/469

:8


Jl`f`dhs

2&1 cc Yg`dn jl`f`dh inmra Ymje`dh.wnnald str`ps 9< cc hmfvmd`sla jfnut#glmala dm`fs

82 cc Jrnwd f`st.jnrd̀ jl 82 cc w`rl dm`fs

[fuci`dh

[nfyjnp p`pls Xmff t`fls Zlpt`j tmde Jnpplr p`pls `fl jlcldt =;;#f`trl hlyslr

mps ==; cc [RJ slwlrmhl p`pls 1;.


44/469

:7

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

nnfs dllala nr pfmstlr`dh

Ztllf squmrl uiufmr sp`r`t flvlf [fmstlr`dh trnwlf

Bfnmt Jfmw gmcclr Gmwe.trnwlf inmra

Ztrm`hgt lahl Mdhfl#hr`dalr Zqumrl irusg

Iujelt [n`dt`dh trnwlf

nnfs dllala nr jndstrujt`nd n rnn

Pmdell sjrlwar`vlr Zjrlwar`vlr Jrnwimr

Jldtrl pudjg X`rl pf`lrs Cuft`#purpnsl sd`ps 't`dcmd‐ssglmrs)

Jmrv`dh ed` l Zg` `dh spmddlr.wrldjg Jrnss#jut smw

[ldj`f Cuft`#purpnsl ed` l Imje mda tldnd smw

Ym lr squmrl Ar`ff& mtglma Gmjesmw

Maoustmifl ar`ff i`ts Ztmcplr nr hmdh dm`f pfmtls Ymtncsfmh 'Gmda#ar`ff w`tganuifl spur.p`d`nd)

Ildjg pfmdl Zg` `dh spmddlr.wrldjg Jfmw gmcclr

N`f stndl.wglt sfmtl Jnci`dmt`nd squmrl J`rjufmr smw

[nrtmifl lfljtr`j ar`ff Cnrsl#sp`rmf i`ts Yllf n sg`dh f`dl

nnfs nr ̀ dstmff`dh jl`f`dh

Gmjesmw ' dl) [ldj`f Jutt`dh ed` l

Jfmw gmcclr Clmsur`dh tmpl [utty ed` l

nnfs nr `dstmff`dh huttlrs

Gmjesmw ' dl) [ldj`f uiufmr sp`r`t flvlf

Zjrlwar`vlr Clmsur`dh tmpl Ynpl

Cla`uc flnnfs nr lfljtr`jmf wnre

X`rl#d`pplrs Armw w`rl Cuft`#splla cltlr

Fndh#dnsl pf`lrs Z`al#jutt`dh pf`lrs X`rl str`pplr

Xlff#`dsufmtla sjrlwar`vlrs

nnfs nr pfuci`dh wnre

Gmjesmw ' dl) [ldj`f uiufmr sp`r`t flvlf

Ztllf squmrl Clmsur`dh tmpl Jgmfe f`dl

Ztrm`hgt lahl [nrtmifl lfljtr`j ar`ff Jgm`d p`pl tndhs

Zg` `dh spmddlr.wrldjg Cmsndry [`pl v`jlJfmw gmcclr Jnci`dmt`nd squmrl Jnpplr p`pl juttlr

rnwlf Jg`slf Qrlma juttlr

nnfs nr `dstmff`dh nnrs

Jlrmc`j t`fl juttlr `fl d`pplrs C`trl inx

Hr`dastndl Dntjgla trnwlf Zmw

Bfnmt nr hrnut`dh Zpndhl nr t`f`dh Dyfnd dm`f mstldlrs

Xnna fflr Dm`fs

nnfs nr pm`dt`dh

Zjm nfa`dh [m`dt rnfflrs mda trmys [m`dtirusglsCmse`dh tmpl Zjrmplr Zf`p#prnn jnvlr sgllts

Zmdapmplr


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:0


1$ Ztlps nr jndstrujt`nd n s`cufmtla mpmrtcldt mda m t`cl sjglauflQl prnjlaurl mda sjglaufl prnvàla glrl `da`jmtl tgl stlps rlqu`rla tnjncpfltl cy sjmfl cnalf$

Cmdu mjtur`dh stlp

Zljnda tlrcXlle ducilr

Q`ra tlrcXlle ducilr

1 < 2 8 = 9 : 1 < 2 8 7Xlle lda`dh $$$ 2

Cmy =:Cmy

9;Cmy

98Cmy

=<Ouf

99Ouf

90Ouf

<Muh

=9Muh

=0Muh

92Muh

:=Muh

Cmre`dh nutmda wnre`dh ndtgl rndt n tglmpmrtcldt

Cmre`dh nut mdawnre`dh nd tglfl sàl n tglmpmrtcldt

Cmre`dh nut mdawnre`dh nd tglr`hgt sàl n tglmpmrtcldt

Cmre`dh nutmda wnre`dh ndtgl imje n tglmpmrtcldt

Cmre`dh nut mdawnre`dh nd tgl

nnrs

B`tt`dh mdamsslcif`dh tglsàls? rndt& r`hgt&fl mda imje

Cmre`dh nutmda wnre`dh nd`dtlrdmf wmffs

Cmre`dh nut&cme`dh mda tt`dhannrs mda w`danws

Als`hd`dh mdacme`dh urd`turl

nr e`tjgld mdailarnnc

Cmre`dh nut&cme`dh mda tt`dhrnn

Cmre`dh nut&cme`dh mda

tt`dh msj`minmra& huttlrs mdaanwdp`pls

Ql d`sg n tglmpmrtcldt


46/469

1;

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy


47/469

1=


Zuplrstrujturl ‚ ̀ dtlrdmf wmffs?

=. =;&; ntmf fldhtg n ̀dtlrdmf wmffs 3 =; ;;; cc

9&2 92&; c9 Gl`hgt n `dtlrdmf wmffs 3 9 2;; cc

Mrlm n `dtlrdmf wmffs 3 92&; c9

X`danws?9. 9&; X`danw = 3 9 ;;; Ø =


48/469

19

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Lvmfumt`dh tgl prnaujt nr cnalf

Lvmfumt`nd? qulst`nds mda mdswlrs

Lvmfumt`nd

=$ Anls tgl awlff`dh su`t tgl purpnsl nr wg`jg `t wms als`hdla>Ql `dstrujt`nd tgmt tgl mpmrtcldt sgnufa dnt lxjlla 2; c 9 gms illd nffnwla$Ql mpmrtcldt cllts cnst n tgl h`vld splj` jmt`nds$Ql mpmrtcldt jmd il lxpmdala& wg`jg cmels tg`s md àlmf als`hd$

9$ @s tgl awlff`dh udjt`ndmf& `$l$ anls `t su`t tgl purpnsl nr wg`jg `t wmsals`hdla>Ql awlff`dh `s wlff su`tla tn tgl purpnsl nr wg`jg `t wms als`hdla$ Qlrljtmdhufmr mpplmrmdjl n tgl mpmrtcldt w`tg `ts pmrmplt wmffs `s mlstglt`jmffy pflms`dh$ Ql npld#pfmd e`tjgld mda f`v`dh rnnc fnne spmj`nus$ Ql fmynut n tgl e`tjgld `s lxtrlclfy udjt`ndmf$ Ql w`danws mffnw ldnuhg f`hgt `dtn tglrnnc& ms wlff ms ldnuhg sudf`hgt aur`dh tgl w`dtlr cndtgs$

:$ @s tgl gnusl jnst#lbljt`vl>Iljmusl tglrl mrl ndfy nur jn`d.lxtlrdmf mdhfls& tgl jndstrujt`nd jnsts n cmtlr`mfs mda fminur jnufa il rlaujla$ Ztmdamra smd`tmry wmrl mda lfljtr`jmflqu`pcldt w`ff il usla& wg`jg w`ff mfsn jndtrìutl tnwmras ellp`dh tgl jnstsfnw$ Jnsts jmd il jut iy jndvlrt`dh tgl p`tjgla rnn tn m pldt rnn $

1$ Xlrl tglrl mdy sgnrtjnc`dhs `d tgl prnjlaurl usla tn iu`fa tgl sjmfl cnalf>Dn& tgl stlps tgmt gma illd slt nut mda tgl sjglaufl wlrl s`cpfy mda jflmrfy lxpnudala mda lmsy tn lxljutl$Ql uslr# r`ldafy stlps rlmffy glfpla cl tn cmdmhl cy t`cl l ljt`vlfy$

Iljmusl @ iu`ft tgl cnalf mjjnra`dh tn tgl arywmff jndjlpt& tg`s wms mdlxtrlclfy laujmt`ndmf lxplr`ldjl$ @ gmvl flmrdla tljgd`quls tgmt wnufa ldmiflcl tn lxjlf `d tgl iu`fa`dh n arywmff jndstrujt`nds$Cmdy ntglr vmfuls mda se`ffs& sujg ms prniflc snfv`dh& ala`jmt`nd& slf #a`sj`pf`dlmda jnnplrmt`nd w`tg cy jfmsscmtls mda tlmjglr& wlrl flmrdla$

2$ Gnw jmd tgl mpmrtcldt il ̀ cprnvla nr jgmdhla>Lrljt`dh m plrhnfm `d rndt n tgl annrs mda w`danws nd tgl snutglrd sàl n tgl awlff`dh w`ff rlaujl tgl cm`dtldmdjl jnsts mda ldgmdjl tgl mpplmrmdjl n tgl awlff`dh$ Maa`dh m sgnwlr tn tgl imtgrnnc jmd `cprnvl `ts udjt`ndmf`ty$ Mw`danw mda annr jmd mfsn il maala tn tgl lmstlrd sàl& dlmr tgl jmrpnrt$

8$ Lvmfumtl tgl mppf`jmi`f`ty nr su`tmi`f`ty n tgl cmtlr`mf usla `d iu`fa`dh tglsjmfl cnalf$Ql wnna mda gmrainmra tgmt wlrl usla tn jndstrujt tgl arywmffs w`ff ldsurlm sturay cnalf$ Ql pmrts jmd il msslcifla lms`fy mda mttmjgla rcfy w`tgnutjndjlrds tgmt tgly w`ff jncl mpmrt wgld gmdafla$ Ql jnrruhmtla jmrainmrausla nr tgl rnn jmd il pm`dtla$ Ql r`se n sgr`demhl `s rlaujla iljmusl `t `sjnrruhmtla$ Ql wnna wms lmsy tn d`sg mda tglrl wlrl dn jndjlrds rlhmra`dhsgr`demhl& ms `s n ld tgl jmsl wgld jmrainmra `s usla$


49/469

1:


7$ Xlrl prniflcs ldjnudtlrla mda gnw wlrl tgly snfvla>@dtlrdlt rlslmrjg `s lxplds`vl mda `t `s a`bjuft tn da mppf`jmifl `d nrcmt`nd$Ql gnusl pfmds nuda nd tgl @dtlrdlt wlrl n ld dnt rlflvmdt$ Innes wlrltgld jndsuftla$ Ql wnre`dh armw`dhs wlrl `d`t`mffy vlry jncpflx iut& ms tgltljgd`quls `dvnfvla `d armw`dh gnusl pfmds wlrl cmstlrla& tgly iljmcl usl ufmda ̀ d nrcmt`vl$

0$ @s tgl mpmrtcldt ldv`rndcldtmffy r`ldafy>Dn& tgl mpmrtcldt `s dnt ldv`rndcldtmffy r`ldafy `d mff rlspljts$ Ql nffnw`dhmrl prlsldtla ms lxmcpfls?0$= Dmturmf cmtlr`mfs wlrl usla `d jndstrujt`nd mda snfmr ldlrhy pmdlfs wlrl

ttla ms pmrt n tgl ljnfnh`jmffy slds`ifl f` lstyfl trlda$0$9 Ljn# r`ldafy iu`fa`dh cltgnas wlrl usla iy iuy`dh fnjmf cmtlr`mfs$ Q`s

rlaujls tgl jmrind nntpr`dt$ Yljyjfmifl cmtlr`mf wms usla& l$h$ tglfmc`dmtla msj`m inmras$

0$: @dsufmt`nd cmtlr`mf wms ̀ dslrtla iltwlld tgl mt rnn mda tgl jl`f`dh&wg`jg rlaujls tgl jnst n glmt`dh mda jnnf`dh$

0$1 Znfmr ldlrhy `s usla tn glmt wmtlr$

0$< Dn f`hgt iufis wlrl usla$ Ndfy f`hgt`dh lc`tt`dh a`nals 'FLAs) tgmtrlqu`rl scmff mcnudts n lfljtr`j`ty tn prnaujl f`hgt wlrl usla$ FLAs usl9; tn Pls$ Ql rnncs mrl spmj`nus$ Ldtlr`dh tgl gnusl `s lmsy& s`djl tglrl `sndfy m sf`hgt a` lrldjl iltwlld tgl dmturmf hrnuda flvlf mda tgl dmf nnrflvlf& wg`jg rldalrla stlps rlaudamdt$ Ql dllas n tgl a`smifla wlrl mfsnjnds`alrla rlhmra`dh tgl ldtrmdjl tn mda usl n tgl imtgrnnc$


50/469

11

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Iìf`nhrmpgy

Imrelr& I$O$ =00:$Ql Znutg M r`jmd Inne N Gnusl [fmds$Jmpl nwd? Ztruè [uif`sglrs$

Al R`ff`lrs& F$ 9;;2$Znutg M r`jmd Gnusl [fmds$ Jmpl nwd? Ztruè [uif`sglrs$

Brll gnusl pfmds 6gttp?..www$scmrtarmw$jnc4 U=9 Blirumry 9;=9S$

Brll gnusl pfmds 6gttp?..lz`dlmrt`jfls$jnc4 U=7 Blirumry 9;=9S$

Hrniilfmmr& M$ 9;;2$Iu`fa`dh Jndstrujt`nd mda Hrmpg`j Ztmdamras$Ol lrly‐s Imy?Mdhfn Ymda$

Hrniilfmmr& M$ 9;;8$ Mbnramifl Gncls mda [fmds nr Znutg M r`jm$Ol lrly‐s Imy?Mdhfn Ymda$

Hrniilfmmr& M$ 9;;8$ M n _ N Gncl [fmdd d̀h& Iu`fa`dh " Lxtlds`nds$Ol lrly‐sImy? Mdhfn Ymda$

Hrniilfmmr& M$ 9;;8$Gncl [fmdd`dh mda Iu`fa`dh Huàl " La`t`nds$ Ol lrly‐s Imy?Mdhfn Ymda$

Hrniilfmmr& M$ 9;;8$Ql Ztmr Gncl Als`hds$ Ol lrly‐s Imy? Mdhfn Ymda$

Gmms& $A$& lt mf$ 9;=;$Z`v`lfl lhdnfnh`l Fllralrinle Hrmma =; $ Cnwirmy? ButurlCmdmhlrs$

Gmms& $A$& lt mf$ 9;=;$Z`v`lfl lhdnfnh`l Fllralrinle Hrmma =9 $ Cnwirmy? Buturl

Cmdmhlrs$Gnuslcmd& [$O$Inu`dspletlur$ Irllalvmffl` Cud`s`pmf`tl`t$ Inurlhufms`ls&=9 Blirumr`l 9;=9$ ;9: :17 9;;;$ Xnrjlstlr$

Gu`smcld& $Z`v`lfl lhdnfnh`l Ndalrwyslr&Inu neus Zlendaïrl Zennf$Zmclstlff`dh vmd ‗d Ndtwlrppnrtl lufol& =1 Blirumr`l 9;=9& ;80 9:1


51/469

1<


Maaldauc

@d nrcmt`nd

@dtlrdlt rlsnurjls

@dstrujt`nds nr flmrdlrsCmtr`x nr tgl msslsscldt n tgl als`hd pnrt nf`n

Cmtr`x nr tgl msslsslcldt n tgl dmf prnaujt.cnalf

Zn`f typls nr iu`fa`dh Iy Z`lddm Jnday& lGnw Jndtrìutnrupamtla? Aljlcilr 1& 9;=;

=$ Ql typl n sn`f udalr ynur iu`fa`dh mbljts strujturmf stmi`f`ty$Xgltglr iu`fa`dh m dlw gncl nr m scmfflr nutannr strujturl& jglje tgl iu`fa`dh

nr stmi`f`ty$ Ql sn`f ynur strujturl `s iu`ft upnd `s `ts rst nudamt`nd mda snclsn`f typls mrl cnrl prndl tn lxpmds`nd nr sg` `dh tgmd ntglrs mrl$ @ tgl hrnudaildlmtg ynur iu`fa`dh `s udstmifl mda sg` s nr lxpmdas& `t jmd jmusl ynurstrujturl tn sg` & jrlmt`dh jrmjes `d tgl wmffs mda nudamt`nd prniflcs$

9$ Ynje Znfà rnje& sujg ms jrystmff`dl ilarnje& ilmrs tgl cnst wl`hgt n mdy typl n sn`f&cme`dh `t ndl iu`fa`dh npt`nd$ Mjjnra`dh tn tgl Jndjrltl Dltwnre& jrystmff`dlilarnje jmd gmdafl up tn =9 ;;; fis$ plr squmrl nnt n fnma#ilmr`dh prlssurlellp`dh tgl strujturl stmifl$ Ntglr typls n rnje& `djfua`dh sla`cldtmry&jmd ilmr up tn 2 ;;; fis$ n prlssurl plr squmrl nnt$ Gnwlvlr& sncl typls n

sla`cldtmry rnje& sujg ms sgmfl& mrl dnt mfwmys m sm l npt`nd nd wg`jg tn iu`fa$@d t`cl& sla`cldtmry rnje jmd irlme mpmrt& jmus`dh tgl hrnuda tn sg` ildlmtgynur strujturl$

:$ HrmvlfMftgnuhg hrmvlf sn`fs jmd ndfy ilmr up tn minut < ;;; fis$ n prlssurl& mjjnra`dhtn tgl Jndjrltl Dltwnre& hrmvlf sn`fs& wg`jg typ`jmffy lmturl m c`xturl n lmrtgmda i`ts n rnjes nr fmrhlr p`ljls& mrl n ld m snfà sn`f typl nr iu`fa`dh$ \dfèlpurl rnje sn`fs tgmt cmy sg` ms tgl rnje irlmes& hrmvlf sn`fs mrl jrlmtla rnc mc`xturl n sn`f mda rnje tgmt gms mfrlmay irneld anwd$ Hrmvlf sn`fs tlda tn stmy `d pfmjl mda rlmjt wlff udalr prlssurl$ Qly mfsn mrl typ`jmffy wlff arm`dla$

1$ Jnmrsl sn`fsJnmrsl sn`fs& fèl smda& mrl n ld stmifl iu`fa`dh spnts$ Zmda anlsd‐t lxpmda wgldwlt$ @t‐s mfsn a`bjuft tn cnvl& cme`dh `t ndl n tgl cnst stmifl sn`f jgn`jls ndwg`jg tn iu`fa$ Aul tn tgl dmturl n tgl sn`f& smda jmd ndfy ilmr minut : ;;; tn< ;;; fis$ n prlssurl plr squmrl nnt$ Xgld lvmfumt`dh smda nr iu`fa`dh& fnne mt wgmt‐s c`xla `d w`tg tgl smda$ Hrmvlffy smda nr ims`j smda `s stmifl& iut smdac`xla w`tg cnrl udstmifl sn`fs& fèl plmt nr jfmy& usumffy `s dnt m hnna iu`fa`dhnpt`nd$


52/469

12

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy


53/469

18


D n t l s ?

M r l m s ' c ¹ )

[ f n t

2 9 < c ¹

G n u s l

1 0 & 1

9 c ¹

Q n t m f m r l m

1 0 & 1

9 c ¹

, I u ` f a ` d h m r l m n d p f n t ? 8 & 0 = ,

X m t l r p ` p l = < n r = 0 c c p n f y j n p m t

c m x ` c u c a l p t g n 1 < ; c c w ` t g m

s t n p j n j e $

M f f s n ` f p ` p l s & = = ; c

c & w

` t g m = ? 2 ;

` d j f ` d l m d a c ` d ` c u c a l p t g n 1 < ; c c $

M f f w m t l r p ` p l s 1 ; c c $

< ; c c s n ` f v l d t p ` p l m t t g l g ` h g l s t

p n ` d t n t g l s l w m h l s y s t l c $

E ` t j g l d s ` d e 1 ; c c

w m s t l w m t l r p ` p l $

N d f y Z M I Z # m p p r n v l a a r m ` d p ` p l s m d a

s l w m h l m j j l s s n r ` l s c m y i l u s l a $

G l m v y # a u t y c m d g n f l j n v l r s n r s l w m h l

` d r n m a $

M f f s l w m h l c u s t c l l t t g l r l q u ` r l c l d t s

n t g l f n j m f m u t g n r ` t y

$

A r m u h g t s c m d ?

H $ E $ B

r m d s c m d

Z M Y M [ Y L H

$ D N

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G Z = ; 9 :

M a a r l s s ?

9 : I ` r a F m d l

Q l f $ . B m x ?

; 7 2 < : = < 1 8 1

J l f f d n $ ?

; 7 = 9 1 2 1 7 0 9

L # c m ` f ?

h e r m d s c m d K t l f e n c s m $ d

l t

J f ` l d t

D m c l ? C ` s s Q Z m d l t g m

Z ` h d m t u r l ?

A m t l ?

[ r n o l j t t ` t f l

[ Y N [ N Z L A D L X

A X L F F @ D H N D

[ F N Q 9 1 : 9 7 & [ M Q J @ Q P

2 7 < ;

A l s j r ` p t ` n d n a r m w ` d h

Z @ Q L [ F M D M D A Z L X M H L [ F M D

A r m w ` d h d n ?

= n :

Z j m f l ? M s ` d a ` j m t l a

A m t l ? 9 C m r j g 9 ; = 9

M p m r t c l d t

I n u d a m r y f ` d l

I u ` f a ` d h f ` d l

C u d ` j ` p m f j n d d l j t ` n d

B n u d a m t ` n d Z t r l l t




Z j m f l = ? 9 ; ;


54/469

17

= J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

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M r l m s ' c ¹ )

[ f n t

2 9 < c ¹

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1 0 & 1

9 c ¹

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1 0 & 8

< c ¹

, I u ` f a ` d h m r l m n d p f n t 8 & 0 = ,

B f n n r p f m d

Z t m ` r s

Y ` s l c m x $ 9

; ; c c

Q r l m a c ` d

$ 9 < ; c c

L f l v m t ` n d s

M f f l x t l r d m f w m f f s c u s t i l p f m s t l r l a m d a p m ` d t l a n r c u s t i l

m j l i r ` j e $

L x t l r d m f w m t l r # r l s ` s t m d t p m ` d t ‚ 9 j n m t s $

M f f a ` c l d s ` n d s & f l v l f s m d a m f f n t g l r ` d n r c m t ` n d n d t g ` s a r m w ` d h c u s t

i l v l r ` l a n d t g l s ` t l i l n r l w n r e j n c

c l d j l s $

[ r n v ` a l A [ J ` d w m f f s n d b n n r f l v l f m d a

m t w ` d a n w s ` f f s

$

B f n n r j n v l r m j j n r a ` d h t n n w d l r ‐ s s p l j ` j m t ` n d s m d a p r l l r l d j l s $

I m t g r n n c m d a e ` t j g l d s m d ` t m r y t t ` d h s m j j n r a ` d h t n n w d l r ‐ s

s p l j ` j m t ` n d s m d a p r l l r l d j l s $

J m i ` d l t s . j u p i n m r a s m j j n r a ` d h t n s p l j ` m f ` s t a l s ` h d m d a s p l j ` j m t ` n d s

N Y

I u ` f t # ` d j u p i n m r a s & t g l l x p n s l a m j l n w g ` t l c l f m c ` d l m d a w ` t g

n r c ` j m t n p s

B ` d ` s g d n t l s

[ f m s t l r l a m d a p m ` d t l a ` d t l r d m f w m f f s u s ` d h g ` h g q u m f ` t y

& w g ` t l & [

R M

p m ` d t $

[ f m s t l r l a l x t l r d m f w m f f s p m ` d t l a m j j n r a ` d h t n t g l n w d l r ‐ s j g n ` j l n

j n f n u r m d a p m ` d t $ X m f f s ` d i m t g r n n c m d a e ` t j g l d m r l t ` f l a t n j l ` f ` d h

f l v l f $

@ d t l r d m f m d a l x t l r d m f a n n r s n c l r m d t ` & d ` s g l a w ` t g v m r d ` s g $

L x t l r d m f a n n r s g m v l : # f l v l r f n j e s m d a ` d t l r d m f a n n r s 9 # f l v l r f n j e s

X ` d a n w r m c l s n s t l l f d ` s g l a ` d w g ` t l n ` f p m ` d t $

B m s j ` m i n m r a s m r l v m r d ` s g l a $

= ; ; # f ` t r l g n r ` z n d t m f h l y s l r ` d s t m f f l a ` d j l ` f ` d h $

Y n n d n t p m ` d t l a

M f f t ` f l s m j j n r a ` d h t n n w d l r ‐ s j g n ` j l $

[ m v ` d h m s s p l j ` l a i y n w d l r ' n p t ` n d m f )

A r m h g t s c m d ?

H $ E $ B

r m d s c m d

Z M Y M [ Y L H

$ D N

$ ? G Z = ; 9 :

M a a r l s s ? 9 : I ` r a F m d l

Q l f $ . B m x ?

; 7 2 < : = < 1 8 1

J l f f d n $ ?

; 7 = 9 1 2 1 7 0 9

L # c m ` f ?

h e r m d s c m d K t l f e n c s m $ d

l t

J f ` l d t

D m c l ? C ` s s Q Z m d l t g m

Z ` h d m t u r l ?

A m t l ?

[ r n o l j t t ` t f l

[ Y N [ N Z L A D L X

A X L F F @ D H N D

[ F N Q 9 1 : 9 7 & [ M Q J @ Q P

2 7 < ;

A l s j r ` p t ` n d n a r m w ` d h

H Y N \ D A [ F M D M D A L F L R M Q @ N D Z

A r m w ` d h d n ? 9 n :

Z j m f l ? = ? 9 ; ;

A m t l ? 9 C m r j g 9 ; = 9

Z n u t g v ` l w

Z j m f l = ? = ; ;

X l s t v ` l w

Z j m f l = ? = ; ;

L m s t v ` l w

Z j m f l = ? = ; ;

D n r t g v ` l w

Z j m f l = ? = ; ;

E ` t j g l d

I l a r n n c

B f n n r p f m d

Z j m f l = ? = ; ;

F ` v ` d h r n n c


55/469


56/469


57/469

Jgmptlr 9

Zmblty

[lrsndmf smblty

Hldlrmf smblty clmsurls Jndstrujt`nd wnre


58/469


59/469


60/469


61/469


62/469

Mjjnra`dh tn Brmdef`dCujg`r` n tgl@dtlrdmt`ndmf FminurNrhmd`smt`nd '@FN)&splj`mf`sts gmvl stmtlatgmt& wnrfawàl& 9&9c`ff`nd wnrelrs a`l mstgl rlsuft n mjjàldts`d tgl wnrepfmjl$ Glstmtls tgmt& wnrfawàl&98; c`ff`nd wnrelrs mrl`dourla `d mjjàldts mtwnre$


63/469


64/469


65/469

9$ Ql tlrc ‖lxjmvmt`nd– gms m vlry splj` j clmd`dh$ Lxpfm`d$:$ Xgmt `s wrndh `d tgl nffnw`dh `ffustrmt`nds> Lxpfm`d gnw ynu wnufa rljt` y

tgl s`tumt`nd$

1$ Xgmt `s tgl purpnsl n m sm lty dlt wgld g`hg#r`sl iu`fa`dhs mrl udalrjndstrujt`nd>

Altm`f's`al v`lw)

Xmff irmjelts

X m f f

9 c cmx$


66/469

2;

9 J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Qlrc`dnfnhy

]umf`bla nr jncpltldt plrsndMdy plrsnd wgn gms tgl ednwflahl& trm`d`dh& lxplr`ldjl mda qumf` jmt`ndssplj` jmffy rlqu`rla iy tgl oni nr tmse tn il jncpfltla? w`tg tgl prnv`sn tgmt wgldtgl mppf`jmifl qumf` jmt`nd mda trm`d`dh `s rlh`stlrla `d tlrcs n tgl rlhufmt`ndsn tgl Znutg M r`jmd ]umf` jmt`nds Mjt 'ZM]M)& =00< 'Mjt


67/469

Jgmptlr :

Hrmpg`j jnccud`jmt`nd

>>>>>>>>>> >>>>> >>>>>>

Jnfnur jnals bnr pfmds JMA prnhrmccl

Iu`fa`dh pfmds Mrjg`tljturmf sycinfs


68/469

29

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

@dtrnaujt`nd

Aur`dh tgl `dtrnaujt`nd tn hrmpg`j jnccud`jmt`nd `d Hrmals =; mda ==& tgl vmr`nus armw`dh sycinfs usla `d tgl iu`fa`dh `daustry& a`clds`nds mda gnw tn`da`jmtl tglc& tgl a` lrldt f`dls usla `d armw`dhs& tgl vmr`nus sjmfls usla nrarmw`dhs nr pfmds ms wlff ms gnw tn jgnnsl w`danw rmcls mda annr rmcls wlr

stua`la$Mdntglr `cpnrtmdt jncpndldt tgmt wms `dtrnaujla `d Hrmal == `djfuala nnrpfmds& lflvmt`nds mda sljt`ndmf lflvmt`nds$

@d tg`s jgmptlr& tgl vmr`nus lflvmt`nds n m awlff`dh& pfmds nr gnusls tgmt ghmifl#lda nr g`ppla#lda rnn s& flmd#tns mda Gnwl p`tjgla rnn s 'tgl sn#jmffla ZMp`tjg) w`ff il `dtrnaujla$ Bfnnr pfmds mda tgl fmynut n m slwmhl systlc& ms wltgl s`tl pfmd& w`ff mfsn il a`sjussla$

Iu`fa`dh pfmds

@da`jmt`dh flttlrs mda ducilrs ms wlff ms a`clds`nds nd m armw`dh nr iu`fa`dh pfm`s n tgl utcnst `cpnrtmdjl ` tgl jndtrmjtnr `s tn cmel mpprnpr`mtl alj`s`nds wgldtgl gnusl `s il`dh iu`ft$ Armw`dhs nr pfmds cust cllt tgl ZMDZ splj` jmt`nds$

Ql fmilff`dh n tgl armw`dh cust cllt tgl nffnw`dh rlqu`rlcldts?• Ql armw`dh cust il jflmr mda flh`ifl$• @t cust il lxljutla nd wg`tl pmplr nr mdy ntglr mjjlptmifl cmtlr`mf$• Ql dmcl n tgl nwdlr n tgl pfnt cust mpplmr nd tgl armw`dh$• Ql armw`dh cust il amtla mda s`hdla `d ifmje ̀ de iy tgl nwdlr$

'Mdy jgmdhls cust il s`hdla mda amtla iy tgl nwdlr$)• Ql armw`dh nr pfmd cust il armwd mjjnra`dh tn md mjjlptmifl sjmfl$ Mdy n tg

sjmfls `da`jmtla `d tgl tmifl ilfnw cmy il usla$

Zjmfl

Ql sjmfl cust il splj` la `d tgl sjmfl t`tfl ifnje tn `da`jmtl wg`jg sjmfl wms usla$

Rmr`nus mjtnrs altlrc`dl nr ̀ d uldjl tgl sjmfl?• Mjjurmtl jnccud`jmt`nd n tgl armw`dh• Ql s`zl n tgl prnoljt• Zplj` j altm`f tgmt gms tn il `da`jmtla$

Ql tmifl ilfnw `da`jmtls tgl a` lrldt sjmfls nr lmjg typl n armw`dh nr pfmd$

ypl Zjmfl

Xnre`dh armw`dh Fnjmf`ty pfmdZ`tl pfmd

= ? = ;;; nr scmfflr= ?


69/469

2:

Hrmpg`j jnccud`jmt`nd :

F`dls

F`dls vmry `d tg`jedlss mda vmr`nus f`dls mrl usla tn `ffustrmtl a` lrldt typls n armw`dhs$ Ql typl n f`dl `s altlrc`dla iy tgl purpnsl n tgl armw`dh mda tglaltm`f tgmt gms tn il `djfuala$ Ql cnst jnccnd tg`jedlssls mrl ;&9< cc ;&: cc;&:< cc ;&< cc mda = cc$

F`dl typl Alsjr`pt`nd Mppf`jmt`nd

Jndt`dunus f`dl amre R`s`ifl altm`f

Jndt`dunus f`dl f`hgt A`clds`nd f`dlsGmtjg`dh f`dlsFlmalr f`dlsLxtlds`nd f`dls

Jndt`dunus f`dl vlry f`hgt [rnoljt̀ nd f`dlsJndstrujt`nd f`dls

Irneld f`dls f`hgt G`aald altm`f

Jgm`d f`dl f`hgt nr wnre tnil rlcnvla

Zyccltry f`dls[`tjg f`dls 'j`rjfls)Jldtrl f`dls

Q`je irneld f`dl Jutt`dh pfmdls

Jndt`dunus& wmvy mda f`hgt Dnd#rlhufmr inudamr`ls

Irlmes `d jndt`du`ty n armw`dhs$ Fndh irlme f`dlF`c`t n v`lws mdasljt`nds

B`hurl :$=? Qypls n f`dls usla `d armw`dh

B`hurl :$9? Qgl jnrrljt wmy nr a`clds`nd`dh m iu`fa`dh pfmd

B`hurl :$:? Qgl jnrrljt wmy nr a`clds`nd`dh dnrcmf armw`dhs


70/469

21

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Gmdawr`t`dh 'sjr`pt)

Ztmdamra jnals n prmjt`jlMs m flmrdlr& ynu sgnufa ednw iy dnw tgmt ynur gmdawr`t`dh `s n jmra`dmf`cpnrtmdjl wgld ynu dlla tn wr`tl nd m armw`dh$ Ql fmtlst ZMIZ ;=== Jnals n [rmjt`jl jmd il stua`la nr tg`s purpnsl$ Ql wr`t`dh cust il flhìfl mda ud` nrcms rljnccldala iy tgl Jnal$ [r`dtla wr`t`dh cust il prmjt`sla tn prnaujljnds`stldtfy dlmt wnre$ Zll tgl mfpgmilt nd tgl dlxt pmhl nr prmjt`s`dh pr`dt`dh$

A`clds`nds• A`clds`nds mrl ̀ da`jmtla tn splj` y tgl a`stmdjl iltwlld pn`dts$• Mfwmys `da`jmtl tgl rmt`n n tgl a`clds`nds jflmrfy$• A`clds`nds cust il pr`dtla fmrhl ldnuhg tn prnaujl jflmr jnp`ls$• Jndt`dunus clmsurlcldts mrl mfwmys ̀ da`jmtla a`rljtfy minvl tgl a`clds`nd

f`dl$• Ducilrs mrl mfwmys pfmjla jfnsl tn tgl mrrnwglma sàl sn tgmt tgly jmd il rlma

rnc inttnc r`hgt#gmda sàl n tgl armw`dh$• Alj`cmfs mrl ̀ da`jmtla us`dh m jnccm mda tn ̀ da`jmtl ud`ts scmfflr tgmd ;

';&8< cc)$• n `da`jmtl tgnusmdas& flmvl m hmp iltwlld tgl tgnusmda a`h`t mda tgl gudarlaa`h`t '8 9:1 cc)$

• Mff f`dlmr a`clds`nds cust il `da`jmtla `d c`ff`cltrls$• Ql nralr n clmsurlcldts cust rlcm`d jndstmdt tn prlvldt jnd us`nd& nr

lxmcpfl& fldhtg cust il prnvàla rst& nffnwla iy wàtg mda irlmatg& mdatg`rafy& alptg nr gl`hgts$

Clmsurlcldts

Ql ZMIZ Jnal n [rmjt`jl ;=== splj` ls gnw clmsurlcldts sgnufa il `da`jmtla$

Ql nffnw`dh mspljts mrl vlry `cpnrtmdt?• A`clds`nd f`dls cmy dnt il jfnslr tgmd =; cc rnc tgl nutf`dl n tgl armw`dh$• A`clds`nds cust dnt il jfnslr tgmd = cc rnc tgl clmsurlcldt f`dl$• \sl tgl smcl alds t̀y ms tgl nutf`dl wgld `da`jmt`dh a`clds`nds$• Flmvl m 9 cc hmp iltwlld tgl nutf`dl mda tgl prnoljt`nd f`dl$• Ql prnoljt`nd f`dl cust lxtlda pmst tgl mrrnwglma iy mt flmst 9 cc$• @da`jmtl tgl a`clds`nds minvl mda prl lrmify ̀ d tgl jldtrl n tgl clmsurlcldt

f`dl$• @da`jmtl tgl a`clds`nds sn tgmt tgly jmd il rlma rnc tgl inttnc r`hgt#gmda

sàl n tgl armw`dh$• Mrrnwglmas cust il dlmt& pn`dtla mda cust tnujg tgl lxtlds`nd f`dl$• Mrrnwglmas cust il :‚< cc fndh$• Ql miirlv`mt`nd n a`mcltlr 'a`m) cust nffnw tgl ducilr ':; a`m)$ Gnwlvlr&

wgld tgl sycinf `s usla& `t cust il pfmjla `d rndt n tgl ducilr '÷ :;)$• Xgld rl lrr`dh tn rmaùs& tgl flttlr Y `s pfmjla `d rndt n tgl ducilr$• Mdhfls mrl `da`jmtla `d alhrlls& nr lxmcpfl :


71/469

2<


Yma`us

J`rjfls

Jnrdlrs

Flttlrs

Ducilrs

B`hurl :$1? Yma``& j`rjfls mda jnrdlrs

Flttlrs mda ducilrs

• \sl tgl fmtlst ZMIZ ;=== Jnal n [rmjt`jl tn stuay tgl flttlrs mda ducilrs$• Flttlrs mda ducilrs cust mfwmys il wr`ttld dlmtfy mda jflmrfy tn ldsurl

ud` nrc`ty$• Ql gl`hgt n flttlrs mda ducilrs vmry rnc 9& ? .. ø 3 % ½ x ∟ , " × ) S


72/469

22

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Armw`dh sycinfs `d tgl iu`fa`dh `daustry

Zycinfs nr cmtlr`mf

Cmtlr`mf Zycinf Cmtlr`mf Zycinf

\da`sturila lmrtg Zgllt clcirmdl

Lmrtg ff B`rlir`je

[fmstlr \darlssla wnna

Jndjrltl Arlssla wnna

Gmra jnrl [fywnna

Bmjl ir`je Cltmf

Jnccnd ir`je Hfmss

Hldlrmf sycinfs

Alsjr`pt`nd Zycinf Alsjr`pt`nd Zycinf

Jldtrl f`dl Flvlf& d`sgla nnr

Amtuc flvlf Flvlf& `dvlrt

A`mcltlr Flvlf& rlqu`rla nd pfmd

A`mcltlr& ̀ds`al Flvlf& rlqu`rla nd sljt`nd

A`mcltlr& nuts`al @da`jmtl Dnrtgpn`dt

Flvlf& lx`st`dh nd pfmd Ymcp

Flvlf& lx`st`dh nd sljt`nd Ztm`rjmsl

Zlrv`jls

Arm`d Huffy

Hrlmsl trmp Ztnrcwmtlr arm`d


73/469

28


Xmtlr suppfy

Jglje vmfvl Ztnp vmfvl

Arm`d#n tmp Xmtlr j`stlrd

Gnt#wmtlr jyf`dalr Xmtlr cltlr

Zm lty vmfvl Xmtlr stnrmhl tmde

Lfljtr`jmf `dstmffmt`nd

A`str`iut`nd inmra Znjelt nutflt

Lmrtg Lclrhldjy f`hgt

Lfljtr`j`ty cltlr Bfunrlsjldt f`hgt': tuils n 1; X)

Ndl#wmy sw`tjg ‚s`dhfl pnfl

F`hgt ': fmcps n 1; X)

Ndl#wmy sw`tjg ‚anuifl pnfl

F`hgt wmff#cnudtla

Ndl#wmy sw`tjg ‚tr`ppfl pnfl

lflpgndl& `dtlrdmf

wn#wmy sw`tjg lflpgndl& puif`j

Burd`turl mda tt`dhs

Imtg \r`dmf ‚ sfmi typl

I`alt \r`dmf ‚ wmff cnudtla

Zgnwlr mda imtg Xmsgims`d

Z`de ud`t ‚ s`dhfl Xmsg tui

Z`de ud`t ‚ anuifl Xmtlr#jfnslt


74/469

27

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Jnfnur#jna`dh usla bnr gnusl pfmds

Fnjmf mutgnr`t`ls rlqu`rl ndl.twn slts n mpprnpr`mtlfy jnfnur#jnala gnusl pfmds$Ql jnfnur#jnala pfmds ldmifl tglc tn rlma tgl armw`dhs cnrl lms`fy mda mfsna`st`dhu`sg iltwlld dlw maa`t`nds mda lx`st`dh cmtlr`mf$

Ql nffnw`dh jnfnur jnals mrl st`pufmtla `d tgl ZMDZ ;=1: Iu`fa`dh Armw`dh[rmjt`jl?

Z`tl pfmds=$ [rnpnsla dlw wnre Yla9$ Lx`st`dh wnre Dnt jnfnurla:$ Xnre tn il alcnf`sgla Ifmje irneld f`dl

Zlwmhl `dstmffmt`nd armw`dhs `da`jmt`dh tgl dllas n m s`tl=$ Zlwmhl.arm`d mda a`vlrt`dh wmtlr p`pls Irnwd9$ Lx`st`dh arm`dp`pls Ifmje :$ Xmstlwmtlr p`pls Hrlld1$ Ztnrcwmtlr p`pls Iful


75/469

20


Mjt`v`ty =

=$ [rnv`al md mpprnpr`mtl sjmfl nr?=$= s`tl pfmds=$9 nnr pfmds$

9$ \sl armw`dhs tn `ffustrmtl tgrll wmys ̀ d wg`jg tn `da`jmtl a`clds`nds$

:$ Cmel dlmt armw`dhs n tgl nffnw`dh armw`dh sycinfs?:$= uda`sturila sn`f:$9 lmrtg ff`dh:$: jndjrltl:$1 ar`vlwmy :$< huffly :$2 snjelt nutflt:$8 wmff#cnudtla f`hgt:$7 imtg:$0 e`tjgld s`de 's`dhfl ims`d):$=; sgnwlr$

1$ Xg`jg jnfnur jnals mrl usla tn ̀ da`jmtl tgl nffnw`dh>1$= Dlw wnre& ms `da`jmtla nd m s`tl pfmd1$9 A`vlrt`dh wmtlr p`pls1$: Xmstl#wmtlr p`pls1$1 Dlw jndjrltl1$< [fmstlr mda pm`dt


76/469


77/469


78/469

89

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Lxmcpfl n m s`tl pfmdM s`tl pfmd jndtm`d`dh mdmfyt`jmf qulst`nds `s prnvàla$

B`hurl :$2? Lxmcpfl n m s`tl pfmd

Lvmfumtl tgl s`tl pfmd us`dh tgl jgljef`st$\sl m tn `da`jmtl tgl mpprnpr`mtl ifnje$

=$ Z`tl pfmd

Dn$ Alsjr`pt`nd Pls Dn D.m

=$ @d nrcmt̀ nd rlhmra`dh tgl pfnt wms nitm`dla rnc mZurvlynr#Hldlrmf a`mhrmc.jgmrt 'ZH) nr tgl nwd[fmdd`dh A`v`s`nd iy tgl nwdlr

9$ Ql dnrtg pn`dt ̀ s `da`jmtla mt tgl inttnc& r`hgt$

:$ Zjmfls? = ? =;;& = ? 9;;& = ?

9

: Xgmt anls tgl miirlv`mt`nd @L rlprlsldt> 9

1 Xgmt ̀s tgl tntmf mrlm nb tgl gnusl> 7

< Xgmt prnplrty.jgmrmjtlr s̀ t̀ j ̀ srlprlsldtla iy dn$ = nd tgl armw`dh>

9

2 Xgmt prnplrty.jgmrmjtlr̀ st j̀ ̀ srlprlsldtla iy dn$ 9 nd tgl armw`dh>

9

8 Xgmt prnplrty.jgmrmjtlr s̀ t̀ j ̀ srlprlsldtla iy dn$ : nd tgl armw`dh>

9

7 Xgmt prnplrty.jgmrmjtlr s̀ t̀ j ̀ srlprlsldtla iy dn$ 1 nd tgl armw`dh>

9

0 Xgmt prnplrty.jgmrmjtlr s̀ t̀ j ̀ srlprlsldtla iy dn$ < nd tgl armw`dh>

=; Xgmt prnplrty.jgmrmjtlr̀ st̀ j ̀ srlprlsldtla iy dn$ 2 nd tgl armw`dh>

== Xg j̀g strllt inralrs tgl prnplrty nd tgllmstlrd sàl>

9

=9 Xgmt `s tgl pfnt ducilr nb tgl `ffustrmtlagnusl>

9

=: Xgmt `s tgl a`stmdjl iltwlld tgl bmt mdatgl pfnt ducilrla 1=>

9

=1 @b maa`t̀ nds wlrl tn il maala tn tg s̀ pfmd&wg`jg jnfnur nuhgt tn il usla>

9

=< Xgmt `s tgl tntmf plr c̀ltlr nb tgl gnusl`d cltrls>

9

=2 Xgmt `s tgl a s̀tmdjl brnc tgl inralrf`dltn tgl iu`fa`dh f`dl nd tgl lmstlrd sàl nb tgl gnusl>

9

=8 Xgmt anls tgl miirlv`mt`nd YL rlprlsldtnd tgl armw`dh>

9

:2

Dmcl mda surdmcl?

I n t g m Z t r l l t

Cmfhms Ztrllt

Zjmfl =?9;;


79/469

8:


0 $ Maomjldt strllt dmcl's)

=;$ Ztrllt ducilr

==$ Fmynut n slwmhl

=9$ Jnddljt`dh cmdgnfl

=:$ Xmtlr jnddljt`nd pn`dt

=1$ Cm`d slwmhl jnddljt`nd pn`dt

=


80/469

81

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

Lvmfumtl tgl bnnr pfmd us`dh m jgljef`st$\sl m tn `da`jmtl tgl mpprnpr`mtl ifnje$

Hrnuda pfmd

Dn$ Alsjr`pt`nd Pls Dn D.m

=$ Zjmfls? = ? =;;& = ?


81/469

8<


9 ;;; 99;

7;;

99;

N MF? =: 82; N MF? =: 82;

Rlrt`jmf clmsurlcldts

Jndtrnf tlst = Jndtrnf tlst 9

99; 0 ;2;

1 9;;

==;

= ;;;

==;

: 9;;

99;

N MF? 0 ;2; N MF? 0 ;2;

Mjt`v`ty 9

=$ M dlwfywla jnupfl mpprnmjgls ynu tn als`hd m s`dhfl#stnrly gnusl tgmtjncpr`sls tgl nffnw`dh?Ilarnnc E`tjgldF`v`dh rnnc Hmrmhl

Imtgrnnc w`tg gmda ims`d& imtg& sgnwlr& mda usg fmvmtnry$Ql splj` jmt`nds mrl ?• Ql f`v`dh rnnc mda ilarnnc mrl dlxt tn lmjg ntglr& mj`dh snutg$• Ql e`tjgld mda imtgrnnc mjl dnrtg$• Ql f`v`dh rnnc mda e`tjgld mrl npld pfmd$• Ql hmrmhl `s nd tgl snutg s`al n tgl gnusl mda gms md `dtlrdmf annr

tgmt prnv`als a`rljt mjjlss tn tgl f`v`dh rnnc$• Ql gnusl gms m mt rnn $

Armw tgl bnnr pfmd tgmt jndtm`ds tgl nffnw`dh `d nrcmt`nd?=$= Ql dmcls n tgl rnncs=$9 Ql nnr jnvlr`dh tgmt w`ff il usla=$: Mff tgl lxtlrdmf mda `dtlrdmf clmsurlcldts n tgl gnusl mjjnra`dh tn

ynur a`sjrlt`nd=$1 A`clds`nds n tg`jedlss n wmffs=$< `tfl n armw`dh=$2 Ql sjmfl$

9$ \sl tgl jnrrljt sycinfs mjjnra`dh tn tgl minvl#cldt`ndla Jnal n [rmjt`jlmda `da`jmtl ndfy BN\Y n tgl nffnw`dh v`lws nd tgl armw`dh?E`tjgld s`de Zgnwlr ImtgGmda ims`d Bfusg fmvmtnry Ar`vlwmy Iu`ft#`d jupinmra `d ilarnnc Hmrmhl annr


82/469

82

: J`v`f Qljgdnfnhy

:$ \sl tgl ̀ d nrcmt`nd `d ]ulst`nd = mda armw up m s̀ tl pfmd$ [rnv`al mff tgla`clds`nds mjjnra`dh tn ynur a`sjrlt`nd$

Lflvmt`ndsGnusls usumffy gmvl nur s`als

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Civil Technology Grade 12